Articles | Volume 16, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6433-2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6433-2023
Review and perspective paper
 | Highlight paper
 | 
14 Nov 2023
Review and perspective paper | Highlight paper |  | 14 Nov 2023

Machine learning for numerical weather and climate modelling: a review

Catherine O. de Burgh-Day and Tennessee Leeuwenburg

Cited articles

Ackmann, J., Düben, P. D., Palmer, T. N., and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: Machine-learned preconditioners for linear solvers in geophysical fluid flows, arXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2010.02866, 6 October 2020. 
Adams, S. V., Ford, R. W., Hambley, M., Hobson, J. M., Kavčič, I., Maynard, C. M., Melvin, T., Müller, E. H., Mullerworth, S., Porter, A. R. Rezny, M., Shipway, B. J., and Wong, R.: LFRic: Meeting the challenges of scalability and performance portability in Weather and Climate models, J. Parallel. Distr. Com., 132, 383–396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.02.007, 2019. 
Alemohammad, S. H., Fang, B., Konings, A. G., Aires, F., Green, J. K., Kolassa, J., Miralles, D., Prigent, C., and Gentine, P.: Water, Energy, and Carbon with Artificial Neural Networks (WECANN): a statistically based estimate of global surface turbulent fluxes and gross primary productivity using solar-induced fluorescence, Biogeosciences, 14, 4101–4124, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4101-2017, 2017. 
Arcomano, T., Szunyogh, I., Wikner, A., Pathak, J., Hunt, B. R., and Ott, E.: A Hybrid Approach to Atmospheric Modeling That Combines Machine Learning With a Physics-Based Numerical Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2021MS002712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002712, 2022. 
Atkinson, S.: Bayesian hidden physics models: Uncertainty quantification for discovery of nonlinear partial differential operators from data, arXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2006.04228. 7 June 2020. 
Editorial statement
Machine Learning is a rapidly expanding technique in the field of weather and climate modelling. This paper takes stock of the state of the field at the present time, and will be invaluable to participants across the field and beyond who wish to understand the impact of Machine Learning on the field, its limitations, and current scope.
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) is an increasingly popular tool in the field of weather and climate modelling. While ML has been used in this space for a long time, it is only recently that ML approaches have become competitive with more traditional methods. In this review, we have summarized the use of ML in weather and climate modelling over time; provided an overview of key ML concepts, methodologies, and terms; and suggested promising avenues for further research.
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