Articles | Volume 14, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Modelling of faults in LoopStructural 1.0
Lachlan Grose
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, P.O. Box 28E, Victoria, Australia
Laurent Ailleres
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, P.O. Box 28E, Victoria, Australia
Gautier Laurent
Université d'Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, Orleans, France
Guillaume Caumon
Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, 54000 Nancy, France
Mark Jessell
Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Robin Armit
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, P.O. Box 28E, Victoria, Australia
Related authors
Lawrence A. Bird, Vitaliy Ogarko, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Jérémie Giraud, Felicity S. McCormack, David E. Gwyther, Jason L. Roberts, Richard S. Jones, and Andrew N. Mackintosh
The Cryosphere, 19, 3355–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The terrain of the seafloor has important controls on the access of warm water below floating ice shelves around Antarctica. Here, we present an open-source method to infer what the seafloor looks like around the Antarctic continent and within these ice shelf cavities, using measurements of the Earth's gravitational field. We present an improved seafloor map for the Vincennes Bay region in East Antarctica and assess its impact on ice melt rates.
Fernanda Alvarado-Neves, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1975–1993, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Previous work has demonstrated that adding geological knowledge to modelling methods creates more accurate and reliable models. Following this reasoning, we added constraints from magma emplacement mechanisms into existing modelling frameworks to improve the 3D characterisation of igneous intrusions. We tested the method on synthetic and real-world case studies, and the results show that our method can reproduce intrusion morphologies with no manual processing and using realistic datasets.
Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Paul Cupillard
Solid Earth, 15, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present and test an algorithm that integrates geological modelling into deterministic geophysical inversion. This is motivated by the need to model the Earth using all available data and to reconcile the different types of measurements. We introduce the methodology and test our algorithm using two idealised scenarios. Results suggest that the method we propose is effectively capable of improving the models recovered by geophysical inversion and may be applied in real-world scenarios.
Fernanda Alvarado-Neves, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-88, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-88, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a method to model igneous intrusions for 3D geological modelling. We use a parameterization of the intrusion body geometry that could be constrained using field observations. Using this parametrization, we simulate distance thresholds that represent the lateral and vertical extent of the intrusion body. We demonstrate the method with two case studies, and we present a comparison with Radial Basis Function interpolation using a case study of a sill complex located in NW Australia.
Mark Jessell, Vitaliy Ogarko, Yohan de Rose, Mark Lindsay, Ranee Joshi, Agnieszka Piechocka, Lachlan Grose, Miguel de la Varga, Laurent Ailleres, and Guillaume Pirot
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5063–5092, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5063-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5063-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed software that allows the user to extract sufficient information from unmodified digital maps and associated datasets that we are able to use to automatically build 3D geological models. By automating the process we are able to remove human bias from the procedure, which makes the workflow reproducible.
Lachlan Grose, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, and Mark Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3915–3937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
LoopStructural is an open-source 3D geological modelling library with a model design allowing for multiple different algorithms to be used for comparison for the same geology. Geological structures are modelled using structural geology concepts and techniques, allowing for complex structures such as overprinted folds and faults to be modelled. In the paper, we demonstrate automatically generating a 3-D model from map2loop-processed geological survey data of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
Lawrence A. Bird, Vitaliy Ogarko, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Jérémie Giraud, Felicity S. McCormack, David E. Gwyther, Jason L. Roberts, Richard S. Jones, and Andrew N. Mackintosh
The Cryosphere, 19, 3355–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The terrain of the seafloor has important controls on the access of warm water below floating ice shelves around Antarctica. Here, we present an open-source method to infer what the seafloor looks like around the Antarctic continent and within these ice shelf cavities, using measurements of the Earth's gravitational field. We present an improved seafloor map for the Vincennes Bay region in East Antarctica and assess its impact on ice melt rates.
Vitaliy Ogarko and Mark Jessell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1294, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to reconstruct underground rock layers from drillhole data, using an advanced algorithm to ensure geologically realistic results. By combining data from multiple drillholes, our approach reduces uncertainty and improves accuracy. Tested on South Australian data, it successfully predicted stratigraphy and highlighted ways to enhance data quality. This innovation makes geological analysis more reliable, aiding exploration and resource management.
Léonard Moracchini, Guillaume Pirot, Kerry Bardot, Mark W. Jessell, and James L. McCallum
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-154, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-154, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
To facilitate the exploration of alternative hydrogeological scenarios, we propose to approximate costly physical simulations of contaminant transport by more affordable shortest distances computations. It enables to accept or reject scenarios within a predefined confidence interval. In particular, it can allow to estimate the probability of a fault acting as a preferential path or a barrier.
Thomas Pereira, Laurent Arbaret, Juan Andújar, Mickaël Laumonier, Monica Spagnoli, Charles Gumiaux, Gautier Laurent, Aneta Slodczyk, and Ida Di Carlo
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 491–524, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents the results on deformation-enhanced melt segregation and extraction in a phonolitic magma emplaced at shallow depth in the Velay volcanic province (France). We provide evidence of the segregation and subsequent extraction of the residual melt during magma ascent and final emplacement. We highlight that melt segregation started by compaction as a loose packing of microlites emerged and continued with melt filling of a shear band network.
Vitaliy Ogarko, Kim Frankcombe, Taige Liu, Jeremie Giraud, Roland Martin, and Mark Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2325–2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2325-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2325-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a major release of the Tomofast-x open-source gravity and magnetic inversion code that is enhancing its performance and applicability for both industrial and academic studies. We focus on real-world mineral exploration scenarios, while offering flexibility for applications at regional scale or for crustal studies. The optimisation work described in this paper is fundamental to allowing more complete descriptions of the controls on magnetisation, including remanence.
Fernanda Alvarado-Neves, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1975–1993, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Previous work has demonstrated that adding geological knowledge to modelling methods creates more accurate and reliable models. Following this reasoning, we added constraints from magma emplacement mechanisms into existing modelling frameworks to improve the 3D characterisation of igneous intrusions. We tested the method on synthetic and real-world case studies, and the results show that our method can reproduce intrusion morphologies with no manual processing and using realistic datasets.
Jiateng Guo, Xuechuang Xu, Luyuan Wang, Xulei Wang, Lixin Wu, Mark Jessell, Vitaliy Ogarko, Zhibin Liu, and Yufei Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 957–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-957-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-957-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a semi-supervised learning algorithm using pseudo-labels for 3D geological modelling. We establish a 3D geological model using borehole data from a complex real urban local survey area in Shenyang and make an uncertainty analysis of this model. The method effectively expands the sample space, which is suitable for geomodelling and uncertainty analysis from boreholes. The modelling results perform well in terms of spatial morphology and geological semantics.
Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Paul Cupillard
Solid Earth, 15, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present and test an algorithm that integrates geological modelling into deterministic geophysical inversion. This is motivated by the need to model the Earth using all available data and to reconcile the different types of measurements. We introduce the methodology and test our algorithm using two idealised scenarios. Results suggest that the method we propose is effectively capable of improving the models recovered by geophysical inversion and may be applied in real-world scenarios.
Jérémie Giraud, Hoël Seillé, Mark D. Lindsay, Gerhard Visser, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Mark W. Jessell
Solid Earth, 14, 43–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose and apply a workflow to combine the modelling and interpretation of magnetic anomalies and resistivity anomalies to better image the basement. We test the method on a synthetic case study and apply it to real world data from the Cloncurry area (Queensland, Australia), which is prospective for economic minerals. Results suggest a new interpretation of the composition and structure towards to east of the profile that we modelled.
Guillaume Pirot, Ranee Joshi, Jérémie Giraud, Mark Douglas Lindsay, and Mark Walter Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4689–4708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Results of a survey launched among practitioners in the mineral industry show that despite recognising the importance of uncertainty quantification it is not very well performed due to lack of data, time requirements, poor tracking of interpretations and relative complexity of uncertainty quantification. To alleviate the latter, we provide an open-source set of local and global indicators to measure geological uncertainty among an ensemble of geological models.
Richard Scalzo, Mark Lindsay, Mark Jessell, Guillaume Pirot, Jeremie Giraud, Edward Cripps, and Sally Cripps
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3641–3662, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3641-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3641-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses numerical challenges in reasoning about geological models constrained by sensor data, especially models that describe the history of an area in terms of a sequence of events. Our method ensures that small changes in simulated geological features, such as the position of a boundary between two rock layers, do not result in unrealistically large changes to resulting sensor measurements, as occur presently using several popular modeling packages.
Fernanda Alvarado-Neves, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-88, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-88, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a method to model igneous intrusions for 3D geological modelling. We use a parameterization of the intrusion body geometry that could be constrained using field observations. Using this parametrization, we simulate distance thresholds that represent the lateral and vertical extent of the intrusion body. We demonstrate the method with two case studies, and we present a comparison with Radial Basis Function interpolation using a case study of a sill complex located in NW Australia.
Mark Jessell, Jiateng Guo, Yunqiang Li, Mark Lindsay, Richard Scalzo, Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Pirot, Ed Cripps, and Vitaliy Ogarko
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 381–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To robustly train and test automated methods in the geosciences, we need to have access to large numbers of examples where we know
the answer. We present a suite of synthetic 3D geological models with their gravity and magnetic responses that allow researchers to test their methods on a whole range of geologically plausible models, thus overcoming one of the fundamental limitations of automation studies.
Ranee Joshi, Kavitha Madaiah, Mark Jessell, Mark Lindsay, and Guillaume Pirot
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6711–6740, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6711-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6711-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a software that allows the user to extract and standardize drill hole information from legacy datasets and/or different drilling campaigns. It also provides functionality to upscale the lithological information. These functionalities were possible by developing thesauri to identify and group geological terminologies together.
Jérémie Giraud, Vitaliy Ogarko, Roland Martin, Mark Jessell, and Mark Lindsay
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6681–6709, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We review different techniques to model the Earth's subsurface from geophysical data (gravity field anomaly, magnetic field anomaly) using geological models and measurements of the rocks' properties. We show examples of application using idealised examples reproducing realistic features and provide theoretical details of the open-source algorithm we use.
Mahtab Rashidifard, Jérémie Giraud, Mark Lindsay, Mark Jessell, and Vitaliy Ogarko
Solid Earth, 12, 2387–2406, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2387-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2387-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One motivation for this study is to develop a workflow that enables the integration of geophysical datasets with different coverages that are quite common in exploration geophysics. We have utilized a level set approach to achieve this goal. The utilized technique parameterizes the subsurface in the same fashion as geological models. Our results indicate that the approach is capable of integrating information from seismic data in 2D to guide the 3D inversion results of the gravity data.
Mark Jessell, Vitaliy Ogarko, Yohan de Rose, Mark Lindsay, Ranee Joshi, Agnieszka Piechocka, Lachlan Grose, Miguel de la Varga, Laurent Ailleres, and Guillaume Pirot
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5063–5092, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5063-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5063-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed software that allows the user to extract sufficient information from unmodified digital maps and associated datasets that we are able to use to automatically build 3D geological models. By automating the process we are able to remove human bias from the procedure, which makes the workflow reproducible.
Lachlan Grose, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, and Mark Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3915–3937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
LoopStructural is an open-source 3D geological modelling library with a model design allowing for multiple different algorithms to be used for comparison for the same geology. Geological structures are modelled using structural geology concepts and techniques, allowing for complex structures such as overprinted folds and faults to be modelled. In the paper, we demonstrate automatically generating a 3-D model from map2loop-processed geological survey data of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
Cited articles
Allmendinger, R. W.: Propagation Folds, Tectonics, 17, 640–656,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98TC01907, 1998. a
Blaikie, T., Ailleres, L., Betts, P. G., and Cas, R. A.: Interpreting
subsurface volcanic structures using geologically constrained 3-D gravity
inversions: Examples of maar-diatremes, Newer Volcanics Province,
southeastern Australia, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119,
3857–3878, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010751, 2014. a
Calcagno, P. P., Chilès, J., Courrioux, G., Guillen, A., Calcagno, P. P.,
Courrioux, G., Joly, A., Ledru, P., Courrioux, G., Calcagno, P. P.,
Chilès, J., Courrioux, G., and Guillen, A.: Geological modelling from
field data and geological knowledge, Phys. Earth Planet.
In., 171, 147–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.06.013, 2008. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Cardozo, N.: Trishear in 3D. Algorithms, implementation, and limitations,
J. Struct. Geol., 30, 327–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.12.003,
2008. a
Caumon, G., Gray, G., Antoine, C., and Titeux, M.-O.: Three-Dimensional
Implicit Stratigraphic Model Building From Remote Sensing Data on Tetrahedral
Meshes: Theory and Application to a Regional Model of La Popa Basin, NE
Mexico, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote S., 51, 1613–1621,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2207727, 2013. a, b, c, d, e, f
Cherpeau, N. and Caumon, G.: Stochastic structural modelling in sparse data
situations, Petrol. Geosci., 21, 233–247,
https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2013-030, 2015. a, b
Cherpeau, N., Caumon, G., and Lévy, B.: Stochastic simulations of fault
networks in 3D structural modeling, C. R. Geosci., 342,
687–694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2010.04.008, 2010. a
Cherpeau, N., Caumon, G., Caers, J., and Lévy, B.: Method for Stochastic
Inverse Modeling of Fault Geometry and Connectivity Using Flow Data,
Math. Geosci., 44, 147–168, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-012-9389-2,
2012. a
Chilès, J. P.: Geostatistics: modeling spatial uncertainty, Wiley, New York, USA, 1999. a
Cox, S., Wall, V., Etheridge, M., and Potter, T.: Deformational and
metamorphic processes in the formation of mesothermal vein-hosted gold
deposits – examples from the Lachlan Fold Belt in central Victoria,
Australia, Ore Geol. Rev., 6, 391–423,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(91)90038-9, 1991. a
Cristallini, E. O. and Allmendinger, R. W.: Pseudo 3-D modeling of trishear
fault-propagation folding, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 1883–1899,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00034-7, 2001. a
de Kemp, E. A.: Visualization of complex geological structures using 3-D
Bézier construction tools, Comput. Geosci., 25, 581–597,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00159-9, 1999. a
de la Varga, M. and Wellmann, J. F.: Structural geologic modeling as an
inference problem: A Bayesian perspective, Interpretation, 4, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2015-0188.1, 2016. a, b, c, d
de la Varga, M., Schaaf, A., and Wellmann, F.: GemPy 1.0: open-source stochastic geological modeling and inversion, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Erslev, E. A.: Trishear fault-propagation folding, Geology, 19,
617–620, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0617:TFPF>2.3.CO;2, 1991. a
Georgsen, F., Røe, P., Syversveen, A. R., and Lia, O.: Fault displacement
modelling using 3D vector fields, Comput. Geosci., 16, 247–259,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-011-9257-z, 2012. a
Godefroy, G., Laurent, G., Caumon, G., and Walter, B.: A parametric
unfault-and-refault method for chronological structural modeling, 79th EAGE
Conference and Exhibition 2017, 12–15,
https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201701146, 2017. a
Godefroy, G., Caumon, G., Ford, M., Laurent, G., Jackson, C. A.-L., Laurent,
G., Ford, M., Caumon, G., Ford, M., Laurent, G., Jackson, C. A.-L., Laurent,
G., Ford, M., and Caumon, G.: A parametric fault displacement model to
introduce kinematic control into modeling faults from sparse data,
Interpretation, 6, B1–B13, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2017-0059.1, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m
Gonçalves, Í. G., Kumaira, S., and Guadagnin, F.: A machine
learning approach to the potential-field method for implicit modeling of
geological structures, Comput. Geosci., 103, 173–182,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.03.015, 2017. a, b
Grose, L., Ailleres, L., Laurent, G., Armit, R., and Jessell, M.: Inversion of
geological knowledge for fold geometry, J. Struct. Geol., 119,
1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.11.010, 2019. a, b, c
Grose, L., Ailleres, L., Laurent, G., and Jessell, M.: Loop3D/LoopStructural (Version 1.2.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5234619, 2021b. a, b, c
Hale, D.: Methods to compute fault images, extract fault surfaces, and
estimate fault throws from 3D seismic images, Geophysics, 78, O33–O43,
https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2012-0331.1, 2013. a
Henrion, V., Caumon, G., and Cherpeau, N.: ODSIM: An Object-Distance
Simulation Method for Conditioning Complex Natural Structures, Math.
Geosci., 42, 911–924, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-010-9299-0, 2010. a
Hillier, M. J., Schetselaar, E. M., de Kemp, E. A., and Perron, G.:
Three-Dimensional Modelling of Geological Surfaces Using Generalized
Interpolation with Radial Basis Functions, Math. Geosci., 46,
931–953, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-014-9540-3, 2014. a, b
Huggins, P., Watterson, J., Walsh, J. J., and Childs, C.: Relay zone geometry
and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans,
J. Struct. Geol., 17, 1741–1755,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(95)00071-K, 1995. a
Irakarama, M., Laurent, G., Renaudeau, J., and Caumon, G.: Finite Difference
Implicit Structural Modeling of Geological Structures, Math.
Geosci., 53, 785–808, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-020-09887-w, 2020. a, b, c
Jessell, M., Aillères, L., Kemp, E. D., Lindsay, M., Wellmann, F.,
Hillier, M., Laurent, G., Carmichael, T., and Martin, R.: Next generation 3D
geological modelling and inversion, Society of Economic Geologists Special
Publication, 18, 261–272, 2014. a
Jessell, M. W.: Noddy: an interactive map creation package, Unpublished MSc
Thesis, University of London, 1981. a
Jessell, M. W. and Valenta, R. K.: Structural geophysics: Integrated
structural and geophysical modelling, in: Computer Methods in the
Geosciences, 15, 303–324,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-561X(96)80027-7, 1996. a, b
Lajaunie, C., Courrioux, G., and Manuel, L.: Foliation fields and 3D
cartography in geology; principles of a method based on potential
interpolation, Math. Geol., 29, 571–584, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02775087,
1997. a, b
Lindsay, M., Aillères, L., Jessell, M., de Kemp, E., and Betts, P.:
Locating and quantifying geological uncertainty in three-dimensional models:
Analysis of the Gippsland Basin, southeastern Australia, Tectonophysics,
546–547, 10–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.007, 2012. a
Maerten, F. and Maerten, L.: On a method for reducing interpretation
uncertainty of poorly imaged seismic horizons and faults using
geomechanically based restoration technique, Interpretation, 3,
SAA105–SA116, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2015-0009.1, 2015. a
Mallet, J.-L.: Elements of Mathematical Sedimentary Geology: the GeoChron
Model, EAGE Publications, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.3997/9789073834811, 2014. a
Mallet, J.-L. L.: Discrete smooth interpolation in geometric modelling,
Computer-Aided Design, 24, 178–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(92)90054-E,
1992. a, b
Manchuk, J. G. and Deutsch, C. V.: Boundary modeling with moving least
squares, Comput. Geosci., 126, 96–106,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2019.02.006, 2019. a, b
Marchal, D., Guiraud, M., and Rives, T.: Geometric and morphologic evolution
of normal fault planes and traces from 2D to 4D data, J. Struct.
Geol., 25, 135–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00011-1, 2003. a
Marechal, A.: Kriging Seismic Data in Presence of Faults, in: Geostatistics for Natural Resources Characterization, edited by: Verly, G., David, M., Journel, A. G., and Marechal, A., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3699-7_17, 1984. a, b
Maxelon, M., Renard, P., Courrioux, G., Braendli, M., Mancktelow, N. S.,
Brändli, M., Mancktelow, N. S., Braendli, M., and Mancktelow, N. S.: A
workflow to facilitate three-dimensional geometrical modelling of complex
poly-deformed geological units, Comput. Geosci., 35, 644–658,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.06.005, 2009. a
Mueller, A. G., Harris, L. B., and Lungan, A.: Structural control of
greenstone-hosted Gold mineralization by transcurrent shearing: A new
interpretation of the Kalgoorlie mining district, Western Australia, Ore
Geol. Rev., 3, 359–387, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(88)90027-3, 1988. a
Putz, M., Stuwe, K., Jessell, M., and Calcagno, P.: Three-dimensional model
and late stage warping of the Plattengneis shear zone in the Eastern Alps,
Tectonophysics, 412, 87–103, 2006. a
Renaudeau, J., Malvesin, E., Maerten, F., and Caumon, G.: Implicit Structural
Modeling by Minimization of the Bending Energy with Moving Least Squares
Functions, Math. Geosci., 51, 693–724,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-019-09789-6, 2019. a, b
Thibaut, M., Gratier, J. P., Léger, M., and Morvan, J. M.: An inverse
method for determining three-dimensional fault geometry with thread
criterion: Application to strike-slip and thrust faults (Western Alps and
California), J. Struct. Geol., 18, 1127–1138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(96)00035-1, 1996. a
Vollgger, S. A., Cruden, A. R., Ailleres, L., and Cowan, E. J.: Regional dome
evolution and its control on ore-grade distribution: Insights from 3D
implicit modelling of the Navachab gold deposit, Namibia, Ore Geol.
Rev., 69, 268–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.02.020, 2015.
a
Walsh, J. J. and Watterson, J.: Distributions of cumulative displacement and
seismic slip on a single normal fault surface, J. Struct.
Geol., 9, 1039–1046, 1987. a
Wellmann, F. and Caumon, G.: 3-D Structural geological models: Concepts,
methods, and uncertainties, Elsevier Inc., 1st Edn., vol. 59,
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agph.2018.09.001, 2018. a, b
Wellmann, J. F., Horowitz, F. G., Schill, E., and Regenauer-Lieb, K.: Towards
incorporating uncertainty of structural data in 3D geological inversion,
Tectonophysics, 490, 141–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.04.022, 2010. a
Wellmann, J. F., Jessell, M., de la Varga, M., Murdie, R. E., Gessner, K.,
Varga, M. D. E. L. A., Murdie, R. E., Gessner, K., Jessell, M., de la Varga,
M., Murdie, R. E., Gessner, K., and Jessell, M.: Uncertainty estimation for
a geological model of the Sandstone greenstone belt, Western Australia
– insights from integrated geological and
geophysical inversion in a Bayesian inference framework, Geological Society,
London, Special Publications, 453, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP453.12, 2017. a
Wu, X., Luo, S., and Hale, D.: Moving faults while unfaulting 3D seismic
images, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 34, 1692–1697,
https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2015-5881428.1, 2015. a, b
Yang, L., Hyde, D., Grujic, O., Scheidt, C., and Caers, J.: Assessing and
visualizing uncertainty of 3D geological surfaces using level sets with
stochastic motion, Comput. Geosci., 122, 54–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.10.006, 2019. a, b
Short summary
Fault discontinuities in rock packages represent the plane where two blocks of rock have moved. They are challenging to incorporate into geological models because the geometry of the faulted rock units are defined by not only the location of the discontinuity but also the kinematics of the fault. In this paper, we outline a structural geology framework for incorporating faults into geological models by directly incorporating kinematics into the mathematical framework of the model.
Fault discontinuities in rock packages represent the plane where two blocks of rock have moved....