Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-997-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-997-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
08 Mar 2016
Model description paper |
| 08 Mar 2016
Open-source modular solutions for flexural isostasy: gFlex v1.0
Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Related authors
Fergus McNab, Taylor F. Schildgen, Jens Martin Turowski, and Andrew D. Wickert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2468, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2468, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf).
Short summary
Short summary
Alluvial rivers form networks, but many concepts we use to analyse their long-term evolution derive from models that treat them as single streams. We develop a model including tributary interactions and show that, while patterns of sediment output can be similar for network and single-segment models, complex signal propagation affects aggradation and incision within networks. We argue that understanding a specific catchment's evolution requires a model with its specific network structure.
Andrew D. Wickert, Jabari C. Jones, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1409, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Two common questions about water in rivers are: (1) "How high is the water?" and "How much water is moving downstream?" Measuring (1) is relatively easy and tells us if a river is flooding. Measuring (2) is relatively difficult, but links flow in the river to upstream rainfall, evaporation, and other watershed processes. Here we provide a straightforward but physically based way to translate between (1) and (2), and our method can keep working even if the river channel changes shape.
Kerry L. Callaghan, Andrew D. Wickert, Richard Barnes, and Jacqueline Austermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1463–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Water Table Model (WTM), a new model for simulating groundwater and lake levels at continental scales over millennia. The WTM enables long-term evaluations of water-table changes. As a proof of concept, we simulate the North American water table for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), showing that North America held more groundwater and lake water during the LGM than it does today – enough to lower sea levels by 14.98 cm. The open-source code is available on GitHub.
Matias Romero, Shanti B. Penprase, Maximillian S. Van Wyk de Vries, Andrew D. Wickert, Andrew G. Jones, Shaun A. Marcott, Jorge A. Strelin, Mateo A. Martini, Tammy M. Rittenour, Guido Brignone, Mark D. Shapley, Emi Ito, Kelly R. MacGregor, and Marc W. Caffee
Clim. Past, 20, 1861–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Investigating past glaciated regions is crucial for understanding how ice sheets responded to climate forcings and how they might respond in the future. We use two independent dating techniques to document the timing and extent of the Lago Argentino glacier lobe, a former lobe of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, during the late Quaternary. Our findings highlight feedbacks in the Earth’s system responsible for modulating glacier growth in the Southern Hemisphere prior to the global Last Glacial Maximum.
Andrew D. Wickert, Jabari C. Jones, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3118, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3118, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For over a century, scientists have used a simple algebraic relationship to estimate the amount of water flowing through a river (its discharge) from the height of the flow (its stage). Here we add physical realism to this approach by explicitly representing both the channel and floodplain, thereby allowing channel and floodplain geometry and roughness to these estimates. Our proposed advance may improve predictions of floods and water resources, even when the river channel itself changes.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries and Andrew D. Wickert
The Cryosphere, 15, 2115–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We can measure glacier flow and sliding velocity by tracking patterns on the ice surface in satellite images. The surface velocity of glaciers provides important information to support assessments of glacier response to climate change, to improve regional assessments of ice thickness, and to assist with glacier fieldwork. Our paper describes Glacier Image Velocimetry (GIV), a new, easy-to-use, and open-source toolbox for calculating high-resolution velocity time series for any glacier on earth.
Richard Barnes, Kerry L. Callaghan, and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 105–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Existing ways of modeling the flow of water amongst landscape depressions such as swamps and lakes take a long time to run. However, as our previous work explains, depressions can be quickly organized into a data structure – the depression hierarchy. This paper explains how the depression hierarchy can be used to quickly simulate the realistic filling of depressions including how they spill over into each other and, if they become full enough, how they merge into one another.
Richard Barnes, Kerry L. Callaghan, and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Maps of elevation are used to help predict the flow of water so we can better understand landslides, floods, and global climate change. However, modeling the flow of water is difficult when elevation maps include swamps, lakes, and other depressions. This paper explains a new method that overcomes these difficulties, allowing models to run faster and more accurately.
Sara Savi, Stefanie Tofelde, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, Taylor F. Schildgen, and Manfred R. Strecker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 303–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial deposits record changes in water and sediment supply. As such, they are often used to reconstruct the tectonic or climatic history of a basin. In this study we used an experimental setting to analyze how fluvial deposits register changes in water or sediment supply at a confluence zone. We provide a new conceptual framework that may help understanding the construction of these deposits under different forcings conditions, information crucial to correctly inferring the history of a basin.
Kerry L. Callaghan and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 737–753, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-737-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-737-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes and swales are real landscape features but are generally treated as data errors when calculating water flow across a surface. This is a problem because depressions can store water and fragment drainage networks. Until now, there has been no good generalized approach to calculate which depressions fill and overflow and which do not. We addressed this problem by simulating runoff flow across a landscape, selectively flooding depressions and more realistically connecting lakes and rivers.
Stefanie Tofelde, Sara Savi, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 609–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We performed seven physical experiments to explore terrace formation and sediment export from a braided alluvial river system that is perturbed by changes in water discharge, sediment supply, or base level. Each perturbation differently affects (1) the geometry of terraces and channels, (2) the timing of terrace formation, and (3) the transient response of sediment discharge. Our findings provide guidelines for interpreting fill terraces and sediment export from fluvial systems.
Andrew D. Wickert, Chad T. Sandell, Bobby Schulz, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2065–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2065-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2065-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring Earth's changing environment is a critical part of natural science, but to date most of the equipment to do so is expensive, proprietary, and difficult to customize. We addressed this challenge by developing and deploying the ALog, a low-power, lightweight, Arduino-compatible data logger. We present our hardware schematics and layouts, as well as our customizable code library that operates the ALog and helps users to link it to off-the-shelf sensors.
Leila Saberi, Rachel T. McLaughlin, G.-H. Crystal Ng, Jeff La Frenierre, Andrew D. Wickert, Michel Baraer, Wei Zhi, Li Li, and Bryan G. Mark
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 405–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-405-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-405-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The relationship among glacier melt, groundwater, and streamflow remains highly uncertain, especially in tropical glacierized watersheds in response to climate. We implemented a multi-method approach and found that melt contribution varies considerably and may drive streamflow variability at hourly to multi-year timescales, rather than buffer it, as commonly thought. Some of the melt contribution occurs through groundwater pathways, resulting in longer timescale interactions with streamflow.
Andrew D. Wickert and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 17–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can raise or lower their beds by depositing or eroding sediments. We combine equations for flow, channel/valley geometry, and gravel transport to learn how climate and tectonics shape down-valley profiles of river-bed elevation. Rivers steepen when they receive more sediment (relative to water) and become straighter with tectonic uplift. Weathering and breakdown of gravel is needed to produce gradually widening river channels with concave-up profiles that are often observed in the field.
G.-H. Crystal Ng, Andrew D. Wickert, Lauren D. Somers, Leila Saberi, Collin Cronkite-Ratcliff, Richard G. Niswonger, and Jeffrey M. McKenzie
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4755–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4755-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4755-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The profound importance of water has led to the development of increasingly complex hydrological models. However, implementing these models is usually time-consuming and requires specialized expertise, stymieing their widespread use to support science-driven decision-making. In response, we have developed GSFLOW–GRASS, a robust and comprehensive set of software tools that can be readily used to set up and execute GSFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey's coupled groundwater–surface-water flow model.
Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 831–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-831-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-831-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets that once spread across northern North America dramatically changed the drainage basin areas and discharges of rivers across the continent. As these ice sheets retreated, starting around 19 500 years ago, they sent meltwater to the oceans, influencing climate and building a geologic record of deglaciation. This record can be used to evaluate ice-sheet reconstructions and build an improved history and understanding of past ice-sheet collapse across North America.
Fergus McNab, Taylor F. Schildgen, Jens Martin Turowski, and Andrew D. Wickert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2468, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2468, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf).
Short summary
Short summary
Alluvial rivers form networks, but many concepts we use to analyse their long-term evolution derive from models that treat them as single streams. We develop a model including tributary interactions and show that, while patterns of sediment output can be similar for network and single-segment models, complex signal propagation affects aggradation and incision within networks. We argue that understanding a specific catchment's evolution requires a model with its specific network structure.
Andrew D. Wickert, Jabari C. Jones, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1409, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Two common questions about water in rivers are: (1) "How high is the water?" and "How much water is moving downstream?" Measuring (1) is relatively easy and tells us if a river is flooding. Measuring (2) is relatively difficult, but links flow in the river to upstream rainfall, evaporation, and other watershed processes. Here we provide a straightforward but physically based way to translate between (1) and (2), and our method can keep working even if the river channel changes shape.
Kerry L. Callaghan, Andrew D. Wickert, Richard Barnes, and Jacqueline Austermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1463–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Water Table Model (WTM), a new model for simulating groundwater and lake levels at continental scales over millennia. The WTM enables long-term evaluations of water-table changes. As a proof of concept, we simulate the North American water table for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), showing that North America held more groundwater and lake water during the LGM than it does today – enough to lower sea levels by 14.98 cm. The open-source code is available on GitHub.
Matias Romero, Shanti B. Penprase, Maximillian S. Van Wyk de Vries, Andrew D. Wickert, Andrew G. Jones, Shaun A. Marcott, Jorge A. Strelin, Mateo A. Martini, Tammy M. Rittenour, Guido Brignone, Mark D. Shapley, Emi Ito, Kelly R. MacGregor, and Marc W. Caffee
Clim. Past, 20, 1861–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Investigating past glaciated regions is crucial for understanding how ice sheets responded to climate forcings and how they might respond in the future. We use two independent dating techniques to document the timing and extent of the Lago Argentino glacier lobe, a former lobe of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, during the late Quaternary. Our findings highlight feedbacks in the Earth’s system responsible for modulating glacier growth in the Southern Hemisphere prior to the global Last Glacial Maximum.
Andrew D. Wickert, Jabari C. Jones, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3118, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3118, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For over a century, scientists have used a simple algebraic relationship to estimate the amount of water flowing through a river (its discharge) from the height of the flow (its stage). Here we add physical realism to this approach by explicitly representing both the channel and floodplain, thereby allowing channel and floodplain geometry and roughness to these estimates. Our proposed advance may improve predictions of floods and water resources, even when the river channel itself changes.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries and Andrew D. Wickert
The Cryosphere, 15, 2115–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We can measure glacier flow and sliding velocity by tracking patterns on the ice surface in satellite images. The surface velocity of glaciers provides important information to support assessments of glacier response to climate change, to improve regional assessments of ice thickness, and to assist with glacier fieldwork. Our paper describes Glacier Image Velocimetry (GIV), a new, easy-to-use, and open-source toolbox for calculating high-resolution velocity time series for any glacier on earth.
Richard Barnes, Kerry L. Callaghan, and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 105–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Existing ways of modeling the flow of water amongst landscape depressions such as swamps and lakes take a long time to run. However, as our previous work explains, depressions can be quickly organized into a data structure – the depression hierarchy. This paper explains how the depression hierarchy can be used to quickly simulate the realistic filling of depressions including how they spill over into each other and, if they become full enough, how they merge into one another.
Richard Barnes, Kerry L. Callaghan, and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Maps of elevation are used to help predict the flow of water so we can better understand landslides, floods, and global climate change. However, modeling the flow of water is difficult when elevation maps include swamps, lakes, and other depressions. This paper explains a new method that overcomes these difficulties, allowing models to run faster and more accurately.
Sara Savi, Stefanie Tofelde, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, Taylor F. Schildgen, and Manfred R. Strecker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 303–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial deposits record changes in water and sediment supply. As such, they are often used to reconstruct the tectonic or climatic history of a basin. In this study we used an experimental setting to analyze how fluvial deposits register changes in water or sediment supply at a confluence zone. We provide a new conceptual framework that may help understanding the construction of these deposits under different forcings conditions, information crucial to correctly inferring the history of a basin.
Kerry L. Callaghan and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 737–753, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-737-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-737-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes and swales are real landscape features but are generally treated as data errors when calculating water flow across a surface. This is a problem because depressions can store water and fragment drainage networks. Until now, there has been no good generalized approach to calculate which depressions fill and overflow and which do not. We addressed this problem by simulating runoff flow across a landscape, selectively flooding depressions and more realistically connecting lakes and rivers.
Stefanie Tofelde, Sara Savi, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 609–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We performed seven physical experiments to explore terrace formation and sediment export from a braided alluvial river system that is perturbed by changes in water discharge, sediment supply, or base level. Each perturbation differently affects (1) the geometry of terraces and channels, (2) the timing of terrace formation, and (3) the transient response of sediment discharge. Our findings provide guidelines for interpreting fill terraces and sediment export from fluvial systems.
Andrew D. Wickert, Chad T. Sandell, Bobby Schulz, and Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2065–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2065-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2065-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring Earth's changing environment is a critical part of natural science, but to date most of the equipment to do so is expensive, proprietary, and difficult to customize. We addressed this challenge by developing and deploying the ALog, a low-power, lightweight, Arduino-compatible data logger. We present our hardware schematics and layouts, as well as our customizable code library that operates the ALog and helps users to link it to off-the-shelf sensors.
Leila Saberi, Rachel T. McLaughlin, G.-H. Crystal Ng, Jeff La Frenierre, Andrew D. Wickert, Michel Baraer, Wei Zhi, Li Li, and Bryan G. Mark
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 405–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-405-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-405-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The relationship among glacier melt, groundwater, and streamflow remains highly uncertain, especially in tropical glacierized watersheds in response to climate. We implemented a multi-method approach and found that melt contribution varies considerably and may drive streamflow variability at hourly to multi-year timescales, rather than buffer it, as commonly thought. Some of the melt contribution occurs through groundwater pathways, resulting in longer timescale interactions with streamflow.
Andrew D. Wickert and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 17–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can raise or lower their beds by depositing or eroding sediments. We combine equations for flow, channel/valley geometry, and gravel transport to learn how climate and tectonics shape down-valley profiles of river-bed elevation. Rivers steepen when they receive more sediment (relative to water) and become straighter with tectonic uplift. Weathering and breakdown of gravel is needed to produce gradually widening river channels with concave-up profiles that are often observed in the field.
G.-H. Crystal Ng, Andrew D. Wickert, Lauren D. Somers, Leila Saberi, Collin Cronkite-Ratcliff, Richard G. Niswonger, and Jeffrey M. McKenzie
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4755–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4755-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4755-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The profound importance of water has led to the development of increasingly complex hydrological models. However, implementing these models is usually time-consuming and requires specialized expertise, stymieing their widespread use to support science-driven decision-making. In response, we have developed GSFLOW–GRASS, a robust and comprehensive set of software tools that can be readily used to set up and execute GSFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey's coupled groundwater–surface-water flow model.
Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 831–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-831-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-831-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets that once spread across northern North America dramatically changed the drainage basin areas and discharges of rivers across the continent. As these ice sheets retreated, starting around 19 500 years ago, they sent meltwater to the oceans, influencing climate and building a geologic record of deglaciation. This record can be used to evaluate ice-sheet reconstructions and build an improved history and understanding of past ice-sheet collapse across North America.
Related subject area
Solid Earth
Empirical modeling of tropospheric delays with uncertainty
CitcomSVE-3.0: a three-dimensional finite-element software package for modeling load-induced deformation and glacial isostatic adjustment for an Earth with a viscoelastic and compressible mantle
NSOAS24: a new global marine gravity model derived from multi-satellite sea surface slopes
GEOMAPLEARN 1.2: detecting structures from geological maps with machine learning – the case of geological folds
Accelerated pseudo-transient method for elastic, viscoelastic, and coupled hydromechanical problems with applications
Reconciling surface deflections from simulations of global mantle convection
A Bayesian framework for inferring regional and global change from stratigraphic proxy records (StratMC v1.0)
Three-dimensional analytical solution of self-potential from regularly polarized bodies in a layered seafloor model
A fast surrogate model for 3D Earth glacial isostatic adjustment using Tensorflow (v2.8.0) artificial neural networks
ShellSet v1.1.0 parallel dynamic neotectonic modelling: a case study using Earth5-049
FastIsostasy v1.0 – a regional, accelerated 2D glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model accounting for the lateral variability of the solid Earth
Broken Terrains v. 1.0: A supervised detection of fault-related lineaments on geological terrains
Automatic adjoint-based inversion schemes for geodynamics: reconstructing the evolution of Earth's mantle in space and time
Benchmarking the accuracy of higher-order particle methods in geodynamic models of transient flow
REHEATFUNQ (REgional HEAT-Flow Uncertainty and aNomaly Quantification) 2.0.1: a model for regional aggregate heat flow distributions and anomaly quantification
A new temperature–photoperiod coupled phenology module in LPJ-GUESS model v4.1: optimizing estimation of terrestrial carbon and water processes
A dynamic informed deep learning method for future estimation of laboratory stick-slip
High-precision 1′ × 1′ bathymetric model of Philippine Sea inversed from marine gravity anomalies
Deciphering past earthquakes from the probabilistic modeling of paleoseismic records – the Paleoseismic EArthquake CHronologies code (PEACH, version 1)
Modelling detrital cosmogenic nuclide concentrations during landscape evolution in Cidre v2.0
IMEX_SfloW2D v2: a depth-averaged numerical flow model for volcanic gas–particle flows over complex topographies and water
Simulation of a fully coupled 3D glacial isostatic adjustment – ice sheet model for the Antarctic ice sheet over a glacial cycle
AdaHRBF v1.0: gradient-adaptive Hermite–Birkhoff radial basis function interpolants for three-dimensional stratigraphic implicit modeling
PySubdiv 1.0: open-source geological modeling and reconstruction by non-manifold subdivision surfaces
Reconstructing tephra fall deposits via ensemble-based data assimilation techniques
ClinoformNet-1.0: stratigraphic forward modeling and deep learning for seismic clinoform delineation
Addressing challenges in uncertainty quantification: the case of geohazard assessments
DeepISMNet: three-dimensional implicit structural modeling with convolutional neural network
Towards automatic finite-element methods for geodynamics via Firedrake
MagmaFOAM-1.0: a modular framework for the simulation of magmatic systems
A global, spherical finite-element model for post-seismic deformation using Abaqus
SMAUG v1.0 – a user-friendly muon simulator for the imaging of geological objects in 3-D
CliffDelineaTool v1.2.0: an algorithm for identifying coastal cliff base and top positions
Capturing the interactions between ice sheets, sea level and the solid Earth on a range of timescales: a new “time window” algorithm
Structural, petrophysical, and geological constraints in potential field inversion using the Tomofast-x v1.0 open-source code
Spatial agents for geological surface modelling
RHEA v1.0: Enabling fully coupled simulations with hydro-geomechanical heterogeneity
Modelling of faults in LoopStructural 1.0
PALEOSTRIPv1.0 – a user-friendly 3D backtracking software to reconstruct paleo-bathymetries
LoopStructural 1.0: time-aware geological modelling
Sub3DNet1.0: a deep-learning model for regional-scale 3D subsurface structure mapping
Analytical solutions for mantle flow in cylindrical and spherical shells
Towards a model for structured mass movements: the OpenLISEM hazard model 2.0a
GO_3D_OBS: the multi-parameter benchmark geomodel for seismic imaging method assessment and next-generation 3D survey design (version 1.0)
PLUME-MoM-TSM 1.0.0: a volcanic column and umbrella cloud spreading model
HydrothermalFoam v1.0: a 3-D hydrothermal transport model for natural submarine hydrothermal systems
Synthetic seismicity distribution in Guerrero–Oaxaca subduction zone, Mexico, and its implications on the role of asperities in Gutenberg–Richter law
A new open-source viscoelastic solid earth deformation module implemented in Elmer (v8.4)
CobWeb 1.0: machine learning toolbox for tomographic imaging
pygeodyn 1.1.0: a Python package for geomagnetic data assimilation
Jungang Wang, Junping Chen, and Yize Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1487–1504, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1487-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1487-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is widely used for real-time monitoring and early warning of geohazards. Accurate modeling of tropospheric delays is critical to achieving high-precision GNSS solutions, and using external delays can improve real-time GNSS convergence times. Current empirical delay models only provide delay but not uncertainty. We propose a global empirical delay model with uncertainty and demonstrate its benefits in accelerating GNSS positioning convergence.
Tao Yuan, Shijie Zhong, and Geruo A
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1445–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1445-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1445-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Earth and other planets deform under various forces. Numerical modeling is critical in understanding the nature of various dynamic deformation processes. This article introduces a newly developed open-source package, CitcomSVE-3.0, which efficiently solves the viscoelastic deformation of planetary bodies. We present benchmark results against a semi-analytical code. With its accuracy and efficiency, CitcomSVE-3.0 could advance research in planetary and climatic sciences.
Shengjun Zhang, Xu Chen, Runsheng Zhou, and Yongjun Jia
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1221–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1221-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1221-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
NSOAS24, a new global marine gravity model derived from multi-satellite altimetry missions, represents a significant advancement over its predecessor, NSOAS22. Through optimized processing procedures, NSOAS24 resolves previous issues and demonstrates improved accuracy. Compared to NSOAS22, NSOAS24 shows a reduction of approximately 0.7 mGal in standard deviation when validated against recent shipborne data. Notably, its accuracy now rivals internationally recognized models DTU21 and V32.1.
David Oakley, Christelle Loiselet, Thierry Coowar, Vincent Labbe, and Jean-Paul Callot
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 939–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-939-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-939-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we develop two automated workflows for identifying fold structures on geological maps using machine learning. In one method, we identify map patterns suggestive of folding based on pre-defined rules and apply a clustering algorithm to group those from the same fold together. In the other, we train a convolutional neural network to identify folds based on a set of training examples. We apply both methods to a set of synthetic maps and to real-world maps from two locations in France.
Yury Alkhimenkov and Yury Y. Podladchikov
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 563–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-563-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-563-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The accelerated pseudo-transient (APT) method is an efficient way to solve partial differential equations, particularly well-suited for parallel computing. This paper explores the APT method's effectiveness in solving elastic, viscoelastic, and hydromechanical problems, focusing on quasi-static conditions in 1D, 2D, and 3D. The study examines the best numerical settings for fast and accurate solutions. The paper shows how the APT method can handle complex problems in high-resolution models.
Conor P. B. O'Malley, Gareth G. Roberts, James Panton, Fred D. Richards, J. Huw Davies, Victoria M. Fernandes, and Sia Ghelichkhan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 9023–9049, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-9023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-9023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We wish to understand how the history of flowing rock within Earth's interior impacts deflection of its surface. Observations exist to address this problem, and mathematics and different computing tools can be used to predict histories of flow. We explore how modeling choices impact calculated vertical deflections. The sensitivity of vertical motions at Earth's surface to deep flow is assessed, demonstrating how surface observations can enlighten flow histories.
Stacey Edmonsond and Blake Dyer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2579, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2579, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemistry of sedimentary rocks is used to reconstruct past changes in Earth’s climate and biogeochemical cycles. Reconstructing global change requires merging stratigraphic proxy records from many locations, each of which may be incomplete, time-uncertain, and influenced by both global and local processes. StratMC uses Bayesian modeling to see through this complexity, building more accurate and testable reconstructions of global change from stratigraphic data.
Pengfei Zhang, Yi-an Cui, Jing Xie, Youjun Guo, Jianxin Liu, and Jieran Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8521–8533, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study proposes a three-dimensional analytical solution for the self-potential (SP) method to detect seafloor massive sulfide deposits. Using the mirror image method, we derived formulas for the SP generated by polarized bodies in layered media. We conducted experiments with a simulated environment and compared the results with our theoretical predictions. The findings confirmed a high degree of accuracy, demonstrating the reliability of our approach for faster and precise SP modeling.
Ryan Love, Glenn A. Milne, Parviz Ajourlou, Soran Parang, Lev Tarasov, and Konstantin Latychev
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8535–8551, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A relatively recent advance in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling has been the development of models that include 3D Earth structure, as opposed to 1D structure. However, a major limitation is the computational expense. We have developed a method using artificial neural networks to emulate the influence of 3D Earth models to affordably constrain the viscosity parameter space. Our results indicate that the misfits are of a scale such that useful predictions of relative sea level can be made.
Jon B. May, Peter Bird, and Michele M. C. Carafa
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6153–6171, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
ShellSet is a combination of well-known geoscience software packages. It features a simple user interface and is optimised through the addition of a grid search input option (automatically searching for optimal models within a defined N-dimensional parameter space) and the ability to run multiple models in parallel. We show that for each number of models tested there is a performance benefit to parallel running, while two examples demonstrate a use case by improving an existing global model.
Jan Swierczek-Jereczek, Marisa Montoya, Konstantin Latychev, Alexander Robinson, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, and Jerry Mitrovica
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5263–5290, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheets present a thickness of a few kilometres, leading to a vertical deformation of the crust of up to a kilometre. This process depends on properties of the solid Earth, which can be regionally very different. We propose a model that accounts for this often-ignored heterogeneity and run 100 000 simulation years in minutes. Thus, the evolution of ice sheets is modeled with better accuracy, which is critical for a good mitigation of climate change and, in particular, sea-level rise.
Michał Michalak, Christian Gerhards, and Peter Menzel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2004, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel method for fault detection on geological terrains. Using synthetic models, we applied machine learning to classify terrain shape and nearby features. Testing on real borehole data validated its effectiveness across various fault orientations. The supervised approach represents a significant improvement over older methods that relied on simpler clustering techniques which were capable of identifying less orientations of faults.
Sia Ghelichkhan, Angus Gibson, D. Rhodri Davies, Stephan C. Kramer, and David A. Ham
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5057–5086, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5057-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5057-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the Geoscientific ADjoint Optimisation PlaTform (G-ADOPT), designed for inverse modelling of Earth system processes, with an initial focus on mantle dynamics. G-ADOPT is built upon Firedrake, Dolfin-Adjoint and the Rapid Optimisation Library, which work together to optimise models using an adjoint method, aligning them with seismic and geologic datasets. We demonstrate G-ADOPT's ability to reconstruct mantle evolution and thus be a powerful tool in geosciences.
Rene Gassmöller, Juliane Dannberg, Wolfgang Bangerth, Elbridge Gerry Puckett, and Cedric Thieulot
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4115–4134, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models that use simulated particles are a powerful tool for investigating flow in the interior of the Earth, but the accuracy of these models is not fully understood. Here we present two new benchmarks that allow measurement of model accuracy. We then document that better accuracy matters for applications like convection beneath an oceanic plate. Our benchmarks and methods are freely available to help the community develop better models.
Malte Jörn Ziebarth and Sebastian von Specht
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2783–2828, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2783-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Thermal energy from Earth’s active interior constantly dissipates through Earth’s surface. This heat flow is not spatially uniform, and its exact pattern is hard to predict since it depends on crustal and mantle properties, both varying across scales. Our new model REHEATFUNQ addresses this difficulty by treating the fluctuations of heat flow within a region statistically. REHEATFUNQ estimates the regional distribution of heat flow and quantifies known structural signals therein.
Shouzhi Chen, Yongshuo H. Fu, Mingwei Li, Zitong Jia, Yishuo Cui, and Jing Tang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2509–2523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is still a challenge to achieve an accurate simulation of vegetation phenology in the dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). We implemented and coupled the spring and autumn phenology models into one of the DGVMs, LPJ-GUESS, and substantially improved the accuracy in capturing the start and end dates of growing seasons. Our study highlights the importance of getting accurate phenology estimations to reduce the uncertainties in plant distribution and terrestrial carbon and water cycling.
Enjiang Yue, Mengjiao Qin, Linshu Hu, Sensen Wu, and Zhenhong Du
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-46, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-46, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory earthquakes is important means to understand natural earthquakes while previous work focused on transient prediction, lacking future prediction capability. We propose a method and evaluate on data from lab experiments with different slip behaviors. It outperforms state-of-the-art methods in modeling slip moments, intervals and predictions beyond trained horizons especially for challenging slip scenarios, which is crucial for quasi-periodic geophysical process like seismicity.
Dechao An, Jinyun Guo, Xiaotao Chang, Zhenming Wang, Yongjun Jia, Xin Liu, Valery Bondur, and Heping Sun
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2039–2052, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2039-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2039-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor topography, as fundamental geoinformation in marine surveying and mapping, plays a crucial role in numerous scientific studies. In this paper, we focus on constructing a high-precision seafloor topography and bathymetry model for the Philippine Sea (5° N–35° N, 120° E–150° E), based on shipborne bathymetric data and marine gravity anomalies, and evaluate the reliability of the model's accuracy.
Octavi Gómez-Novell, Bruno Pace, Francesco Visini, Joanna Faure Walker, and Oona Scotti
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7339–7355, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7339-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7339-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the rate at which earthquakes happen along active faults is crucial to characterize the hazard that they pose. We present an approach (Paleoseismic EArthquake CHronologies, PEACH) to correlate and compute seismic histories using paleoseismic data, a type of data that characterizes past seismic activity from the geological record. Our approach reduces the uncertainties of the seismic histories and overall can improve the knowledge on fault rupture behavior for the seismic hazard.
Sébastien Carretier, Vincent Regard, Youssouf Abdelhafiz, and Bastien Plazolles
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6741–6755, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the development of a code to simulate simultaneously the dynamics of landscapes over geological time and the evolution of the concentration of cosmogenic isotopes in grains throughout their transport from the slopes to the river outlets. This new model makes it possible to study the relationship between the detrital signal of cosmogenic isotope concentration measured in sediment and the erosion--deposition processes in watersheds.
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, and Samantha Engwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6309–6336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present version 2 of the numerical code IMEX-SfloW2D. With this version it is possible to simulate a wide range of volcanic mass flows (pyroclastic avalanches, lahars, pyroclastic surges), and here we present its application to transient dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). A simulation of the 1883 Krakatau eruption demonstrates the capability of the numerical model to face a complex natural case involving the propagation of PDCs over the sea surface and across topographic obstacles.
Caroline J. van Calcar, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Bas Blank, Bas de Boer, and Wouter van der Wal
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5473–5492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The waxing and waning of the Antarctic ice sheet caused the Earth’s surface to deform, which is stabilizing the ice sheet and mainly determined by the spatially variable viscosity of the mantle. Including this feedback in model simulations led to significant differences in ice sheet extent and ice thickness over the last glacial cycle. The results underline and quantify the importance of including this local feedback effect in ice sheet models when simulating the Antarctic ice sheet evolution.
Baoyi Zhang, Linze Du, Umair Khan, Yongqiang Tong, Lifang Wang, and Hao Deng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3651–3674, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a Hermite–Birkhoff radial basis function (HRBF) formulation, AdaHRBF, with an adaptive gradient magnitude for continuous 3D stratigraphic potential field (SPF) modeling of multiple stratigraphic interfaces. In the linear system of HRBF interpolants constrained by the scattered on-contact attribute points and off-contact attitude points of a set of strata in 3D space, we add a novel optimization term to iteratively obtain the true gradient magnitude.
Mohammad Moulaeifard, Simon Bernard, and Florian Wellmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3565–3579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we propose a flexible framework to generate and interact with geological models using explicit surface representations. The essence of the work lies in the determination of the flexible control mesh, topologically similar to the main geological structure, watertight and controllable with few control points, to manage the geological structures. We exploited the subdivision surface method in our work, which is commonly used in the animation and gaming industry.
Leonardo Mingari, Antonio Costa, Giovanni Macedonio, and Arnau Folch
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3459–3478, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3459-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3459-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Two novel techniques for ensemble-based data assimilation, suitable for semi-positive-definite variables with highly skewed uncertainty distributions such as tephra deposit mass loading, are applied to reconstruct the tephra fallout deposit resulting from the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile. The deposit spatial distribution and the ashfall volume according to the analyses are in good agreement with estimations based on field measurements and isopach maps reported in previous studies.
Hui Gao, Xinming Wu, Jinyu Zhang, Xiaoming Sun, and Zhengfa Bi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2495–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a workflow to automatically generate synthetic seismic data and corresponding stratigraphic labels (e.g., clinoform facies, relative geologic time, and synchronous horizons) by geological and geophysical forward modeling. Trained with only synthetic datasets, our network works well to accurately and efficiently predict clinoform facies in 2D and 3D field seismic data. Such a workflow can be easily extended for other geological and geophysical scenarios in the future.
Ibsen Chivata Cardenas, Terje Aven, and Roger Flage
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1601–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss challenges in uncertainty quantification for geohazard assessments. The challenges arise from limited data and the one-off nature of geohazard features. The challenges include the credibility of predictions, input uncertainty, and assumptions’ impact. Considerations to increase credibility of the quantification are provided. Crucial tasks in the quantification are the exhaustive scrutiny of the background knowledge coupled with the assessment of deviations of assumptions made.
Zhengfa Bi, Xinming Wu, Zhaoliang Li, Dekuan Chang, and Xueshan Yong
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6841–6861, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an implicit modeling method based on deep learning to produce a geologically valid and structurally compatible model from unevenly sampled structural data. Trained with automatically generated synthetic data with realistic features, our network can efficiently model geological structures without the need to solve large systems of mathematical equations, opening new opportunities for further leveraging deep learning to improve modeling capacity in many Earth science applications.
D. Rhodri Davies, Stephan C. Kramer, Sia Ghelichkhan, and Angus Gibson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5127–5166, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Firedrake is a state-of-the-art system that automatically generates highly optimised code for simulating finite-element (FE) problems in geophysical fluid dynamics. It creates a separation of concerns between employing the FE method and implementing it. Here, we demonstrate the applicability and benefits of Firedrake for simulating geodynamical flows, with a focus on the slow creeping motion of Earth's mantle over geological timescales, which is ultimately the engine driving our dynamic Earth.
Federico Brogi, Simone Colucci, Jacopo Matrone, Chiara Paola Montagna, Mattia De' Michieli Vitturi, and Paolo Papale
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3773–3796, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Computer simulations play a fundamental role in understanding volcanic phenomena. The growing complexity of these simulations requires the development of flexible computational tools that can easily switch between sub-models and solution techniques as well as optimizations. MagmaFOAM is a newly developed library that allows for maximum flexibility for solving multiphase volcanic flows and promotes collaborative work for in-house and community model development, testing, and comparison.
Grace A. Nield, Matt A. King, Rebekka Steffen, and Bas Blank
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2489–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a finite-element model of post-seismic solid Earth deformation built in the software package Abaqus for the purpose of calculating post-seismic deformation in the far field of major earthquakes. The model is benchmarked against an existing open-source post-seismic model demonstrating good agreement. The advantage over existing models is the potential for simple modification to include 3-D Earth structure, non-linear rheologies and alternative or multiple sources of stress change.
Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Ciro Pistillo, Paola Scampoli, Mykhailo Vladymyrov, and Fritz Schlunegger
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2441–2473, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Muon tomography is a technology that is used often in geoscientific research. The know-how of data analysis is, however, still possessed by physicists who developed this technology. This article aims at providing geoscientists with the necessary tools to perform their own analyses. We hope that a lower threshold to enter the field of muon tomography will allow more geoscientists to engage with muon tomography. SMAUG is set up in a modular way to allow for its own modules to work in between.
Zuzanna M. Swirad and Adam P. Young
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1499–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cliff base and top lines that delimit coastal cliff faces are usually manually digitized based on maps, aerial photographs, terrain models, etc. However, manual mapping is time consuming and depends on the mapper's decisions and skills. To increase the objectivity and efficiency of cliff mapping, we developed CliffDelineaTool, an algorithm that identifies cliff base and top positions along cross-shore transects using elevation and slope characteristics.
Holly Kyeore Han, Natalya Gomez, and Jeannette Xiu Wen Wan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1355–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interactions between ice sheets, sea level and the solid Earth occur over a range of timescales from years to tens of thousands of years. This requires coupled ice-sheet–sea-level models to exchange information frequently, leading to a quadratic increase in computation time with the number of model timesteps. We present a new sea-level model algorithm that allows coupled models to improve the computational feasibility and precisely capture short-term interactions within longer simulations.
Jérémie Giraud, Vitaliy Ogarko, Roland Martin, Mark Jessell, and Mark Lindsay
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6681–6709, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We review different techniques to model the Earth's subsurface from geophysical data (gravity field anomaly, magnetic field anomaly) using geological models and measurements of the rocks' properties. We show examples of application using idealised examples reproducing realistic features and provide theoretical details of the open-source algorithm we use.
Eric A. de Kemp
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6661–6680, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a proof of concept and review paper of spatial agents, with initial research focusing on geomodelling. The results may be of interest to others working on complex regional geological modelling with sparse data. Structural agent-based swarming behaviour is key to advancing this field. The study provides groundwork for research in structural geology 3D modelling with spatial agents. This work was done with NetLogo, a free agent modelling platform used mostly for teaching complex systems.
José M. Bastías Espejo, Andy Wilkins, Gabriel C. Rau, and Philipp Blum
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6257–6272, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The hydraulic and mechanical properties of the subsurface are inherently heterogeneous. RHEA is a simulator that can perform couple hydro-geomechanical processes in heterogeneous porous media with steep gradients. RHEA is able to fully integrate spatial heterogeneity, allowing allocation of distributed hydraulic and geomechanical properties at mesh element level. RHEA is a valuable tool that can simulate problems considering realistic heterogeneity inherent to geologic formations.
Lachlan Grose, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, Guillaume Caumon, Mark Jessell, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6197–6213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fault discontinuities in rock packages represent the plane where two blocks of rock have moved. They are challenging to incorporate into geological models because the geometry of the faulted rock units are defined by not only the location of the discontinuity but also the kinematics of the fault. In this paper, we outline a structural geology framework for incorporating faults into geological models by directly incorporating kinematics into the mathematical framework of the model.
Florence Colleoni, Laura De Santis, Enrico Pochini, Edy Forlin, Riccardo Geletti, Giuseppe Brancatelli, Magdala Tesauro, Martina Busetti, and Carla Braitenberg
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5285–5305, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
PALEOSTRIP has been developed in the framework of past Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions for periods when bathymetry around Antarctica differed substantially from today. It has been designed for users with no knowledge of numerical modelling and allows users to switch on and off the processes involved in backtracking and backstripping. Applications are broad, and it can be used to restore any continental margin bathymetry or sediment thickness and to perform basin analysis.
Lachlan Grose, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, and Mark Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3915–3937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
LoopStructural is an open-source 3D geological modelling library with a model design allowing for multiple different algorithms to be used for comparison for the same geology. Geological structures are modelled using structural geology concepts and techniques, allowing for complex structures such as overprinted folds and faults to be modelled. In the paper, we demonstrate automatically generating a 3-D model from map2loop-processed geological survey data of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
Zhenjiao Jiang, Dirk Mallants, Lei Gao, Tim Munday, Gregoire Mariethoz, and Luk Peeters
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3421–3435, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fast and reliable tools are required to extract hidden information from big geophysical and remote sensing data. A deep-learning model in 3D image construction from 2D image(s) is here developed for paleovalley mapping from globally available digital elevation data. The outstanding performance for 3D subsurface imaging gives confidence that this generic novel tool will make better use of existing geophysical and remote sensing data for improved management of limited earth resources.
Stephan C. Kramer, D. Rhodri Davies, and Cian R. Wilson
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1899–1919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Computational models of Earth's mantle require rigorous verification and validation. Analytical solutions of the underlying Stokes equations provide a method to verify that these equations are accurately solved for. However, their derivation in spherical and cylindrical shell domains with physically relevant boundary conditions is involved. This paper provides a number of solutions. They are provided in a Python package (Assess) and their use is demonstrated in a convergence study with Fluidity.
Bastian van den Bout, Theo van Asch, Wei Hu, Chenxiao X. Tang, Olga Mavrouli, Victor G. Jetten, and Cees J. van Westen
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1841–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1841-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1841-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides, debris flows and other types of dense gravity-driven flows threaten livelihoods around the globe. Understanding the mechanics of these flows can be crucial for predicting their behaviour and reducing disaster risk. Numerical models assume that the solids and fluids of the flow are unstructured. The newly presented model captures the internal structure during movement. This important step can lead to more accurate predictions of landslide movement.
Andrzej Górszczyk and Stéphane Operto
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1773–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1773-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1773-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the 3D multi-parameter synthetic geomodel of the subduction zone, as well as the workflow designed to implement all of its components. The model contains different geological structures of various scales and complexities. It is intended to serve as a tool for the geophysical community to validate imaging approaches, design acquisition techniques, estimate uncertainties, benchmark computing approaches, etc.
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi and Federica Pardini
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1345–1377, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present PLUME-MoM-TSM, a volcanic plume model that allows us to quantify the formation of aggregates during the rise of the plume, model the phase change of water, and include the possibility to simulate the initial spreading of the tephra umbrella cloud intruding from the volcanic column into the atmosphere. The model is first applied to the 2015 Calbuco eruption (Chile) and provides an analytical relationship between the upwind spreading and some characteristic of the volcanic column.
Zhikui Guo, Lars Rüpke, and Chunhui Tao
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the 3-D hydro-thermo-transport model HydrothermalFoam v1.0, which we designed to provide the marine geosciences community with an easy-to-use and state-of-the-art tool for simulating mass and energy transport in submarine hydrothermal systems. HydrothermalFoam is based on the popular open-source platform OpenFOAM, comes with a number of tutorials, and is published under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
Marisol Monterrubio-Velasco, F. Ramón Zúñiga, Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez, Otilio Rojas, Armando Aguilar-Meléndez, and Josep de la Puente
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6361–6381, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6361-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Mexican subduction zone along the Pacific coast is one of the most active seismic zones in the world, where every year larger-magnitude earthquakes shake huge inland cities such as Mexico City. In this work, we use TREMOL (sThochastic Rupture Earthquake ModeL) to simulate the seismicity observed in this zone. Our numerical results reinforce the hypothesis that in some subduction regions single asperities are responsible for producing the observed seismicity.
Thomas Zwinger, Grace A. Nield, Juha Ruokolainen, and Matt A. King
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1155–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1155-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1155-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a newly developed flat-earth model, Elmer/Earth, for viscoelastic treatment of solid earth deformation under ice loads. Unlike many previous approaches with proprietary software, this model is based on the open-source FEM code Elmer, with the advantage for scientists to apply and alter the model without license constraints. The new-generation full-stress ice-sheet model Elmer/Ice shares the same code base, enabling future coupled ice-sheet–glacial-isostatic-adjustment simulations.
Swarup Chauhan, Kathleen Sell, Wolfram Rühaak, Thorsten Wille, and Ingo Sass
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 315–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present CobWeb 1.0, a graphical user interface for analysing tomographic images of geomaterials. CobWeb offers different machine learning techniques for accurate multiphase image segmentation and visualizing material specific parameters such as pore size distribution, relative porosity and volume fraction. We demonstrate a novel approach of dual filtration and dual segmentation to eliminate edge enhancement artefact in synchrotron-tomographic datasets and provide the computational code.
Loïc Huder, Nicolas Gillet, and Franck Thollard
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3795–3803, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3795-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3795-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The pygeodyn package is a geomagnetic data assimilation tool written in Python. It gives access to the Earth's core flow dynamics, controlled by geomagnetic observations, by means of a reduced numerical model anchored to geodynamo simulation statistics. It aims to provide the community with a user-friendly and tunable data assimilation algorithm. It can be used for education, geomagnetic model production or tests in conjunction with webgeodyn, a set of visualization tools for geomagnetic models.
Cited articles
Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.: Handbook of mathematical functions: with
formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables, Courier Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, USA, 1972.
Airy, G. B.: On the computation the effect of the attraction of
mountain-masses disturbing apparent as the astronomical latitude of stations
geodetic of surveys, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 145, 101–104, 1855.
Anderson, L. S., Roe, G. H., and Anderson, R. S.: The effects of interannual
climate variability on the moraine record, Geology, 42, 55–58,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G34791.1, 2014.
Ballato, P. and Strecker, M. R.: Assessing tectonic and climatic causal
mechanisms in foreland-basin stratal architecture: Insights from the Alborz
Mountains, northern Iran, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39,
110–125, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3480, 2014.
Ballato, P., Cifelli, F., Heidarzadeh, G., Ghassemi, M., Wickert, A. D.,
Hassanzadeh, J., Dupont-Nivet, G., Balling, P., Sudo, M., Zeilinger, G.,
Schmitt, A., Mattei, M., and Strecker, M. R.: Tectono-sedimentary evolution
of the northern Iranian Plateau: insights from middle-late Miocene
foreland-basin deposits, Basin Res., https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12180, 2016.
Barron, R. F. and Barron, B. R.: Design for Thermal Stresses, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ, USA,
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118093184, 2012.
Bernoulli, J. I. I.: Essai theorique sur les vibrations de plaques elastiques
rectangularies et libers, Novi Commentari Acad Petropolit, 5, 197–219,
1789.
Bodine, J. H. H., Steckler, M. S. S., and Watts, A. B. B.: Observations of
flexure and the rheology of the oceanic lithosphere, J. Geophys.
Res., 86, 3695–3707, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB05p03695, 1981.
Braun, J., Deschamps, F., Rouby, D., and Dauteuil, O.:
Flexure of the lithosphere and the geodynamical evolution of non-cylindrical
rifted passive margins: Results from a numerical model incorporating variable
elastic thickness, surface processes and 3D thermal subsidence,
Tectonophysics, 604, 72–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.033, 2013.
British Oceanographic Data Centre (BaODC) and General Bathymetric Chart of
the Oceans (GEBCO): The GEBCO_08 Grid, version 20100927, 2010.
Brotchie, J. F. and Silvester, R.: On crustal flexure, J. Geophys.
Res., 74, 5240–5252, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB074i022p05240, 1969.
Burov, E. B., Houdry, F., Diament, M., and Deverchere, J.: A broken plate
beneath the north Baikal Rift Zone revealed by gravity modelling,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 129–132, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL03078, 1994.
Calmant, S., Francheteau, J., and Cazenave, A.: Elastic layer thickening with
age of the oceanic lithosphere: a tool for prediction of the age of volcanoes
or oceanic crust, Geophys. J. Int., 100, 59–67,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04567.x, 1990.
Cauchy, A.-L.: Sur l'equilibre le mouvement d'une plaque solide,
Exercises de Matematique, 3, 328–355, 1828.
Colgan, W., Sommers, A., Rajaram, H., Abdalati, W., and Frahm, J.: Considering
thermal-viscous collapse of the Greenland ice sheet, Earth's Future, 3,
252–267, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015EF000301, 2015.
Comer, R. P.: Thick plate flexure, Geophys. J. Int., 72,
101–113, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb02807.x, 1983.
Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., and Sardeshmukh, P. D.: Feasibility of a
100-year reanalysis using only surface pressure data, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 175–190, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-2-175,
2006.
Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Matsui, N., Allan, R. J.,
Yin, X., Gleason, B. E., Vose, R. S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P.,
BroNnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R. I., Grant, A. N., Groisman, P. Y.,
Jones, P. D., Kruk, M. C., Kruger, A. C., Marshall, G. J., Maugeri, M., Mok,
H. Y., Nordli, O., Ross, T. F., Trigo, R. M., Wang, X. L., Woodruff, S. D.,
and Worley, S. J.: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1–28,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776, 2011.
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, 4th Edn., Academic
Press, Oxford, UK, 2010.
D'Acremont, E., Leroy, S., Burov, E. B., Ã, E. A., Leroy, S., Burov, E. B.,
D'Acremont, E., Leroy, S., and Burov, E. B.: Numerical modelling of a mantle
plume: The plume head-lithosphere interaction in the formation of an oceanic
large igneous province, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 206, 379–396,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01058-0, 2003.
Dalca, A. V., Ferrier, K. L., Mitrovica, J. X., Perron, J. T., Milne, G. A.,
and Creveling, J. R.: On postglacial sea level–III. Incorporating sediment
redistribution, Geophys. J. Int., 94, 45–60,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt089, 2013.
Davis, T. A.: Algorithm 8xx: UMFPACK V4.3, an unsymmetric-pattern multifrontal
method, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, V, 1–4,
https://doi.org/10.1145/992200.992206, 2004.
Euler, L.: Tentamen de sono campanarum, Novi Commentarii Academiae
scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae, 10, 261–281, 1764.
Flóvenz, O. G. and Saemundsson, K.: Heat flow and geothermal processes in
Iceland, Tectonophysics, 225, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90253-G,
1993.
Flück, P.: Effective elastic thickness Te of the lithosphere in
western Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2430,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002201, 2003.
Fornberg, B.: Generation of finite difference formulas on arbitrarily spaced
grids, Math. Comput., 51, 699–699,
https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1988-0935077-0, 1988.
Foulger, G. R.: Older crust underlies Iceland, Geophys. J.
Int., 165, 672–676, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02941.x, 2006.
Germain, S.: Remarques sur la nature, les bornes et l'étendue de la
question des surfaces élastiques et équation générale de ces
surfaces, imprimerie de Huzard-Courcier, Paris, 1826.
Gomez, N., Pollard, D., and Mitrovica, J. X.: A 3-D coupled ice sheet – sea
level model applied to Antarctica through the last 40 ky, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 384, 88–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.042,
2013.
Göttl, F., Rummel, R., Geophysics, A., Göttl, F., and Rummel, R.: A
geodetic view on isostatic models, Pure Appl. Geophys., 166,
1247–1260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-0489-x, 2009.
Govers, R., Meijer, P., and Krijgsman, W.: Regional isostatic response to
Messinian Salinity Crisis events, Tectonophysics, 463, 109–129,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.026, 2009.
Gunn, R.: A quantitative evaluation of the influence of the lithosphere on the
anomalies of gravity, J. Franklin Inst., 236, 47–66,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(43)91198-6, 1943.
Heller, P. L., Angevine, C. L., Paola, C., Winslow, N. S., Paola, C., Winslow,
N. S., and Paola, C.: Two-phase stratigraphic model of foreland-basin
sequences, Geology, 16, 501–504,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0501:TPSMOF>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
Hertz, H.: On the equilibrium of floating elastic plates, Ann. Phys.
Chem. 22, 449–455, 1884.
Hobley, D. E. J., Tucker, G. E., Adams, J. M., Gasparini, N. M., Hutton, E.
W. H., Istanbulluoglu, E., and Siddhartha Nudurupati, S.: Landlab – a
new, open-source, modular, Python-based tool for modeling landscape
dynamics, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 45, p. 649,
2013.
Hubbard, A.: The validation and sensitivity of a model of the Icelandic ice
sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2297–2313,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.005, 2006.
Hubbard, A., Sugden, D., Dugmore, A., Norddahl, H., and Pétursson, H. G.:
A modelling insight into the Icelandic Last Glacial Maximum ice sheet,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2283–2296,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.001, 2006.
Jones, E., Oliphant, T., and Peterson, P.: SciPy: Open source scientific tools
for Python, http://www.scipy.org/ (last access: 10 February 2015),
2001.
Karner, G. D. and Watts, A. B.: Gravity anomalies and flexure of the
lithosphere at mountain ranges, J. Geophys. Res., 88,
10449, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB12p10449, 1983.
Kim, W., Paola, C., Voller, V. R., and Swenson, J. B.: Experimental
measurement of the relative importance of controls on shoreline migration,
J. Sediment. Res., 76, 270–283, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2006.019,
2006.
Kirby, J. and Swain, C.: Improving the spatial resolution of effective elastic
thickness estimation with the fan wavelet transform, Comput.
Geosci., 37, 1345–1354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2010.10.008, 2011.
Kirby, J. F.: Estimation of the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere
using inverse spectral methods: The state of the art, Tectonophysics, 631,
87–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.04.021, 2014.
Kirby, J. F. and Swain, C. J.: A reassessment of spectral T_e estimation in
continental interiors: The case of North America, J. Geophys.
Res., 114, B08401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006356, 2009.
Kirchhoff, G.: Ueber die Schwingungen einer kreisförmigen elastischen
Scheibe, Ann. Phys., 157, 258–264, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18501571005,
1850.
Lagrange, J. L.: Note communiquée aux Commissaires pour le prix de la
surface élastique décembre 1811, Ann. Chimie Physique, 39, 149–151,
1828.
Lambeck, K.: Flexure of the ocean lithosphere from island uplift, bathymetry
and geoid height observations: the Society Islands, Geophys. J.
Int., 67, 91–114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb02734.x, 1981.
Landa, M.: New GUI for GRASS GIS based on wxPython, GIS Ostrava,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228786357_New_GUI_for_GRASS_GIS_based_on_wxPython,
(last access: 10 February 2015), 2008.
Le Meur, E. and Huybrechts, P.: A comparison of different ways of dealing
with isostasy: examples from modeling the Antarctic ice sheet during the last
glacial cycle, Ann. Glaciol., 23, 309–317,
https://doi.org/10013/epic.12717.d001, 1996.
Love, A. E. H.: The Small Free Vibrations and Deformation of a Thin Elastic
Shell, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 179, 491–546,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1888.0016, 1888.
Lowry, A. R. and Pérez-Gussinyé, M.: The role of crustal quartz in
controlling Cordilleran deformation, Nature, 471, 353–357,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09912, 2011.
Luttrell, K. and Sandwell, D.: Ocean loading effects on stress at near shore
plate boundary fault systems, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
B08411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006541, 2010.
Manríquez, P., Contreras-Reyes, E., Osses, A., Manriquez, P., Contreras-Reyes,
E., and Osses, A.: Lithospheric 3-D flexure modelling of the oceanic plate
seaward of the trench using variable elastic thickness, Geophys. J.
Int., 196, 681–693, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt464, 2013.
May, G. M., Bills, B. G., and Hodge, D. S.: Far-field flexural response of
Lake Bonneville from paleopluvial lake elevations, Phys. Earth
Planet. In., 68, 274–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90046-K, 1991.
McMillan, M. E., Angevine, C. L., and Heller, P. L.: Postdepositional tilt of
the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Group on the western Great Plains: Evidence of
late Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains, Geology, 30, 63–66,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0063:PTOTMP>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
McNutt, M. K. and Menard, H. W.: Constraints on yield strength in the oceanic
lithosphere derived from observations of flexure, Geophys. J.
Int., 71, 363–394, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1982.tb05994.x, 1982.
Mitrovica, J. X. and Milne, G. A.: On post-glacial sea level: I. General
theory, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 253–267,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01942.x, 2003.
Müller, R. D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., and Roest, W. R.: Age, spreading
rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust, Geochem.
Geophy. Geosy., 9, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001743, 2008.
Neteler, M., Bowman, M. H., Landa, M., and Metz, M.: GRASS GIS: A
multi-purpose open source GIS, Environ. Modell. Softw., 31,
124–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.11.014, 2012.
Oliphant, T. E.: Python for scientific computing, Comput. Sci.
Eng., 9, 10–20, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.58, 2007.
Overeem, I., Berlin, M. M., and Syvitski, J. P.: Strategies for integrated
modeling: The community surface dynamics modeling system example,
Environ. Modell. Softw., 39, 314–321,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.01.012, 2013.
Passey, Q. R.: Upper mantle viscosity derived from the difference in rebound
of the Provo and Bonneville Shorelines: Lake Bonneville Basin, Utah, J.
Geophys. Res., 86, 11701, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB12p11701, 1981.
Peckham, S. D., Hutton, E. W. H., and Norris, B.: A component-based approach
to integrated modeling in the geosciences: The design of CSDMS, Comput.
Geosci., 53, 3–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.04.002, 2013.
Pelletier, J. D.: Estimate of three-dimensional flexural-isostatic response to
unloading: Rock uplift due to late Cenozoic glacial erosion in the western
United States, Geology, 32, 161–164,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G20059.1, 2004.
Pérez-Gussinyé, M. and Watts, A. B.: The long-term strength of Europe
and its implications for plate-forming processes, Nature, 436, 381–384,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03854, 2005.
Pérez-Gussinyé, M., Lowry, A. R., and Watts, A. B.: Effective elastic
thickness of South America and its implications for intracontinental
deformation, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 8, Q5009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001511, 2007.
Pérez-Gussinyé, M., Metois, M., Fernández, M., Vergés, J.,
Fullea, J., and A. R. Lowry: Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its
relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface
tectonics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 287, 152–167,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.004, 2009.
Poisson, S.-D.: Mémoire sur l'équilibre et le mouvement des corps
élastiques, in Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de
lInstitut de France, Tome 8, 1828.
Pratt, J.: On the attraction of the Himalaya Mountains, and of the elevated
regions beyond them, upon the plumb-line in India, Philos.
T. R. Soc. Lond., 145, 53–100, 1855.
Roberts, H. H. H.: Delta switching: early responses to the Atchafalaya River
diversion, J. Coastal Res., 14, 882–899, 1998.
Rossum, G. V., Drake, F. L., van Rossum, G., Fred L. Drake, J., Rossum,
G. V., Drake, F. L., van Rossum, G., and Fred L. Drake, J.: The Python
Language Reference Manual, Python Software Foundation, version 2. Edn.,
2012.
Royden, L. and Karner, G. D.: Flexure of Lithosphere Beneath Apennine and
Carpathian Foredeep Basins: Evidence for an Insufficient Topographic Load,
AAPG Bull., 68, 704–712,
https://doi.org/10.1306/AD461372-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1984.
Sacek, V., Ussami, N., Sacek, V., and Ussami, N.: Reappraisal of the effective
elastic thickness for the sub-Andes using 3-D finite element flexural
modelling, gravity and geological constraints, Geophys. J. Int.,
179, 778–786, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04334.x, 2009.
Srinivasan, R. and Arnold, J. G.: Integration of a basin-scale water quality
model with GIS, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 30,
453–462, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03304.x, 1994.
Stein, C. A. and Stein, S.: A model for the global variation in oceanic depth
and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123–129,
https://doi.org/10.1038/359123a0, 1992.
Stephenson, R.: Flexural models of continental lithosphere based on the
long-term erosional decay of topography, Geophys. J. Int.,
77, 385–413, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01940.x, 1984.
Stephenson, R. and Lambeck, K.: Isostatic response of the lithosphere with
in-plane stress: Application to central Australia, J. Geophys.
Res., 90, 8581–8588, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB10p08581, 1985.
Stewart, J. and Watts, A. B.: Gravity anomalies and spatial variations of
flexural rigidity at mountain ranges, J. Geophys. Res., 102,
5327–5352, 1997.
Syvitski, J., Hutton, E., Peckham, S., and Slingerland, R.: CSDMS – A modeling
system to aid sedimentary research, The Sedimentary Record, 9, 4–9,
https://doi.org/10.2110/sedred.2011.1.4, 2011.
Tassara, A., Swain, C., Hackney, R., and Kirby, J.: Elastic thickness
structure of South America estimated using wavelets and satellite-derived
gravity data, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 253, 17–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.008, 2007.
Tesauro, M., Kaban, M. K., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.: How rigid is Europe's
lithosphere?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L16303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039229, 2009.
Tesauro, M., Audet, P., Kaban, M. K., Brgmann, R., and Cloetingh, S.: The
effective elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere: Comparison
between rheological and inverse approaches, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 13, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004162, 2012a.
Tesauro, M., Kaban, M. K., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.: Global strength and
elastic thickness of the lithosphere, Global Planet. Change, 90–91,
51–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.12.003, 2012b.
Tesauro, M., Kaban, M. K., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.: Global model for the
lithospheric strength and effective elastic thickness, Tectonophysics, 602,
78–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.01.006, 2013.
Timoshenko, S., Woinowsky-Krieger, S., and Woinowsky, S.: Theory of plates and
shells, 2 Edn., McGraw–Hill, New York, 1959.
Todhunter, I. and Pearson, K.: A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of
the Strength of Materials, from Galilei to the Present Time, vol. 35,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, UK, https://doi.org/10.1038/035313a0,
1886.
Tucker, G. E., Hobley, D. E., Gasparini, N. M., Hutton, E., Istanbulluoglu, E.,
Nudurupati, S., and Adams, J. M.: Creative Computing with Landlab:
Open-Source Python Software for Building and Exploring 2D Models of
Earth-Surface Dynamics, in: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, p. D2, 2013.
Tucker, G. E., Hobley, D. E. J., Hutton, E., Gasparini, N. M.,
Istanbulluoglu, E., Adams, J. M., and Nudurupati, S. S.: CellLab-CTS 2015: a
Python library for continuous-time stochastic cellular automaton modeling
using Landlab, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 8, 9507–9552,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-9507-2015, 2015.
Turcotte, D. L. L. and Schubert, G.: Geodynamics, 2 Edn., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK,
2002.
Van der Lee, S.: High-resolution estimates of lithospheric thickness from
Missouri to Massachusetts, USA, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 203,
15–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00846-4, 2002.
van der Walt, S., Colbert, S. C., and Varoquaux, G.: The NumPy Array: A
Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation, Comput. Sci.
Eng., 13, 22–30, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.37, 2011.
van Wees, J. D. and Cloetingh, S.: A Finite-Difference Technique to Incorporate Spatial
Variations In Rigidity and Planar Faults Into 3-D Models For Lithospheric
Flexure, Geophys. J. Int., 117, 179–195,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb03311.x, 1994.
Vening Meinesz, F. A.: Une nouvelle methode pour la reduction isostatique
regionale de l'intensite de la pesanteur, Bulletin Géod., 29, 33–51, 1931.
Vening Meinesz, F. A.: Gravity Over the Hawaiian Archipelago and Over the
Madeira Area, in: Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van
Wetenschappen, vol. 44, 1–14, 1941.
Vening Meinesz, F. A.: Les graben africains, résultat de compression ou
de tension dans la croûte terrestre, Bull. Inst. R. Colon. Belge, 21,
539–552, 1950.
Ventsel, E., Krauthammer, T., and Carrera, E.: Thin Plates and Shells: Theory,
Analysis, and Applications, vol. 55, Marcel Drecker, Inc.,
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1483356, 2002.
Voinov, A. A., DeLuca, C., Hood, R. R., Peckham, S., Sherwood, C. R., and
Syvitski, J. P. M.: A Community Approach to Earth Systems Modeling, Eos,
Transactions American Geophysical Union, 91, 117–118,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010EO130001, 2010.
Watters, T. R. and McGovern, P. J.: Lithospheric flexure and the evolution of
the dichotomy boundary on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08S05,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024325, 2006.
Watts, A. B.: An analysis of isostasy in the world's oceans 1.
Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5989,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB083iB12p05989, 1978.
Watts, A. B.: Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK,
2001.
Watts, A. B. and Zhong, S.: Observations of flexure and the rheology of
oceanic lithosphere, Geophys. J. Int., 142, 855–875,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00189.x, 2000.
Watts, A. B., Karner, G. D., and Steckler, M. S.: Lithospheric Flexure and the
Evolution of Sedimentary Basins, Philos. T. R.
Soc. A, 305, 249–281,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1982.0036, 1982.
Welch, P.: The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power
spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms,
IEEE T. Acoust. Speech, 15, 70–73,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901, 1967.
Wernicke, B. and Axen, G. J.: On the role of isostasy in the evolution of
normal fault systems, Geology, 16, 848,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0848:OTROII>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
Wessel, P. l.: A reexamination of the flexural deformation beneath the
Hawaiian Islands, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12177,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00523, 1993.
Whitaker, J. S. and Hamill, T. M.: Ensemble Data Assimilation without
Perturbed Observations, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 1913–1924,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1913:EDAWPO>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Wickert, A. D.: Flexure version 0.6, https://doi.org/10.1594/IEDA/100123, 2012.
Short summary
Earth's lithosphere bends beneath surface loads, such as ice, sediments, and mountain belts. The pattern of this bending, or flexural isostatic response, is a function of both the loads and the spatially variable strength of the lithosphere. gFlex is an easy-to-use program to calculate flexural isostastic response, and may be used to better understand how ice sheets, glaciers, large lakes, sedimentary basins, volcanoes, and other surface loads interact with the solid Earth.
Earth's lithosphere bends beneath surface loads, such as ice, sediments, and mountain belts. The...
