Articles | Volume 14, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6257-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6257-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
18 Oct 2021
Development and technical paper |
| 18 Oct 2021
| 18 Oct 2021
RHEA v1.0: Enabling fully coupled simulations with hydro-geomechanical heterogeneity
José M. Bastías Espejo
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
Andy Wilkins
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Mining Geomechanics Team, Brisbane, Australia
Gabriel C. Rau
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
The University of New South Wales, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sydney, Australia
Philipp Blum
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
Related authors
Jose M. Bastias Espejo, Chris Turnadge, Russell S. Crosbie, Philipp Blum, and Gabriel C. Rau
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3447–3462, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analytical models estimate subsurface properties from subsurface–tidal load interactions. However, they have limited accuracy in representing subsurface physics and parameter estimation. We derived a new analytical solution which models flow to wells due to atmospheric tides. We applied it to field data and compared our findings with subsurface knowledge. Our results enhance understanding of subsurface systems, providing valuable information on their behavior.
Stephen Lee, Dylan J. Irvine, Clément Duvert, Gabriel C. Rau, and Ian Cartwright
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2414, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2414, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global groundwater recharge studies collate recharge values estimated using different methods that apply to different timescales. We develop a recharge prediction model, based solely on chloride, to produce a recharge map for Australia. We reveal that climate and vegetation have the most significant influence on recharge variability in Australia. Our recharge rates were lower than other models due to the long timescale of chloride in groundwater. Our method can similarly be applied globally.
Jose M. Bastias Espejo, Chris Turnadge, Russell S. Crosbie, Philipp Blum, and Gabriel C. Rau
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3447–3462, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analytical models estimate subsurface properties from subsurface–tidal load interactions. However, they have limited accuracy in representing subsurface physics and parameter estimation. We derived a new analytical solution which models flow to wells due to atmospheric tides. We applied it to field data and compared our findings with subsurface knowledge. Our results enhance understanding of subsurface systems, providing valuable information on their behavior.
Rémi Valois, Agnès Rivière, Jean-Michel Vouillamoz, and Gabriel C. Rau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1727, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Characterizing aquifer systems is challenging because it is difficult to obtain in-situ information. They can be however characterized using natural forces such as Earth tides. Models that accounts for more complex situations are still necessary to extend the use of Earth tides to assess hydromechanical properties of aquifer systems. Such a model is developed in this study and applied to a case study in Cambodia where a combination of tides was used in order to better constrain the model.
Marco Fuchs, Anna Suzuki, Togo Hasumi, and Philipp Blum
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1855, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the permeability of a natural fracture in sandstone is estimated based only on its geometry. For this purpose, the topological method of persistent homology is applied to three geometric data sets with different resolutions for the first time. The results of all data sets compare well with conventional experimental and numerical methods. Since the analysis takes less to the same amount of time, it seems to be a good alternative to conventional methods.
Patrick Haehnel, Todd C. Rasmussen, and Gabriel C. Rau
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-54, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
While groundwater recharge is important for water-resources management, nearshore sea levels can obscure this signal. Regression deconvolution has previously been used to remove other influences from groundwater levels (e.g., barometric pressure, Earth tides) by accounting for time-delayed responses from these influences. We demonstrate that it can also remove sea-level influences from measured groundwater levels.
Ruben Stemmle, Haegyeong Lee, Philipp Blum, and Kathrin Menberg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-62, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-62, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Using 3D numerical heat transpot models, this study quantifies the potential of low-temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) in an urban setting in Southwest Germany. Comparing the determined potential with existing heating and cooling demands shows substantial heating and cooling supply rates that could be achieved by a widespread application of ATES systems. The study also highlights possible greenhouse gas emission savings compared to conventional heating and cooling technologies.
Gabriel C. Rau, Timothy C. McMillan, Martin S. Andersen, and Wendy A. Timms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4301–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work develops and applies a new method to estimate hydraulic and geomechanical subsurface properties in situ using standard groundwater and atmospheric pressure records. The estimated properties comply with expected values except for the Poisson ratio, which we attribute to the investigated scale and conditions. Our new approach can be used to cost-effectively investigate the subsurface using standard monitoring datasets.
Sina Hale, Xavier Ries, David Jaeggi, and Philipp Blum
Solid Earth, 12, 1581–1600, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1581-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1581-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The construction of tunnels leads to substantial alterations of the surrounding rock, which can be critical concerning safety aspects. We use different mobile methods to assess the hydromechanical properties of an excavation damaged zone (EDZ) in a claystone. We show that long-term exposure and dehydration preserve a notable fracture permeability and significantly increase strength and stiffness. The methods are suitable for on-site monitoring without any further disturbance of the rock.
Fabien Koch, Kathrin Menberg, Svenja Schweikert, Cornelia Spengler, Hans Jürgen Hahn, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3053–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we address the question of whether groundwater fauna in an urban area is natural or affected in comparison to forested land. We find noticeable differences in the spatial distribution of groundwater species and abiotic parameters. An ecological assessment reveals that conditions in the urban area are mainly not good. Yet, there is no clear spatial pattern in terms of land use and anthropogenic impacts. These are significant findings for conservation and usage of urban groundwater.
Arne Jacob, Markus Peltz, Sina Hale, Frieder Enzmann, Olga Moravcova, Laurence N. Warr, Georg Grathoff, Philipp Blum, and Michael Kersten
Solid Earth, 12, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we combined different imaging and experimental measuring methods for analysis of cross-scale effects which reduce permeability of tight reservoir rocks. Simulated permeability of digital images of rocks is often overestimated, which is caused by non-resolvable clay content within the pores of a rock. By combining FIB-SEM with micro-XCT imaging, we were able to simulate the true clay mineral abundance to match experimentally measured permeability with simulated permeability.
Gabriel C. Rau, Mark O. Cuthbert, R. Ian Acworth, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6033–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides an important generalisation of a previously developed method that quantifies subsurface barometric efficiency using the groundwater level response to Earth and atmospheric tides. The new approach additionally allows the quantification of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage. This enables improved and rapid assessment of subsurface processes and properties using standard pressure measurements.
Chaojie Cheng, Sina Hale, Harald Milsch, and Philipp Blum
Solid Earth, 11, 2411–2423, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2411-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2411-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluids (like water or gases) within the Earth's crust often flow and interact with rock through fractures. The efficiency with which these fluids may flow through this void space is controlled by the width of the fracture(s). In this study, three different physical methods to measure fracture width were applied and compared and their predictive accuracy was evaluated. As a result, the mobile methods tested may well be applied in the field if a number of limitations and requirements are observed.
Gabriel C. Rau, Vincent E. A. Post, Margaret Shanafield, Torsten Krekeler, Eddie W. Banks, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3603–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3603-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3603-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of water is often inferred from water levels and gradients whose measurements are considered trivial despite the many steps and complexity of the instruments involved. We systematically review the four measurement steps required and summarise the systematic errors. To determine the accuracy with which flow can be resolved, we quantify and propagate the random errors. Our results illustrate the limitations of current practice and provide concise recommendations to improve data quality.
Susanne A. Benz, Peter Bayer, Gerfried Winkler, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3143–3154, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3143-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3143-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges modern society faces. Increasing temperatures are observed both above ground and, as discussed here, in the groundwater – the source of most drinking water. Within Austria average temperature increased by 0.7 °C over the past 20 years, with an increase of more than 3 °C in some wells and temperature decrease in others. However, these extreme changes can be linked to local events such as the construction of a new drinking water supply.
Daniel Schweizer, Philipp Blum, and Christoph Butscher
Solid Earth, 8, 515–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-515-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-515-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Any 3-D geological model is subject to uncertainty. We applied the concept of information entropy in order to visualize and quantify changes in uncertainty between geological models based on different types of geological input data. Furthermore, we propose two measures, the city-block and the Jaccard distance, to directly compare dissimilarities between models. The presented approach helps to locate areas of uncertainty within the model domain and quantify model improvements due to added data.
Katie Coleborn, Gabriel C. Rau, Mark O. Cuthbert, Andy Baker, and Owen Navarre
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4439–4455, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4439-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4439-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first observation of tree water use in cave drip water. Our novel time series analysis using the synchrosqueeze transform identified daily and sub-daily oscillations in drip rate. The only hypothesis consistent with hydrologic theory and the data was that the oscillations were caused by solar driven pumping by trees above the cave. We propose a new protocol for inferring karst architecture and our findings support research on the impact trees on speleothem paleoclimate proxies.
Tobias Kling, Da Huo, Jens-Oliver Schwarz, Frieder Enzmann, Sally Benson, and Philipp Blum
Solid Earth, 7, 1109–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1109-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1109-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A method is introduced to implement medical CT data of a fractured sandstone under varying confining pressures into fluid flow simulations to reproduce experimental permeabilities. The simulation results reproduce plausible fracture flow features (e.g. flow channeling, fracture closing/opening) and approximate the actual permeabilities, which are affected by the CT resolution and compositional matrix heterogeneities. Additionally, some recommendations are presented concerning future studies.
M. Huebsch, F. Grimmeisen, M. Zemann, O. Fenton, K. G. Richards, P. Jordan, A. Sawarieh, P. Blum, and N. Goldscheider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1589–1598, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1589-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1589-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Two different in situ spectrophotometers, which were used in the field to determine highly time resolved nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations at two distinct spring discharge sites, are compared: a double and a multiple wavelength spectrophotometer. The objective of the study was to review the hardware options, determine ease of calibration, accuracy, influence of additional substances and to assess positive and negative aspects of the two sensors as well as troubleshooting and trade-offs.
K. Menberg, P. Blum, B. L. Kurylyk, and P. Bayer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4453–4466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014, 2014
M. Huebsch, O. Fenton, B. Horan, D. Hennessy, K. G. Richards, P. Jordan, N. Goldscheider, C. Butscher, and P. Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4423–4435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4423-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4423-2014, 2014
N. P. Unland, I. Cartwright, M. S. Andersen, G. C. Rau, J. Reed, B. S. Gilfedder, A. P. Atkinson, and H. Hofmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3437–3453, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3437-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3437-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Solid Earth
Modelling detrital cosmogenic nuclide concentrations during landscape evolution in Cidre v2.0
IMEX_SfloW2D v2: a depth-averaged numerical flow model for volcanic gas–particle flows over complex topographies and water
Simulation of a fully coupled 3D glacial isostatic adjustment – ice sheet model for the Antarctic ice sheet over a glacial cycle
AdaHRBF v1.0: gradient-adaptive Hermite–Birkhoff radial basis function interpolants for three-dimensional stratigraphic implicit modeling
PySubdiv 1.0: open-source geological modeling and reconstruction by non-manifold subdivision surfaces
Reconstructing tephra fall deposits via ensemble-based data assimilation techniques
ClinoformNet-1.0: stratigraphic forward modeling and deep learning for seismic clinoform delineation
Deciphering past earthquakes from paleoseismic records – The Paleoseismic EArthquake CHronologies code (PEACH, version 1)
Addressing challenges in uncertainty quantification: the case of geohazard assessments
DeepISMNet: three-dimensional implicit structural modeling with convolutional neural network
Towards automatic finite-element methods for geodynamics via Firedrake
MagmaFOAM-1.0: a modular framework for the simulation of magmatic systems
A global, spherical finite-element model for post-seismic deformation using Abaqus
SMAUG v1.0 – a user-friendly muon simulator for the imaging of geological objects in 3-D
CliffDelineaTool v1.2.0: an algorithm for identifying coastal cliff base and top positions
Capturing the interactions between ice sheets, sea level and the solid Earth on a range of timescales: a new “time window” algorithm
Structural, petrophysical, and geological constraints in potential field inversion using the Tomofast-x v1.0 open-source code
Spatial agents for geological surface modelling
Modelling of faults in LoopStructural 1.0
PALEOSTRIPv1.0 – a user-friendly 3D backtracking software to reconstruct paleo-bathymetries
LoopStructural 1.0: time-aware geological modelling
Sub3DNet1.0: a deep-learning model for regional-scale 3D subsurface structure mapping
Analytical solutions for mantle flow in cylindrical and spherical shells
Towards a model for structured mass movements: the OpenLISEM hazard model 2.0a
GO_3D_OBS: the multi-parameter benchmark geomodel for seismic imaging method assessment and next-generation 3D survey design (version 1.0)
PLUME-MoM-TSM 1.0.0: a volcanic column and umbrella cloud spreading model
HydrothermalFoam v1.0: a 3-D hydrothermal transport model for natural submarine hydrothermal systems
Synthetic seismicity distribution in Guerrero–Oaxaca subduction zone, Mexico, and its implications on the role of asperities in Gutenberg–Richter law
A new open-source viscoelastic solid earth deformation module implemented in Elmer (v8.4)
CobWeb 1.0: machine learning toolbox for tomographic imaging
pygeodyn 1.1.0: a Python package for geomagnetic data assimilation
IMEX_SfloW2D 1.0: a depth-averaged numerical flow model for pyroclastic avalanches
A multilayer approach and its application to model a local gravimetric quasi-geoid model over the North Sea: QGNSea V1.0
Development of an automatic delineation of cliff top and toe on very irregular planform coastlines (CliffMetrics v1.0)
Bayesian inference of earthquake rupture models using polynomial chaos expansion
Geodynamic diagnostics, scientific visualisation and StagLab 3.0
SaLEM (v1.0) – the Soil and Landscape Evolution Model (SaLEM) for simulation of regolith depth in periglacial environments
SILLi 1.0: a 1-D numerical tool quantifying the thermal effects of sill intrusions
The SPACE 1.0 model: a Landlab component for 2-D calculation of sediment transport, bedrock erosion, and landscape evolution
Ellipsoids (v1.0): 3-D magnetic modelling of ellipsoidal bodies
Global-scale modelling of melting and isotopic evolution of Earth's mantle: melting modules for TERRA
pynoddy 1.0: an experimental platform for automated 3-D kinematic and potential field modelling
Open-source modular solutions for flexural isostasy: gFlex v1.0
FPLUME-1.0: An integral volcanic plume model accounting for ash aggregation
PyXRD v0.6.7: a free and open-source program to quantify disordered phyllosilicates using multi-specimen X-ray diffraction profile fitting
r.randomwalk v1, a multi-functional conceptual tool for mass movement routing
Improving the global applicability of the RUSLE model – adjustment of the topographical and rainfall erosivity factors
PLUME-MoM 1.0: A new integral model of volcanic plumes based on the method of moments
Thermo-hydro-mechanical processes in fractured rock formations during a glacial advance
On the sensitivity of 3-D thermal convection codes to numerical discretization: a model intercomparison
Sébastien Carretier, Vincent Regard, Youssouf Abdelhafiz, and Bastien Plazolles
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6741–6755, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the development of a code to simulate simultaneously the dynamics of landscapes over geological time and the evolution of the concentration of cosmogenic isotopes in grains throughout their transport from the slopes to the river outlets. This new model makes it possible to study the relationship between the detrital signal of cosmogenic isotope concentration measured in sediment and the erosion--deposition processes in watersheds.
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, and Samantha Engwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6309–6336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present version 2 of the numerical code IMEX-SfloW2D. With this version it is possible to simulate a wide range of volcanic mass flows (pyroclastic avalanches, lahars, pyroclastic surges), and here we present its application to transient dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). A simulation of the 1883 Krakatau eruption demonstrates the capability of the numerical model to face a complex natural case involving the propagation of PDCs over the sea surface and across topographic obstacles.
Caroline J. van Calcar, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Bas Blank, Bas de Boer, and Wouter van der Wal
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5473–5492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The waxing and waning of the Antarctic ice sheet caused the Earth’s surface to deform, which is stabilizing the ice sheet and mainly determined by the spatially variable viscosity of the mantle. Including this feedback in model simulations led to significant differences in ice sheet extent and ice thickness over the last glacial cycle. The results underline and quantify the importance of including this local feedback effect in ice sheet models when simulating the Antarctic ice sheet evolution.
Baoyi Zhang, Linze Du, Umair Khan, Yongqiang Tong, Lifang Wang, and Hao Deng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3651–3674, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a Hermite–Birkhoff radial basis function (HRBF) formulation, AdaHRBF, with an adaptive gradient magnitude for continuous 3D stratigraphic potential field (SPF) modeling of multiple stratigraphic interfaces. In the linear system of HRBF interpolants constrained by the scattered on-contact attribute points and off-contact attitude points of a set of strata in 3D space, we add a novel optimization term to iteratively obtain the true gradient magnitude.
Mohammad Moulaeifard, Simon Bernard, and Florian Wellmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3565–3579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we propose a flexible framework to generate and interact with geological models using explicit surface representations. The essence of the work lies in the determination of the flexible control mesh, topologically similar to the main geological structure, watertight and controllable with few control points, to manage the geological structures. We exploited the subdivision surface method in our work, which is commonly used in the animation and gaming industry.
Leonardo Mingari, Antonio Costa, Giovanni Macedonio, and Arnau Folch
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3459–3478, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3459-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3459-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Two novel techniques for ensemble-based data assimilation, suitable for semi-positive-definite variables with highly skewed uncertainty distributions such as tephra deposit mass loading, are applied to reconstruct the tephra fallout deposit resulting from the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile. The deposit spatial distribution and the ashfall volume according to the analyses are in good agreement with estimations based on field measurements and isopach maps reported in previous studies.
Hui Gao, Xinming Wu, Jinyu Zhang, Xiaoming Sun, and Zhengfa Bi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2495–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a workflow to automatically generate synthetic seismic data and corresponding stratigraphic labels (e.g., clinoform facies, relative geologic time, and synchronous horizons) by geological and geophysical forward modeling. Trained with only synthetic datasets, our network works well to accurately and efficiently predict clinoform facies in 2D and 3D field seismic data. Such a workflow can be easily extended for other geological and geophysical scenarios in the future.
Octavi Gómez-Novell, Bruno Pace, Francesco Visini, Joanna Faure Walker, and Oona Scotti
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-71, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-71, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the rate at which earthquakes happen along active faults is crucial to characterize the hazard that they pose to society. We present an approach (PEACH) to correlate and compute seismic histories along faults using paleoseismic data, a common type of data that characterizes past seismic activity from the geological record. Our approach refines and reduces the uncertainties of the seismic histories and overall can improve the knowledge on faults for the seismic hazard.
Ibsen Chivata Cardenas, Terje Aven, and Roger Flage
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1601–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss challenges in uncertainty quantification for geohazard assessments. The challenges arise from limited data and the one-off nature of geohazard features. The challenges include the credibility of predictions, input uncertainty, and assumptions’ impact. Considerations to increase credibility of the quantification are provided. Crucial tasks in the quantification are the exhaustive scrutiny of the background knowledge coupled with the assessment of deviations of assumptions made.
Zhengfa Bi, Xinming Wu, Zhaoliang Li, Dekuan Chang, and Xueshan Yong
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6841–6861, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an implicit modeling method based on deep learning to produce a geologically valid and structurally compatible model from unevenly sampled structural data. Trained with automatically generated synthetic data with realistic features, our network can efficiently model geological structures without the need to solve large systems of mathematical equations, opening new opportunities for further leveraging deep learning to improve modeling capacity in many Earth science applications.
D. Rhodri Davies, Stephan C. Kramer, Sia Ghelichkhan, and Angus Gibson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5127–5166, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Firedrake is a state-of-the-art system that automatically generates highly optimised code for simulating finite-element (FE) problems in geophysical fluid dynamics. It creates a separation of concerns between employing the FE method and implementing it. Here, we demonstrate the applicability and benefits of Firedrake for simulating geodynamical flows, with a focus on the slow creeping motion of Earth's mantle over geological timescales, which is ultimately the engine driving our dynamic Earth.
Federico Brogi, Simone Colucci, Jacopo Matrone, Chiara Paola Montagna, Mattia De' Michieli Vitturi, and Paolo Papale
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3773–3796, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Computer simulations play a fundamental role in understanding volcanic phenomena. The growing complexity of these simulations requires the development of flexible computational tools that can easily switch between sub-models and solution techniques as well as optimizations. MagmaFOAM is a newly developed library that allows for maximum flexibility for solving multiphase volcanic flows and promotes collaborative work for in-house and community model development, testing, and comparison.
Grace A. Nield, Matt A. King, Rebekka Steffen, and Bas Blank
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2489–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a finite-element model of post-seismic solid Earth deformation built in the software package Abaqus for the purpose of calculating post-seismic deformation in the far field of major earthquakes. The model is benchmarked against an existing open-source post-seismic model demonstrating good agreement. The advantage over existing models is the potential for simple modification to include 3-D Earth structure, non-linear rheologies and alternative or multiple sources of stress change.
Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Ciro Pistillo, Paola Scampoli, Mykhailo Vladymyrov, and Fritz Schlunegger
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2441–2473, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Muon tomography is a technology that is used often in geoscientific research. The know-how of data analysis is, however, still possessed by physicists who developed this technology. This article aims at providing geoscientists with the necessary tools to perform their own analyses. We hope that a lower threshold to enter the field of muon tomography will allow more geoscientists to engage with muon tomography. SMAUG is set up in a modular way to allow for its own modules to work in between.
Zuzanna M. Swirad and Adam P. Young
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1499–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cliff base and top lines that delimit coastal cliff faces are usually manually digitized based on maps, aerial photographs, terrain models, etc. However, manual mapping is time consuming and depends on the mapper's decisions and skills. To increase the objectivity and efficiency of cliff mapping, we developed CliffDelineaTool, an algorithm that identifies cliff base and top positions along cross-shore transects using elevation and slope characteristics.
Holly Kyeore Han, Natalya Gomez, and Jeannette Xiu Wen Wan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1355–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interactions between ice sheets, sea level and the solid Earth occur over a range of timescales from years to tens of thousands of years. This requires coupled ice-sheet–sea-level models to exchange information frequently, leading to a quadratic increase in computation time with the number of model timesteps. We present a new sea-level model algorithm that allows coupled models to improve the computational feasibility and precisely capture short-term interactions within longer simulations.
Jérémie Giraud, Vitaliy Ogarko, Roland Martin, Mark Jessell, and Mark Lindsay
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6681–6709, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We review different techniques to model the Earth's subsurface from geophysical data (gravity field anomaly, magnetic field anomaly) using geological models and measurements of the rocks' properties. We show examples of application using idealised examples reproducing realistic features and provide theoretical details of the open-source algorithm we use.
Eric A. de Kemp
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6661–6680, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a proof of concept and review paper of spatial agents, with initial research focusing on geomodelling. The results may be of interest to others working on complex regional geological modelling with sparse data. Structural agent-based swarming behaviour is key to advancing this field. The study provides groundwork for research in structural geology 3D modelling with spatial agents. This work was done with NetLogo, a free agent modelling platform used mostly for teaching complex systems.
Lachlan Grose, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, Guillaume Caumon, Mark Jessell, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6197–6213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fault discontinuities in rock packages represent the plane where two blocks of rock have moved. They are challenging to incorporate into geological models because the geometry of the faulted rock units are defined by not only the location of the discontinuity but also the kinematics of the fault. In this paper, we outline a structural geology framework for incorporating faults into geological models by directly incorporating kinematics into the mathematical framework of the model.
Florence Colleoni, Laura De Santis, Enrico Pochini, Edy Forlin, Riccardo Geletti, Giuseppe Brancatelli, Magdala Tesauro, Martina Busetti, and Carla Braitenberg
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5285–5305, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
PALEOSTRIP has been developed in the framework of past Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions for periods when bathymetry around Antarctica differed substantially from today. It has been designed for users with no knowledge of numerical modelling and allows users to switch on and off the processes involved in backtracking and backstripping. Applications are broad, and it can be used to restore any continental margin bathymetry or sediment thickness and to perform basin analysis.
Lachlan Grose, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, and Mark Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3915–3937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
LoopStructural is an open-source 3D geological modelling library with a model design allowing for multiple different algorithms to be used for comparison for the same geology. Geological structures are modelled using structural geology concepts and techniques, allowing for complex structures such as overprinted folds and faults to be modelled. In the paper, we demonstrate automatically generating a 3-D model from map2loop-processed geological survey data of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
Zhenjiao Jiang, Dirk Mallants, Lei Gao, Tim Munday, Gregoire Mariethoz, and Luk Peeters
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3421–3435, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fast and reliable tools are required to extract hidden information from big geophysical and remote sensing data. A deep-learning model in 3D image construction from 2D image(s) is here developed for paleovalley mapping from globally available digital elevation data. The outstanding performance for 3D subsurface imaging gives confidence that this generic novel tool will make better use of existing geophysical and remote sensing data for improved management of limited earth resources.
Stephan C. Kramer, D. Rhodri Davies, and Cian R. Wilson
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1899–1919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Computational models of Earth's mantle require rigorous verification and validation. Analytical solutions of the underlying Stokes equations provide a method to verify that these equations are accurately solved for. However, their derivation in spherical and cylindrical shell domains with physically relevant boundary conditions is involved. This paper provides a number of solutions. They are provided in a Python package (Assess) and their use is demonstrated in a convergence study with Fluidity.
Bastian van den Bout, Theo van Asch, Wei Hu, Chenxiao X. Tang, Olga Mavrouli, Victor G. Jetten, and Cees J. van Westen
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1841–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1841-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1841-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides, debris flows and other types of dense gravity-driven flows threaten livelihoods around the globe. Understanding the mechanics of these flows can be crucial for predicting their behaviour and reducing disaster risk. Numerical models assume that the solids and fluids of the flow are unstructured. The newly presented model captures the internal structure during movement. This important step can lead to more accurate predictions of landslide movement.
Andrzej Górszczyk and Stéphane Operto
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1773–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1773-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1773-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the 3D multi-parameter synthetic geomodel of the subduction zone, as well as the workflow designed to implement all of its components. The model contains different geological structures of various scales and complexities. It is intended to serve as a tool for the geophysical community to validate imaging approaches, design acquisition techniques, estimate uncertainties, benchmark computing approaches, etc.
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi and Federica Pardini
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1345–1377, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present PLUME-MoM-TSM, a volcanic plume model that allows us to quantify the formation of aggregates during the rise of the plume, model the phase change of water, and include the possibility to simulate the initial spreading of the tephra umbrella cloud intruding from the volcanic column into the atmosphere. The model is first applied to the 2015 Calbuco eruption (Chile) and provides an analytical relationship between the upwind spreading and some characteristic of the volcanic column.
Zhikui Guo, Lars Rüpke, and Chunhui Tao
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the 3-D hydro-thermo-transport model HydrothermalFoam v1.0, which we designed to provide the marine geosciences community with an easy-to-use and state-of-the-art tool for simulating mass and energy transport in submarine hydrothermal systems. HydrothermalFoam is based on the popular open-source platform OpenFOAM, comes with a number of tutorials, and is published under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
Marisol Monterrubio-Velasco, F. Ramón Zúñiga, Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez, Otilio Rojas, Armando Aguilar-Meléndez, and Josep de la Puente
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6361–6381, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6361-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Mexican subduction zone along the Pacific coast is one of the most active seismic zones in the world, where every year larger-magnitude earthquakes shake huge inland cities such as Mexico City. In this work, we use TREMOL (sThochastic Rupture Earthquake ModeL) to simulate the seismicity observed in this zone. Our numerical results reinforce the hypothesis that in some subduction regions single asperities are responsible for producing the observed seismicity.
Thomas Zwinger, Grace A. Nield, Juha Ruokolainen, and Matt A. King
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1155–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1155-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1155-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a newly developed flat-earth model, Elmer/Earth, for viscoelastic treatment of solid earth deformation under ice loads. Unlike many previous approaches with proprietary software, this model is based on the open-source FEM code Elmer, with the advantage for scientists to apply and alter the model without license constraints. The new-generation full-stress ice-sheet model Elmer/Ice shares the same code base, enabling future coupled ice-sheet–glacial-isostatic-adjustment simulations.
Swarup Chauhan, Kathleen Sell, Wolfram Rühaak, Thorsten Wille, and Ingo Sass
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 315–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present CobWeb 1.0, a graphical user interface for analysing tomographic images of geomaterials. CobWeb offers different machine learning techniques for accurate multiphase image segmentation and visualizing material specific parameters such as pore size distribution, relative porosity and volume fraction. We demonstrate a novel approach of dual filtration and dual segmentation to eliminate edge enhancement artefact in synchrotron-tomographic datasets and provide the computational code.
Loïc Huder, Nicolas Gillet, and Franck Thollard
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3795–3803, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3795-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3795-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The pygeodyn package is a geomagnetic data assimilation tool written in Python. It gives access to the Earth's core flow dynamics, controlled by geomagnetic observations, by means of a reduced numerical model anchored to geodynamo simulation statistics. It aims to provide the community with a user-friendly and tunable data assimilation algorithm. It can be used for education, geomagnetic model production or tests in conjunction with webgeodyn, a set of visualization tools for geomagnetic models.
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, Giacomo Lari, and Alvaro Aravena
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 581–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Pyroclastic avalanches are a type of granular flow generated at active volcanoes by different mechanisms, including the collapse of steep pyroclastic deposits (e.g., scoria and ash cones) and fountaining during moderately explosive eruptions. We present IMEX_SfloW2D, a depth-averaged flow model describing the granular mixture as a single-phase granular fluid. Benchmark cases and preliminary application to the simulation of the 11 February pyroclastic avalanche at Mt. Etna (Italy) are shown.
Yihao Wu, Zhicai Luo, Bo Zhong, and Chuang Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4797–4815, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4797-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4797-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A multilayer approach is parameterized for model development, and the multiple layers are located at different depths beneath the Earth’s surface. This method may be beneficial for gravity/manget field modeling, which may outperform the traditional single-layer approach.
Andres Payo, Bismarck Jigena Antelo, Martin Hurst, Monica Palaseanu-Lovejoy, Chris Williams, Gareth Jenkins, Kathryn Lee, David Favis-Mortlock, Andrew Barkwith, and Michael A. Ellis
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4317–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new algorithm that automatically delineates the cliff top and toe of a cliffed coastline from a digital elevation model (DEM). The algorithm builds upon existing methods but is specifically designed to resolve very irregular planform coastlines with many bays and capes, such as parts of the coastline of Great Britain.
Hugo Cruz-Jiménez, Guotu Li, Paul Martin Mai, Ibrahim Hoteit, and Omar M. Knio
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3071–3088, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3071-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3071-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
One of the most important challenges seismologists and earthquake engineers face is reliably estimating ground motion in an area prone to large damaging earthquakes. This study aimed at better understanding the relationship between characteristics of geological faults (e.g., hypocenter location, rupture size/location, etc.) and resulting ground motion, via statistical analysis of a rupture simulation model. This study provides important insight on ground-motion responses to geological faults.
Fabio Crameri
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2541–2562, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2541-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2541-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Firstly, this study acts as a compilation of key geodynamic diagnostics and describes how to automatise them for a more efficient scientific procedure. Secondly, it outlines today's key pitfalls of scientific visualisation and provides means to circumvent them with, for example, a novel set of fully scientific colour maps. Thirdly, it introduces StagLab 3.0, a software that applies such fully automated diagnostics and state-of-the-art visualisation in the blink of an eye.
Michael Bock, Olaf Conrad, Andreas Günther, Ernst Gehrt, Rainer Baritz, and Jürgen Böhner
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1641–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1641-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1641-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the Soil and
Landscape Evolution Model (SaLEM) for the prediction of soil parent material evolution following a lithologically differentiated approach. The GIS tool is working within the software framework SAGA GIS. Weathering, erosion and transport functions are calibrated using extrinsic and intrinsic parameter data. First results indicate that our approach shows evidence for the spatiotemporal prediction of soil parental material properties.
Karthik Iyer, Henrik Svensen, and Daniel W. Schmid
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 43–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-43-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-43-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins have a profound effect on the thermal structure of the hosting sedimentary rocks. In this paper, we present a user-friendly 1-D FEM-based tool, SILLi, that calculates the thermal effects of sill intrusions on the enclosing sedimentary stratigraphy. The motivation is to make a standardized numerical toolkit openly available that can be widely used by scientists with different backgrounds to test the effects of magmatic bodies in a wide variety of settings.
Charles M. Shobe, Gregory E. Tucker, and Katherine R. Barnhart
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4577–4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4577-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4577-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers control the movement of sediment and nutrients across Earth's surface. Understanding how rivers change through time is important for mitigating natural hazards and predicting Earth's response to climate change. We develop a new computer model for predicting how rivers cut through sediment and rock. Our model is designed to be joined with models of flooding, landslides, vegetation change, and other factors to provide a comprehensive toolbox for predicting changes to the landscape.
Diego Takahashi and Vanderlei C. Oliveira Jr.
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3591–3608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3591-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3591-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Ellipsoids are the only bodies for which the self-demagnetization can be treated analytically. This property is useful for modelling compact orebodies having high susceptibility. We present a review of the magnetic modelling of ellipsoids, propose a way of determining the isotropic susceptibility above which the self-demagnetization must be considered, and discuss the ambiguity between confocal ellipsoids, as well as provide a set of routines to model the magnetic field produced by ellipsoids.
Hein J. van Heck, J. Huw Davies, Tim Elliott, and Don Porcelli
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1399–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1399-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1399-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, extensive geochemical databases of surface observations exist, but satisfying explanations of underlying mantle processes are lacking. We have implemented a new way to track both bulk compositions and concentrations of trace elements in a mantle convection code. In our model, chemical fractionation happens at evolving melting zones. We compare our results to a semi-analytical theory relating observed arrays of correlated Pb isotope compositions to melting age distributions.
J. Florian Wellmann, Sam T. Thiele, Mark D. Lindsay, and Mark W. Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1019–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1019-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1019-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We often obtain knowledge about the subsurface in the form of structural geological models, as a basis for subsurface usage or resource extraction. Here, we provide a modelling code to construct such models on the basis of significant deformational events in geological history, encapsulated in kinematic equations. Our methods simplify complex dynamic processes, but enable us to evaluate how events interact, and finally how certain we are about predictions of structures in the subsurface.
A. D. Wickert
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 997–1017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-997-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-997-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's lithosphere bends beneath surface loads, such as ice, sediments, and mountain belts. The pattern of this bending, or flexural isostatic response, is a function of both the loads and the spatially variable strength of the lithosphere. gFlex is an easy-to-use program to calculate flexural isostastic response, and may be used to better understand how ice sheets, glaciers, large lakes, sedimentary basins, volcanoes, and other surface loads interact with the solid Earth.
A. Folch, A. Costa, and G. Macedonio
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 431–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-431-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-431-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present FPLUME-1.0, a steady-state 1-D cross-section-averaged eruption column model based on the buoyant plume theory (BPT). The model accounts for plume bending by wind, entrainment of ambient moisture, effects of water phase changes, particle fallout and re-entrainment, a new parameterization for the air entrainment coefficients and a model for wet aggregation of ash particles in presence of liquid water or ice.
M. Dumon and E. Van Ranst
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 41–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-41-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-41-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a FOSS model called PyXRD used to improve the quantification of complex mixed-layer phyllosilicate assemblages using X-ray diffraction. The novelty of this model is the ab initio incorporation of the multi-specimen method, making it possible to share phases and their parameters across multiple specimens. We present results from a comparison of PyXRD with Sybilla v2.2.2 and a number of theoretical experiments illustrating the use of the multi-specimen set-up.
M. Mergili, J. Krenn, and H.-J. Chu
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 4027–4043, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-4027-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-4027-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
r.randomwalk is a flexible and multi-functional open-source GIS tool for simulating the propagation of mass movements. Mass points are routed from given release pixels through a digital elevation model until a defined break criterion is reached. In contrast to existing tools, r.randomwalk includes functionalities to account for parameter uncertainties, and it offers built-in functions for validation and visualization. We show the key functionalities of r.randomwalk for three test areas.
V. Naipal, C. Reick, J. Pongratz, and K. Van Oost
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2893–2913, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2893-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2893-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We adjusted the topographical and rainfall erosivity factors that are the triggers of erosion in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to make the model better applicable at coarse resolution on a global scale. The adjusted RUSLE model compares much better to current high resolution estimates of soil erosion in the USA and Europe. It therefore provides a basis for estimating past and future global impacts of soil erosion on climate with the use of Earth system models.
M. de' Michieli Vitturi, A. Neri, and S. Barsotti
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2447–2463, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper a new mathematical model of volcanic plume, named Plume-MoM, is presented. The model is based on the method of moments and it is able to describe the continuous variability in the grain size distribution (GSD) of the pyroclastic mixture ejected at the vent, crucial to characterize the source conditions of ash dispersal models. Results show that the GSD at the top of the plume is similar to that at the base and that plume height is weakly affected by the parameters of the GSD.
A. P. S. Selvadurai, A. P. Suvorov, and P. A. Selvadurai
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2167–2185, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2167-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2167-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The paper examines the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes that develop in a fractured rock region within a fluid-saturated rock mass due to loads imposed by an advancing glacier. This scenario needs to be examined in order to assess the suitability of potential sites for the location of deep geologic repositories for the storage of high-level nuclear waste. The THM processes are examined using a computational multiphysics approach.
P.-A Arrial, N. Flyer, G. B. Wright, and L. H. Kellogg
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2065–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2065-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2065-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Ahmed, E., Jaffré, J., and Roberts, J. E.: A reduced fracture model for two-phase flow with different rock types, Math. Comput. Simulat., 137, 49–70, 2017. a
Alexander, J.: A discussion on the use of analogues for reservoir geology, Geol. Soc. SP, 69, 175–194, 1993. a
Alnæs, M., Blechta, J., Hake, J., Johansson, A., Kehlet, B., Logg, A., Richardson, C., Ring, J., Rognes, M. E., and Wells, G. N.: The FEniCS project version 1.5, Archive of Numerical Software, 3, Heidelberg, Germany, available at: https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ans/article/view/20553
(last access: 13 October 2021), 2015. a
Atkinson, B. K.: Fracture mechanics of rock, Elsevier, London, UK, 2015. a
Balay, S., Abhyankar, S., Adams, M., Brown, J., Brune, P., Buschelman, K., Dalcin, L., Dener, A., Eijkhout, V., and Gropp, W.: PETSc users manual, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, USA, available at: https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2016/05/127241.pdf
(last access: 13 October 2021), 2019. a
Bastías Espejo, J. and Wilkins, A.: josebastiase/RHEA: RHEA v.1.0 (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4767832, 2021. a
Bayer, P., Comunian, A., Höyng, D., and Mariethoz, G.: Physicochemical properties and 3D geostatistical simulations of the Herten and the Descalvado aquifer analogs, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.844167, 2015b. a
Bear, J. and Verruijt, A.: Modeling groundwater flow and pollution, 2, Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1987. a
Beaujean, J., Lemieux, J.-M., Dassargues, A., Therrien, R., and Brouyère, S.: Physically based groundwater vulnerability assessment using sensitivity analysis methods, Groundwater, 52, 864–874, 2014. a
Berre, I., Doster, F., and Keilegavlen, E.: Flow in fractured porous media: A review of conceptual models and discretization approaches, Transport Porous Med., 130, 215–236, 2019. a
Biot, M. A.: General theory of three-dimensional consolidation, J. Appl. Phys., 12, 155–164, 1941. a
Birdsell, D. T. and Saar, M. O.: Modeling ground surface deformation at the Swiss HEATSTORE underground thermal energy storage sites, in: World Geothermal Congress (2020), 24–27 October 2021, online, ETH Zurich, Institute of Geophysics, 2020. a
Birkholzer, J. T., Tsang, C.-F., Bond, A. E., Hudson, J. A., Jing, L., and Stephansson, O.: 25 years of DECOVALEX-Scientific advances and lessons learned from an international research collaboration in coupled subsurface processes, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 122, 103995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.03.015, 2019. a
Blum, P., Mackay, R., Riley, M., and Knight, J.: Performance assessment of a nuclear waste repository: upscaling coupled hydro-mechanical properties for far-field transport analysis, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 42, 781–792, 2005. a
Blum, P., Mackay, R., and Riley, M. S.: Stochastic simulations of regional scale advective transport in fractured rock masses using block upscaled hydro-mechanical rock property data, J. Hydrol., 369, 318–325, 2009. a
Boone, T. J. and Ingraffea, A. R.: A numerical procedure for simulation of hydraulically-driven fracture propagation in poroelastic media, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Met., 14, 27–47, 1990. a
Choo, J. and Lee, S.: Enriched Galerkin finite elements for coupled poromechanics with local mass conservation, Comput. Method. Appl. M., 341, 311–332, 2018. a
Cundall, P. A. and Hart, R. D.: Numerical modeling of discontinua, in: Analysis and design methods, 231–243, Elsevier, Minneapolis, USA, 1993. a
Dang, H.-L. and Do, D.-P.: Finite element implementation of coupled hydro-mechanical modeling of transversely isotropic porous media in DEAL. II, International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing, 12, 2150003, https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793962321500033, 2021. a
Das, B. M.: Advanced soil mechanics, Crc Press, London, UK, 2019. a
Eaton, T. T.: On the importance of geological heterogeneity for flow simulation, Sediment. Geol., 184, 187–201, 2006. a
Edwards, R. W., Doster, F., Celia, M. A., and Bandilla, K. W.: Numerical modeling of gas and water flow in shale gas formations with a focus on the fate of hydraulic fracturing fluid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 13779–13787, 2017. a
Finkel, M., Grathwohl, P., and Cirpka, O. A.: A travel time-based approach to model kinetic sorption in highly heterogeneous porous media via reactive hydrofacies, Water Resour. Res., 52, 9390–9411, 2016. a
Flemisch, B., Darcis, M., Erbertseder, K., Faigle, B., Lauser, A., Mosthaf, K., Müthing, S., Nuske, P., Tatomir, A., and Wolff, M.: DuMux: DUNE for multi-{phase, component, scale, physics, …} flow and transport in porous media, Adv. Water Resour., 34, 1102–1112, 2011. a
Freymark, J., Bott, J., Cacace, M., Ziegler, M., and Scheck-Wenderoth, M.: Influence of the main border faults on the 3d hydraulic field of the central Upper Rhine Graben, Geofluids, 2019, 7520714, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7520714, 2019. a
Frih, N., Martin, V., Roberts, J. E., and Saâda, A.: Modeling fractures as interfaces with nonmatching grids, Comput. Geosci., 16, 1043–1060, 2012. a
Gariano, S. L. and Guzzetti, F.: Landslides in a changing climate, Earth-Sci. Rev., 162, 227–252, 2016. a
Garipov, T. T., Tomin, P., Rin, R., Voskov, D. V., and Tchelepi, H. A.: Unified thermo-compositional-mechanical framework for reservoir simulation, Comput. Geosci., 22, 1039–1057, 2018. a
Graupner, B. J., Li, D., and Bauer, S.: The coupled simulator ECLIPSE–OpenGeoSys for the simulation of CO2 storage in saline formations, Energy Proced., 4, 3794–3800, 2011. a
Green, C., Wilkins, A., La Force, T., and Ennis-King, J.: Community code for simulating CO2 storage: Modelling multiphase flow with coupled geomechanics and geochemistry using the open-source multiphysics framework MOOSE, in: 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference, 21–26 October 2018, Melbourne, Australia, 21–26, 2018. a
Grigoli, F., Cesca, S., Priolo, E., Rinaldi, A. P., Clinton, J. F., Stabile, T. A., Dost, B., Fernandez, M. G., Wiemer, S., and Dahm, T.: Current challenges in monitoring, discrimination, and management of induced seismicity related to underground industrial activities: A European perspective, Rev. Geophys., 55, 310–340, 2017. a
Haagenson, R., Rajaram, H., and Allen, J.: A generalized poroelastic model using FEniCS with insights into the Noordbergum effect, Comput. Geosci., 135, 104399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2019.104399, 2020. a
Hammond, G. E., Lichtner, P. C., and Mills, R.: Evaluating the performance of parallel subsurface simulators: An illustrative example with PFLOTRAN, Water Resour. Res., 50, 208–228, 2014. a
Haque, U., Blum, P., Da Silva, P. F., Andersen, P., Pilz, J., Chalov, S. R., Malet, J. P., Mateja, J. A., Andres, N., Poyiadji, E., Lamas, P. C., Zhang, W., Peshevski, I., Pétursson, H. G., Kurt, T., Dobrev, N., Garcia-Davalillo, J. C. G., Halkia, M., Ferri, S., Gaprindashvili, G., Engström, J., and Kelling, D.: Fatal landslides in Europe, Landslides, 13, 1545–1554, 2016. a
Hardin, B. O. and Kalinski, M. E.: Estimating the shear modulus of gravelly soils, J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 131, 867–875, 2005. a
Hein, P., Kolditz, O., Görke, U.-J., Bucher, A., and Shao, H.: A numerical study on the sustainability and efficiency of borehole heat exchanger coupled ground source heat pump systems, Appl. Therm. Eng., 100, 421–433, 2016. a
Herron, N., Peeters, L., Crosbie, R., Marvanek, S., Ramage, A., Rachakonda, P., and Wilkins, A.: Groundwater Numerical Modelling for the Hunter Subregion. Product 2.6.2 for the Hunter Subregion from the Northern Sydney Basin Bioregional Assessment, Australia’s national geoscience agency, Sydney, Australia, 2018. a
Hicher, P.-Y.: Elastic properties of soils, J. Geotech. Eng.-ASCE, 122, 641–648, 1996. a
Hickson, R., Barry, S., and Mercer, G.: Critical times in multilayer diffusion. Part 1: Exact solutions, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 52, 5776–5783, 2009. a
Holzbecher, E.: Poroelasticity benchmarking for FEM on analytical solutions, in: Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference, 5 November 2013, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1–7, 2013. a
Houben, G. J., Stoeckl, L., Mariner, K. E., and Choudhury, A. S.: The influence of heterogeneity on coastal groundwater flow-physical and numerical modeling of fringing reefs, dykes and structured conductivity fields, Adv. Water Resour., 113, 155–166, 2018. a
Höyng, D., Prommer, H., Blum, P., Grathwohl, P., and D'Affonseca, F. M.: Evolution of carbon isotope signatures during reactive transport of hydrocarbons in heterogeneous aquifers, J. Contam. Hydrol., 174, 10–27, 2015. a
Hu, R.: A fully-implicit high-order system thermal-hydraulics model for advanced non-LWR safety analyses, Ann. Nucl. Energy, 101, 174–181, 2017. a
Irvine, D. J., Cranswick, R. H., Simmons, C. T., Shanafield, M. A., and Lautz, L. K.: The effect of streambed heterogeneity on groundwater-surface water exchange fluxes inferred from temperature time series, Water Resour. Res., 51, 198–212, 2015. a
Jacob, F. and Ted, B.: A first course in finite elements, Wiley, London, UK, 2007. a
Kadeethum, T., Nick, H., Lee, S., Richardson, C., Salimzadeh, S., and Ballarin, F.: A Novel Enriched Galerkin Method for Modelling Coupled Mechanical Deformation in Heterogeneous Porous Media, in: 53rd US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, 23–26 June 2019, New York, USA, American Rock Mechanics Association, ARMA-2019-0228, 2019. a
Kalbus, E., Schmidt, C., Molson, J. W., Reinstorf, F., and Schirmer, M.: Influence of aquifer and streambed heterogeneity on the distribution of groundwater discharge, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 69–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-69-2009, 2009. a
Kavetski, D., Binning, P., and Sloan, S. W.: Adaptive backward Euler time stepping with truncation error control for numerical modelling of unsaturated fluid flow, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 53, 1301–1322, 2002. a
Keilegavlen, E., Fumagalli, A., Berge, R., Stefansson, I., and Berre, I.: PorePy: an open-source simulation tool for flow and transport in deformable fractured rocks, arXiv preprint, arXiv:1712.00460, 2017. a
Keilegavlen, E., Berge, R., Fumagalli, A., Starnoni, M., Stefansson, I., Varela, J., and Berre, I.: Porepy: An open-source software for simulation of multiphysics processes in fractured porous media, Comput. Geosci., 25, 243–265, 2021. a
Kirk, B. S., Peterson, J. W., Stogner, R. H., and Carey, G. F.: libMesh: a C++ library for parallel adaptive mesh refinement/coarsening simulations, Eng. Comput., 22, 237–254, 2006. a
Koch, T., Gläser, D., Weishaupt, K., Ackermann, S., Beck, M., Becker, B., Burbulla, S., Class, H., Coltman, E., Emmaert, S., Fetzer, T., Grüninger, C., Heck, K., Hommel, J., Kury, T., Lipp, M., Mohammadi, F., Scherrer, S., and Flemisch, B.: DuMux 3–an open-source simulator for solving flow and transport problems in porous media with a focus on model coupling, Comput. Math. Appl., 81, 423–443, 2021. a
Kolditz, O., Bauer, S., Bilke, L., Böttcher, N., Delfs, J. O., Fischer, T.,
Görke, U. J., Kalbacher, T., Kosakowski, G., McDermott, C. I., Park,
C. H., Radu, F., Rink, K., Shao, H., Shao, H. B., Sun, F., Sun, Y. Y.,
Singh, A. K., Taron, J., Walther, M., Wang, W., Watanabe, N.,
Wu, Y., Xie, M, Xu, W., and Zehner, B.: OpenGeoSys: an open-source initiative for numerical simulation of thermo-hydro-mechanical/chemical (THM/C) processes in porous media, Environ. Earth Sci., 67, 589–599, 2012. a
Kosakowski, G. and Watanabe, N.: OpenGeoSys-Gem: a numerical tool for calculating geochemical and porosity changes in saturated and partially saturated media, Phys. Chem. Earth, 70, 138–149, 2014. a
Kulhawy, F. H. and Mayne, P. W.: Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design, Tech. Rep., Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (USA); Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA, 1990. a
Lecampion, B., Bunger, A., and Zhang, X.: Numerical methods for hydraulic fracture propagation: a review of recent trends, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 49, 66–83, 2018. a
Lee, J., Kim, K.-I., Min, K.-B., and Rutqvist, J.: TOUGH-UDEC: A simulator for coupled multiphase fluid flows, heat transfers and discontinuous deformations in fractured porous media, Comput. Geosci., 126, 120–130, 2019. a
Lei, H., Xu, T., and Jin, G.: TOUGH2Biot–A simulator for coupled thermal–hydrodynamic–mechanical processes in subsurface flow systems: Application to CO2 geological storage and geothermal development, Comput. Geosci., 77, 8–19, 2015. a
Li, D., Bauer, S., Benisch, K., Graupner, B., and Beyer, C.: OpenGeoSys-ChemApp: a coupled simulator for reactive transport in multiphase systems and application to CO2 storage formation in Northern Germany, Acta Geotech., 9, 67–79, 2014. a
Lichtner, P. C. and Karra, S.: Modeling multiscale-multiphase-multicomponent reactive flows in porous media: Application to CO2 sequestration and enhanced geothermal energy using PFLOTRAN, in: Computational Models for CO2 Geo-sequestration & Compressed Air Energy Storage, 121–176, CRC Press, London, UK, 2014. a
Lie, K.-A.: An introduction to reservoir simulation using MATLAB/GNU Octave: User guide for the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2019. a
Look, B. G.: Handbook of geotechnical investigation and design tables, CRC Press, London, UK, 2014. a
Manzini, G. and Ferraris, S.: Mass-conservative finite volume methods on 2-D unstructured grids for the Richards' equation, Adv. Water Resour., 27, 1199–1215, 2004. a
Martin, V., Jaffré, J., and Roberts, J. E.: Modeling fractures and barriers as interfaces for flow in porous media, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 26, 1667–1691, 2005. a
Martineau, R., Andrs, D., Carlsen, R., Gaston, D., Hansel, J., Kong, F., Lindsay, A., Permann, C., Slaughter, A., and Merzari, E.: Multiphysics for nuclear energy applications using a cohesive computational framework, Nucl. Eng. Des., 367, 110751, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.110751, 2020. a
McMillan, T. C., Rau, G. C., Timms, W. A., and Andersen, M. S.: Utilizing the impact of Earth and atmospheric tides on groundwater systems: A review reveals the future potential, Rev. Geophys., 57, 281–315, 2019. a
Mikelić, A. and Wheeler, M. F.: Convergence of iterative coupling for coupled flow and geomechanics, Comput. Geosci., 17, 455–461, 2013. a
Mondol, N. H., Jahren, J., Bjørlykke, K., and Brevik, I.: Elastic properties of clay minerals, Leading Edge, 27, 758–770, 2008. a
Morris, J. P., Rubin, M., Block, G., and Bonner, M.: Simulations of fracture and fragmentation of geologic materials using combined FEM/DEM analysis, Int. J. Impact Eng., 33, 463–473, 2006. a
Nghiem, L., Sammon, P., Grabenstetter, J., and Ohkuma, H.: Modeling CO2 storage in aquifers with a fully-coupled geochemical EOS compositional simulator, in: SPE/DOE symposium on improved oil recovery, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Oklahoma, USA, 2004. a
Pandey, S., Vishal, V., and Chaudhuri, A.: Geothermal reservoir modeling in a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical approach: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 185, 1157–1169, 2018. a
Peng, S.: Surface Subsidence Engineering: Theory and Practice, CSIRO PUBLISHING, Morgantown, USA, 2020. a
Peng, X., Zhang, L., Jeng, D., Chen, L., Liao, C., and Yang, H.: Effects of cross-correlated multiple spatially random soil properties on wave-induced oscillatory seabed response, Appl. Ocean Res., 62, 57–69, 2017. a
Permann, C. J., Gaston, D. R., Andrš, D., Carlsen, R. W., Kong, F., Lindsay, A. D., Miller, J. M., Peterson, J. W., Slaughter, A. E., and Stogner, R. H.: MOOSE: Enabling massively parallel multiphysics simulation, SoftwareX, 11, 100430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100430, 2020. a, b
Pham, H. T., Rühaak, W., Schuster, V., and Sass, I.: Fully hydro-mechanical coupled Plug-in (SUB+) in FEFLOW for analysis of land subsidence due to groundwater extraction, SoftwareX, 9, 15–19, 2019. a
Pruess, K., Oldenburg, C. M., and Moridis, G.: TOUGH2 user's guide version 2, Tech. Rep., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.(LBNL), Berkeley, CA, USA, 1999. a
Reichenberger, V.: Numerical simulation of multiphase flow in fractured porous media, PhD thesis, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, 2003. a
Rutqvist, J.: An overview of TOUGH-based geomechanics models, Comput. Geosci., 108, 56–63, 2017. a
Strebelle, S.: Conditional simulation of complex geological structures using multiple-point statistics, Math. Geol., 34, 1–21, 2002. a
Tarkowski, R.: Underground hydrogen storage: Characteristics and prospects, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 105, 86–94, 2019. a
Tran, M. and Jha, B.: Coupling between transport and geomechanics affects spreading and mixing during viscous fingering in deformable aquifers, Adv. Water Resour., 136, 103485, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029584, 2020. a
Vanmarcke, E., Shinozuka, M., Nakagiri, S., Schueller, G., and Grigoriu, M.: Random fields and stochastic finite elements, Struct. Saf., 3, 143–166, 1986. a
Verruijt, A.: Computational geomechanics, 7, Springer Science & Business Media, Delft, the Netherlands, 1995. a
Verruijt, A.: Numerical and analytical solutions of poroelastic problems, Geotechnical Research, 5, 39–50, 2018. a
Weng, X.: Modeling of complex hydraulic fractures in naturally fractured formation, Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 9, 114–135, 2015. a
White, M., Fu, P., McClure, M., Danko, G., Elsworth, D., Sonnenthal, E., Kelkar, S., and Podgorney, R.: A suite of benchmark and challenge problems for enhanced geothermal systems, Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 4, 79–117, 2018. a
Wilkins, A., Green, C. P., and Ennis-King, J.: PorousFlow: a multiphysics simulation code for coupled problems in porous media, Journal of Open Source Software, 5, 2176, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02176, 2020. a, b, c
Xu, L.: Typical values of Young's elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio for pavement materials, technical note, available at: https://edoc.tips/download/typical-values-of-youngs-elastic-modulus-and-edu_pdf (last access: 15 October 2021), 2016. a
Xu, T., Sonnenthal, E., Spycher, N., and Pruess, K.: TOUGHREACT–a simulation program for non-isothermal multiphase reactive geochemical transport in variably saturated geologic media: applications to geothermal injectivity and CO2 geological sequestration, Comput. Geosci., 32, 145–165, 2006. a
Yang, D., Koukouzas, N., Green, M., and Sheng, Y.: Recent development on underground coal gasification and subsequent CO2 storage, J. Energy Inst., 89, 469–484, 2016. a
Ye, S., Xue, Y., Wu, J., Yan, X., and Yu, J.: Progression and mitigation of land subsidence in China, Hydrogeol. J., 24, 685–693, 2016. a
Zappa, G., Bersezio, R., Felletti, F., and Giudici, M.: Modeling heterogeneity of gravel-sand, braided stream, alluvial aquifers at the facies scale, J. Hydrol., 325, 134–153, 2006. a
Zaruba, Q. and Mencl, V.: Landslides and their control, Elsevier, Prague, Czech Republic, 2014. a
Zhao, H., Jeng, D.-S., Liao, C., and Zhu, J.: Three-dimensional modeling of wave-induced residual seabed response around a mono-pile foundation, Coast. Eng., 128, 1–21, 2017. a
Zhao, X. and Jha, B.: Role of well operations and multiphase geomechanics in controlling fault stability during CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 6359–6375, 2019. a
Short summary
The hydraulic and mechanical properties of the subsurface are inherently heterogeneous. RHEA is a simulator that can perform couple hydro-geomechanical processes in heterogeneous porous media with steep gradients. RHEA is able to fully integrate spatial heterogeneity, allowing allocation of distributed hydraulic and geomechanical properties at mesh element level. RHEA is a valuable tool that can simulate problems considering realistic heterogeneity inherent to geologic formations.
The hydraulic and mechanical properties of the subsurface are inherently heterogeneous. RHEA is...
