Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1855-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1855-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
07 Mar 2022
Model description paper |
| 07 Mar 2022
| 07 Mar 2022
Fast infrared radiative transfer calculations using graphics processing units: JURASSIC-GPU v2.0
Paul F. Baumeister
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Lars Hoffmann
Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Related authors
Lars Hoffmann, Paul F. Baumeister, Zhongyin Cai, Jan Clemens, Sabine Griessbach, Gebhard Günther, Yi Heng, Mingzhao Liu, Kaveh Haghighi Mood, Olaf Stein, Nicole Thomas, Bärbel Vogel, Xue Wu, and Ling Zou
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2731–2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the new version (2.2) of the Lagrangian transport model MPTRAC, which has been ported for application on GPUs. The model was verified by comparing kinematic trajectories and synthetic tracer simulations for the free troposphere and stratosphere from GPUs and CPUs. Benchmarking showed a speed-up of a factor of 16 of GPU-enabled simulations compared to CPU-only runs, indicating the great potential of applying GPUs for Lagrangian transport simulations on upcoming HPC systems.
Farahnaz Khosrawi and Lars Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3147, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Computer performance has increased immensely in recent years, but the ability to store data has only increased slightly. This presents scientists with major challenges. Many compression methods have been developed in recent years with which data can be stored either lossless or lossy. Here we test three of these methods: two lossy compression methods and one lossless compressor. Our study shows that compression is a valuable tool to cope with the high demand of disk space from these data sets.
Mingzhao Liu, Lars Hoffmann, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Zhongyin Cai, Sabine Grießbach, and Yi Heng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4403–4418, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4403-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4403-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the transport and chemical decomposition of volcanic SO2, focusing on the 2019 Raikoke event. By comparing two different chemistry modeling schemes, we found that including complex chemical reactions leads to a more accurate prediction of how long SO2 stays in the atmosphere. This research helps improve our understanding of volcanic pollution and its impact on air quality and climate, providing better tools for scientists to track and predict the movement of these pollutants.
Peter G. Berthelemy, Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, Phoebe E. Noble, and Lars Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-455, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-455, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric gravity waves are one of the key mechanisms for moving energy upwards through the atmosphere. We use temperature data to see them from a satellite, and here have made a new method to automatically detect them. This works by seeing if points next to each other are from the same wave. This is useful for creating larger gravity wave datasets without noise, which can then be used by climate forecasters to improve their understanding of the atmosphere.
Arno Keppens, Daan Hubert, José Granville, Oindrila Nath, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Catherine Wespes, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Anne Boynard, Richard Siddans, Barry Latter, Brian Kerridge, Serena Di Pede, Pepijn Veefkind, Juan Cuesta, Gaelle Dufour, Klaus-Peter Heue, Melanie Coldewey-Egbers, Diego Loyola, Andrea Orfanoz-Cheuquelaf, Swathi Maratt Satheesan, Kai-Uwe Eichmann, Alexei Rozanov, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Jerald R. Ziemke, Antje Inness, Roeland Van Malderen, and Lars Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3746, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3746, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The first Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) encountered discrepancies between several satellite sensors’ estimates of the distribution and change of ozone in the free troposphere. Therefore, contributing to the second TOAR, we harmonise as much as possible the observational perspective of sixteen tropospheric ozone products from satellites. This only partially accounts for the observed discrepancies, with a reduction of 10–40 % of the inter-product dispersion upon harmonisation.
Ling Zou, Reinhold Spang, Sabine Griessbach, Lars Hoffmann, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Rolf Müller, and Ines Tritscher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11759–11774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provided estimates of the occurrence of ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and their connection with temperatures above the frost point (Tice) using a Lagrangian model derived from ERA5. We found that ice PSCs above Tice with temperature fluctuations along the backward trajectory are 33 % in the Arctic and 9 % in the Antarctic. This quantitative assessment enhances our understanding of ice PSCs.
Jan Clemens, Lars Hoffmann, Bärbel Vogel, Sabine Grießbach, and Nicole Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4467–4493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Lagrangian transport models simulate the transport of air masses in the atmosphere. For example, one model (CLaMS) is well suited to calculating transport as it uses a special coordinate system and special vertical wind. However, it only runs inefficiently on modern supercomputers. Hence, we have implemented the benefits of CLaMS into a new model (MPTRAC), which is already highly efficient on modern supercomputers. Finally, in extensive tests, we showed that CLaMS and MPTRAC agree very well.
Lars Hoffmann, Kaveh Haghighi Mood, Andreas Herten, Markus Hrywniak, Jiri Kraus, Jan Clemens, and Mingzhao Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4077–4094, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Lagrangian particle dispersion models are key for studying atmospheric transport but can be computationally intensive. To speed up simulations, the MPTRAC model was ported to graphics processing units (GPUs). Performance optimization of data structures and memory alignment resulted in runtime improvements of up to 75 % on NVIDIA A100 GPUs for ERA5-based simulations with 100 million particles. These optimizations make the MPTRAC model well suited for future high-performance computing systems.
Jan Clemens, Bärbel Vogel, Lars Hoffmann, Sabine Griessbach, Nicole Thomas, Suvarna Fadnavis, Rolf Müller, Thomas Peter, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 763–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-763-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-763-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The source regions of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) are debated. We use balloon-borne measurements of the layer above Nainital (India) in August 2016 and atmospheric transport models to find ATAL source regions. Most air originated from the Tibetan plateau. However, the measured ATAL was stronger when more air originated from the Indo-Gangetic Plain and weaker when more air originated from the Pacific. Hence, the results indicate important anthropogenic contributions to the ATAL.
Abhiraj Bishnoi, Olaf Stein, Catrin I. Meyer, René Redler, Norbert Eicker, Helmuth Haak, Lars Hoffmann, Daniel Klocke, Luis Kornblueh, and Estela Suarez
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We enabled the weather and climate model ICON to run in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean setup on the JUWELS supercomputer, where the ocean and the model I/O runs on the CPU Cluster, while the atmosphere is running simultaneously on GPUs. Compared to a simulation performed on CPUs only, our approach reduces energy consumption by 45 % with comparable runtimes. The experiments serve as preparation for efficient computing of kilometer-scale climate models on future supercomputing systems.
Bärbel Vogel, C. Michael Volk, Johannes Wintel, Valentin Lauther, Jan Clemens, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Gebhard Günther, Lars Hoffmann, Johannes C. Laube, Rolf Müller, Felix Ploeger, and Fred Stroh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 317–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-317-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-317-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Over the Indian subcontinent, polluted air is rapidly uplifted to higher altitudes during the Asian monsoon season. We present an assessment of vertical transport in this region using different wind data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), as well as high-resolution aircraft measurements. In general, our findings confirm that the newest ECMWF reanalysis product, ERA5, yields a better representation of transport compared to the predecessor, ERA-Interim.
Xue Wu, Lars Hoffmann, Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Silvio Kalisch, Xin Wang, Bing Chen, Yinan Wang, and Daren Lyu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study identified a noteworthy time-lagged correlation between hurricane intensity and stratospheric gravity wave intensities during hurricane intensification. Meanwhile, the study reveals distinct frequencies, horizontal wavelengths, and vertical wavelengths in the inner core region during hurricane intensification, offering essential insights for monitoring hurricane intensity via satellite observations of stratospheric gravity waves.
Mingzhao Liu, Lars Hoffmann, Sabine Griessbach, Zhongyin Cai, Yi Heng, and Xue Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce new and revised chemistry and physics modules in the Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) Lagrangian transport model aiming to improve the representation of volcanic SO2 transport and depletion. We test these modules in a case study of the Ambae eruption in July 2018 in which the SO2 plume underwent wet removal and convection. The lifetime of SO2 shows highly variable and complex dependencies on the atmospheric conditions at different release heights.
Lars Hoffmann, Paul Konopka, Jan Clemens, and Bärbel Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7589–7609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric convection plays a key role in tracer transport in the troposphere. Global meteorological forecasts and reanalyses typically have a coarse spatiotemporal resolution that does not adequately resolve the dynamics, transport, and mixing of air associated with storm systems or deep convection. We discuss the application of the extreme convection parameterization in a Lagrangian transport model to improve simulations of tracer transport from the boundary layer into the free troposphere.
Reimar Bauer, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Jörn Ungermann, May Bär, Markus Geldenhuys, and Lars Hoffmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8983–8997, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8983-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8983-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Mission Support System (MSS) is an open source software package that has been used for planning flight tracks of scientific aircraft in multiple measurement campaigns during the last decade. Here, we describe the MSS software and its use during the SouthTRAC measurement campaign in 2019. As an example for how the MSS software is used in conjunction with many datasets, we describe the planning of a single flight probing orographic gravity waves propagating up into the lower mesosphere.
Paul Konopka, Mengchu Tao, Marc von Hobe, Lars Hoffmann, Corinna Kloss, Fabrizio Ravegnani, C. Michael Volk, Valentin Lauther, Andreas Zahn, Peter Hoor, and Felix Ploeger
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7471–7487, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7471-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7471-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pure trajectory-based transport models driven by meteorology derived from reanalysis products (ERA5) take into account only the resolved, advective part of transport. That means neither mixing processes nor unresolved subgrid-scale advective processes like convection are included. The Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) includes these processes. We show that isentropic mixing dominates unresolved transport. The second most important transport process is unresolved convection.
Zhongyin Cai, Sabine Griessbach, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6787–6809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6787-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6787-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using AIRS and TROPOMI sulfur dioxide retrievals and the Lagrangian transport model MPTRAC, we present an improved reconstruction of injection parameters of the 2019 Raikoke eruption. Reconstructions agree well between using AIRS nighttime and TROPOMI daytime retrievals, showing the potential of our approach to create a long-term volcanic sulfur dioxide inventory from nearly 20 years of AIRS retrievals.
Ling Zou, Sabine Griessbach, Lars Hoffmann, and Reinhold Spang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6677–6702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6677-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6677-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice clouds in the stratosphere (SICs) greatly affect the water vapor balance and radiation budget in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). We quantified the global SICs and analyzed their relationships with tropopause temperature, double tropopauses, UTLS clouds, gravity waves, and stratospheric aerosols. The correlations between SICs and all abovementioned processes indicate that the occurrence of and variability in SICs are spatiotemporally dependent on different processes.
Lars Hoffmann, Paul F. Baumeister, Zhongyin Cai, Jan Clemens, Sabine Griessbach, Gebhard Günther, Yi Heng, Mingzhao Liu, Kaveh Haghighi Mood, Olaf Stein, Nicole Thomas, Bärbel Vogel, Xue Wu, and Ling Zou
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2731–2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the new version (2.2) of the Lagrangian transport model MPTRAC, which has been ported for application on GPUs. The model was verified by comparing kinematic trajectories and synthetic tracer simulations for the free troposphere and stratosphere from GPUs and CPUs. Benchmarking showed a speed-up of a factor of 16 of GPU-enabled simulations compared to CPU-only runs, indicating the great potential of applying GPUs for Lagrangian transport simulations on upcoming HPC systems.
Lars Hoffmann and Reinhold Spang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4019–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an intercomparison of 2009–2018 lapse rate tropopause characteristics as derived from ECMWF's ERA5 and ERA-Interim reanalyses. Large-scale features are similar, but ERA5 shows notably larger variability, which we mainly attribute to UTLS temperature fluctuations due to gravity waves being better resolved by ECMWF's IFS forecast model. Following evaluation with radiosondes and GPS data, we conclude ERA5 will be a more suitable asset for tropopause-related studies in future work.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Laura A. Holt, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5873–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring atmospheric gravity waves in low vertical-resolution data is technically challenging, especially when the waves are significantly longer in the vertical than in the length of the measurement domain. We introduce and demonstrate a modification to the existing Stockwell transform methods of characterising these waves that address these problems, with no apparent reduction in the other capabilities of the technique.
Ling Zou, Lars Hoffmann, Sabine Griessbach, Reinhold Spang, and Lunche Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10457–10475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10457-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10457-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice clouds in the lowermost stratosphere (SICs) have important impacts on the radiation budget and climate change. We quantified the occurrence of SICs over North America and analysed its relations with convective systems and gravity waves to investigate potential formation mechanisms of SICs. Deep convection is proved to be the primary factor linked to the occurrence of SICs over North America.
Michael Weimer, Jennifer Buchmüller, Lars Hoffmann, Ole Kirner, Beiping Luo, Roland Ruhnke, Michael Steiner, Ines Tritscher, and Peter Braesicke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9515–9543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We show that we are able to directly simulate polar stratospheric clouds formed locally in a mountain wave and represent their effect on the ozone chemistry with the global atmospheric chemistry model ICON-ART. Thus, we show the first simulations that close the gap between directly resolved mountain-wave-induced polar stratospheric clouds and their representation at coarse global resolutions.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Alan M. Gadian, Lars Hoffmann, John K. Hughes, David R. Jackson, John C. King, Nicholas J. Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Andrew C. Moss, Simon B. Vosper, and Andrew N. Ross
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7695–7722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One limitation of numerical atmospheric models is spatial resolution. For atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) generated over small mountainous islands, the driving effect of these waves on atmospheric circulations can be underestimated. Here we use a specialised high-resolution model over South Georgia island to compare simulated stratospheric GWs to colocated 3-D satellite observations. We find reasonable model agreement with observations, with some GW amplitudes much larger than expected.
Andrew Orr, J. Scott Hosking, Aymeric Delon, Lars Hoffmann, Reinhold Spang, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, James Keeble, Nathan Luke Abraham, and Peter Braesicke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12483–12497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12483-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12483-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are clouds found in the Antarctic winter stratosphere and are implicated in the formation of the ozone hole. These clouds can sometimes be formed or enhanced by mountain waves, formed as air passes over hills or mountains. However, this important mechanism is missing in coarse-resolution climate models, limiting our ability to simulate ozone. This study examines an attempt to include the effects of mountain waves and their impact on PSCs and ozone.
Isabell Krisch, Manfred Ern, Lars Hoffmann, Peter Preusse, Cornelia Strube, Jörn Ungermann, Wolfgang Woiwode, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11469–11490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In 2016, a scientific research flight above Scandinavia acquired various atmospheric data (temperature, gas composition, etc.). Through advanced 3-D reconstruction methods, a superposition of multiple gravity waves was identified. An in-depth analysis enabled the characterisation of these waves as well as the identification of their sources. This work will enable a better understanding of atmosphere dynamics and could lead to improved climate projections.
Ling Zou, Sabine Griessbach, Lars Hoffmann, Bing Gong, and Lunche Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9939–9959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9939-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9939-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds appearing in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere have important impacts on the radiation budget and climate change. We revisited global stratospheric cirrus clouds with CALIPSO and for the first time with MIPAS satellite observations. Stratospheric cirrus clouds related to deep convection are frequently detected in the tropics. At middle latitudes, MIPAS detects more than twice as many stratospheric cirrus clouds due to higher detection sensitivity.
Cited articles
Baumeister, P. and Hoffmann, L.:
slcs-jsc/jurassic-gpu: v2.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4923608, 2021. a
Baumeister, P. F., Rombach, B., Hater, T., Griessbach, S., Hoffmann, L., Bühler, M., and Pleiter, D.:
Strategies for Forward Modelling of Infrared Radiative Transfer on GPUs,
in: Parallel Computing is Everywhere, vol. 32 of Advances in Parallel Computing, Parallel Computing, Bologna (Italy), 12–15 September 2017,
IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 369–380, https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-843-3-369, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Blumstein, D., Chalon, G., Carlier, T., Buil, C., Hebert, P., Maciaszek, T., Ponce, G., Phulpin, T., Tournier, B., Simeoni, D., Astruc, P., Clauss, A., Kayal, G., and Jegou, R.:
IASI instrument: Technical overview and measured performances,
in: Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XII, vol. 5543, pp. 196–207,
International Society for Optics and Photonics, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.560907, 2004. a
Born, M. and Wolf, E.:
Principles of Optics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999. a
Chandrasekhar, S.:
Radiative Transfer, Dover Publications, New York, 1960. a
Chiou, E. W., Chu, W. P., Thomason, L. W., Benner, D. C., and Edwards, A. C.:
Intercomparison of EGA, CGA, and LBL forward model computation schemes for SAGE III water vapor retrieval,
in: Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instruments and Applications,
edited by: Larar, A. M., Tong, Q., and Suzuki, M.,
vol. 4897,
International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, pp. 72–81, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466836, 2003. a
Ciddor, P. E.:
Refractive index of air: new equations for the visible and near infrared,
Appl. Optics,
35, 1566–1573, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.001566, 1996. a
Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041–6054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009, 2009. a
Collard, A. D. and McNally, A. P.:
The assimilation of Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer radiances at ECMWF,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
135, 1044–1058, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.410, 2009. a
Crevoisier, C., Clerbaux, C., Guidard, V., Phulpin, T., Armante, R., Barret, B., Camy-Peyret, C., Chaboureau, J.-P., Coheur, P.-F., Crépeau, L., Dufour, G., Labonnote, L., Lavanant, L., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Jacquinet-Husson, N., Payan, S., Péquignot, E., Pierangelo, C., Sellitto, P., and Stubenrauch, C.: Towards IASI-New Generation (IASI-NG): impact of improved spectral resolution and radiometric noise on the retrieval of thermodynamic, chemistry and climate variables, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4367–4385, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4367-2014, 2014. a
Dudhia, A.:
The Reference Forward Model (RFM),
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
186, 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.06.018, 2017. a, b
ESA:
Report for Mission Selection: FORUM,
European Space Agency, Noordwijk, the Netherlands, eSA-EOPSM-FORM-RP-3549, 2019. a
Fleming, H. E. and McMillin, L. M.:
Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas. 2: A computationally fast and accurate transmittance model for slant paths at different zenith angles,
Appl. Optics,
16, 1366–1370, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.001366, 1977. a
Francis, G. L., Edwards, D. P., Lambert, A., Halvorson, C. M., Lee-Taylor, J. M., and Gille, J. C.:
Forward modeling and radiative transfer for the NASA EOS-Aura High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) instrument,
J. Geophys. Res.,
111, D13301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006270, 2006. a, b
Gille, J. C., Bailey, P. L., Massie, S. T., Lyjak, L. V., Edwards, D. P., Roche, A. E., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., Gross, M. R., Hauchecorne, A., Keckhut, P., McGee, T. J., McDermid, I. S., Miller, A. J., and Singh, U.:
Accuracy and precision of cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) temperature retrievals,
J. Geophys. Res.,
101, 9583–9601, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD00052, 1996. a
Gordley, L. L. and Russell, J. M.:
Rapid inversion of limb radiance data using an emissivity growth approximation,
Appl. Optics,
20, 807–813, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.20.000807, 1981. a, b, c
Gordley, L. L., Russell III, J. M., Mickley, L. J., Frederick, J. E., Park, J. H., Stone, K. A., Beaver, G. M., McInerney, J. M., Deaver, L. E., Toon, G. C., Murcray, F. J., Blatherwick, R. D., Gunson, M. R., Abbatt, J. P. D., Mauldin III, R. L., Mount, G. H., Sen, B., and Blavier, J.-F.:
Validation of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide measurements made by the Halogen Occultation Experiment for UARS platform,
J. Geophys. Res.,
101, 10241–10266, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02143, 1996. a
Griessbach, S., Hoffmann, L., Höpfner, M., Riese, M., and Spang, R.:
Scattering in infrared radiative transfer: A comparison between the spectrally averaging model JURASSIC and the line-by-line model KOPRA,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
127, 102–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.05.004, 2013. a, b
Griessbach, S., Hoffmann, L., Spang, R., and Riese, M.: Volcanic ash detection with infrared limb sounding: MIPAS observations and radiative transfer simulations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1487–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1487-2014, 2014. a
Griessbach, S., Hoffmann, L., Spang, R., von Hobe, M., Müller, R., and Riese, M.: Infrared limb emission measurements of aerosol in the troposphere and stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4399–4423, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4399-2016, 2016. a
Harris, M.:
CUDA Pro Tip: Write Flexible Kernels with Grid-Stride Loops,
NVIDIA Corporation,
https://devblogs.nvidia.com/parallelforall/cuda-pro-tip-write-flexible-kernels-grid-stride-loops/ (last access: 25 February 2022), 2013. a
Hase, F. and Höpfner, M.:
Atmospheric ray path modeling for radiative transfer algorithms,
Appl. Optics,
38, 3129–3133, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.38.003129, 1999. a
Hoffmann, L. and Alexander, M. J.:
Retrieval of stratospheric temperatures from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder radiance measurements for gravity wave studies,
J. Geophys. Res.,
114, D07105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011241, 2009. a
Hoffmann, L., Spang, R., Kaufmann, M., and Riese, M.:
Retrieval of CFC-11 and CFC-12 from Envisat MIPAS observations by means of rapid radiative transfer calculations,
Adv. Space Res.,
36, 915–921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.112, 2005. a
Hoffmann, L., Kaufmann, M., Spang, R., Müller, R., Remedios, J. J., Moore, D. P., Volk, C. M., von Clarmann, T., and Riese, M.: Envisat MIPAS measurements of CFC-11: retrieval, validation, and climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3671–3688, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3671-2008, 2008. a
Hoffmann, L., Weigel, K., Spang, R., Schroeder, S., Arndt, K., Lehmann, C., Kaufmann, M., Ern, M., Preusse, P., Stroh, F., and Riese, M.:
CRISTA-NF measurements of water vapor during the SCOUT-O3 Tropical Aircraft Campaign,
Adv. Space Res.,
43, 74–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2008.03.018, 2009. a
Hoffmann, L., Griessbach, S., and Meyer, C. I.:
Volcanic emissions from AIRS observations: detection methods, case study, and statistical analysis,
in: Proc. SPIE, vol. 9242, pp. 924214–924214–8, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2066326, 2014. a
Hoffmann, L., Rößler, T., Griessbach, S., Heng, Y., and Stein, O.:
Lagrangian transport simulations of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions: impact of meteorological data products,
J. Geophys. Res.,
121, 4651–4673, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023749, 2016. a
Höpfner, M. and Emde, C.:
Comparison of single and multiple scattering approaches for the simulation of limb-emission observations in the mid-IR,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
91, 275–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.066, 2005. a
Kohlert, D. and Schreier, F.:
Line-by-Line Computation of Atmospheric Infrared Spectra With Field Programmable Gate Arrays,
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl.,
4, 701–709, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2098395, 2011. a, b
Krause, D.:
JUWELS: Modular Tier-0/1 Supercomputer at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre,
J. Large-scale Res. Facilities,
5, A135, https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-5-171, 2019. a
Lafferty, W. J., Solodov, A. M., Weber, A., Olson, W. B., and Hartmann, J.-M.:
Infrared collision-induced absorption by N2 near 4.3 µm for atmospheric applications: measurements and empirical modeling,
Appl. Optics,
35, 5911, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.005911, 1996. a
López-Puertas, M. and Taylor, F. W.:
Non-LTE Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere, vol. 3 of Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics,
World Scientific, Singapore, River Edge, NJ, 2002. a
Marshall, B. T., Gordley, L. L., and Chu, D. A.:
BANDPAK: Algorithms for Modeling Broadband Transmission and Radiance,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
52, 581–599, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4073(94)90026-4, 1994. a, b, c
McMillin, L. M. and Fleming, H. E.:
Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas: a computationally fast and accurate transmittance model for absorbing gases with constant mixing ratios in inhomogeneous atmospheres,
Appl. Optics,
15, 358–363, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.15.000358, 1976. a
McMillin, L. M., Fleming, H. E., and Hill, M. L.:
Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas. 3: A computationally fast and accurate transmittance model for absorbing gases with variable mixing ratios,
Appl. Optics,
18, 1600–1606, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.18.001600, 1979. a
Menzel, W. P., Schmit, T. J., Zhang, P., and Li, J.:
Satellite-based atmospheric infrared sounder development and applications,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
99, 583–603, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0293.1, 2018. a
Mertens, C. J., Mlynczak, M. G., López-Puertas, M., Wintersteiner, P. P., Picard, R. H., Winick, J. R., Gordley, L. L., and Russell III, J. M.:
Retrieval of mesospheric and lower thermospheric kinetic temperature from measurements of CO2 15 µm Earth Limb Emission under non-LTE conditions,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
28, 1391–1394, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012189, 2001. a
Meyer, C. I. and Hoffmann, L.:
Validation of AIRS high-resolution stratospheric temperature retrievals,
in: Proc. SPIE, vol. 9242, pp. 92420L–92420L–10, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2066967, 2014. a
Meyer, C. I., Ern, M., Hoffmann, L., Trinh, Q. T., and Alexander, M. J.: Intercomparison of AIRS and HIRDLS stratospheric gravity wave observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 215–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-215-2018, 2018. a
Mielikainen, J., Huang, B., and Huang, H. L. A.:
GPU-Accelerated Multi-Profile Radiative Transfer Model for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer,
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl.,
4, 691–700, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2011.2159195, 2011. a, b
Mielikainen, J., Price, E., Huang, B., Huang, H. L. A., and Lee, T.:
GPU Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)-based Parallelization of the RRTMG Shortwave Rapid Radiative Transfer Model,
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl.,
9, 921–931, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2427652, 2016. a, b
Mlawer, E. J., Payne, V. H., Moncet, J.-L., Delamere, J. S., Alvarado, M. J., and Tobin, D. C.:
Development and recent evaluation of the MT_CKD model of continuum absorption,
Philos. T. R. Soc. A,
370, 2520–2556, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0295, 2012. a
Moncet, J.-L., Uymin, G., Lipton, A. E., and Snell, H. E.:
Infrared Radiance Modeling by Optimal Spectral Sampling,
J. Atmos. Sci.,
65, 3917 – 3934, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2711.1, 2008. a
NVIDIA:
NVIDIA Tesla P100 The Most Advanced Datacenter Accelerator Ever Built Featuring Pascal GP100, the World's Fastest GPU, NVIDIA Corporation,
https://images.nvidia.com/content/pdf/tesla/whitepaper/pascal-architecture-whitepaper.pdf (last access: 25 February 2022), 2016. a
Offermann, D., Grossmann, K.-U., Barthol, P., Knieling, P., Riese, M., and Trant, R.:
Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment and middle atmosphere variability,
J. Geophys. Res.,
104, 16311–16325, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100047, 1999. a
Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P.:
Numerical Recipes in C, The Art of Scientific Computing, vol. 1, 2. edn.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, 2002. a
Preusse, P., Schroeder, S., Hoffmann, L., Ern, M., Friedl-Vallon, F., Ungermann, J., Oelhaf, H., Fischer, H., and Riese, M.: New perspectives on gravity wave remote sensing by spaceborne infrared limb imaging, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 299–311, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-299-2009, 2009. a
Remedios, J. J., Leigh, R. J., Waterfall, A. M., Moore, D. P., Sembhi, H., Parkes, I., Greenhough, J., Chipperfield, M. P., and Hauglustaine, D.: MIPAS reference atmospheres and comparisons to V4.61/V4.62 MIPAS level 2 geophysical data sets, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 9973–10017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-9973-2007, 2007. a
Remsberg, E. E., Marshall, B. T., Garcia-Comas, M., Krueger, D., Lingenfelser, G. S., Martin-Torres, J., Mlynczak, M. G., Russell III, J. M., Smith, A. K., Zhao, Y., Brown, C., Gordley, L. L., Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J., Lopez-Puertas, M., She, C.-Y., Taylor, M. J., and Thompson, R. E.:
Assessment of the quality of the Version 1.07 temperature-versus-pressure profiles of the middle atmosphere from TIMED/SABER,
J. Geophys. Res.,
113, D17101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010013, 2008. a
Riese, M., Spang, R., Preusse, P., Ern, M., Jarisch, M., Offermann, D., and Grossmann, K. U.:
Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) data processing and atmospheric temperature and trace gas retrieval,
J. Geophys. Res.,
104, 16349–16367, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100057, 1999. a
Rodgers, C. D.:
Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, vol. 2 of Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics,
World Scientific, Singapore; River Edge, NJ, 2000. a
Rong, P., Russell III, J. M., Gordley, L. L., Hervig, M. E., Deaver, L., Bernath, P. F., and Walker, K. A.:
Validation of v1.022 mesospheric water vapor observed by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite,
J. Geophys. Res.,
115, D24314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014269, 2010. a
Rothman, L., Gordon, I., Babikov, Y., Barbe, A., Chris Benner, D., Bernath, P., Birk, M., Bizzocchi, L., Boudon, V., Brown, L., Campargue, A., Chance, K., Cohen, E., Coudert, L., Devi, V., Drouin, B., Fayt, A., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R., Harrison, J., Hartmann, J.-M., Hill, C., Hodges, J., Jacquemart, D., Jolly, A., Lamouroux, J., Le Roy, R., Li, G., Long, D., Lyulin, O., Mackie, C., Massie, S., Mikhailenko, S., Müller, H., Naumenko, O., Nikitin, A., Orphal, J., Perevalov, V., Perrin, A., Polovtseva, E., Richard, C., Smith, M., Starikova, E., Sung, K., Tashkun, S., Tennyson, J., Toon, G., Tyuterev, V., and Wagner, G.:
The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
130, 4–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002, 2013. a
Rothman, L. S., Gordon, I. E., Barbe, A., Benner, D. C., Bernath, P. F., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Brown, L. R., Campargue, A., Champion, J.-P., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana, V., Devi, V. M., Fally, S., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A., Jacquemart, D., Kleiner, I., Lacome, N., Lafferty, W. J., Mandin, J.-Y., Massie, S. T., Mikhailenko, S. N., Miller, C. E., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Naumenko, O. V., Nikitin, A. V., Orphal, J., Perevalov, V. I., Perrin, A., Predoi-Cross, A., Rinsland, C. P., Rotger, M., Šimečková, M., Smith, M. A. H., Sung, K., Tashkun, S. A., Tennyson, J., Toth, R. A., Vandaele, A. C., and Vander Auwera, J.:
The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
110, 533–572, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013, 2009. a
Saunders, R., Matricardi, M., and Brunel, P.:
An improved fast radiative transfer model for assimilation of satellite radiance observations,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
125, 1407–1425, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1999.49712555615, 1999. a
Saunders, R., Hocking, J., Turner, E., Rayer, P., Rundle, D., Brunel, P., Vidot, J., Roquet, P., Matricardi, M., Geer, A., Bormann, N., and Lupu, C.: An update on the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model (currently at version 12), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2717–2737, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2717-2018, 2018. a
Strow, L. L.:
Line mixing in infrared atmospheric spectra,
in: Proc. SPIE, vol. 928, pp. 194–212, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.975628, 1988. a
Thibault, F., Menoux, V., Doucen, R. L., Rosenmann, L., Hartmann, J.-M., and Boulet, C.:
Infrared collision-induced absorption by O2 near 6.4 µm for atmospheric applications: measurements and empirical modeling,
Appl. Optics,
36, 563, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.36.000563, 1997. a
Thies, B. and Bendix, J.:
Satellite based remote sensing of weather and climate: recent achievements and future perspectives,
Meteorol. Appl.,
18, 262–295, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.288, 2011. a
Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Kiehl, J.:
Earth's global energy budget,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
90, 311–324, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1, 2009. a
Ungermann, J., Hoffmann, L., Preusse, P., Kaufmann, M., and Riese, M.: Tomographic retrieval approach for mesoscale gravity wave observations by the PREMIER Infrared Limb-Sounder, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 339–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-339-2010, 2010a. a
Ungermann, J., Kaufmann, M., Hoffmann, L., Preusse, P., Oelhaf, H., Friedl-Vallon, F., and Riese, M.: Towards a 3-D tomographic retrieval for the air-borne limb-imager GLORIA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1647–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1647-2010, 2010b. a
Ungermann, J., Blank, J., Lotz, J., Leppkes, K., Hoffmann, L., Guggenmoser, T., Kaufmann, M., Preusse, P., Naumann, U., and Riese, M.: A 3-D tomographic retrieval approach with advection compensation for the air-borne limb-imager GLORIA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2509–2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2509-2011, 2011. a
Ungermann, J., Kalicinsky, C., Olschewski, F., Knieling, P., Hoffmann, L., Blank, J., Woiwode, W., Oelhaf, H., Hösen, E., Volk, C. M., Ulanovsky, A., Ravegnani, F., Weigel, K., Stroh, F., and Riese, M.: CRISTA-NF measurements with unprecedented vertical resolution during the RECONCILE aircraft campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1173–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1173-2012, 2012. a
Weigel, K., Riese, M., Hoffmann, L., Hoefer, S., Kalicinsky, C., Knieling, P., Olschewski, F., Preusse, P., Spang, R., Stroh, F., and Volk, C. M.: CRISTA-NF measurements during the AMMA-SCOUT-O3 aircraft campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1437–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1437-2010, 2010. a
Weinreb, M. P. and Neuendorffer, A. C.:
Method to Apply Homogeneous-path Transmittance Models to Inhomogenous Atmospheres,
J. Atmos. Sci.,
30, 662–666, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0662:MTAHPT>2.0.CO;2, 1973. a, b
Wild, M., Folini, D., Schär, C., Loeb, N., Dutton, E. G., and König-Langlo, G.:
The global energy balance from a surface perspective,
Clim. Dynam.,
40, 3107–3134, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1569-8, 2013. a
Yang, J., Gong, P., Fu, R., Zhang, M., Chen, J., Liang, S., Xu, B., Shi, J., and Dickinson, R.:
The role of satellite remote sensing in climate change studies,
Nat. Clim. Change,
3, 875–883, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1908, 2013.
a
Yang, J., Zhang, Z., Wei, C., Lu, F., and Guo, Q.:
Introducing the New Generation of Chinese Geostationary Weather Satellites, Fengyun-4,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
98, 1637–1658, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0065.1, 2017. a
Short summary
The efficiency of the numerical simulation of radiative transport is shown on modern server-class graphics cards (GPUs). The low-cost prefactor on GPUs compared to general-purpose processors (CPUs) enables future large retrieval campaigns for multi-channel data from infrared sounders aboard low-orbit satellites. The validated research software JURASSIC is available in the public domain.
The efficiency of the numerical simulation of radiative transport is shown on modern...
