Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
15 Nov 2021
Model description paper |
| 15 Nov 2021
| 15 Nov 2021
DRYP 1.0: a parsimonious hydrological model of DRYland Partitioning of the water balance
E. Andrés Quichimbo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
Michael Bliss Singer
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, California, USA
Katerina Michaelides
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, California, USA
Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
Daniel E. J. Hobley
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
ADAS RSK Ltd, Bristol, BS3 4EB, UK
Rafael Rosolem
Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Clifton, BS8 1TR, UK
Mark O. Cuthbert
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Related authors
Dagmawi Teklu Asfaw, Michael Bliss Singer, Rafael Rosolem, David MacLeod, Mark Cuthbert, Edisson Quichimbo Miguitama, Manuel F. Rios Gaona, and Katerina Michaelides
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 557–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
stoPET is a new stochastic potential evapotranspiration (PET) generator for the globe at hourly resolution. Many stochastic weather generators are used to generate stochastic rainfall time series; however, no such model exists for stochastically generating plausible PET time series. As such, stoPET represents a significant methodological advance. stoPET generate many realizations of PET to conduct climate studies related to the water balance, agriculture, water resources, and ecology.
George Blake, Katerina Michaelides, Elizabeth Kendon, Mark Cuthbert, and Michael Singer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1154, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Dryland rainfall mainly falls during localised storms, with the intensity of these storms key in controlling how water moves through the landscape, but most climate models cannot represent these storms accurately. We find that if you use a model that can represent these storms to understand water resources, you end up with higher soil moisture for plants and groundwater for humans. Any studies of future water resources that don’t use high-resolution models could produce misleading projections.
Jamie Robert Cameron Brown, Ross Woods, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Debora Regina Roberti, and Rafael Rosolem
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-883, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-883, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, global and regional weather datasets have emerged, but validation with real-world data is crucial, especially in diverse regions like Brazil. This study compares seven key weather variables from five datasets with measurements from 11 sites across Brazil’s main biomes. Results show varying performance across variables and timescales, with one reanalysis product outperforming others overall. Findings suggest it may be a strong choice for multi-variable studies in Brazil.
Eshrat Fatima, Rohini Kumar, Sabine Attinger, Maren Kaluza, Oldrich Rakovec, Corinna Rebmann, Rafael Rosolem, Sascha E. Oswald, Luis Samaniego, Steffen Zacharias, and Martin Schrön
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5419–5441, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a framework to incorporate cosmic-ray neutron measurements into the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). We evaluate different approaches to estimate neutron counts within the mHM using the Desilets equation, with uniformly and non-uniformly weighted average soil moisture, and the physically based code COSMIC. The data improved not only soil moisture simulations but also the parameterisation of evapotranspiration in the model.
Saskia Salwey, Gemma Coxon, Francesca Pianosi, Rosanna Lane, Chris Hutton, Michael Bliss Singer, Hilary McMillan, and Jim Freer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4203–4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reservoirs are essential for water resource management and can significantly impact downstream flow. However, representing reservoirs in hydrological models can be challenging, particularly across large scales. We design a new and simple method for simulating river flow downstream of water supply reservoirs using only open-access data. We demonstrate the approach in 264 reservoir catchments across Great Britain, where we can significantly improve the simulation of reservoir-impacted flow.
Manuel F. Rios Gaona, Katerina Michaelides, and Michael Bliss Singer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5387–5412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
STORM v.2 (short for STOchastic Rainfall Model version 2.0) is an open-source and user-friendly modelling framework for simulating rainfall fields over a basin. It also allows simulating the impact of plausible climate change either on the total seasonal rainfall or the storm’s maximum intensity.
Yanchen Zheng, Gemma Coxon, Ross Woods, Daniel Power, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, David McJannet, Rafael Rosolem, Jianzhu Li, and Ping Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1999–2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalysis soil moisture products are a vital basis for hydrological and environmental research. Previous product evaluation is limited by the scale difference (point and grid scale). This paper adopts cosmic ray neutron sensor observations, a novel technique that provides root-zone soil moisture at field scale. In this paper, global harmonized CRNS observations were used to assess products. ERA5-Land, SMAPL4, CFSv2, CRA40 and GLEAM show better performance than MERRA2, GLDAS-Noah and JRA55.
Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Jian Peng, Ellen Dyer, Diego G. Miralles, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Chris Funk, Hylke E. Beck, Dagmawi T. Asfaw, Michael B. Singer, and Simon J. Dadson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5449–5466, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is undeniably one of the most intricate and significant natural hazards with far-reaching consequences for the environment, economy, water resources, agriculture, and societies across the globe. In response to this challenge, we have devised high-resolution drought indices. These indices serve as invaluable indicators for assessing shifts in drought patterns and their associated impacts on a global, regional, and local level facilitating the development of tailored adaptation strategies.
Dagmawi Teklu Asfaw, Michael Bliss Singer, Rafael Rosolem, David MacLeod, Mark Cuthbert, Edisson Quichimbo Miguitama, Manuel F. Rios Gaona, and Katerina Michaelides
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 557–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
stoPET is a new stochastic potential evapotranspiration (PET) generator for the globe at hourly resolution. Many stochastic weather generators are used to generate stochastic rainfall time series; however, no such model exists for stochastically generating plausible PET time series. As such, stoPET represents a significant methodological advance. stoPET generate many realizations of PET to conduct climate studies related to the water balance, agriculture, water resources, and ecology.
Shiuan-An Chen, Katerina Michaelides, David A. Richards, and Michael Bliss Singer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1055–1078, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1055-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1055-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage basin erosion rates influence landscape evolution through controlling land surface lowering and sediment flux, but gaps remain in understanding their large-scale patterns and drivers between timescales. We analysed global erosion rates and show that long-term erosion rates are controlled by rainfall, former glacial processes, and basin landform, whilst human activities enhance short-term erosion rates. The results highlight the complex interplay of controls on land surface processes.
William Rust, John P. Bloomfield, Mark Cuthbert, Ron Corstanje, and Ian Holman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2449–2467, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We highlight the importance of the North Atlantic Oscillation in controlling droughts in the UK. Specifically, multi-year cycles in the NAO are shown to influence the frequency of droughts and this influence changes considerably over time. We show that the influence of these varying controls is similar to the projected effects of climate change on water resources. We also show that these time-varying behaviours have important implications for water resource forecasts used for drought planning.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Shaini Naha, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, and Rafael Rosolem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6339–6357, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6339-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6339-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid growth in population in developing countries leads to an increase in food demand, and as a consequence, percentages of land are being converted to cropland which alters river flow processes. This study describes how the hydrology of a flood-prone river basin in India would respond to the current and future changes in land cover. Our findings indicate that the recurrent flood events occurring in the basin might be influenced by these changes in land cover at the catchment scale.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7545–7571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface and hydrologic simulations. However, it is challenging to evaluate these simulations because groundwater is
hiddenunderground and thus hard to measure. We suggest using multiple complementary strategies to assess the performance of a model (
model evaluation).
Daniel Power, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, Sharon Desilets, Darin Desilets, and Rafael Rosolem
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7287–7307, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensors estimate root-zone soil moisture at sub-kilometre scales. There are national-scale networks of these sensors across the globe; however, methods for converting neutron signals to soil moisture values are inconsistent. This paper describes our open-source Python tool that processes raw sensor data into soil moisture estimates. The aim is to allow a user to ensure they have a harmonized data set, along with informative metadata, to facilitate both research and teaching.
Maria Magdalena Warter, Michael Bliss Singer, Mark O. Cuthbert, Dar Roberts, Kelly K. Caylor, Romy Sabathier, and John Stella
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3713–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3713-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3713-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Intensified drying of soil and grassland vegetation is raising the impact of fire severity and extent in Southern California. While browned grassland is a common sight during the dry season, this study has shown that there is a pronounced shift in the timing of senescence, due to changing climate conditions favoring milder winter temperatures and increased precipitation variability. Vegetation may be limited in its ability to adapt to these shifts, as drought periods become more frequent.
William Rust, Mark Cuthbert, John Bloomfield, Ron Corstanje, Nicholas Howden, and Ian Holman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2223–2237, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we find evidence for the cyclical behaviour (on a 7-year basis) in UK streamflow records that match the main cycle of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Furthermore, we find that the strength of these 7-year cycles in streamflow is dependent on proportional contributions from groundwater and the response times of the underlying groundwater systems. This may allow for improvements to water management practices through better understanding of long-term streamflow behaviour.
Isaac Kipkemoi, Katerina Michaelides, Rafael Rosolem, and Michael Bliss Singer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-48, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-48, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The work is a novel investigation of the role of temporal rainfall resolution and intensity in affecting the water balance of soil in a dryland environment. This research has implications for what rainfall data are used to assess the impact of climate and climate change on the regional water balance. This information is critical for anticipating the impact of a changing climate on dryland communities globally who need it to know when to plant their seeds or where livestock pasture is available.
Gabriel C. Rau, Mark O. Cuthbert, R. Ian Acworth, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6033–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides an important generalisation of a previously developed method that quantifies subsurface barometric efficiency using the groundwater level response to Earth and atmospheric tides. The new approach additionally allows the quantification of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage. This enables improved and rapid assessment of subsurface processes and properties using standard pressure measurements.
Simon Opie, Richard G. Taylor, Chris M. Brierley, Mohammad Shamsudduha, and Mark O. Cuthbert
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 775–791, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-775-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the relationship between climate and groundwater is limited and typically undermined by the scale, duration and accessibility of observations. Using monthly satellite measurements newly compiled over 14 years in the tropics and sub-tropics, we show that the imprint of precipitation history on groundwater, i.e. hydraulic memory, is longer in drylands than humid environments with important implications for the understanding and management of groundwater resources under climate change.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Oliver R. Francis, Tristram C. Hales, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Xuanmei Fan, Alexander J. Horton, Gianvito Scaringi, and Runqiu Huang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 579–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large earthquakes can build mountains by uplifting bedrock, but they also erode them by triggering large volumes of coseismic landsliding. Using a zero-dimensional numerical model, we identify that the storage of sediment produced by earthquakes can affect surface uplift and exhumation rates across the mountain range. However, the storage also reduces the time span at which the impact of the earthquake can be measured, preventing the recognition of single earthquakes in many long-term records.
Shaini Naha, Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez, and Rafael Rosolem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-220, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid growth in population in developing countries leads to an increase in food demand and as a consequence, percentages of land are being converted to cropland which alters the river flow processes. Therefore we try to understand the exact role of these changes in modifying the river flows through the prediction of the impacts of these changes in the future by taking a clue from the past. This study concludes that recurrent flood events might be influenced by these changes in future.
Katherine R. Barnhart, Eric W. H. Hutton, Gregory E. Tucker, Nicole M. Gasparini, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Nathan J. Lyons, Margaux Mouchene, Sai Siddhartha Nudurupati, Jordan M. Adams, and Christina Bandaragoda
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 379–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Landlab is a Python package to support the creation of numerical models in Earth surface dynamics. Since the release of the 1.0 version in 2017, Landlab has grown and evolved: it contains 31 new process components, a refactored model grid, and additional utilities. This contribution describes the new elements of Landlab, discusses why certain backward-compatiblity-breaking changes were made, and reflects on the process of community open-source software development.
Romane Berthelin, Michael Rinderer, Bartolomé Andreo, Andy Baker, Daniela Kilian, Gabriele Leonhardt, Annette Lotz, Kurt Lichtenwoehrer, Matías Mudarra, Ingrid Y. Padilla, Fernando Pantoja Agreda, Rafael Rosolem, Abel Vale, and Andreas Hartmann
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-11-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-11-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the setup of a soil moisture monitoring network, which is implemented at five karstic sites with different climates across the globe. More than 400 soil moisture probes operating at a high spatio-temporal resolution will improve the understanding of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration processes in karstic areas.
William Rust, Ian Holman, John Bloomfield, Mark Cuthbert, and Ron Corstanje
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3233–3245, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3233-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3233-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We show that major groundwater resources in the UK exhibit strong multi-year cycles, accounting for up to 40 % of total groundwater level variability. By comparing these cycles with recorded widespread groundwater droughts over the past 60 years, we provide evidence that climatic systems (such as the North Atlantic Oscillation) ultimately drive drought-risk periods in UK groundwater. The recursive nature of these drought-risk periods may lead to improved preparedness for future droughts.
Seshagiri Rao Kolusu, Mohammad Shamsudduha, Martin C. Todd, Richard G. Taylor, David Seddon, Japhet J. Kashaigili, Girma Y. Ebrahim, Mark O. Cuthbert, James P. R. Sorensen, Karen G. Villholth, Alan M. MacDonald, and Dave A. MacLeod
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1751–1762, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1751-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1751-2019, 2019
Thomas Turpin-Jelfs, Katerina Michaelides, Joel A. Biederman, and Alexandre M. Anesio
Biogeosciences, 16, 369–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-369-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-369-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing shrub cover promotes land degradation in semi-arid grasslands and has the potential to impact the soil nitrogen pool, which is essential to primary production. Our study showed that increasing shrub cover concentrates soil nitrogen into localised patches beneath shrub canopies. Further, we determined that increasing shrub cover inhibits inputs of nitrogen by the soil microbial community. Thus, we conclude this phenomenon can perturb nitrogen cycling in these ecosystems.
Fanny Sarrazin, Andreas Hartmann, Francesca Pianosi, Rafael Rosolem, and Thorsten Wagener
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4933–4964, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4933-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4933-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We propose the first large-scale vegetation–recharge model for karst regions (V2Karst), which enables the analysis of the impact of changes in climate and land cover on karst groundwater recharge. We demonstrate the plausibility of V2Karst simulations against observations at FLUXNET sites and of controlling modelled processes using sensitivity analysis. We perform virtual experiments to further test the model and gain insight into its sensitivity to precipitation pattern and vegetation cover.
Michael Bliss Singer, Katerina Michaelides, and Daniel E. J. Hobley
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3713–3726, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3713-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3713-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
For various applications, a regional or local characterization of rainfall is required, particularly at the watershed scale, where there is spatial heterogeneity. Furthermore, simple models are needed that can simulate various scenarios of climate change including changes in seasonal wetness and rainstorm intensity. To this end, we have developed the STOchastic Rainstorm Model (STORM). We explain its developments and data requirements, and illustrate how it simulates rainstorms over a basin.
Gregory E. Tucker, Scott W. McCoy, and Daniel E. J. Hobley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 563–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-563-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-563-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a new technique for computer simulation of slope forms. The method provides a way to study how events that disturb soil or turn rock into soil add up over time to produce landforms. The model represents a cross section of a hypothetical landform as a lattice of cells, each of which may represent air, soil, or rock. Despite its simplicity, the model does a good job of simulating a range of common of natural slope forms.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Lena Scheiffele, Joost Iwema, Heye R. Bogena, Ling Lv, Edoardo Martini, Gabriele Baroni, Rafael Rosolem, Jannis Weimar, Juliane Mai, Matthias Cuntz, Corinna Rebmann, Sascha E. Oswald, Peter Dietrich, Ulrich Schmidt, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A field-scale average of near-surface water content can be sensed by cosmic-ray neutron detectors. To interpret, calibrate, and validate the integral signal, it is important to account for its sensitivity to heterogeneous patterns like dry or wet spots. We show how point samples contribute to the neutron signal based on their depth and distance from the detector. This approach robustly improves the sensor performance and data consistency, and even reveals otherwise hidden hydrological features.
Joost Iwema, Rafael Rosolem, Mostaquimur Rahman, Eleanor Blyth, and Thorsten Wagener
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2843–2861, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2843-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2843-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated whether the simulation of water flux from the land surface to the atmosphere (using the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator model) could be improved by replacing traditional soil moisture sensor data with data from the more novel Cosmic-Ray Neutron soil moisture sensor. Despite observed differences between the two types of soil moisture measurement data, we found no substantial differences in improvement in water flux estimation, based on multiple calibration experiments.
Jordan M. Adams, Nicole M. Gasparini, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Gregory E. Tucker, Eric W. H. Hutton, Sai S. Nudurupati, and Erkan Istanbulluoglu
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1645–1663, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1645-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1645-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
OverlandFlow is a 2-dimensional hydrology component contained within the Landlab modeling framework. It can be applied in both hydrology and geomorphology applications across real and synthetic landscape grids, for both short- and long-term events. This paper finds that this non-steady hydrology regime produces different landscape characteristics when compared to more traditional steady-state hydrology and geomorphology models, suggesting that hydrology regime can impact resulting morphologies.
Mostaquimur Rahman and Rafael Rosolem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 459–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling water flow through chalk (a fine-grained porous medium traversed by fractures) is important for optimizing water resource management practices in the UK. However, efficient simulations of water movement through chalk are difficult due to the porous nature of chalk, creating high-velocity preferential flow paths. This paper describes a novel approach to representing chalk hydrology in land surface modelling for large-scale applications.
Daniel E. J. Hobley, Jordan M. Adams, Sai Siddhartha Nudurupati, Eric W. H. Hutton, Nicole M. Gasparini, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, and Gregory E. Tucker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 21–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-21-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-21-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Many geoscientists use computer models to understand changes in the Earth's system. However, typically each scientist will build their own model from scratch. This paper describes Landlab, a new piece of open-source software designed to simplify creation and use of models of the Earth's surface. It provides off-the-shelf tools to work with models more efficiently, with less duplication of effort. The paper explains and justifies how Landlab works, and describes some models built with it.
Gregory E. Tucker, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Eric Hutton, Nicole M. Gasparini, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Jordan M. Adams, and Sai Siddartha Nudurupati
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 823–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-823-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new Python-language software library, called CellLab-CTS, that enables rapid creation of continuous-time stochastic (CTS) cellular automata models. These models are quite useful for simulating the behavior of natural systems, but can be time-consuming to program. CellLab-CTS allows users to set up models with a minimum of effort, and thereby focus on the science rather than the software.
C. E. M. Lloyd, K. Michaelides, D. R. Chadwick, J. A. J. Dungait, and R. P. Evershed
Biogeosciences, 13, 551–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-551-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-551-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our interdisciplinary research brings together methodologies from hydrology, soil science and biogeochemistry to address key questions about the transport of cattle slurry in the environment. The paper provides a novel approach to trace dissolved and particulate components of cattle slurry through an experimental hillslope system. This work provides one of the first examples of using biomarkers to assess the effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on the movement of slurry derived-OM.
A. F. Charteris, T. D. J. Knowles, K. Michaelides, and R. P. Evershed
SOIL Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-1135-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-1135-2015, 2015
Manuscript not accepted for further review
X. Han, X. Li, G. He, P. Kumbhar, C. Montzka, S. Kollet, T. Miyoshi, R. Rosolem, Y. Zhang, H. Vereecken, and H.-J. H. Franssen
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7395-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7395-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
DasPy is a ready to use open source parallel multivariate land data assimilation framework with joint state and parameter estimation using Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter. The Community Land Model (4.5) was integrated as model operator. The Community Microwave Emission Modelling platform, COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code and the Two-Source Formulation were integrated as observation operators for the multivariate assimilation of soil moisture and soil temperature, respectively.
J. Iwema, R. Rosolem, R. Baatz, T. Wagener, and H. R. Bogena
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3203–3216, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The cosmic-ray neutron sensor can provide soil moisture content averages over areas of roughly half a kilometre by half a kilometre. Although this sensor is usually calibrated using soil samples taken on a single day, we found that multiple sampling days are needed. The calibration results were also affected by the soil wetness conditions of the sampling days. The outcome of this study will help researchers to calibrate/validate new cosmic-ray neutron sensor sites more accurately.
P. T. S. Oliveira, E. Wendland, M. A. Nearing, R. L. Scott, R. Rosolem, and H. R. da Rocha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2899–2910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We determined the main components of the water balance for an undisturbed cerrado.
Evapotranspiration ranged from 1.91 to 2.60mm per day for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Canopy interception ranged from 4 to 20% and stemflow values were approximately 1% of gross precipitation.
The average runoff coefficient was less than 1%, while cerrado deforestation has the potential to increase that amount up to 20-fold.
The water storage may be estimated by the difference between P and ET.
A. Hartmann, T. Gleeson, R. Rosolem, F. Pianosi, Y. Wada, and T. Wagener
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1729–1746, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1729-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1729-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach to assess karstic groundwater recharge over Europe and the Mediterranean. Cluster analysis is used to subdivide all karst regions into four typical karst landscapes and to simulate karst recharge with a process-based karst model. We estimate its parameters by a combination of a priori information and observations of soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Independent observations of recharge that present large-scale models significantly under-estimate karstic recharge.
X. Han, H.-J. H. Franssen, R. Rosolem, R. Jin, X. Li, and H. Vereecken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 615–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-615-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-615-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the joint assimilation of cosmic-ray neutron counts and land surface temperature with parameter estimation of leaf area index at an irrigated corn field. The results show that the data assimilation can reduce the systematic input errors due to the lack of irrigation data. The estimations of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and leaf area index can be improved in the joint assimilation framework.
R. Rosolem, T. Hoar, A. Arellano, J. L. Anderson, W. J. Shuttleworth, X. Zeng, and T. E. Franz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4363–4379, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014, 2014
J. Shuttleworth, R. Rosolem, M. Zreda, and T. Franz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3205–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3205-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3205-2013, 2013
T. E. Franz, M. Zreda, R. Rosolem, and T. P. A. Ferre
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-453-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-453-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Hydrology
LM4-SHARC v1.0: resolving the catchment-scale soil–hillslope aquifer–river continuum for the GFDL Earth system modeling framework
Selecting a conceptual hydrological model using Bayes' factors computed with replica-exchange Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and thermodynamic integration
The Water Table Model (WTM) (v2.0.1): coupled groundwater and dynamic lake modelling
Modelling rainfall with a Bartlett–Lewis process: pyBL (v1.0.0), a Python software package and an application with short records
Virtual Joint Field Campaign: a framework of synthetic landscapes to assess multiscale measurement methods of water storage
SERGHEI v2.0: introducing a performance-portable, high-performance, three-dimensional variably saturated subsurface flow solver (SERGHEI-RE)
The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2e: description and evaluation of modifications and new features
DECIPHeR-GW v1: A coupled hydrological model with improved representation of surface-groundwater interactions
Generalised drought index: a novel multi-scale daily approach for drought assessment
Development and performance of a high-resolution surface wave and storm surge forecast model: application to a large lake
A reach-integrated hydraulic modelling approach for large-scale and real-time inundation mapping
Deep dive into hydrologic simulations at global scale: harnessing the power of deep learning and physics-informed differentiable models (δHBV-globe1.0-hydroDL)
PyEt v1.3.1: a Python package for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration
Prediction of hysteretic matric potential dynamics using artificial intelligence: application of autoencoder neural networks
Regionalization in global hydrological models and its impact on runoff simulations: a case study using WaterGAP3 (v 1.0.0)
Wastewater matters: Incorporating wastewater reclamation into a process-based hydrological model (CWatM v1.08)
STORM v.2: A simple, stochastic rainfall model for exploring the impacts of climate and climate change at and near the land surface in gauged watersheds
Fluvial flood inundation and socio-economic impact model based on open data
RoGeR v3.0.5 – a process-based hydrological toolbox model in Python
Coupling a large-scale glacier and hydrological model (OGGM v1.5.3 and CWatM V1.08) – towards an improved representation of mountain water resources in global assessments
An open-source refactoring of the Canadian Small Lakes Model for estimates of evaporation from medium-sized reservoirs
EvalHyd v0.1.2: a polyglot tool for the evaluation of deterministic and probabilistic streamflow predictions
Modelling water quantity and quality for integrated water cycle management with the Water Systems Integrated Modelling framework (WSIMOD) software
Graphical representation of global water models
HGS-PDAF (version 1.0): a modular data assimilation framework for an integrated surface and subsurface hydrological model
Wflow_sbm v0.7.3, a spatially distributed hydrological model: from global data to local applications
Reservoir Assessment Tool version 3.0: a scalable and user-friendly software platform to mobilize the global water management community
HydroFATE (v1): a high-resolution contaminant fate model for the global river system
Validation of a new global irrigation scheme in the land surface model ORCHIDEE v2.2
GPEP v1.0: the Geospatial Probabilistic Estimation Package to support Earth science applications
GEMS v1.0: Generalizable Empirical Model of Snow Accumulation and Melt, based on daily snow mass changes in response to climate and topographic drivers
mesas.py v1.0: a flexible Python package for modeling solute transport and transit times using StorAge Selection functions
rSHUD v2.0: advancing the Simulator for Hydrologic Unstructured Domains and unstructured hydrological modeling in the R environment
GLOBGM v1.0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model
Development of inter-grid-cell lateral unsaturated and saturated flow model in the E3SM Land Model (v2.0)
pyESDv1.0.1: an open-source Python framework for empirical-statistical downscaling of climate information
Representing the impact of Rhizophora mangroves on flow in a hydrodynamic model (COAWST_rh v1.0): the importance of three-dimensional root system structures
Dynamically weighted ensemble of geoscientific models via automated machine-learning-based classification
Enhancing the representation of water management in global hydrological models
NEOPRENE v1.0.1: a Python library for generating spatial rainfall based on the Neyman–Scott process
Uncertainty estimation for a new exponential-filter-based long-term root-zone soil moisture dataset from Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) surface observations
Validating the Nernst–Planck transport model under reaction-driven flow conditions using RetroPy v1.0
DynQual v1.0: a high-resolution global surface water quality model
Data space inversion for efficient uncertainty quantification using an integrated surface and sub-surface hydrologic model
Simulation of crop yield using the global hydrological model H08 (crp.v1)
How is a global sensitivity analysis of a catchment-scale, distributed pesticide transfer model performed? Application to the PESHMELBA model
iHydroSlide3D v1.0: an advanced hydrological–geotechnical model for hydrological simulation and three-dimensional landslide prediction
GEB v0.1: a large-scale agent-based socio-hydrological model – simulating 10 million individual farming households in a fully distributed hydrological model
Tracing and visualisation of contributing water sources in the LISFLOOD-FP model of flood inundation (within CAESAR-Lisflood version 1.9j-WS)
Continental-scale evaluation of a fully distributed coupled land surface and groundwater model, ParFlow-CLM (v3.6.0), over Europe
Minki Hong, Nathaniel Chaney, Sergey Malyshev, Enrico Zorzetto, Anthony Preucil, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2275–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2275-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2275-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the significance of groundwater in resolving the coupled terrestrial water–energy cycle. LM4-SHARC (soil–hillslope aquifer–river continuum) describes the hillslope groundwater using its emergent properties, yielding noticeable improvements in soil moisture/temperature and groundwater discharge predictions. The implications of groundwater-mediated hydrologic interactions between hillslopes and streams need further exploration in the Earth system modeling community.
Damian N. Mingo, Remko Nijzink, Christophe Ley, and Jack S. Hale
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1709–1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1709-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1709-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrologists are often faced with selecting amongst a set of competing models with different numbers of parameters and ability to fit available data. Bayes’ factor is a tool that can be used to compare models; however, it is very difficult to compute Bayes' factor numerically. In our paper, we explore and develop highly efficient algorithms for computing Bayes’ factor of hydrological systems, which will introduce this useful tool for selecting models into everyday hydrological practice.
Kerry L. Callaghan, Andrew D. Wickert, Richard Barnes, and Jacqueline Austermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1463–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Water Table Model (WTM), a new model for simulating groundwater and lake levels at continental scales over millennia. The WTM enables long-term evaluations of water-table changes. As a proof of concept, we simulate the North American water table for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), showing that North America held more groundwater and lake water during the LGM than it does today – enough to lower sea levels by 14.98 cm. The open-source code is available on GitHub.
Chi-Ling Wei, Pei-Chun Chen, Chien-Yu Tseng, Ting-Yu Dai, Yun-Ting Ho, Ching-Chun Chou, Christian Onof, and Li-Pen Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1357–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1357-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1357-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
pyBL is an open-source package for generating realistic rainfall time series based on the Bartlett–Lewis (BL) model. It can preserve not only standard but also extreme rainfall statistics across various timescales. Notably, compared to traditional frequency analysis methods, the BL model requires only half the record length (or even shorter) to achieve similar consistency in estimating sub-hourly rainfall extremes. This makes it a valuable tool for modelling rainfall extremes with short records.
Till Francke, Cosimo Brogi, Alby Duarte Rocha, Michael Förster, Maik Heistermann, Markus Köhli, Daniel Rasche, Marvin Reich, Paul Schattan, Lena Scheiffele, and Martin Schrön
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 819–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-819-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-819-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple methods for measuring soil moisture beyond the point scale exist. Their validation is generally hindered by not knowing the truth. We propose a virtual framework in which this truth is fully known and the sensor observations for cosmic ray neutron sensing, remote sensing, and hydrogravimetry are simulated. This allows for the rigorous testing of these virtual sensors to understand their effectiveness and limitations.
Zhi Li, Gregor Rickert, Na Zheng, Zhibo Zhang, Ilhan Özgen-Xian, and Daniel Caviedes-Voullième
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 547–562, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-547-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-547-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce SERGHEI-RE, a 3D subsurface flow simulator with performance-portable parallel computing capabilities. SERGHEI-RE performs effectively on various computational devices: from personal computers to advanced clusters. It allows users to solve flow equations with multiple numerical schemes, making it adaptable to various hydrological scenarios. Testing results show its accuracy and performance, confirming that SERGHEI-RE is a powerful tool for hydrological research.
Hannes Müller Schmied, Tim Trautmann, Sebastian Ackermann, Denise Cáceres, Martina Flörke, Helena Gerdener, Ellen Kynast, Thedini Asali Peiris, Leonie Schiebener, Maike Schumacher, and Petra Döll
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8817–8852, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing water availability and water use at the global scale is challenging but essential for a range of purposes. We describe the newest version of the global hydrological model WaterGAP, which has been used for numerous water resource assessments since 1996. We show the effects of new model features, as well as model evaluations, against water abstraction statistics and observed streamflow and water storage anomalies. The publicly available model output for several variants is described.
Yanchen Zheng, Gemma Coxon, Mostaquimur Rahman, Ross Woods, Saskia Salwey, Youtong Rong, and Doris Wendt
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-211, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is vital for people and ecosystems, but most physical models lack surface-groundwater interactions representation, leading to inaccurate streamflow predictions in groundwater-rich areas. This study presents DECIPHeR-GW v1, which links surface and groundwater systems to improve predictions of streamflow and groundwater levels. Tested across England and Wales, DECIPHeR-GW shows high accuracy, especially in south east England, making it a valuable tool for large-scale water management.
João António Martins Careto, Rita Margarida Cardoso, Ana Russo, Daniela Catarina André Lima, and Pedro Miguel Matos Soares
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8115–8139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a new daily drought index, the generalised drought index (GDI). The GDI not only identifies the same events as established indices but is also capable of improving their results. The index is empirically based and easy to compute, not requiring fitting the data to a probability distribution. The GDI can detect flash droughts and longer-term events, making it a versatile tool for drought monitoring.
Laura L. Swatridge, Ryan P. Mulligan, Leon Boegman, and Shiliang Shan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7751–7766, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop an operational forecast system, Coastlines-LO, that can simulate water levels and surface waves in Lake Ontario driven by forecasts of wind speeds and pressure fields from an atmospheric model. The model has relatively low computational requirements, and results compare well with near-real-time observations, as well as with results from other existing forecast systems. Results show that with shorter forecast lengths, storm surge and wave predictions can improve in accuracy.
Robert Chlumsky, James R. Craig, and Bryan A. Tolson
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-184, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We aim to improve mapping of floods, and present a new method for hydraulic modelling that uses a combination of novel geospatial analysis and existing hydraulic modelling approaches. This method is wrapped into a modelling software called Blackbird. We compared Blackbird to two other existing options for flood mapping and found that the Blackbird model outperformed both. The Blackbird model has the potential to support real-time and large-scale flood mapping applications in the future.
Dapeng Feng, Hylke Beck, Jens de Bruijn, Reetik Kumar Sahu, Yusuke Satoh, Yoshihide Wada, Jiangtao Liu, Ming Pan, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7181–7198, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate hydrologic modeling is vital to characterizing water cycle responses to climate change. For the first time at this scale, we use differentiable physics-informed machine learning hydrologic models to simulate rainfall–runoff processes for 3753 basins around the world and compare them with purely data-driven and traditional modeling approaches. This sets a benchmark for hydrologic estimates around the world and builds foundations for improving global hydrologic simulations.
Matevž Vremec, Raoul A. Collenteur, and Steffen Birk
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7083–7103, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geoscientists commonly use various potential evapotranpiration (PET) formulas for environmental studies, which can be prone to errors and sensitive to climate change. PyEt, a tested and open-source Python package, simplifies the application of 20 PET methods for both time series and gridded data, ensuring accurate and consistent PET estimations suitable for a wide range of environmental applications.
Nedal Aqel, Lea Reusser, Stephan Margreth, Andrea Carminati, and Peter Lehmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6949–6966, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The soil water potential (SWP) determines various soil water processes. Since remote sensing techniques cannot measure it directly, it is often deduced from volumetric water content (VWC) information. However, under dynamic field conditions, the relationship between SWP and VWC is highly ambiguous due to different factors that cannot be modeled with the classical approach. Applying a deep neural network with an autoencoder enables the prediction of the dynamic SWP.
Jenny Kupzig, Nina Kupzig, and Martina Flörke
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6819–6846, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Valid simulation results from global hydrological models (GHMs) are essential, e.g., to studying climate change impacts. Adapting GHMs to ungauged basins requires regionalization, enabling valid simulations. In this study, we highlight the impact of regionalization of GHMs on runoff simulations using an ensemble of regionalization methods for WaterGAP3. We have found that regionalization leads to temporally and spatially varying uncertainty, potentially reaching up to inter-model differences.
Dor Fridman, Mikhail Smilovic, Peter Burek, Sylvia Tramberend, and Taher Kahil
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-143, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-143, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Global hydrological models are applied at high spatial resolutions to quantify water availability and evaluate water scarcity mitigation options. Yet they mostly oversee important local processes. This paper presents and demonstrates the inclusion of wastewater treatment and reclamation into a global hydrological model. As a result model performance is improved, and models are capable to utilize treated wastewater as an alternative water source.
Manuel F. Rios Gaona, Katerina Michaelides, and Michael Bliss Singer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5387–5412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
STORM v.2 (short for STOchastic Rainfall Model version 2.0) is an open-source and user-friendly modelling framework for simulating rainfall fields over a basin. It also allows simulating the impact of plausible climate change either on the total seasonal rainfall or the storm’s maximum intensity.
Lukas Riedel, Thomas Röösli, Thomas Vogt, and David N. Bresch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5291–5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5291-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5291-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River floods are among the most devastating natural hazards. We propose a flood model with a statistical approach based on openly available data. The model is integrated in a framework for estimating impacts of physical hazards. Although the model only agrees moderately with satellite-detected flood extents, we show that it can be used for forecasting the magnitude of flood events in terms of socio-economic impacts and for comparing these with past events.
Robin Schwemmle, Hannes Leistert, Andreas Steinbrich, and Markus Weiler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5249–5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new process-based hydrological toolbox model, RoGeR (https://roger.readthedocs.io/), can be used to estimate the components of the hydrological cycle and the related travel times of pollutants through parts of the hydrological cycle. These estimations may contribute to effective water resources management. This paper presents the toolbox concept and provides a simple example of providing estimations to water resources management.
Sarah Hanus, Lilian Schuster, Peter Burek, Fabien Maussion, Yoshihide Wada, and Daniel Viviroli
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5123–5144, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a coupling of the large-scale glacier model OGGM and the hydrological model CWatM. Projected future increase in discharge is less strong while future decrease in discharge is stronger when glacier runoff is explicitly included in the large-scale hydrological model. This is because glacier runoff is projected to decrease in nearly all basins. We conclude that an improved glacier representation can prevent underestimating future discharge changes in large river basins.
M. Graham Clark and Sean K. Carey
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4911–4922, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides validation of the Canadian Small Lakes Model (CSLM) for estimating evaporation rates from reservoirs and a refactoring of the original FORTRAN code into MATLAB and Python, which are now stored in GitHub repositories. Here we provide direct observations of the surface energy exchange obtained with an eddy covariance system to validate the CSLM. There was good agreement between observations and estimations except under specific atmospheric conditions when evaporation is low.
Thibault Hallouin, François Bourgin, Charles Perrin, Maria-Helena Ramos, and Vazken Andréassian
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4561–4578, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4561-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The evaluation of the quality of hydrological model outputs against streamflow observations is widespread in the hydrological literature. In order to improve on the reproducibility of published studies, a new evaluation tool dedicated to hydrological applications is presented. It is open source and usable in a variety of programming languages to make it as accessible as possible to the community. Thus, authors and readers alike can use the same tool to produce and reproduce the results.
Barnaby Dobson, Leyang Liu, and Ana Mijic
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4495–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water management is challenging when models don't capture the entire water cycle. We propose that using integrated models facilitates management and improves understanding. We introduce a software tool designed for this task. We discuss its foundation, how it simulates water system components and their interactions, and its customisation. We provide a flexible way to represent water systems, and we hope it will inspire more research and practical applications for sustainable water management.
Hannes Müller Schmied, Simon Newland Gosling, Marlo Garnsworthy, Laura Müller, Camelia-Eliza Telteu, Atiq Kainan Ahmed, Lauren Seaby Andersen, Julien Boulange, Peter Burek, Jinfeng Chang, He Chen, Manolis Grillakis, Luca Guillaumot, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Rohini Kumar, Guoyong Leng, Junguo Liu, Xingcai Liu, Inga Menke, Vimal Mishra, Yadu Pokhrel, Oldrich Rakovec, Luis Samaniego, Yusuke Satoh, Harsh Lovekumar Shah, Mikhail Smilovic, Tobias Stacke, Edwin Sutanudjaja, Wim Thiery, Athanasios Tsilimigkras, Yoshihide Wada, Niko Wanders, and Tokuta Yokohata
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1303, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1303, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global water models contribute to the evaluation of important natural and societal issues but are – as all models – simplified representation of the reality. So, there are many ways to calculate the water fluxes and storages. This paper presents a visualization of 16 global water models using a standardized visualization and the pathway towards this common understanding. Next to academic education purposes, we envisage that these diagrams will help researchers, model developers and data users.
Qi Tang, Hugo Delottier, Wolfgang Kurtz, Lars Nerger, Oliver S. Schilling, and Philip Brunner
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3559–3578, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new data assimilation framework by coupling an integrated hydrological model HydroGeoSphere with the data assimilation software PDAF. Compared to existing hydrological data assimilation systems, the advantage of our newly developed framework lies in its consideration of the physically based model; its large selection of different assimilation algorithms; and its modularity with respect to the combination of different types of observations, states and parameters.
Willem J. van Verseveld, Albrecht H. Weerts, Martijn Visser, Joost Buitink, Ruben O. Imhoff, Hélène Boisgontier, Laurène Bouaziz, Dirk Eilander, Mark Hegnauer, Corine ten Velden, and Bobby Russell
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3199–3234, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the wflow_sbm distributed hydrological model, recently released by Deltares, as part of the Wflow.jl open-source modelling framework in the programming language Julia. Wflow_sbm has a fast runtime, making it suitable for large-scale modelling. Wflow_sbm models can be set a priori for any catchment with the Python tool HydroMT-Wflow based on globally available datasets, which results in satisfactory to good performance (without much tuning). We show this for a number of specific cases.
Sanchit Minocha, Faisal Hossain, Pritam Das, Sarath Suresh, Shahzaib Khan, George Darkwah, Hyongki Lee, Stefano Galelli, Konstantinos Andreadis, and Perry Oddo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3137–3156, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3137-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3137-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Reservoir Assessment Tool (RAT) merges satellite data with hydrological models, enabling robust estimation of reservoir parameters like inflow, outflow, surface area, and storage changes around the world. Version 3.0 of RAT lowers the barrier of entry for new users and achieves scalability and computational efficiency. RAT 3.0 also facilitates open-source development of functions for continuous improvement to mobilize and empower the global water management community.
Heloisa Ehalt Macedo, Bernhard Lehner, Jim Nicell, and Günther Grill
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2877–2899, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2877-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2877-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Treated and untreated wastewaters are sources of contaminants of emerging concern. HydroFATE, a new global model, estimates their concentrations in surface waters, identifying streams that are most at risk and guiding monitoring/mitigation efforts to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and human health. Model predictions were validated against field measurements of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, with predicted concentrations exceeding ecological thresholds in more than 400 000 km of rivers worldwide.
Pedro Felipe Arboleda-Obando, Agnès Ducharne, Zun Yin, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2141–2164, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a new irrigation scheme included in the ORCHIDEE land surface model. The new irrigation scheme restrains irrigation due to water shortage, includes water adduction, and represents environmental limits and facilities to access water, due to representing infrastructure in a simple way. Our results show that the new irrigation scheme helps simulate acceptable land surface conditions and fluxes in irrigated areas, even if there are difficulties due to shortcomings and limited information.
Guoqiang Tang, Andrew W. Wood, Andrew J. Newman, Martyn P. Clark, and Simon Michael Papalexiou
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1153–1173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ensemble geophysical datasets are crucial for understanding uncertainties and supporting probabilistic estimation/prediction. However, open-access tools for creating these datasets are limited. We have developed the Python-based Geospatial Probabilistic Estimation Package (GPEP). Through several experiments, we demonstrate GPEP's ability to estimate precipitation, temperature, and snow water equivalent. GPEP will be a useful tool to support uncertainty analysis in Earth science applications.
Atabek Umirbekov, Richard Essery, and Daniel Müller
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 911–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a parsimonious snow model which simulates snow mass without the need for extensive calibration. The model is based on a machine learning algorithm that has been trained on diverse set of daily observations of snow accumulation or melt, along with corresponding climate and topography data. We validated the model using in situ data from numerous new locations. The model provides a promising solution for accurate snow mass estimation across regions where in situ data are limited.
Ciaran J. Harman and Esther Xu Fei
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 477–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Over the last 10 years, scientists have developed StorAge Selection: a new way of modeling how material is transported through complex systems. Here, we present some new, easy-to-use, flexible, and very accurate code for implementing this method. We show that, in cases where we know exactly what the answer should be, our code gets the right answer. We also show that our code is closer than some other codes to the right answer in an important way: it conserves mass.
Lele Shu, Paul Ullrich, Xianhong Meng, Christopher Duffy, Hao Chen, and Zhaoguo Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 497–527, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our team developed rSHUD v2.0, a toolkit that simplifies the use of the SHUD, a model simulating water movement in the environment. We demonstrated its effectiveness in two watersheds, one in the USA and one in China. The toolkit also facilitated the creation of the Global Hydrological Data Cloud, a platform for automatic data processing and model deployment, marking a significant advancement in hydrological research.
Jarno Verkaik, Edwin H. Sutanudjaja, Gualbert H. P. Oude Essink, Hai Xiang Lin, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 275–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the parallel PCR-GLOBWB global-scale groundwater model at 30 arcsec resolution (~1 km at the Equator). Named GLOBGM v1.0, this model is a follow-up of the 5 arcmin (~10 km) model, aiming for a higher-resolution simulation of worldwide fresh groundwater reserves under climate change and excessive pumping. For a long transient simulation using a parallel prototype of MODFLOW 6, we show that our implementation is efficient for a relatively low number of processor cores.
Han Qiu, Gautam Bisht, Lingcheng Li, Dalei Hao, and Donghui Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 143–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and validated an inter-grid-cell lateral groundwater flow model for both saturated and unsaturated zone in the ELMv2.0 framework. The developed model was benchmarked against PFLOTRAN, a 3D subsurface flow and transport model and showed comparable performance with PFLOTRAN. The developed model was also applied to the Little Washita experimental watershed. The spatial pattern of simulated groundwater table depth agreed well with the global groundwater table benchmark dataset.
Daniel Boateng and Sebastian G. Mutz
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6479–6514, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source Python framework for performing empirical-statistical downscaling of climate information, such as precipitation. The user-friendly package comprises all the downscaling cycles including data preparation, model selection, training, and evaluation, designed in an efficient and flexible manner, allowing for quick and reproducible downscaling products. The framework would contribute to climate change impact assessments by generating accurate high-resolution climate data.
Masaya Yoshikai, Takashi Nakamura, Eugene C. Herrera, Rempei Suwa, Rene Rollon, Raghab Ray, Keita Furukawa, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5847–5863, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Due to complex root system structures, representing the impacts of Rhizophora mangroves on flow in hydrodynamic models has been challenging. This study presents a new drag and turbulence model that leverages an empirical model for root systems. The model can be applied without rigorous measurements of root structures and showed high performance in flow simulations; this may provide a better understanding of hydrodynamics and related transport processes in Rhizophora mangrove forests.
Hao Chen, Tiejun Wang, Yonggen Zhang, Yun Bai, and Xi Chen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5685–5701, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5685-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5685-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effectively assembling multiple models for approaching a benchmark solution remains a long-standing issue for various geoscience domains. We here propose an automated machine learning-assisted ensemble framework (AutoML-Ens) that attempts to resolve this challenge. Results demonstrate the great potential of AutoML-Ens for improving estimations due to its two unique features, i.e., assigning dynamic weights for candidate models and taking full advantage of AutoML-assisted workflow.
Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Fuqiang Tian, Thomas Wild, Mengqi Zhao, Sean Turner, A. F. M. Kamal Chowdhury, Chris R. Vernon, Hongchang Hu, Yuan Zhuang, Mohamad Hejazi, and Hong-Yi Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5449–5472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Most existing global hydrologic models do not explicitly represent hydropower reservoirs. We are introducing a new water management module to Xanthos that distinguishes between the operational characteristics of irrigation, hydropower, and flood control reservoirs. We show that this explicit representation of hydropower reservoirs can lead to a significantly more realistic simulation of reservoir storage and releases in over 44 % of the hydropower reservoirs included in this study.
Javier Diez-Sierra, Salvador Navas, and Manuel del Jesus
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5035–5048, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5035-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5035-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
NEOPRENE is an open-source, freely available library allowing scientists and practitioners to generate synthetic time series and maps of rainfall. These outputs will help to explore plausible events that were never observed in the past but may occur in the near future and to generate possible future events under climate change conditions. The paper shows how to use the library to downscale daily precipitation and how to use synthetic generation to improve our characterization of extreme events.
Adam Pasik, Alexander Gruber, Wolfgang Preimesberger, Domenico De Santis, and Wouter Dorigo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4957–4976, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4957-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4957-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We apply the exponential filter (EF) method to satellite soil moisture retrievals to estimate the water content in the unobserved root zone globally from 2002–2020. Quality assessment against an independent dataset shows satisfactory results. Error characterization is carried out using the standard uncertainty propagation law and empirically estimated values of EF model structural uncertainty and parameter uncertainty. This is followed by analysis of temporal uncertainty variations.
Po-Wei Huang, Bernd Flemisch, Chao-Zhong Qin, Martin O. Saar, and Anozie Ebigbo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4767–4791, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water in natural environments consists of many ions. Ions are electrically charged and exert electric forces on each other. We discuss whether the electric forces are relevant in describing mixing and reaction processes in natural environments. By comparing our computer simulations to lab experiments in literature, we show that the electric interactions between ions can play an essential role in mixing and reaction processes, in which case they should not be neglected in numerical modeling.
Edward R. Jones, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Niko Wanders, Edwin H. Sutanudjaja, Ludovicus P. H. van Beek, and Michelle T. H. van Vliet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4481–4500, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
DynQual is a new high-resolution global water quality model for simulating total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand and fecal coliform as indicators of salinity, organic pollution and pathogen pollution, respectively. Output data from DynQual can supplement the observational record of water quality data, which is highly fragmented across space and time, and has the potential to inform assessments in a broad range of fields including ecological, human health and water scarcity studies.
Hugo Delottier, John Doherty, and Philip Brunner
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4213–4231, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Long run times are usually a barrier to the quantification and reduction of predictive uncertainty with complex hydrological models. Data space inversion (DSI) provides an alternative and highly model-run-efficient method for uncertainty quantification. This paper demonstrates DSI's ability to robustly quantify predictive uncertainty and extend the methodology to provide practical metrics that can guide data acquisition and analysis to achieve goals of decision-support modelling.
Zhipin Ai and Naota Hanasaki
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3275–3290, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3275-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3275-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneously simulating food production and the requirements and availability of water resources in a spatially explicit manner within a single framework remains challenging on a global scale. Here, we successfully enhanced the global hydrological model H08 that considers human water use and management to simulate the yields of four major staple crops: maize, wheat, rice, and soybean. Our improved model will be beneficial for advancing global food–water nexus studies in the future.
Emilie Rouzies, Claire Lauvernet, Bruno Sudret, and Arthur Vidard
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3137–3163, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3137-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water and pesticide transfer models are complex and should be simplified to be used in decision support. Indeed, these models simulate many spatial processes in interaction, involving a large number of parameters. Sensitivity analysis allows us to select the most influential input parameters, but it has to be adapted to spatial modelling. This study will identify relevant methods that can be transposed to any hydrological and water quality model and improve the fate of pesticide knowledge.
Guoding Chen, Ke Zhang, Sheng Wang, Yi Xia, and Lijun Chao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2915–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2915-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2915-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed a novel modeling system called iHydroSlide3D v1.0 by coupling a modified a 3D landslide model with a distributed hydrology model. The model is able to apply flexibly different simulating resolutions for hydrological and slope stability submodules and gain a high computational efficiency through parallel computation. The test results in the Yuehe River basin, China, show a good predicative capability for cascading flood–landslide events.
Jens A. de Bruijn, Mikhail Smilovic, Peter Burek, Luca Guillaumot, Yoshihide Wada, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2437–2454, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2437-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2437-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a computer simulation model of the hydrological system and human system, which can simulate the behaviour of individual farmers and their interactions with the water system at basin scale to assess how the systems have evolved and are projected to evolve in the future. For example, we can simulate the effect of subsidies provided on investment in adaptation measures and subsequent effects in the hydrological system, such as a lowering of the groundwater table or reservoir level.
Matthew D. Wilson and Thomas J. Coulthard
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2415–2436, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2415-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2415-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During flooding, the sources of water that inundate a location can influence impacts such as pollution. However, methods to trace water sources in flood events are currently only available in complex, computationally expensive hydraulic models. We propose a simplified method which can be added to efficient, reduced-complexity model codes, enabling an improved understanding of flood dynamics and its impacts. We demonstrate its application for three sites at a range of spatial and temporal scales.
Bibi S. Naz, Wendy Sharples, Yueling Ma, Klaus Goergen, and Stefan Kollet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1617–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1617-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1617-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is challenging to apply a high-resolution integrated land surface and groundwater model over large spatial scales. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of such a model over a pan-European domain at 3 km resolution and perform an extensive evaluation of simulated water states and fluxes by comparing with in situ and satellite data. This study can serve as a benchmark and baseline for future studies of climate change impact projections and for hydrological forecasting.
Cited articles
Abbott, M. B., Bathurst, J. C., Cunge, J. A., O'Connell, P. E., and
Rasmussen, J.: An introduction to the European Hydrological System –
Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, “SHE”, 2: Structure of a physically-based,
distributed modelling system, J. Hydrol., 87, 61–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90115-0, 1986.
Abdulrazzak, M. J.: Losses of flood water from alluvial channels, Arid Soil
Res. Rehab., 9, 15–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/15324989509385870, 1995.
Albergel, C., Rüdiger, C., Pellarin, T., Calvet, J.-C., Fritz, N., Froissard, F., Suquia, D., Petitpa, A., Piguet, B., and Martin, E.: From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using an exponential filter: an assessment of the method based on in-situ observations and model simulations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1323–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1323-2008, 2008.
Albergel, C., Dutra, E., Munier, S., Calvet, J.-C., Munoz-Sabater, J., de Rosnay, P., and Balsamo, G.: ERA-5 and ERA-Interim driven ISBA land surface model simulations: which one performs better?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3515–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3515-2018, 2018.
Alfieri, L., Lorini, V., Hirpa, F. A., Harrigan, S., Zsoter, E., Prudhomme,
C., and Salamon, P.: A global streamflow reanalysis for 1980–2018, J.
Hydrol. X, 6, 100049, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2019.100049, 2020.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop
evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO
Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO Rome, 300, D05109, 1998.
Anderson, M. P., Woessner, W. W., and Hunt, R. J.: Applied Groundwater
Modeling: Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport, Academic Press – Elsevier, the Netherlands, 632 pp., 2015.
Aryal, S. K., Silberstein, R. P., Fu, G., Hodgson, G., Charles, S. P., and
McFarlane, D.: Understanding spatio-temporal rainfall-runoff changes in a
semi-arid region, Hydrol. Process., 34, 2510–2530,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13744, 2020.
Assouline, S.: Infiltration into soils: Conceptual approaches and solutions,
Water Resour. Res., 49, 1755–1772, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20155,
2013.
Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation: Kendall, available at: http://cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu/Probes/StationDat/010/index.php, last access: 20 June 2021.
Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C. D., Hughes, J. D., White, J., Starn, J.,
and Fienen, M. N.: FloPy: Python package for creating, running, and
post-processing MODFLOW-based models, U.S. Geological Survey,
https://doi.org/10.5066/F7BK19FH, 2016a.
Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C. D., Hughes, J. D., White, J. T., Starn,
J. J., and Fienen, M. N.: Scripting MODFLOW Model Development Using Python
and FloPy, Groundwater, 54, 733–739, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12413,
2016b.
Barnhart, K. R., Hutton, E. W. H., Tucker, G. E., Gasparini, N. M., Istanbulluoglu, E., Hobley, D. E. J., Lyons, N. J., Mouchene, M., Nudurupati, S. S., Adams, J. M., and Bandaragoda, C.: Short communication: Landlab v2.0: a software package for Earth surface dynamics, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 379–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, 2020.
Batelaan, O. and Smedt, F. D.: SEEPAGE, a New MODFLOW DRAIN Package,
Groundwater, 42, 576–588,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02626.x, 2004.
Batelis, S.-C., Rahman, M., Kollet, S., Woods, R., and Rosolem, R.: Towards
the representation of groundwater in the Joint UK Land Environment
Simulator, Hydrol. Process., 34, 2843–2863,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13767, 2020.
Becker, R., Gebremichael, M., and Märker, M.: Impact of soil surface and
subsurface properties on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in the
semi-arid Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, USA, Geoderma, 322,
112–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.023, 2018.
Beven, K. and Binley, A.: The future of distributed models: model
calibration and uncertainty prediction, Hydrol. Process., 6, 279–298, 1992.
Braun, J. and Willett, S. D.: A very efficient O(n), implicit and parallel
method to solve the stream power equation governing fluvial incision and
landscape evolution, Geomorphology, 180–181, 170–179,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.008, 2013.
Brooks, R. H. and Corey, A. T.: Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media,
Hydrology Paper No. 3, Fort Collins,
Colorado State University, 40 pp., 1964.
Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an Advanced Land Surface–Hydrology Model
with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation
and Sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Cherlet, M., Hutchinson, C., Reynolds, J., Hill, J., Sommer, S., and von
Maltitz, G.: World atlas of desertification, Publication Office
of the European Union, Luxembourg, 3rd ed., 295 pp., 2018.
Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., and Mays, L. W.: Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Companies, Singapore, 588 pp., 1988.
Clapp, R. B. and Hornberger, G. M.: Empirical equations for some soil
hydraulic properties, Water Resour. Res., 14, 601–604,
https://doi.org/10.1029/WR014i004p00601, 1978.
Clark, M. P., Fan, Y., Lawrence, D. M., Adam, J. C., Bolster, D., Gochis, D.
J., Hooper, R. P., Kumar, M., Leung, L. R., Mackay, D. S., Maxwell, R. M.,
Shen, C., Swenson, S. C., and Zeng, X.: Improving the representation of
hydrologic processes in Earth System Models, Water Resour. Res., 51,
5929–5956, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017096, 2015.
Coes, A. L. and Pool, D. R.: Ephemeral-stream channel and basin-floor
infiltration and recharge in the Sierra Vista subwatershed of the Upper San
Pedro Basin, Southeastern Arizona: Chapter J in Ground-water recharge in the
arid and semiarid southwestern United States, Professional Paper 1703, U.S.
Geological Survey, 2007.
Craig, J. R., Liu, G., and Soulis, E. D.: Runoff–infiltration partitioning
using an upscaled Green–Ampt solution, Hydrol. Process., 24, 2328–2334,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7601, 2010.
Cuthbert, M. O., Acworth, R. I., Andersen, M. S., Larsen, J. R., McCallum,
A. M., Rau, G. C., and Tellam, J. H.: Understanding and quantifying focused,
indirect groundwater recharge from ephemeral streams using water table
fluctuations, Water Resour. Res., 52, 827–840,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017503, 2016.
Cuthbert, M. O., Gleeson, T., Moosdorf, N., Befus, K. M., Schneider, A.,
Hartmann, J., and Lehner, B.: Global patterns and dynamics of
climate–groundwater interactions, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 137–141,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0386-4, 2019a.
Cuthbert, M. O., Taylor, R. G., Favreau, G., Todd, M. C., Shamsudduha, M.,
Villholth, K. G., MacDonald, A. M., Scanlon, B. R., Kotchoni, D. O. V.,
Vouillamoz, J.-M., Lawson, F. M. A., Adjomayi, P. A., Kashaigili, J.,
Seddon, D., Sorensen, J. P. R., Ebrahim, G. Y., Owor, M., Nyenje, P. M.,
Nazoumou, Y., Goni, I., Ousmane, B. I., Sibanda, T., Ascott, M. J.,
Macdonald, D. M. J., Agyekum, W., Koussoubé, Y., Wanke, H., Kim, H.,
Wada, Y., Lo, M.-H., Oki, T., and Kukuric, N.: Observed controls on
resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa,
Nature, 572, 230–234, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1441-7, 2019b.
Dai, Y., Xin, Q., Wei, N., Zhang, Y., Shangguan, W., Yuan, H., Zhang, S.,
Liu, S., and Lu, X.: A Global High-Resolution Data Set of Soil Hydraulic and
Thermal Properties for Land Surface Modeling, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
11, 2996–3023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001784, 2019.
Datry, T., Bonada, N., and Boulton, A. (Eds.): Intermittent Rivers and
Ephemeral Streams, Ecology and Management, Academic Press – Elsevier, the Netherlands,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803835-2.09997-6, 2017.
de Graaf, I. E. M., Sutanudjaja, E. H., van Beek, L. P. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: A high-resolution global-scale groundwater model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 823–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-823-2015, 2015.
Desilets, D. and Zreda, M.: Footprint diameter for a cosmic-ray soil
moisture probe: Theory and Monte Carlo simulations, Water Resour. Res., 49,
3566–3575, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20187, 2013.
Desilets, D., Zreda, M., and Ferré, T. P. A.: Nature’s neutron probe: Land surface hydrology at an elusive scale with cosmic rays, Water Resour. Res., 46, W11505, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008726, 2010.
Emmerich, W. E. and Verdugo, C. L.: Long-term carbon dioxide and water flux
database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water
Resour. Res., 44, W05S09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005693, 2008.
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: ERA5 hourly data, ECMWF [data set], available at:
https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form (last access: 20 June 2021), 2018.
Ewen, J., Parkin, G., and O'Connell, P. E.: SHETRAN: Distributed River Basin
Flow and Transport Modeling System, J. Hydrol. Eng., 5, 250–258,
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2000)5:3(250), 2000.
Fan, Y., Li, H., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Global Patterns of Groundwater Table
Depth, Science, 339, 940–943, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229881,
2013.
Franz, T. E., Zreda, M., Ferre, T. P. A., Rosolem, R., Zweck, C., Stillman,
S., Zeng, X., and Shuttleworth, W. J.: Measurement depth of the cosmic ray
soil moisture probe affected by hydrogen from various sources, Water Resour.
Res., 48, W08515, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011871, 2012.
Franz, T. E., Zreda, M., Rosolem, R., and Ferre, T. P. A.: A universal calibration function for determination of soil moisture with cosmic-ray neutrons, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-453-2013, 2013.
Giordano, M.: Global Groundwater? Issues and Solutions, Annu. Rev. Env.
Resour., 34, 153–178,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.030308.100251, 2009.
Goodrich, D. C., Lane, L. J., Shillito, R. M., Miller, S. N., Syed, K. H.,
and Woolhiser, D. A.: Linearity of basin response as a function of scale in
a semiarid watershed, Water Resour. Res., 33, 2951–2965,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01422, 1997.
Goodrich, D. C., Keefer, T. O., Unkrich, C. L., Nichols, M. H., Osborn, H.
B., Stone, J. J., and Smith, J. R.: Long-term precipitation database, Walnut
Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res.,
44, W08515, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005782, 2008.
Goodrich, D. C., Williams, D. G., Unkrich, C. L., Hogan, J. F., Scott, R.
L., Hultine, K. R., Pool, D., Goes, A. L., and Miller, S.: Comparison of
Methods to Estimate Ephemeral Channel Recharge, Walnut Gulch, San Pedro
River Basin, Arizona, in: Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The
Southwestern United States, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 77–99,
2013.
Goodrich, D. C., Kepner, W. G., Levick, L. R., and Wigington, P. J.:
Southwestern Intermittent and Ephemeral Stream Connectivity, JAWRA J. Am.
Water Resour. Assoc., 54, 400–422, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12636,
2018.
Harbaugh, A. W.: MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular
Ground-Water Model – the Ground-Water Flow Process, U.S. Geological Survey
Techniques and Methods 6-A16, 2005.
Harbaugh, A. W., Banta, E. R., Hill, M. C., and McDonald, M. G.: MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model – User Guide to Modularization Concepts and the Ground-Water Flow Process, Geological Survey (U.S.), Denver, CO, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200092, 2000-92, 121, 2000.
Heilman, P., Nichols, M. H., Goodrich, D. C., Miller, S. N., and Guertin, D.
P.: Geographic information systems database, Walnut Gulch Experimental
Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S11,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005777, 2008.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G. D., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P.
de, Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5
global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hobley, D. E. J., Adams, J. M., Nudurupati, S. S., Hutton, E. W. H., Gasparini, N. M., Istanbulluoglu, E., and Tucker, G. E.: Creative computing with Landlab: an open-source toolkit for building, coupling, and exploring two-dimensional numerical models of Earth-surface dynamics, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 21–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-21-2017, 2017.
Holtan, H. N.: Time-condensation in hydrograph-analysis, EOS T. Am.
Geophys. Union, 26, 407–413, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR026i003p00407, 1945.
Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G., and Guo, R.: Accelerated dryland
expansion under climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, nclimate2837,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2837, 2015.
Huang, J., Li, Y., Fu, C., Chen, F., Fu, Q., Dai, A., Shinoda, M., Ma, Z.,
Guo, W., Li, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Yu, H., He, Y., Xie, Y., Guan, X., Ji,
M., Lin, L., Wang, S., Yan, H., and Wang, G.: Dryland climate change: Recent
progress and challenges, Rev. Geophys., 55, 719–778,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000550, 2017.
Hughes, A., Mansour, M., Robins, N., and Peach, D.: Numerical Modelling of
Run-off Recharge in a Catchment in the West Bank, MODFLOW More 2006 Manag.
Ground-Water Syst. Conf. Proc., 1, 385–389, 2006.
Hughes, D. A.: A simple approach to estimating channel transmission losses
in large South African river basins, J. Hydrol., 25, 100619,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100619, 2019.
Ivanov, V. Y., Vivoni, E. R., Bras, R. L., and Entekhabi, D.: Catchment
hydrologic response with a fully distributed triangulated irregular network
model, Water Resour. Res., 40, W11102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003218, 2004.
Kampf, S. K. and Burges, S. J.: A framework for classifying and comparing
distributed hillslope and catchment hydrologic models, Water Resour. Res.,
43, W05423, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005370, 2007.
Keefer, T. O., Moran, M. S., and Paige, G. B.: Long-term meteorological and
soil hydrology database, Walnut Gulch, W05S07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005702,
2008.
Kipkemoi, I., Michaelides, K., Rosolem, R., and Singer, M. B.: Climatic expression of rainfall on soil moisture dynamics in drylands, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-48, 2021.
Lahmers, T. M., Gupta, H., Castro, C. L., Gochis, D. J., Yates, D., Dugger,
A., Goodrich, D., and Hazenberg, P.: Enhancing the Structure of the
WRF-Hydro Hydrologic Model for Semiarid Environments, J. Hydrometeorol., 20,
691–714, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0064.1, 2019.
Leenaars, J. G. B., Claessens, L., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Hengl, T., Ruiperez
González, M., van Bussel, L. G. J., Guilpart, N., Yang, H., and Cassman,
K. G.: Mapping rootable depth and root zone plant-available water holding
capacity of the soil of sub-Saharan Africa, Geoderma, 324, 18–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.046, 2018.
Marçais, J., de Dreuzy, J.-R., and Erhel, J.: Dynamic coupling of
subsurface and seepage flows solved within a regularized partition
formulation, Adv. Water Resour., 109, 94–105,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.09.008, 2017.
Maxwell, R. M. and Condon, L. E.: Connections between groundwater flow and
transpiration partitioning, Science, 353, 377–380,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7891, 2016.
Mayes, M., Caylor, K. K., Singer, M. B., Stella, J. C., Roberts, D., and
Nagler, P.: Climate sensitivity of water use by riparian woodlands at
landscape scales, Hydrol. Process., 34, 4884–4903,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13942, 2020.
Mein, R. G. and Larson, C. L.: Modeling infiltration during a steady rain,
Water Resour. Res., 9, 384–394, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR009i002p00384,
1973.
Messager, M. L., Lehner, B., Cockburn, C., Lamouroux, N., Pella, H.,
Snelder, T., Tockner, K., Trautmann, T., Watt, C., and Datry, T.: Global
prevalence of non-perennial rivers and streams, Nature, 594, 391–397,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03565-5, 2021.
Michaelides, K. and Wainwright, J.: Modelling the effects of
hillslope–channel coupling on catchment hydrological response, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 27, 1441–1457, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.440, 2002.
Michaelides, K. and Wilson, M. D.: Uncertainty in predicted runoff due to
patterns of spatially variable infiltration, Water Resour. Res., 43, W02415,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005039, 2007.
Michaelides, K., Hollings, R., Singer, M. B., Nichols, M. H., and Nearing,
M. A.: Spatial and temporal analysis of hillslope–channel coupling and
implications for the longitudinal profile in a dryland basin, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 43, 1608–1621, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4340, 2018.
Miller, S. N., Youberg, A., Guertin, D. P., and Goodrich, D. C.: Channel morphology investigations using Geographic Information Systems and field research, in: Land Stewardship in the 21st Century: The Contributions of Watershed Management, Tucson, Arizona, 13–16 March 2000, 415–419, 2000.
Mudd, S. M.: Investigation of the hydrodynamics of flash floods in ephemeral
channels: Scaling analysis and simulation using a shock-capturing flow model
incorporating the effects of transmission losses, J. Hydrol., 324, 65–79,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.09.012, 2006.
Nash, I. E. and Sutcliffe, I. V.: River flow forecasting through conceptual
models, J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290, 1970.
Noorduijn, S. L., Shanafield, M., Trigg, M. A., Harrington, G. A., Cook, P.
G., and Peeters, L.: Estimating seepage flux from ephemeral stream channels
using surface water and groundwater level data, Water Resour. Res., 50,
1474–1489, https://doi.org/10.1002/2012WR013424, 2014.
Pelletier, J. D., Broxton, P. D., Hazenberg, P., Zeng, X., Troch, P. A.,
Niu, G.-Y., Williams, Z., Brunke, M. A., and Gochis, D.: A gridded global
data set of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposit thicknesses for
regional and global land surface modeling, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 8,
41–65, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000526, 2016.
Philip, J. R.: Theory of Infiltration: The infiltration equation and its solutions, Soil Sci., 171, S34–S46, 1957.
Pilgrim, D. H., Chapman, T. G., and Doran, D. G.: Problems of
rainfall-runoff modelling in arid and semiarid regions, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 33,
379–400, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668809491261, 1988.
Power, D., Rico-Ramirez, M. A., Desilets, S., Desilets, D., and Rosolem, R.: Cosmic-Ray neutron Sensor PYthon tool (crspy): An open-source tool for the processing of cosmic-ray neutron and soil moisture data, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-77, in review, 2021.
Quichimbo, E. A., Singer, M. B., and Cuthbert, M. O.: Characterising
groundwater–surface water interactions in idealised ephemeral stream
systems, Hydrol. Process., 34, 3792–3806,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13847, 2020.
Quichimbo, E. A., Cuthbert, M. O., Singer, M. B., Michaelides, K., Rosolem, R., and Hobley, D. E. J.: DRYP 1.0: A parsimonious hydrological model of DRYland Partitioning of the water balance, In DRYP 1.0: A parsimonious hydrological model of DRYland Partitioning of the water balance (1.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5061988, 2021.
Rahman, M., Rosolem, R., Kollet, S. J., and Wagener, T.: Towards a
computationally efficient free-surface groundwater flow boundary condition
for large-scale hydrological modelling, Adv. Water Resour., 123, 225–233,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.11.015, 2019.
Rawls, W. J., Brakensiek, D. L., and Saxtonn, K. E.: Estimation of Soil
Water Properties, T. ASAE, 25, 1316–1320,
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.33720, 1982.
Reinecke, R., Foglia, L., Mehl, S., Trautmann, T., Cáceres, D., and Döll, P.: Challenges in developing a global gradient-based groundwater model (G3M v1.0) for the integration into a global hydrological model, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2401–2418, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2401-2019, 2019.
Renard, K. G.: The hydrology of semiarid rangeland watersheds, Rep. ARS-41-162, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 28 pp., 1970.
Renard, K. G., Nichols, M. H., Woolhiser, D. A., and Osborn, H. B.: A brief
background on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research
Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S02,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005691, 2008.
Reynolds, J. F., Smith, D. M. S., Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Mortimore,
M., Batterbury, S. P. J., Downing, T. E., Dowlatabadi, H., Fernández, R.
J., Herrick, J. E., Huber-Sannwald, E., Jiang, H., Leemans, R., Lynam, T.,
Maestre, F. T., Ayarza, M., and Walker, B.: Global Desertification: Building
a Science for Dryland Development, Science, 316, 847–851,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131634, 2007.
Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan,
L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C.,
Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., and Wofsy, S. C.: A multi-site analysis of
random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxes, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 136, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.007,
2006.
Rosolem, R., Shuttleworth, W. J., Zreda, M., Franz, T. E., Zeng, X., and
Kurc, S. A.: The Effect of Atmospheric Water Vapor on Neutron Count in the
Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Observing System, J. Hydrometeorol., 14,
1659–1671, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0120.1, 2013.
Schaake, J. C., Koren, V. I., Duan, Q.-Y., Mitchell, K., and Chen, F.:
Simple water balance model for estimating runoff at different spatial and
temporal scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 7461–7475,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02892, 1996.
Schmidt, A., Hanson, C., Chan, W. S., and Law, B. E.: Empirical assessment
of uncertainties of meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes in the
AmeriFlux network, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, G04014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002100, 2012.
Schreiner-McGraw, A., Ajami, H., and Vivoni, E. R.: Extreme weather events
and transmission losses in arid streams, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 084002,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2949, 2019.
Schrön, M., Köhli, M., Scheiffele, L., Iwema, J., Bogena, H. R., Lv, L., Martini, E., Baroni, G., Rosolem, R., Weimar, J., Mai, J., Cuntz, M., Rebmann, C., Oswald, S. E., Dietrich, P., Schmidt, U., and Zacharias, S.: Improving calibration and validation of cosmic-ray neutron sensors in the light of spatial sensitivity, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017.
Scoging, H. M. and Thornes, J. B.: Infiltration characteristics in a semiarid environment, in: The Hydrology of areas of low precipitation, Canberra Symposium, Paris, 1979, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 128, 159–168, 1979.
Scott, R. L.: Using watershed water balance to evaluate the accuracy of eddy
covariance evaporation measurements for three semiarid ecosystems, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 150, 219–225,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.11.002, 2010.
Scott, R.: US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands, (2021), AmeriFlux BASE US-Wkg Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands, Ver. 17-5, AmeriFlux AMP [data set], https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246112, 2021.
Scott, R. L., Biederman, J. A., Hamerlynck, E. P., and Barron-Gafford, G.
A.: The carbon balance pivot point of southwestern U.S. semiarid ecosystems:
Insights from the 21st century drought, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
120, 2612–2624, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003181, 2015.
Shanafield, M. and Cook, P. G.: Transmission losses, infiltration and
groundwater recharge through ephemeral and intermittent streambeds: A review
of applied methods, J. Hydrol., 511, 518–529,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.068, 2014.
Sherman, L. K.: Comparison f-curves derived by the methods of sharp and
Holtan and of Sherman and Mayer, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Union, 24,
465–467, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR024i002p00465, 1943.
Siebert, S., Burke, J., Faures, J. M., Frenken, K., Hoogeveen, J., Döll, P., and Portmann, F. T.: Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1863–1880, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010, 2010.
Šimunek, J., Van Genuchten, M. T., and Šejna, M.: The HYDRUS
software package for simulating two-and three-dimensional movement of water,
heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media, Tech. Man. Version,
1, 241, 2006.
Singer, M. B. and Michaelides, K.: How is topographic simplicity maintained
in ephemeral dryland channels?, Geology, 42, 1091–1094,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G36267.1, 2014.
Singer, M. B. and Michaelides, K.: Deciphering the expression of climate
change within the Lower Colorado River basin by stochastic simulation of
convective rainfall, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 104011,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8e50, 2017.
Singer, M. B., Michaelides, K., and Hobley, D. E. J.: STORM 1.0: a simple, flexible, and parsimonious stochastic rainfall generator for simulating climate and climate change, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3713–3726, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3713-2018, 2018.
Singer, M. B., Asfaw, D. T., Rosolem, R., Cuthbert, M. O., Miralles, D. G.,
MacLeod, D., Quichimbo, E. A., and Michaelides, K.: Hourly potential
evapotranspiration at 0.1∘ resolution for the global land surface
from 1981-present, Sci. Data, 8, 224,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-01003-9, 2021.
Sivapalan, M. and Milly, P. C. D.: On the relationship between the time
condensation approximation and the flux concentration relation, J. Hydrol.,
105, 357–367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90113-3, 1989.
Sourthwest Watershed Research Center: Online Data access, available at: https://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/dap/runoff_aggregate.asp, last access: 20 June 2021.
Stone, J. J., Nichols, M. H., Goodrich, D. C., and Buono, J.: Long-term
runoff database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United
States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005733, 2008.
Tarek, M., Brissette, F. P., and Arsenault, R.: Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis as a potential reference dataset for hydrological modelling over North America, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2527–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2527-2020, 2020.
Taylor, R. G., Scanlon, B., Döll, P., Rodell, M., Beek, R. van, Wada,
Y., Longuevergne, L., Leblanc, M., Famiglietti, J. S., Edmunds, M., Konikow,
L., Green, T. R., Chen, J., Taniguchi, M., Bierkens, M. F. P., MacDonald,
A., Fan, Y., Maxwell, R. M., Yechieli, Y., Gurdak, J. J., Allen, D. M.,
Shamsudduha, M., Hiscock, K., Yeh, P. J.-F., Holman, I., and Treidel, H.:
Ground water and climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, nclimate1744,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1744, 2012.
Taylor, R. G., Todd, M. C., Kongola, L., Maurice, L., Nahozya, E., Sanga,
H., and MacDonald, A. M.: Evidence of the dependence of groundwater
resources on extreme rainfall in East Africa, Nat. Clim. Change, 3,
374–378, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1731, 2013.
Twine, T. E., Kustas, W. P., Norman, J. M., Cook, D. R., Houser, P. R.,
Meyers, T. P., Prueger, J. H., Starks, P. J., and Wesely, M. L.: Correcting
eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
103, 279–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00123-4, 2000.
Vergnes, J.-P., Decharme, B., Alkama, R., Martin, E., Habets, F., and
Douville, H.: A Simple Groundwater Scheme for Hydrological and Climate
Applications: Description and Offline Evaluation over France, J.
Hydrometeorol., 13, 1149–1171, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-0149.1,
2012.
Wagner, W., Lemoine, G., and Rott, H.: A Method for Estimating Soil Moisture
from ERS Scatterometer and Soil Data, Remote Sens. Environ., 70, 191–207,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00036-X, 1999.
Walker, W. R.: Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Surface Irrigation Systems, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 45, FAO, Rome, 1989.
Wang, H. F. and Anderson, M. P.: Introduction to Groundwater Modeling:
Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, San
Francisco, 237 pp., 1982.
Wang, L., Chen, W., Huang, G., and Zeng, G.: Changes of the transitional
climate zone in East Asia: past and future, Clim. Dynam., 49, 1463–1477,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3400-4, 2017.
Wheater, H., Sorooshian, S., and Sharma, K. D. (Eds.): Hydrological
Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, 1 edition, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, New York, 222 pp., 2007.
White, R. P. and Nackoney, J.: Drylands, People, and Ecosystem Goods and Services, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., 58 pp., 2003.
Wood, E. F., Lettenmaier, D. P., Liang, X., Lohmann, D., Boone, A., Chang,
S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Dickinson, R. E., Duan, Q., Ek, M., Gusev, Y. M.,
Habets, F., Irannejad, P., Koster, R., Mitchel, K. E., Nasonova, O. N.,
Noilhan, J., Schaake, J., Schlosser, A., Shao, Y., Shmakin, A. B., Verseghy,
D., Warrach, K., Wetzel, P., Xue, Y., Yang, Z. L., and Zeng, Q. C.: The
project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes (PILPS)
phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment: 1. Experiment description
and summary intercomparisons, Global Planet. Change, 19, 115–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00044-7, 1998.
Woodward, C. S. and Dawson, C. N.: Analysis of Expanded Mixed Finite Element
Methods for a Nonlinear Parabolic Equation Modeling Flow into Variably
Saturated Porous Media, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. Phila., 37, 701–724,
https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036142996311040, 2000.
Woolhiser, D. A., Smith, R., and Goodrich, D. C.: KINEROS: a kinematic runoff and erosion model: documentation and user manual, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 77 pp., 1990.
Zimmer, M. A., Kaiser, K. E., Blaszczak, J. R., Zipper, S. C., Hammond, J.
C., Fritz, K. M., Costigan, K. H., Hosen, J., Godsey, S. E., Allen, G. H.,
Kampf, S., Burrows, R. M., Krabbenhoft, C. A., Dodds, W., Hale, R., Olden,
J. D., Shanafield, M., DelVecchia, A. G., Ward, A. S., Mims, M. C., Datry,
T., Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., Busch, M. H., Jones, C. N., Burgin, A. J.,
and Allen, D. C.: Zero or not? Causes and consequences of zero-flow stream
gage readings, WIREs Water, 7, e1436, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1436,
2020.
Zoccatelli, D., Marra, F., Armon, M., Rinat, Y., Smith, J. A., and Morin, E.: Contrasting rainfall-runoff characteristics of floods in desert and Mediterranean basins, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2665-2019, 2019.
Zreda, M., Shuttleworth, W. J., Zeng, X., Zweck, C., Desilets, D., Franz, T., and Rosolem, R.: COSMOS: the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4079–4099, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4079-2012, 2012.
Short summary
Understanding and quantifying water partitioning in dryland regions are of key importance to anticipate the future impacts of climate change in water resources and dryland ecosystems. Here, we have developed a simple hydrological model (DRYP) that incorporates the key processes of water partitioning in drylands. DRYP is a modular, versatile, and parsimonious model that can be used to anticipate and plan for climatic and anthropogenic changes to water fluxes and storage in dryland regions.
Understanding and quantifying water partitioning in dryland regions are of key importance to...
