Articles | Volume 15, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1155-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1155-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
08 Feb 2022
Model description paper |
| 08 Feb 2022
| 08 Feb 2022
An improved regional coupled modeling system for Arctic sea ice simulation and prediction: a case study for 2018
Chao-Yuan Yang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai,
Guangdong, China
Jiping Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at
Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
Dake Chen
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai,
Guangdong, China
Related authors
Hu Yang, Xiaoxu Shi, Xulong Wang, Qingsong Liu, Yi Zhong, Xiaodong Liu, Youbin Sun, Yanjun Cai, Fei Liu, Gerrit Lohmann, Martin Werner, Zhimin Jian, Tainã M. L. Pinho, Hai Cheng, Lijuan Lu, Jiping Liu, Chao-Yuan Yang, Qinghua Yang, Yongyun Hu, Xing Cheng, Jingyu Zhang, and Dake Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2778, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The precession driven low-latitude hydrological cycle is not paced by hemispheric summer insolation, but shifting perihelion.
Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, and Dake Chen
The Cryosphere, 18, 1215–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new atmosphere–ocean–wave–sea ice coupled model to study the influences of ocean waves on Arctic sea ice simulation. Our results show (1) smaller ice-floe size with wave breaking increases ice melt, (2) the responses in the atmosphere and ocean to smaller floe size partially reduce the effect of the enhanced ice melt, (3) the limited oceanic energy is a strong constraint for ice melt enhancement, and (4) ocean waves can indirectly affect sea ice through the atmosphere and the ocean.
Xiaoxu Shi, Martin Werner, Hu Yang, Roberta D'Agostino, Jiping Liu, Chaoyuan Yang, and Gerrit Lohmann
Clim. Past, 19, 2157–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) marks the most recent extremely cold and dry time period of our planet. Using AWI-ESM, we quantify the relative importance of Earth's orbit, greenhouse gases (GHG) and ice sheets (IS) in determining the LGM climate. Our results suggest that both GHG and IS play important roles in shaping the LGM temperature. Continental ice sheets exert a major control on precipitation, atmospheric dynamics, and the intensity of El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Fengguan Gu, Qinghua Yang, Frank Kauker, Changwei Liu, Guanghua Hao, Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, Petra Heil, Xuewei Li, and Bo Han
The Cryosphere, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice thickness was simulated by a single-column model and compared with in situ observations obtained off Zhongshan Station in the Antarctic. It is shown that the unrealistic precipitation in the atmospheric forcing data leads to the largest bias in sea ice thickness and snow depth modeling. In addition, the increasing snow depth gradually inhibits the growth of sea ice associated with thermal blanketing by the snow.
Han Zhang, Dake Chen, Tongya Liu, Di Tian, Min He, Qi Li, Guofei Wei, and Jian Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5665–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a cross-shaped moored array dataset (MASCS 1.0) of observations that consist of five buoys and four moorings in the northern South China Sea from 2014 to 2015. The moored array is influenced by atmospheric forcings such as tropical cyclones and monsoon as well as oceanic tides and flows. The data reveal variations of the air–sea interface and the ocean itself, which are valuable for studies of air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics in the northern South China Sea.
Hu Yang, Xiaoxu Shi, Xulong Wang, Qingsong Liu, Yi Zhong, Xiaodong Liu, Youbin Sun, Yanjun Cai, Fei Liu, Gerrit Lohmann, Martin Werner, Zhimin Jian, Tainã M. L. Pinho, Hai Cheng, Lijuan Lu, Jiping Liu, Chao-Yuan Yang, Qinghua Yang, Yongyun Hu, Xing Cheng, Jingyu Zhang, and Dake Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2778, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The precession driven low-latitude hydrological cycle is not paced by hemispheric summer insolation, but shifting perihelion.
Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, and Dake Chen
The Cryosphere, 18, 1215–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new atmosphere–ocean–wave–sea ice coupled model to study the influences of ocean waves on Arctic sea ice simulation. Our results show (1) smaller ice-floe size with wave breaking increases ice melt, (2) the responses in the atmosphere and ocean to smaller floe size partially reduce the effect of the enhanced ice melt, (3) the limited oceanic energy is a strong constraint for ice melt enhancement, and (4) ocean waves can indirectly affect sea ice through the atmosphere and the ocean.
Xiaoxu Shi, Martin Werner, Hu Yang, Roberta D'Agostino, Jiping Liu, Chaoyuan Yang, and Gerrit Lohmann
Clim. Past, 19, 2157–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) marks the most recent extremely cold and dry time period of our planet. Using AWI-ESM, we quantify the relative importance of Earth's orbit, greenhouse gases (GHG) and ice sheets (IS) in determining the LGM climate. Our results suggest that both GHG and IS play important roles in shaping the LGM temperature. Continental ice sheets exert a major control on precipitation, atmospheric dynamics, and the intensity of El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Shijie Peng, Qinghua Yang, Matthew D. Shupe, Xingya Xi, Bo Han, Dake Chen, Sandro Dahlke, and Changwei Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8683–8703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Due to a lack of observations, the structure of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) remains to be further explored. By analyzing a year-round radiosonde dataset collected over the Arctic sea-ice surface, we found the annual cycle of the ABL height (ABLH) is primarily controlled by the evolution of ABL thermal structure, and the surface conditions also show a high correlation with ABLH variation. In addition, the Arctic ABLH is found to be decreased in summer compared with 20 years ago.
Fengguan Gu, Qinghua Yang, Frank Kauker, Changwei Liu, Guanghua Hao, Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, Petra Heil, Xuewei Li, and Bo Han
The Cryosphere, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice thickness was simulated by a single-column model and compared with in situ observations obtained off Zhongshan Station in the Antarctic. It is shown that the unrealistic precipitation in the atmospheric forcing data leads to the largest bias in sea ice thickness and snow depth modeling. In addition, the increasing snow depth gradually inhibits the growth of sea ice associated with thermal blanketing by the snow.
Mengzhen Qi, Yan Liu, Jiping Liu, Xiao Cheng, Yijing Lin, Qiyang Feng, Qiang Shen, and Zhitong Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4583–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4583-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4583-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 1975 annual calving events larger than 1 km2 were detected on the Antarctic ice shelves from August 2005 to August 2020. The average annual calved area was measured as 3549.1 km2, and the average calving rate was measured as 770.3 Gt yr-1. Iceberg calving is most prevalent in West Antarctica, followed by the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica. This annual iceberg calving dataset provides consistent and precise calving observations with the longest time coverage.
Xiaoxu Shi, Dirk Notz, Jiping Liu, Hu Yang, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4891–4908, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The ice–ocean heat flux is one of the key elements controlling sea ice changes. It motivates our study, which aims to examine the responses of modeled climate to three ice–ocean heat flux parameterizations, including two old approaches that assume one-way heat transport and a new one describing a double-diffusive ice–ocean heat exchange. The results show pronounced differences in the modeled sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere states for the latter as compared to the former two parameterizations.
Xuewei Li, Qinghua Yang, Lejiang Yu, Paul R. Holland, Chao Min, Longjiang Mu, and Dake Chen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-359, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-359, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic sea ice thickness record minimum is confirmed occurring in autumn 2011. The dynamic and thermodynamic processes leading to the minimum thickness is analyzed based on a daily sea ice thickness reanalysis data covering the melting season. The results demonstrate that the dynamic transport of multiyear ice and the subsequent surface energy budget response is a critical mechanism actively contributing to the evolution of Arctic sea ice thickness in 2011.
Chao Min, Longjiang Mu, Qinghua Yang, Robert Ricker, Qian Shi, Bo Han, Renhao Wu, and Jiping Liu
The Cryosphere, 13, 3209–3224, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3209-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3209-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice volume export through the Fram Strait has been studied using varied methods, however, mostly in winter months. Here we report sea ice volume estimates that extend over summer seasons. A recent developed sea ice thickness dataset, in which CryoSat-2 and SMOS sea ice thickness together with SSMI/SSMIS sea ice concentration are assimilated, is used and evaluated in the paper. Results show our estimate is more reasonable than that calculated by satellite data only.
Yifan Ding, Xiao Cheng, Jiping Liu, Fengming Hui, and Zhenzhan Wang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-208, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-208, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a new melt pond fraction (MPF) data set over sea ice on Arctic-wide scale, using a method of ensemble-based deep neural network. Based on the new dataset, we analyze the spatial-temporal variations of MPF on different ice types and the prediction of MPF to the Arctic sea ice extent in recent years. The new dataset may help improve the prediction of the Arctic sea ice minimum by assimilating the MPF in models.
Tingfeng Dou, Cunde Xiao, Jiping Liu, Wei Han, Zhiheng Du, Andrew R. Mahoney, Joshua Jones, and Hajo Eicken
The Cryosphere, 13, 1233–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1233-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1233-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The variability and potential trends of rain-on-snow events over Arctic sea ice and their role in sea-ice losses are poorly understood. This study demonstrates that rain-on-snow events are a critical factor in initiating the onset of surface melt over Arctic sea ice, and onset of spring rainfall over sea ice has shifted to earlier dates since the 1970s, which may have profound impacts on ice melt through feedbacks involving earlier onset of surface melt.
Yuanyuan Zhang, Xiao Cheng, Jiping Liu, and Fengming Hui
The Cryosphere, 12, 3747–3757, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3747-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3747-2018, 2018
Lu Zhou, Shiming Xu, Jiping Liu, and Bin Wang
The Cryosphere, 12, 993–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-993-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-993-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This work proposes a new data synergy method for the retrieval of sea ice thickness and snow depth by using colocating L-band passive remote sensing and active laser altimetry. Physical models are adopted for the retrieval, including L-band radiation model and buoyancy relationship. Covariability of snow depth and total freeboard is further utilized to mitigate resolution differences and improve retrievability. The method can be applied to future campaigns including ICESat-2 and WCOM.
Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, Yongyun Hu, Radley M. Horton, Liqi Chen, and Xiao Cheng
The Cryosphere, 10, 2429–2452, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2429-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2429-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The anomaly correlation analysis between the decadal hindcast and observed sea ice suggests that in the Arctic, the areas showing significant predictive skill become broader associated with increasing lead times. This area expansion is largely because nearly all the models are capable of predicting the observed decreasing Arctic sea ice cover. Antarctic sea ice decadal hindcasts do not show broad predictive skill at any timescales.
S. Xu, B. Wang, and J. Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3471–3485, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3471-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3471-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This article applies Schwarz-Christoffel (SC) conformal mappings for single-connected and multiple-connected regions to the generation of general orthogonal grids for OGCMs, to achieve 1) the enlarged lat-lon proportion, 2) the removal of landmass and easier load balancing, 3) better spatial resolution on continental boundaries, and 4) alignment of grid lines to large-scale coastlines. The generated grids could be readily utilized by the majority of OGCMs that support general orthogonal grids.
Related subject area
Cryosphere
Evaluation of MITgcm-based ocean reanalyses for the Southern Ocean
Improvements in the land surface configuration to better simulate seasonal snow cover in the European Alps with the CNRM-AROME (cycle 46) convection-permitting regional climate model
A three-stage model pipeline predicting regional avalanche danger in Switzerland (RAvaFcast v1.0.0): a decision-support tool for operational avalanche forecasting
A global–land snow scheme (GLASS) v1.0 for the GFDL Earth System Model: formulation and evaluation at instrumented sites
Design and performance of ELSA v2.0: an isochronal model for ice-sheet layer tracing
Southern Ocean Ice Prediction System version 1.0 (SOIPS v1.0): description of the system and evaluation of synoptic-scale sea ice forecasts
Lagrangian tracking of sea ice in Community Ice CodE (CICE; version 5)
openAMUNDSEN v1.0: an open-source snow-hydrological model for mountain regions
OpenFOAM-avalanche 2312: depth-integrated models beyond dense-flow avalanches
Refactoring the elastic–viscous–plastic solver from the sea ice model CICE v6.5.1 for improved performance
A new 3D full-Stokes calving algorithm within Elmer/Ice (v9.0)
Clustering simulated snow profiles to form avalanche forecast regions
Quantitative Sub-Ice and Marine Tracing of Antarctic Sediment Provenance (TASP v1.0)
Simulation of snow albedo and solar irradiance profile with the two-stream radiative transfer in snow (TARTES) v2.0 model
Simulations of Snow Physicochemical Properties in Northern China using WRF-Chem
A novel numerical implementation for the surface energy budget of melting snowpacks and glaciers
SnowPappus v1.0, a blowing-snow model for large-scale applications of the Crocus snow scheme
A stochastic parameterization of ice sheet surface mass balance for the Stochastic Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level System Model (StISSM v1.0)
Graphics-processing-unit-accelerated ice flow solver for unstructured meshes using the Shallow-Shelf Approximation (FastIceFlo v1.0.1)
A finite-element framework to explore the numerical solution of the coupled problem of heat conduction, water vapor diffusion, and settlement in dry snow (IvoriFEM v0.1.0)
AvaFrame com1DFA (v1.3): a thickness-integrated computational avalanche module – theory, numerics, and testing
Universal differential equations for glacier ice flow modelling
A new model for supraglacial hydrology evolution and drainage for the Greenland Ice Sheet (SHED v1.0)
Modeling sensitivities of thermally and hydraulically driven ice stream surge cycling
A parallel implementation of the confined–unconfined aquifer system model for subglacial hydrology: design, verification, and performance analysis (CUAS-MPI v0.1.0)
Automatic snow type classification of snow micropenetrometer profiles with machine learning algorithms
An empirical model to calculate snow depth from daily snow water equivalent: SWE2HS 1.0
A wind-driven snow redistribution module for Alpine3D v3.3.0: adaptations designed for downscaling ice sheet surface mass balance
SnowQM 1.0: A fast R Package for bias-correcting spatial fields of snow water equivalent using quantile mapping
The CryoGrid community model (version 1.0) – a multi-physics toolbox for climate-driven simulations in the terrestrial cryosphere
Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research
Sensitivity of NEMO4.0-SI3 model parameters on sea ice budgets in the Southern Ocean
Introducing CRYOWRF v1.0: multiscale atmospheric flow simulations with advanced snow cover modelling
SUHMO: an adaptive mesh refinement SUbglacial Hydrology MOdel v1.0
Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau
The Multiple Snow Data Assimilation System (MuSA v1.0)
The Stochastic Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level System Model v1.0 (StISSM v1.0)
Improved representation of the contemporary Greenland ice sheet firn layer by IMAU-FDM v1.2G
Modeling the small-scale deposition of snow onto structured Arctic sea ice during a MOSAiC storm using snowBedFoam 1.0.
Benchmarking the vertically integrated ice-sheet model IMAU-ICE (version 2.0)
SnowClim v1.0: high-resolution snow model and data for the western United States
Snow Multidata Mapping and Modeling (S3M) 5.1: a distributed cryospheric model with dry and wet snow, data assimilation, glacier mass balance, and debris-driven melt
MPAS-Seaice (v1.0.0): sea-ice dynamics on unstructured Voronoi meshes
Explicitly modelling microtopography in permafrost landscapes in a land surface model (JULES vn5.4_microtopography)
Geometric remapping of particle distributions in the Discrete Element Model for Sea Ice (DEMSI v0.0)
Mapping high-resolution basal topography of West Antarctica from radar data using non-stationary multiple-point geostatistics (MPS-BedMappingV1)
NEMO-Bohai 1.0: a high-resolution ocean and sea ice modelling system for the Bohai Sea, China
WIFF1.0: a hybrid machine-learning-based parameterization of wave-induced sea ice floe fracture
The Whole Antarctic Ocean Model (WAOM v1.0): development and evaluation
SNICAR-ADv3: a community tool for modeling spectral snow albedo
Yoshihiro Nakayama, Alena Malyarenko, Hong Zhang, Ou Wang, Matthis Auger, Yafei Nie, Ian Fenty, Matthew Mazloff, Armin Köhl, and Dimitris Menemenlis
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global- and basin-scale ocean reanalyses are becoming easily accessible. However, such ocean reanalyses are optimized for their entire model domains and their ability to simulate the Southern Ocean requires evaluation. We conduct intercomparison analyses of Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm)-based ocean reanalyses. They generally perform well for the open ocean, but open-ocean temporal variability and Antarctic continental shelves require improvements.
Diego Monteiro, Cécile Caillaud, Matthieu Lafaysse, Adrien Napoly, Mathieu Fructus, Antoinette Alias, and Samuel Morin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7645–7677, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7645-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7645-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling snow cover in climate and weather forecasting models is a challenge even for high-resolution models. Recent simulations with CNRM-AROME have shown difficulties when representing snow in the European Alps. Using remote sensing data and in situ observations, we evaluate modifications of the land surface configuration in order to improve it. We propose a new surface configuration, enabling a more realistic simulation of snow cover, relevant for climate and weather forecasting applications.
Alessandro Maissen, Frank Techel, and Michele Volpi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7569–7593, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By harnessing AI models, this work enables processing large amounts of data, including weather conditions, snowpack characteristics, and historical avalanche data, to predict human-like avalanche forecasts in Switzerland. Our proposed model can significantly assist avalanche forecasters in their decision-making process, thereby facilitating more efficient and accurate predictions crucial for ensuring safety in Switzerland's avalanche-prone regions.
Enrico Zorzetto, Sergey Malyshev, Paul Ginoux, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7219–7244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new snow scheme developed for use in global climate models, which simulates the interactions of snowpack with vegetation, atmosphere, and soil. We test the new snow model over a set of sites where in situ observations are available. We find that when compared to a simpler snow model, this model improves predictions of seasonal snow and of soil temperature under the snowpack, important variables for simulating both the hydrological cycle and the global climate system.
Therese Rieckh, Andreas Born, Alexander Robinson, Robert Law, and Gerrit Gülle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6987–7000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the open-source model ELSA, which simulates the internal age structure of large ice sheets. It creates layers of snow accumulation at fixed times during the simulation, which are used to model the internal stratification of the ice sheet. Together with reconstructed isochrones from radiostratigraphy data, ELSA can be used to assess ice sheet models and to improve their parameterization. ELSA can be used coupled to an ice sheet model or forced with its output.
Fu Zhao, Xi Liang, Zhongxiang Tian, Ming Li, Na Liu, and Chengyan Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6867–6886, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we introduce a newly developed Antarctic sea ice forecasting system, namely the Southern Ocean Ice Prediction System (SOIPS). The system is based on a regional sea ice‒ocean‒ice shelf coupled model and can assimilate sea ice concentration observations. By assessing the system's performance in sea ice forecasts, we find that the system can provide reliable Antarctic sea ice forecasts for the next 7 d and has the potential to guide ship navigation in the Antarctic sea ice zone.
Chenhui Ning, Shiming Xu, Yan Zhang, Xuantong Wang, Zhihao Fan, and Jiping Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6847–6866, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models are mainly based on non-moving structured grids, which is different from buoy measurements that follow the ice drift. To facilitate Lagrangian analysis, we introduce online tracking of sea ice in Community Ice CodE (CICE). We validate the sea ice tracking with buoys and evaluate the sea ice deformation in high-resolution simulations, which show multi-fractal characteristics. The source code is openly available and can be used in various scientific and operational applications.
Ulrich Strasser, Michael Warscher, Erwin Rottler, and Florian Hanzer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6775–6797, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
openAMUNDSEN is a fully distributed open-source snow-hydrological model for mountain catchments. It includes process representations of an empirical, semi-empirical, and physical nature. It uses temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, and wind speed as forcing data and is computationally efficient, of a modular nature, and easily extendible. The Python code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/openamundsen/openamundsen), including documentation (https://doc.openamundsen.org).
Matthias Rauter and Julia Kowalski
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6545–6569, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow avalanches can form large powder clouds that substantially exceed the velocity and reach of the dense core. Only a few complex models exist to simulate this phenomenon, and the respective hazard is hard to predict. This work provides a novel flow model that focuses on simple relations while still encapsulating the significant behaviour. The model is applied to reconstruct two catastrophic powder snow avalanche events in Austria.
Till Andreas Soya Rasmussen, Jacob Poulsen, Mads Hvid Ribergaard, Ruchira Sasanka, Anthony P. Craig, Elizabeth C. Hunke, and Stefan Rethmeier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6529–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system models (ESMs) today strive for better quality based on improved resolutions and improved physics. A limiting factor is the supercomputers at hand and how best to utilize them. This study focuses on the refactorization of one part of a sea ice model (CICE), namely the dynamics. It shows that the performance can be significantly improved, which means that one can either run the same simulations much cheaper or advance the system according to what is needed.
Iain Wheel, Douglas I. Benn, Anna J. Crawford, Joe Todd, and Thomas Zwinger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5759–5777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Calving, the detachment of large icebergs from glaciers, is one of the largest uncertainties in future sea level rise projections. This process is poorly understood, and there is an absence of detailed models capable of simulating calving. A new 3D calving model has been developed to better understand calving at glaciers where detailed modelling was previously limited. Importantly, the new model is very flexible. By allowing for unrestricted calving geometries, it can be applied at any location.
Simon Horton, Florian Herla, and Pascal Haegeli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1609, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1609, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method for avalanche forecasters to analyze patterns in snowpack model simulations. It uses fuzzy clustering to group small regions into larger forecast areas based on snow characteristics, location, and time. Tested in the Columbia Mountains during winter 2022–23, it accurately matched real forecast regions and identified major avalanche hazard patterns. This approach simplifies complex model outputs, helping forecasters make informed decisions.
Jim Marschalek, Edward Gasson, Tina van de Flierdt, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Martin Siegert, and Liam Holder
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-104, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet models can help predict how Antarctica's ice sheets respond to environmental change, and such models benefit from comparison to geological data. Here, we use an ice sheet model output, plus other data, to predict the erosion of debris and trace its transport to where it is deposited on the ocean floor. This allows the results of ice sheet modelling to be directly and quantitively compared to real-world data, helping to reduce uncertainty regarding Antarctic sea level contribution.
Ghislain Picard and Quentin Libois
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1176, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1176, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
TARTES is a radiative transfer model to compute the reflectivity in the solar domain (albedo), and the profiles of solar light and energy absorption in a multi-layered snowpack whose physical properties are prescribed by the user. It uniquely considers snow grain shape in a flexible way, allowing us to apply the most recent advances showing that snow does not behave as a collection of ice spheres, but instead as a random medium. TARTES is also simple but compares well with other complex models.
Xia Wang, Tao Che, Xueyin Ruan, Shanna Yue, Jing Wang, Chun Zhao, and Lei Geng
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-37, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We employed the WRF-Chem model to parameterize atmospheric nitrate deposition in snow and evaluated its performance in simulating snow cover, snow depth, and concentrations of black carbon (BC), dust, and nitrate using new observations from Northern China. The results generally exhibit reasonable agreement with field observations in northern China, demonstrating the model's capability to simulate snow properties, including concentrations of reservoir species.
Kévin Fourteau, Julien Brondex, Fanny Brun, and Marie Dumont
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1903–1929, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we provide a novel numerical implementation for solving the energy exchanges at the surface of snow and ice. By combining the strong points of previous models, our solution leads to more accurate and robust simulations of the energy exchanges, surface temperature, and melt while preserving a reasonable computation time.
Matthieu Baron, Ange Haddjeri, Matthieu Lafaysse, Louis Le Toumelin, Vincent Vionnet, and Mathieu Fructus
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1297–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing the spatial resolution of numerical systems simulating snowpack evolution in mountain areas requires representing small-scale processes such as wind-induced snow transport. We present SnowPappus, a simple scheme coupled with the Crocus snow model to compute blowing-snow fluxes and redistribute snow among grid points at 250 m resolution. In terms of numerical cost, it is suitable for large-scale applications. We present point-scale evaluations of fluxes and snow transport occurrence.
Lizz Ultee, Alexander A. Robel, and Stefano Castruccio
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1041–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The surface mass balance (SMB) of an ice sheet describes the net gain or loss of mass from ice sheets (such as those in Greenland and Antarctica) through interaction with the atmosphere. We developed a statistical method to generate a wide range of SMB fields that reflect the best understanding of SMB processes. Efficiently sampling the variability of SMB will help us understand sources of uncertainty in ice sheet model projections.
Anjali Sandip, Ludovic Räss, and Mathieu Morlighem
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 899–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-899-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-899-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We solve momentum balance for unstructured meshes to predict ice flow for real glaciers using a pseudo-transient method on graphics processing units (GPUs) and compare it to a standard central processing unit (CPU) implementation. We justify the GPU implementation by applying the price-to-performance metric for up to million-grid-point spatial resolutions. This study represents a first step toward leveraging GPU processing power, enabling more accurate polar ice discharge predictions.
Julien Brondex, Kévin Fourteau, Marie Dumont, Pascal Hagenmuller, Neige Calonne, François Tuzet, and Henning Löwe
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7075–7106, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vapor diffusion is one of the main processes governing snowpack evolution, and it must be accounted for in models. Recent attempts to represent vapor diffusion in numerical models have faced several difficulties regarding computational cost and mass and energy conservation. Here, we develop our own finite-element software to explore numerical approaches and enable us to overcome these difficulties. We illustrate the capability of these approaches on established numerical benchmarks.
Matthias Tonnel, Anna Wirbel, Felix Oesterle, and Jan-Thomas Fischer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7013–7035, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Avaframe - the open avalanche framework - provides open-source tools to simulate and investigate snow avalanches. It is utilized for multiple purposes, the two main applications being hazard mapping and scientific research of snow processes. We present the theory, conversion to a computer model, and testing for one of the core modules used for simulations of a particular type of avalanche, the so-called dense-flow avalanches. Tests check and confirm the applicability of the utilized method.
Jordi Bolibar, Facundo Sapienza, Fabien Maussion, Redouane Lguensat, Bert Wouters, and Fernando Pérez
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6671–6687, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new modelling framework combining numerical methods with machine learning. Using this approach, we focused on understanding how ice moves within glaciers, and we successfully learnt a prescribed law describing ice movement for 17 glaciers worldwide as a proof of concept. Our framework has the potential to discover important laws governing glacier processes, aiding our understanding of glacier physics and their contribution to water resources and sea-level rise.
Prateek Gantayat, Alison F. Banwell, Amber A. Leeson, James M. Lea, Dorthe Petersen, Noel Gourmelen, and Xavier Fettweis
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5803–5823, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new supraglacial hydrology model for the Greenland Ice Sheet. This model simulates surface meltwater routing, meltwater drainage, supraglacial lake (SGL) overflow, and formation of lake ice. The model was able to reproduce 80 % of observed lake locations and provides a good match between the observed and modelled temporal evolution of SGLs.
Kevin Hank, Lev Tarasov, and Elisa Mantelli
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5627–5652, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5627-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physically meaningful modeling of geophysical system instabilities is numerically challenging, given the potential effects of purely numerical artifacts. Here we explore the sensitivity of ice stream surge activation to numerical and physical model aspects. We find that surge characteristics exhibit a resolution dependency but converge at higher horizontal grid resolutions and are significantly affected by the incorporation of bed thermal and sub-glacial hydrology models.
Yannic Fischler, Thomas Kleiner, Christian Bischof, Jeremie Schmiedel, Roiy Sayag, Raban Emunds, Lennart Frederik Oestreich, and Angelika Humbert
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5305–5322, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water underneath ice sheets affects the motion of glaciers. This study presents a newly developed code, CUAS-MPI, that simulates subglacial hydrology. It is designed for supercomputers and is hence a parallelized code. We measure the performance of this code for simulations of the entire Greenland Ice Sheet and find that the code works efficiently. Moreover, we validated the code to ensure the correctness of the solution. CUAS-MPI opens new possibilities for simulations of ice sheet hydrology.
Julia Kaltenborn, Amy R. Macfarlane, Viviane Clay, and Martin Schneebeli
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4521–4550, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4521-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4521-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow layer segmentation and snow grain classification are essential diagnostic tasks for cryospheric applications. A SnowMicroPen (SMP) can be used to that end; however, the manual classification of its profiles becomes infeasible for large datasets. Here, we evaluate how well machine learning models automate this task. Of the 14 models trained on the MOSAiC SMP dataset, the long short-term memory model performed the best. The findings presented here facilitate and accelerate SMP data analysis.
Johannes Aschauer, Adrien Michel, Tobias Jonas, and Christoph Marty
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4063–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4063-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4063-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent is the mass of water stored in a snowpack. Based on exponential settling functions, the empirical snow density model SWE2HS is presented to convert time series of daily snow water equivalent into snow depth. The model has been calibrated with data from Switzerland and validated with independent data from the European Alps. A reference implementation of SWE2HS is available as a Python package.
Eric Keenan, Nander Wever, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, and Brooke Medley
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3203–3219, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheets gain mass via snowfall. However, snowfall is redistributed by the wind, resulting in accumulation differences of up to a factor of 5 over distances as short as 5 km. These differences complicate estimates of ice sheet contribution to sea level rise. For this reason, we have developed a new model for estimating wind-driven snow redistribution on ice sheets. We show that, over Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica, the model improves estimates of snow accumulation variability.
Adrien Michel, Johannes Aschauer, Tobias Jonas, Stefanie Gubler, Sven Kotlarski, and Christoph Marty
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-298, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-298, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to correct snow cover maps (represented in terms of snow water equivalent) to match better quality maps. The correction can then be extended backwards and forwards in time for periods when better quality maps are not available. The method is fast and gives good results. It is then applied to obtain a climatology of the snow cover in Switzerland over the last 60 years at a resolution of one day and one kilometre. This is the first time that such a dataset has been produced.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Alex S. Gardner, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, and Eric Larour
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2277–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first description of the open-source Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB) model. GEMB models the ice sheet and glacier surface–atmospheric energy and mass exchange, as well as the firn state. The model is evaluated against the current state of the art and in situ observations and is shown to perform well.
Yafei Nie, Chengkun Li, Martin Vancoppenolle, Bin Cheng, Fabio Boeira Dias, Xianqing Lv, and Petteri Uotila
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1395–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
State-of-the-art Earth system models simulate the observed sea ice extent relatively well, but this is often due to errors in the dynamic and other processes in the simulated sea ice changes cancelling each other out. We assessed the sensitivity of these processes simulated by the coupled ocean–sea ice model NEMO4.0-SI3 to 18 parameters. The performance of the model in simulating sea ice change processes was ultimately improved by adjusting the three identified key parameters.
Varun Sharma, Franziska Gerber, and Michael Lehning
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 719–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Most current generation climate and weather models have a relatively simplistic description of snow and snow–atmosphere interaction. One reason for this is the belief that including an advanced snow model would make the simulations too computationally demanding. In this study, we bring together two state-of-the-art models for atmosphere (WRF) and snow cover (SNOWPACK) and highlight both the feasibility and necessity of such coupled models to explore underexplored phenomena in the cryosphere.
Anne M. Felden, Daniel F. Martin, and Esmond G. Ng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present and validate a novel subglacial hydrology model, SUHMO, based on an adaptive mesh refinement framework. We propose the addition of a pseudo-diffusion to recover the wall melting in channels. Computational performance analysis demonstrates the efficiency of adaptive mesh refinement on large-scale hydrologic problems. The adaptive mesh refinement approach will eventually enable better ice bed boundary conditions for ice sheet simulations at a reasonable computational cost.
Dalei Hao, Gautam Bisht, Karl Rittger, Edward Bair, Cenlin He, Huilin Huang, Cheng Dang, Timbo Stillinger, Yu Gu, Hailong Wang, Yun Qian, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 75–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow with the highest albedo of land surface plays a vital role in Earth’s surface energy budget and water cycle. This study accounts for the impacts of snow grain shape and mixing state of light-absorbing particles with snow on snow albedo in the E3SM land model. The findings advance our understanding of the role of snow grain shape and mixing state of LAP–snow in land surface processes and offer guidance for improving snow simulations and radiative forcing estimates in Earth system models.
Esteban Alonso-González, Kristoffer Aalstad, Mohamed Wassim Baba, Jesús Revuelto, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, Joel Fiddes, Richard Essery, and Simon Gascoin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9127–9155, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow cover plays an important role in many processes, but its monitoring is a challenging task. The alternative is usually to simulate the snowpack, and to improve these simulations one of the most promising options is to fuse simulations with available observations (data assimilation). In this paper we present MuSA, a data assimilation tool which facilitates the implementation of snow monitoring initiatives, allowing the assimilation of a wide variety of remotely sensed snow cover information.
Vincent Verjans, Alexander A. Robel, Helene Seroussi, Lizz Ultee, and Andrew F. Thompson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8269–8293, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the development of the first large-scale ice sheet model that accounts for stochasticity in a range of processes. Stochasticity allows the impacts of inherently uncertain processes on ice sheets to be represented. This includes climatic uncertainty, as the climate is inherently chaotic. Furthermore, stochastic capabilities also encompass poorly constrained glaciological processes that display strong variability at fine spatiotemporal scales. We present the model and test experiments.
Max Brils, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Willem Jan van de Berg, and Michiel van den Broeke
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7121–7138, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Firn covers the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and can temporarily prevent mass loss. Here, we present the latest version of our firn model, IMAU-FDM, with an application to the GrIS. We improved the density of fallen snow, the firn densification rate and the firn's thermal conductivity. This leads to a higher air content and 10 m temperatures. Furthermore we investigate three case studies and find that the updated model shows greater variability and an increased sensitivity in surface elevation.
Océane Hames, Mahdi Jafari, David Nicholas Wagner, Ian Raphael, David Clemens-Sewall, Chris Polashenski, Matthew D. Shupe, Martin Schneebeli, and Michael Lehning
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6429–6449, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6429-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6429-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an Eulerian–Lagrangian snow transport model implemented in the fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM, which we call snowBedFoam 1.0. We apply this model to reproduce snow deposition on a piece of ridged Arctic sea ice, which was produced during the MOSAiC expedition through scan measurements. The model appears to successfully reproduce the enhanced snow accumulation and deposition patterns, although some quantitative uncertainties were shown.
Constantijn J. Berends, Heiko Goelzer, Thomas J. Reerink, Lennert B. Stap, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5667–5688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The rate at which marine ice sheets such as the West Antarctic ice sheet will retreat in a warming climate and ocean is still uncertain. Numerical ice-sheet models, which solve the physical equations that describe the way glaciers and ice sheets deform and flow, have been substantially improved in recent years. Here we present the results of several years of work on IMAU-ICE, an ice-sheet model of intermediate complexity, which can be used to study ice sheets of both the past and the future.
Abby C. Lute, John Abatzoglou, and Timothy Link
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5045–5071, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5045-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5045-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a snow model that can be used to quantify snowpack over large areas with a high degree of spatial detail. We ran the model over the western United States, creating a snow and climate dataset for three time periods. Compared to observations of snowpack, the model captured the key aspects of snow across time and space. The model and dataset will be useful in understanding historical and future changes in snowpack, with relevance to water resources, agriculture, and ecosystems.
Francesco Avanzi, Simone Gabellani, Fabio Delogu, Francesco Silvestro, Edoardo Cremonese, Umberto Morra di Cella, Sara Ratto, and Hervé Stevenin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4853–4879, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4853-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4853-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing in real time how much snow and glacier ice has accumulated across the landscape has significant implications for water-resource management and flood control. This paper presents a computer model – S3M – allowing scientists and decision makers to predict snow and ice accumulation during winter and the subsequent melt during spring and summer. S3M has been employed for real-world flood forecasting since the early 2000s but is here being made open source for the first time.
Adrian K. Turner, William H. Lipscomb, Elizabeth C. Hunke, Douglas W. Jacobsen, Nicole Jeffery, Darren Engwirda, Todd D. Ringler, and Jonathan D. Wolfe
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3721–3751, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the dynamical core of the MPAS-Seaice model, which uses a mesh consisting of a Voronoi tessellation with polygonal cells. Such a mesh allows variable mesh resolution in different parts of the domain and the focusing of computational resources in regions of interest. We describe the velocity solver and tracer transport schemes used and examine errors generated by the model in both idealized and realistic test cases and examine the computational efficiency of the model.
Noah D. Smith, Eleanor J. Burke, Kjetil Schanke Aas, Inge H. J. Althuizen, Julia Boike, Casper Tai Christiansen, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Friborg, Hanna Lee, Heather Rumbold, Rachael H. Turton, Sebastian Westermann, and Sarah E. Chadburn
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3603–3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic has large areas of small mounds that are caused by ice lifting up the soil. Snow blown by wind gathers in hollows next to these mounds, insulating them in winter. The hollows tend to be wetter, and thus the soil absorbs more heat in summer. The warm wet soil in the hollows decomposes, releasing methane. We have made a model of this, and we have tested how it behaves and whether it looks like sites in Scandinavia and Siberia. Sometimes we get more methane than a model without mounds.
Adrian K. Turner, Kara J. Peterson, and Dan Bolintineanu
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1953–1970, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a technique to remap sea ice tracer quantities between circular discrete element distributions. This is needed for a global discrete element method sea ice model being developed jointly by Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories that has the potential to better utilize newer supercomputers with graphics processing units and better represent sea ice dynamics. This new remapping technique ameliorates the effect of element distortion created by sea ice ridging.
Zhen Yin, Chen Zuo, Emma J. MacKie, and Jef Caers
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1477–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a multiple-point geostatistics approach to probabilistically learn from training images to fill large-scale irregular geophysical data gaps. With a repository of global topographic training images, our approach models high-resolution basal topography and quantifies the geospatial uncertainty. It generated high-resolution topographic realizations to investigate the impact of basal topographic uncertainty on critical subglacial hydrological flow patterns associated with ice velocity.
Yu Yan, Wei Gu, Andrea M. U. Gierisch, Yingjun Xu, and Petteri Uotila
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1269–1288, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed NEMO-Bohai, an ocean–ice model for the Bohai Sea, China. This study presented the scientific design and technical choices of the parameterizations for the NEMO-Bohai model. The model was calibrated and evaluated with in situ and satellite observations of ocean and sea ice. NEMO-Bohai is intended to be a valuable tool for long-term ocean and ice simulations and climate change studies.
Christopher Horvat and Lettie A. Roach
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 803–814, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-803-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-803-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is a composite of individual pieces, called floes, ranging in horizontal size from meters to kilometers. Variations in sea ice geometry are often forced by ocean waves, a process that is an important target of global climate models as it affects the rate of sea ice melting. Yet directly simulating these interactions is computationally expensive. We present a neural-network-based model of wave–ice fracture that allows models to incorporate their effect without added computational cost.
Ole Richter, David E. Gwyther, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, and Kaitlin A. Naughten
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 617–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present an improved model of the Antarctic continental shelf ocean and demonstrate that it is capable of reproducing present-day conditions. The improvements are fundamental and regard the inclusion of tides and ocean eddies. We conclude that the model is well suited to gain new insights into processes that are important for Antarctic ice sheet retreat and global ocean changes. Hence, the model will ultimately help to improve projections of sea level rise and climate change.
Mark G. Flanner, Julian B. Arnheim, Joseph M. Cook, Cheng Dang, Cenlin He, Xianglei Huang, Deepak Singh, S. McKenzie Skiles, Chloe A. Whicker, and Charles S. Zender
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7673–7704, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7673-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7673-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the technical formulation and evaluation of a publicly available code and web-based model to simulate the spectral albedo of snow. Our model accounts for numerous features of the snow state and ambient conditions, including the the presence of light-absorbing matter like black and brown carbon, mineral dust, volcanic ash, and snow algae. Carbon dioxide snow, found on Mars, is also represented. The model accurately reproduces spectral measurements of clean and contaminated snow.
Cited articles
Aagaard, K.: A synthesis of the Arctic Ocean circulation, Rapp. P.-V. Reun.-Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 188, 11–22, 1989.
Bailey, D. A., Holland, M. M., DuVivier, A. K., Hunke, E. C., and Turner, A.
K.: Impact of a new sea ice thermodynamic formulation in the CESM2 sea ice
component, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2020MS002154,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002154, 2020.
Bateson, A. W., Feltham, D. L., Schröder, D., Hosekova, L., Ridley, J. K., and Aksenov, Y.: Impact of sea ice floe size distribution on seasonal fragmentation and melt of Arctic sea ice, The Cryosphere, 14, 403–428, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-403-2020, 2020.
Bitz, C. M. and Lipscomb, W. H.: An energy-conserving thermodynamic sea ice
model for climate study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 15669–15677, 1999.
Benjamin, S. G., Weygandt, S. S., Brown, J. M., Hu, M., Alexander, C. R.,
Smirnova, T. G., and Manikin, G. S.: A North American hourly assimilation and
model forecast cycle: the Rapid Refresh, Mon. Weather Rev.,
144, 1669–1694, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0242.1, 2016.
Bennetts, L. G., O'Farrell, S., and Uotila, P.: Brief communication: Impacts of ocean-wave-induced breakup of Antarctic sea ice via thermodynamics in a stand-alone version of the CICE sea-ice model, The Cryosphere, 11, 1035–1040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1035-2017, 2017.
Biswas, M. K., Zhang, J. A., Grell, E., Kalina, E., Newman, K., Bernardet,
L., Carson, L., Frimel, J., and Grell, G.: Evaluation of the Grell–Freitas
Convective Scheme in the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF)
Model, Weather Forecast., 35, 1017–1033, 2020.
Bitz, C. M. and Lipscomb, W. H.: An energy-conserving thermodynamic sea ice model for climate study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 15669–15677, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900100, 1999.
Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E. and Bushuk, M.: Robustness of Arctic sea-ice
predictability in GCMs, Clim. Dynam., 52, 5555–5566, 2018.
Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E., Bitz, C., and Holland, M.: Influence of initial
conditions and climate forcing on predicting Arctic sea ice, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L18503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048807, 2011.
Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E., Cullather, R., Wang, W., Zhang, J., and Bitz,
C. M.: Model forecast skill and sensitivity to initial conditions in the
seasonal sea ice outlook, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8042–8048,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065860, 2015.
Boutin, G., Lique, C., Ardhuin, F., Rousset, C., Talandier, C., Accensi, M., and Girard-Ardhuin, F.: Towards a coupled model to investigate wave–sea ice interactions in the Arctic marginal ice zone, The Cryosphere, 14, 709–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-709-2020, 2020.
Briegleb, B. P. and Light, B.: A Delta-Eddington multiple scattering
parameterization for solar radiation in the sea ice component of the
Community Climate System Model, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-472+STR, National
Center for Atmospheric Research, 2007.
Bruyère, C. L., Done, J. M., Holland, G. J., and Fredrick, S.: Bias
corrections of global models for regional climate simulations of high-impact
weather, Clim. Dynam., 43, 1847–1856,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2011-6, 2014.
Carmack, E., Polyakov, I., Padman, L., Fer, I., Hunke, E., Hutchings, J.,
Jackson, J., Kelley, D., Kwok, R., Layton, C., Melling, H., Perovich, D.,
Persson, O., Ruddick, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Toole, J., Ross, T., Vavrus,
S., and Winsor, P.: Toward Quantifying the Increasing Role of Oceanic Heat
in Sea Ice Loss in the New Arctic, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 96, 2079–2105,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00177.1, 2015.
Cavalieri, D. J., Parkinson, C. L., Gloersen, P., and Zwally, H. J.: updated
yearly, Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS
Passive Microwave Data, Version 1. Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow
and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5067/8GQ8LZQVL0VL, 1996.
Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land surface–hydrology model
with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation
and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, 2001.
Chevallier, M., Salas y Mélia, D., Voldoire, A., Déqué, M., and
Garric, G.: Seasonal forecasts of the pan-Arctic sea ice extent using a
GCM-based seasonal prediction system, J. Climate, 26,
6092–6104, 2013.
Colette, A., Vautard, R., and Vrac, M.: Regional climate downscaling with
prior statistical correction of the global climate forcing, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 39, L13707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052258, 2012.
Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Boville, B. A., McCaa, J., Williamson, D. L., Kiehl, J. T., Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C., Lin, S.-J., Zhang, M., and Dai, Y.: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (3.0), No. NCAR/TN-464+STR, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, https://doi.org/10.5065/D63N21CH, 2004.
Craig, T., Hunke, E., DuVivier, A., dabail10, Damsgaard, A., JFLemieux73, Blain, P., Turner, M., mhrib, Rasmussen, T., and Jeffery, N.: CICE-Consortium/CICE: CICE version 6.0.0 (CICE6.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1900639, 2018.
Day, J. J., Tietsche, S., Collins, M., Goessling, H. F., Guemas, V., Guillory, A., Hurlin, W. J., Ishii, M., Keeley, S. P. E., Matei, D., Msadek, R., Sigmond, M., Tatebe, H., and Hawkins, E.: The Arctic Predictability and Prediction on Seasonal-to-Interannual TimEscales (APPOSITE) data set version 1, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2255–2270, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2255-2016, 2016.
Ding, Y., Cheng, X., Liu, J., Hui, F., Wang, Z., and Chen, S.: Retrieval of
Melt Pond Fraction over Arctic Sea Ice during 2000–2019 Using an
Ensemble-Based Deep Neural Network, Remote Sensing, 12, 2746, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172746, 2020.
DuVivier, A. K., Holland, M. M., Landrum, L., Singh, H. A., Bailey, D. A.,
and Maroon, E. A.: Impacts of sea ice mushy thermodynamics in the Antarctic
on the coupled Earth system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48,
e2021GL094287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094287, 2021.
Fer, I.: Near-inertial mixing in the central Arctic Ocean, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 44, 2031–2049, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0133.1, 2014.
Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W. N., Savoie, M., and Windnagel, A. K.:
updated daily, Sea Ice Index, Version 3. Boulder, Colorado USA, NSIDC:
National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8, 2017.
Freitas, S. R., Grell, G. A., Molod, A., Thompson, M. A., Putman, W. M.,
Santos e Silva, C. M., and Souza, E. P.: Assessing the Grell–Freitas
convection parameterization in the NASA GEOS modeling system, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Sy., 10, 1266–1289, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017MS001251, 2018.
Freitas, S. R., Grell, G. A., and Li, H.: The Grell–Freitas (GF) convection parameterization: recent developments, extensions, and applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5393–5411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5393-2021, 2021.
Germe, A., Chevallier, M., y Mélia, D. S., Sanchez-Gomez, E., and
Cassou, C.: Interannual predictability of Arctic sea ice in a global climate
model: Regional contrasts and temporal evolution, Clim. Dynam.,
43, 2519–2538, 2014.
Grell, G. A. and Freitas, S. R.: A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5233–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014, 2014.
Guemas, V., Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E., Chevallier, M., Day, J. J., Déqué, M., Doblas-Reyes, F. J., Fučkar, N. S., Germe, A., Hawkins, E., Keeley, S., Koenigk, T., Salas y Mélia, D., and Tietsche, S.: A review on Arctic sea-ice
predictability and prediction on seasonal to decadal time-scales, Q.
J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 546–561, 2016.
Hecht, M. W., Wingate, B. A., and Kassis, P.: A better, more discriminating
test problem for ocean tracer transport, Ocean Model., 2, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(00)00004-4, 2000.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Horvat, C. and Tziperman, E.: A prognostic model of the sea-ice floe size and thickness distribution, The Cryosphere, 9, 2119–2134, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2119-2015, 2015.
Horvat, C., Tziperman, E., and Campin, J.-M.: Interaction of sea ice floe
size, ocean eddies, and sea ice melting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
8083–8090, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069742, 2016.
Huang, Y., Chou, G., Xie, Y., and Soulard, N.: Radiative control of the
interannual variability of Arctic sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
9899–9908, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084204, 2019.
Hunke, E. C. and Dukowicz, J. K.: An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1849–1867, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1849:AEVPMF>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B.,
Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., 2007.
Itoh, M., Nishino, S., Kawaguchi, Y., and Kikuchi, T.: Barrow Canyon volume,
heat, and freshwater fluxes revealed by long-term mooring observations
between 2000 and 2008, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4363–4379,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20290, 2013.
Jung, T., Gordon, N. D., Bauer, P., Bromwich, D. H., Chevallier, M., Day,
J. J., Dawson, J., Doblas-Reyes, F., Fairall, C., Goessling, H. F., Holland,
M., Inoue, J., Iversen, T., Klebe, S., Lemke, P., Losch, M., Makshtas, A.,
Mills, B., Nurmi, P., Perovich, D., Reid, P., Renfrew, I. A., Smith, G.,
Svensson, G., Tolstykh, M., and Yang, Q.: Advancing Polar Prediction
Capabilities on Daily to Seasonal Time Scales, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1631–1647, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00246.1, 2016.
Kaleschke, L., Tian-Kunze, X., Maaß, N., Mäkynen, M., and Drusch,
M.: Sea ice thickness retrieval from SMOS brightness temperatures during the
Arctic freeze-up period. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL050916, 2012.
Kapsch, M., Graversen, R. G., Tjernström, M., and Bintanja, R.: The
Effect of Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Radiation on Arctic Summer Sea
Ice, J. Climate, 29, 1143–1159, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0238.1, 2016.
Kay, J. E., L'Ecuyer, T., Gettelman, A., Stephens, G., and O'Dell, C.: The
contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice
extent minimum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033451,
2008.
Keen, A., Blockley, E., Bailey, D. A., Boldingh Debernard, J., Bushuk, M., Delhaye, S., Docquier, D., Feltham, D., Massonnet, F., O'Farrell, S., Ponsoni, L., Rodriguez, J. M., Schroeder, D., Swart, N., Toyoda, T., Tsujino, H., Vancoppenolle, M., and Wyser, K.: An inter-comparison of the mass budget of the Arctic sea ice in CMIP6 models, The Cryosphere, 15, 951–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-951-2021, 2021.
Kirkman, C. H. IV, and Bitz, C. M.: The Effect of the Sea Ice Freshwater
Flux on Southern Ocean Temperatures in CCSM3: Deep-Ocean Warming and Delayed
Surface Warming, J. Climate, 24, 2224–2237, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3625.1, 2011.
Kwok, R.: Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage:
Losses and coupled variability (1958–2018), Environ. Res. Lett.,
13, 105005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec, 2018.
Laxon, S., Giles, K. A., Ridout, A. L., Wingham, D. J., Willatt, R., Cullen,
R., Kwok, R., Schweiger, A., Zhang, J., Haas, C., Hendricks, S., Krishfield,
R., Kurtz, N., Farrell, S., and Davidson, M.: CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic
sea ice thickness and volume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 732–737,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50193, 2013.
Leonard, B. and Mokhtari, S.: ULTRA-SHARP Non oscillatory Convection Schemes
for High-Speed Steady Multidimensional Flow, Technical Report, NASA, 1990.
Liang, X. and Losch, M.: On the effects of increased vertical mixing on the
Arctic Ocean and sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123,
9266–9282, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014303, 2018.
Liu, J., Song, M., Horton, R., and Hu, Y.: Revisiting the potential of melt
pond fraction as a predictor for the seasonal Arctic sea ice minimum,
Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 054017,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054017, 2015.
Liu, J., Chen, Z., Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Ding, Y., Cheng, X., Yang, Q., Nerger, L., Spreen, G., Horton, R., Inoue, J., Yang, C.-Y., Li, M., and Song, M.: Towards
reliable arctic sea ice prediction using multivariate data assimilation,
Sci. Bull., 64, 63–72, 2019.
Mallett, R. D. C., Stroeve, J. C., Cornish, S. B. Crawford, A. D., Lukovich,
J. V., Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Meier, W. N., Heorton, H. D. B. S.,
and Tsamados, M.: Record winter winds in 2020/21 drove exceptional Arctic
sea ice transport, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 149, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00221-8, 2021.
Maslanik, J. and Stroeve, J.: Near-Real-Time DMSP SSMIS Daily Polar Gridded
Sea Ice Concentrations, Version 1, Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow
and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5067/U8C09DWVX9LM, 1999.
McLaughlin, F. A., Carmack, E. C., Williams, W. J., Zimmerman, S., Shimada,
K., and Itoh, M.: Joint effects of boundary currents and thermohaline
intrusions on the warming of Atlantic water in the Canada Basin, 1993–2007,
J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005001, 2009.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
Msadek, R., Vecchi, G., Winton, M., and Gudgel, R.: Importance of initial
conditions in seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice extent, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 5208–5215, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060799,
2014.
Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model: Its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 119, 397–407, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8, 2006
Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: Development of an improved turbulence closure
model for the atmospheric boundary layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 87,
895–912, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.895, 2009.
Naughten, K. A., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Meissner, K. J., England, M. H.,
Brassington, G. B., Colberg, F., Hattermann, T., and Debernard, J. B.:
Spurious sea ice formation caused by oscillatory ocean tracer advection
schemes, Ocean Model., 116, 108–117, 2017.
Naughten, K. A., Meissner, K. J., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., England, M. H., Timmermann, R., Hellmer, H. H., Hattermann, T., and Debernard, J. B.: Intercomparison of Antarctic ice-shelf, ocean, and sea-ice interactions simulated by MetROMS-iceshelf and FESOM 1.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1257–1292, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1257-2018, 2018.
Nerger, L. and Hiller, W.: Software for Ensemble-based Data Assimilation
Systems – Implementation Strategies and Scalability, Comput.
Geosci., 55, 110–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.03.026, 2013.
Nerger, L., Janjić, T., Schröter, J., and Hiller, W.: A unification
of ensemble square root Kalman filters, Mon. Weather Rev., 140,
2335–2345, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00102.1, 2012.
Nerger, L., Tang, Q., and Mu, L.: Efficient ensemble data assimilation for coupled models with the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework: example of AWI-CM (AWI-CM-PDAF 1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4305–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4305-2020, 2020.
Newton, R., Pfirman, S., Schlosser, P., Tremblay, B., Murray, M., and
Pomerance, R.: White Arctic vs. Blue Arctic: A case study of diverging
stakeholder responses to environmental change, Earth's Future, 4, 396–405,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000356, 2016.
Nicolaus, M. and Katlein, C.: Mapping radiation transfer through sea ice using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), The Cryosphere, 7, 763–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-763-2013, 2013.
Nicolaus M., Katlein, C., Maslanik, J., and Hendricks, S.: Changes in Arctic
sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 39, L24501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053738, 2012.
Notz, D., Jahn, A., Holland, M., Hunke, E., Massonnet, F., Stroeve, J., Tremblay, B., and Vancoppenolle, M.: The CMIP6 Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP): understanding sea ice through climate-model simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3427–3446, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3427-2016, 2016.
Ogi, M., Yamazaki, K., and Wallace, J. M.: Influence of winter and summer
surface wind anomalies on summer Arctic sea ice extent, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
37, L07701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042356, 2010.
Olonscheck, D., Mauritsen, T., and Notz, D.: Arctic sea-ice variability is
primarily driven by atmospheric temperature fluctuations, Nat. Geosci., 12,
430–434, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0363-1, 2019.
Padman, L. and Dillon, T. M.: Vertical heat fluxes through the Beaufort Sea
thermohaline staircase, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10799–10806,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC10p10799, 1987.
Perovich, D., Richter-Menge, J., Jones, K., Light, B., Elder, B.,
Polashenski, C., Laroche, D., Markus, T., and Lindsay, R.: Arctic sea-ice
melt in 2008 and the role of solar heating, Ann. Glaciol., 52,
355–359, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931714, 2011.
Perovich, D., Richter-Menge, J., Polashenski, C., Elder, B., Arbetter, T.,
and Brennick, O.: Sea ice mass balance observations from the North Pole
Environmental Observatory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2019–2025,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059356, 2014.
Peterson, K., Arribas, A., Hewitt, H., Keen, A., Lea, D., and McLaren, A.:
Assessing the forecast skill of Arctic sea ice extent in the GloSea4
seasonal prediction system, Clim. Dynam., 44, 147–162, 2015.
Pham, D. T.: Stochastic methods for sequential data assimilation in strongly
nonlinear systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 1194–1207, 2001.
Rasch, P. J.: Conservative shape-preserving two-dimensional transport on a
spherical reduced grid, Mon. Weather Rev, 122, 1337–1350, 1994.
Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Chelton, D. B., Casey, K. S., and
Schlax, M. G.: Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface
Temperature, J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496, 2007.
Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., Kaleschke, L., Tian-Kunze, X., King, J., and Haas, C.: A weekly Arctic sea-ice thickness data record from merged CryoSat-2 and SMOS satellite data, The Cryosphere, 11, 1607–1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017, 2017.
Roach, L. A., Horvat, C., Dean, S. M., and Bitz, C. M.: An emergent sea ice
floe size distribution in a global coupled ocean–sea ice model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4322–4337, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013692, 2018.
Roach, L. A., Bitz, C. M., Horvat, C., and Dean, S. M.: Advances in modeling
interactions between sea ice and ocean surface waves, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 11, 4167–4181,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001836, 2019.
Rocheta, E., Evans, J. P., and Sharma, A.: Can Bias Correction of Regional
Climate Model Lateral Boundary Conditions Improve Low-Frequency Rainfall
Variability?, J. Climate, 30, 9785–9806, 2017.
Rocheta, E., Evans, J. P., and Sharma, A.: Correcting lateral boundary biases
in regional climate modelling: the effect of the relaxation zone, Clim.
Dynam., 55, 2511–2521, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05393-1, 2020.
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Behringer, D., Hou, Y., Chuang, H., Iredell, M., Ek, M., Meng, J., Yang, R., Mendez, M. P., van den Dool, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Chen, M., and Becker, E.: The NCEP climate forecast system
version 2, J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208, 2014.
Schmidt, G. A., Bitz, C. M., Mikolajewicz, U., and Tremblay, L.-B.:
Ice–ocean boundary conditions for coupled models, Ocean Model., 7, 59–74,
2004.
Serreze, M. C. and Meier, W. N.: The Arctic's sea ice cover: trends,
variability, predictability, and comparisons to the Antarctic, Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., 1436, 36–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13856, 2019.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: Quasi-monotone advection schemes based
on explicit locally adaptive dissipation, Mon. Weather Rev., 126,
1541–1580, 1998.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: The Regional Ocean Modeling
System: A split-explicit, free-surface, topography following coordinates
ocean model, Ocean Model., 9, 347–404, 2005.
Shi, X., Notz, D., Liu, J., Yang, H., and Lohmann, G.: Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4891–4908, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021, 2021.
Sigmond, M., Fyfe, J., Flato, G., Kharin, V., and Merryfield, W.: Seasonal
forecast skill of Arctic sea ice area in a dynamical forecast system,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 529–534,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50129, 2013.
Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: Multidimensional positive definite advection transport
algorithm: An overview, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fl., 50, 1123–1144, 2006.
Song, Y. and Haidvogel, D. B.: A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using
a generalized topography-following coordinate system, J. Comp. Phys.,
115, 228–244, 1994.
Steele, M.: Sea ice melting and floe geometry in a simple ice-ocean model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 17729–17738, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01755, 1992.
Stroeve, J., Hamilton, L. C., Bitz, C. M., and Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E.:
Predicting September sea ice: Ensemble skill of the SEARCH Sea Ice Outlook
2008–2013, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2411–2418,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059388, 2014.
Tian-Kunze, X., Kaleschke, L., Maaß, N., Mäkynen, M., Serra, N., Drusch, M., and Krumpen, T.: SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness: algorithm baseline, product specifications and initial verification, The Cryosphere, 8, 997–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-997-2014, 2014.
Tietsche, S., Day, J., Guemas, V., Hurlin, W., Keeley, S., Matei, D., Msadek, R., Collins, M., and Hawkins, E.: Seasonal to interannual Arctic sea ice predictability in current global
climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1035–1043,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058755, 2014.
Turner, A. K. and Hunke, E. C.: Impacts of a mushy-layer thermodynamic
approach in global sea-ice simulations using the CICE sea-ice model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 1253–1275, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010358, 2015.
Turner, A. K., Hunke, E. C., and Bitz, C. M.: Two modes of sea-ice gravity
drainage: A parameterization for large-scale modeling, J. Geophys. Res.,
118, 2279–2294, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20171, 2013.
Turner, J. S.: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, Cambridge University Press, 368
pp., 1973.
Umlauf, L. and Burchard, H.: A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models, J. Mar. Res., 61, 235–265, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224003322005087, 2003.
Van den Dool, H.: Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction, Oxford
Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K., 2006.
Wang, W., Chen, M., and Kumar, A.: Seasonal prediction of Arctic sea ice
extent from a coupled dynamical forecast system, Mon. Weather Rev.,
141, 1375–1394, 2013.
Warner, J. C., Armstrong, B., He, R., and Zambon, J.: Development of a
coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling
system, Ocean Model., 35, 230–244, 2010.
Woodgate, R. A., Aagaard, K., and Weingartner, T. J.: A year in the physical
oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990–1991,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 3116–3149,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016, 2005.
Wu, W., Lynch, A. H., and Rivers, A.: Estimating the Uncertainty in a
Regional Climate Model Related to Initial and Lateral Boundary Conditions,
J. Climate, 18, 917–933, 2005.
Yang, C.-Y., Liu, J., and Xu, S.: Seasonal Arctic sea ice prediction using a
newly developed fully coupled regional model with the assimilation of
satellite sea ice observations, J. Adv. Model. Earth
Sy., 12, e2019MS001938, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001938, 2020.
Yang, C.-Y., Liu, J., and Chen, D.: The model code of Coupled Arctic Prediction System version 1.0 (CAPS v1.0) for the permanent archive in the article “An improved regional coupled modeling system for Arctic sea ice simulation and prediction: a case study for 2018”, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5842668, 2022a.
Yang, C.-Y., Liu, J., and Chen, D.: The prediction data analyzed in the article: “An improved regional coupled modeling system for Arctic sea ice simulation and prediction: a case study for 2018”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839510, 2022b.
Zampieri, L., Goessling, H. F., and Jung, T.: Bright prospects for Arctic
sea ice prediction on subseasonal time scales, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
45, 9731–9738, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079394, 2018.
Zhang, J. and Rothrock, D.: Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and
enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates, Mon.
Weather Rev., 131, 845–861, 2003.
Zhang, J., Lindsay, R., Steele, M., and Schweiger, A.: What drove the
dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007?, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
35, L11505, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034005, 2008.
Zhang, J., Schweiger, A., Steele, M., and Stern, H.: Sea ice floe size
distribution in the marginal ice zone: Theory and numerical experiments,
J. Geophys. Res-.Oceans, 120, 3484–3498, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010770, 2015.
Zhang, J., Stern, H., Hwang, B., Schweiger, A., Steele, M., Stark, M., and
Graber, H. C.: Modeling the seasonal evolution of the Arctic sea ice floe
size distribution, Elementa, 4, 126,
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000126, 2016.
Short summary
We present an improved coupled modeling system for Arctic sea ice prediction. We perform Arctic sea ice prediction experiments with improved/updated physical parameterizations, which show better skill in predicting sea ice state as well as atmospheric and oceanic state in the Arctic compared with its predecessor. The improved model also shows extended predictive skill of Arctic sea ice after the summer season. This provides an added value of this prediction system for decision-making.
We present an improved coupled modeling system for Arctic sea ice prediction. We perform Arctic...
