Articles | Volume 14, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1865-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1865-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
07 Apr 2021
Model description paper |
| 07 Apr 2021
| 07 Apr 2021
PERICLIMv1.0: a model deriving palaeo-air temperatures from thaw depth in past permafrost regions
Tomáš Uxa
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Marek Křížek
Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Filip Hrbáček
Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Related authors
Tomáš Uxa, Filip Hrbáček, and Michaela Kňažková
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2989, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2989, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We devised two simple models for estimating the mean annual permafrost table temperature and active-layer thickness, which are driven solely by temperatures measured in the active layer; no ground physical properties are required. The models showed deviations of less than 0.03 °C and 5 %, and can therefore be useful tools for permafrost modelling under a wide range of environmental conditions.
Tomáš Uxa, Filip Hrbáček, and Michaela Kňažková
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2989, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2989, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We devised two simple models for estimating the mean annual permafrost table temperature and active-layer thickness, which are driven solely by temperatures measured in the active layer; no ground physical properties are required. The models showed deviations of less than 0.03 °C and 5 %, and can therefore be useful tools for permafrost modelling under a wide range of environmental conditions.
Filip Hrbáček, Zbyněk Engel, Michaela Kňažková, and Jana Smolíková
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-5, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript assesses the effect of the ephemeral snow cover occurring during high summer on ground thermal regime and active layer thickness in the cold environment of James Ross Island on Antarctic Peninsula region. We found that even short-term occurrence of relatively thick snow (> 20 cm) can significantly affect ground thermal conditions and consequently reduce the active layer thaw depth by ca 10 % when compare to snow-free conditions.
Jaroslav Obu, Sebastian Westermann, Gonçalo Vieira, Andrey Abramov, Megan Ruby Balks, Annett Bartsch, Filip Hrbáček, Andreas Kääb, and Miguel Ramos
The Cryosphere, 14, 497–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-497-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-497-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about permafrost in the Antarctic outside of the few research stations. We used a simple equilibrium permafrost model to estimate permafrost temperatures in the whole Antarctic. The lowest permafrost temperature on Earth is −36 °C in the Queen Elizabeth Range in the Transantarctic Mountains. Temperatures are commonly between −23 and −18 °C in mountainous areas rising above the Antarctic Ice Sheet, between −14 and −8 °C in coastal areas, and up to 0 °C on the Antarctic Peninsula.
Related subject area
Cryosphere
Coupling framework (1.0) for the Úa (2023b) ice sheet model and the FESOM-1.4 z-coordinate ocean model in an Antarctic domain
A gradient-boosted tree framework to model the ice thickness of the world's glaciers (IceBoost v1.1)
Towards deep-learning solutions for classification of automated snow height measurements (CleanSnow v1.0.2)
Quantitative sub-ice and marine tracing of Antarctic sediment provenance (TASP v1.0)
Tuning parameters of a sea ice model using machine learning
WRF-Chem simulations of snow nitrate and other physicochemical properties in northern China
Clustering simulated snow profiles to form avalanche forecast regions
SnowQM 1.0: a fast R package for bias-correcting spatial fields of snow water equivalent using quantile mapping
Simulation of snow albedo and solar irradiance profile with the Two-streAm Radiative TransfEr in Snow (TARTES) v2.0 model
Computationally efficient subglacial drainage modelling using Gaussian Process emulators: GlaDS-GP v1.0
Evaluation of MITgcm-based ocean reanalyses for the Southern Ocean
Improvements in the land surface configuration to better simulate seasonal snow cover in the European Alps with the CNRM-AROME (cycle 46) convection-permitting regional climate model
A three-stage model pipeline predicting regional avalanche danger in Switzerland (RAvaFcast v1.0.0): a decision-support tool for operational avalanche forecasting
A Flexible Snow Model (FSM 2.1.0) including a forest canopy
Anisotropic metric-based mesh adaptation for ice flow modelling in Firedrake
A global–land snow scheme (GLASS) v1.0 for the GFDL Earth System Model: formulation and evaluation at instrumented sites
Design and performance of ELSA v2.0: an isochronal model for ice-sheet layer tracing
Southern Ocean Ice Prediction System version 1.0 (SOIPS v1.0): description of the system and evaluation of synoptic-scale sea ice forecasts
Lagrangian tracking of sea ice in Community Ice CodE (CICE; version 5)
openAMUNDSEN v1.0: an open-source snow-hydrological model for mountain regions
OpenFOAM-avalanche 2312: depth-integrated models beyond dense-flow avalanches
Refactoring the elastic–viscous–plastic solver from the sea ice model CICE v6.5.1 for improved performance
CMIP6 models overestimate sea ice melt, growth & conduction relative to ice mass balance buoy estimates
A new 3D full-Stokes calving algorithm within Elmer/Ice (v9.0)
The Utrecht Finite Volume Ice-Sheet Model (UFEMISM version 2.0) – part 1: description and idealised experiments
A novel numerical implementation for the surface energy budget of melting snowpacks and glaciers
SnowPappus v1.0, a blowing-snow model for large-scale applications of the Crocus snow scheme
A stochastic parameterization of ice sheet surface mass balance for the Stochastic Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level System Model (StISSM v1.0)
Graphics-processing-unit-accelerated ice flow solver for unstructured meshes using the Shallow-Shelf Approximation (FastIceFlo v1.0.1)
A finite-element framework to explore the numerical solution of the coupled problem of heat conduction, water vapor diffusion, and settlement in dry snow (IvoriFEM v0.1.0)
Description and validation of the ice sheet model Nix v1.0
AvaFrame com1DFA (v1.3): a thickness-integrated computational avalanche module – theory, numerics, and testing
Universal differential equations for glacier ice flow modelling
A new model for supraglacial hydrology evolution and drainage for the Greenland Ice Sheet (SHED v1.0)
Modeling sensitivities of thermally and hydraulically driven ice stream surge cycling
A parallel implementation of the confined–unconfined aquifer system model for subglacial hydrology: design, verification, and performance analysis (CUAS-MPI v0.1.0)
Automatic snow type classification of snow micropenetrometer profiles with machine learning algorithms
An empirical model to calculate snow depth from daily snow water equivalent: SWE2HS 1.0
A wind-driven snow redistribution module for Alpine3D v3.3.0: adaptations designed for downscaling ice sheet surface mass balance
The CryoGrid community model (version 1.0) – a multi-physics toolbox for climate-driven simulations in the terrestrial cryosphere
Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research
Sensitivity of NEMO4.0-SI3 model parameters on sea ice budgets in the Southern Ocean
Introducing CRYOWRF v1.0: multiscale atmospheric flow simulations with advanced snow cover modelling
SUHMO: an adaptive mesh refinement SUbglacial Hydrology MOdel v1.0
Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau
The Multiple Snow Data Assimilation System (MuSA v1.0)
The Stochastic Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level System Model v1.0 (StISSM v1.0)
Improved representation of the contemporary Greenland ice sheet firn layer by IMAU-FDM v1.2G
Modeling the small-scale deposition of snow onto structured Arctic sea ice during a MOSAiC storm using snowBedFoam 1.0.
Benchmarking the vertically integrated ice-sheet model IMAU-ICE (version 2.0)
Ole Richter, Ralph Timmermann, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, and Jan De Rydt
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2945–2960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2945-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2945-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The new coupled ice sheet–ocean model addresses challenges related to horizontal resolution through advanced mesh flexibility, enabled by the use of unstructured grids. We describe the new model, verify its functioning in an idealised setting and demonstrate its advantages in a global-ocean–Antarctic ice sheet domain. The results of this study comprise an important step towards improving predictions of the Antarctic contribution to sea level rise over centennial timescales.
Niccolò Maffezzoli, Eric Rignot, Carlo Barbante, Troels Petersen, and Sebastiano Vascon
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2545–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2545-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2545-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we introduce IceBoost, a machine learning framework to model the ice thickness distribution of all the world's glaciers with greater accuracy than state-of-the-art methods. The model is trained on 3.7 million measurements globally available and provides skilful estimates across all regions. This advancement will help in better assessing future sea level changes and freshwater resources, with significance for both the scientific community and society at large.
Jan Svoboda, Marc Ruesch, David Liechti, Corinne Jones, Michele Volpi, Michael Zehnder, and Jürg Schweizer
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1829–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1829-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1829-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately measuring snow height is key for modeling approaches in climate science, snow hydrology, and avalanche forecasting. Erroneous snow height measurements often occur when snow height is low or changes, for instance during snowfall in summer. We prepare a new benchmark dataset with annotated snow height data and demonstrate how to improve the measurement quality using modern deep-learning approaches. Our approach can be easily implemented in a data pipeline for snow modeling.
James W. Marschalek, Edward Gasson, Tina van de Flierdt, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Martin J. Siegert, and Liam Holder
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1673–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1673-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1673-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet models can help predict how Antarctica's ice sheets respond to environmental change, and such models benefit from comparison to geological data. Here, we use an ice sheet model output and other data to predict the erosion of debris and trace its transport to where it is deposited on the ocean floor. This allows the results of ice sheet modelling to be directly and quantitively compared to real-world data, helping to reduce uncertainty regarding Antarctic sea level contribution.
Anton Korosov, Yue Ying, and Einar Ólason
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 885–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-885-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-885-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new method to improve the accuracy of sea ice models, which predict how ice moves and deforms due to wind and ocean currents. Traditional models use parameters that are often poorly defined. The new approach uses machine learning to fine-tune these parameters by comparing simulated ice drift with satellite data. The method identifies optimal settings for the model by analysing patterns in ice deformation. This results in more accurate simulations of sea ice drift forecasting.
Xia Wang, Tao Che, Xueyin Ruan, Shanna Yue, Jing Wang, Chun Zhao, and Lei Geng
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 651–670, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-651-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-651-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We employed the WRF-Chem model to parameterize atmospheric nitrate deposition in snow and evaluate its performance in simulating snow cover, snow depth, and concentrations of dust and nitrate using new observations from northern China. The results generally exhibit reasonable agreement with field observations in northern China, demonstrating the model's capability to simulate snow properties, including concentrations of reservoir species.
Simon Horton, Florian Herla, and Pascal Haegeli
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 193–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-193-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-193-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method for avalanche forecasters to analyze patterns in snowpack model simulations. It uses fuzzy clustering to group small regions into larger forecast areas based on snow characteristics, locations, and temporal history. Tested in the Columbia Mountains in two winter seasons, it closely matched real forecast regions regions and identified major avalanche hazard patterns. This approach simplifies complex model outputs, helping forecasters make informed decisions.
Adrien Michel, Johannes Aschauer, Tobias Jonas, Stefanie Gubler, Sven Kotlarski, and Christoph Marty
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8969–8988, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8969-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8969-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to correct snow cover maps (represented in terms of snow water equivalent) to match better-quality maps. The correction can then be extended backwards and forwards in time for periods when better-quality maps are not available. The method is fast and gives good results. It is then applied to obtain a climatology of the snow cover in Switzerland over the past 60 years at a resolution of 1 d and 1 km. This is the first time that such a dataset has been produced.
Ghislain Picard and Quentin Libois
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8927–8953, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Two-streAm Radiative TransfEr in Snow (TARTES) is a radiative transfer model to compute snow albedo in the solar domain and the profiles of light and energy absorption in a multi-layered snowpack whose physical properties are user defined. It uniquely considers snow grain shape flexibly, based on recent insights showing that snow does not behave as a collection of ice spheres but instead as a random medium. TARTES is user-friendly yet performs comparably to more complex models.
Tim Hill, Derek Bingham, Gwenn E. Flowers, and Matthew J. Hoffman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.172736254.41350153/v2, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.172736254.41350153/v2, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Subglacial drainage models represent water flow beneath glaciers and ice sheets. Here, we train fast statistical models called Gaussian Process emulators to accelerate subglacial drainage modelling by ~1000 times. We use the fast emulator predictions to show that three of the model parameters are responsible for >90 % of the variance in model outputs. The fast GP emulators will enable future uncertainty quantification and calibration of these models.
Yoshihiro Nakayama, Alena Malyarenko, Hong Zhang, Ou Wang, Matthis Auger, Yafei Nie, Ian Fenty, Matthew Mazloff, Armin Köhl, and Dimitris Menemenlis
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global- and basin-scale ocean reanalyses are becoming easily accessible. However, such ocean reanalyses are optimized for their entire model domains and their ability to simulate the Southern Ocean requires evaluation. We conduct intercomparison analyses of Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm)-based ocean reanalyses. They generally perform well for the open ocean, but open-ocean temporal variability and Antarctic continental shelves require improvements.
Diego Monteiro, Cécile Caillaud, Matthieu Lafaysse, Adrien Napoly, Mathieu Fructus, Antoinette Alias, and Samuel Morin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7645–7677, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7645-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7645-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling snow cover in climate and weather forecasting models is a challenge even for high-resolution models. Recent simulations with CNRM-AROME have shown difficulties when representing snow in the European Alps. Using remote sensing data and in situ observations, we evaluate modifications of the land surface configuration in order to improve it. We propose a new surface configuration, enabling a more realistic simulation of snow cover, relevant for climate and weather forecasting applications.
Alessandro Maissen, Frank Techel, and Michele Volpi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7569–7593, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By harnessing AI models, this work enables processing large amounts of data, including weather conditions, snowpack characteristics, and historical avalanche data, to predict human-like avalanche forecasts in Switzerland. Our proposed model can significantly assist avalanche forecasters in their decision-making process, thereby facilitating more efficient and accurate predictions crucial for ensuring safety in Switzerland's avalanche-prone regions.
Richard Essery, Giulia Mazzotti, Sarah Barr, Tobias Jonas, Tristan Quaife, and Nick Rutter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2546, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2546, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How forests influence accumulation and melt of snow on the ground is of long-standing interest, but uncertainty remains in how best to model forest snow processes. We developed the Flexible Snow Model version 2 to quantify these uncertainties. In a first model demonstration, how unloading of intercepted snow from the forest canopy is represented is responsible for the largest uncertainty. Global mapping of forest distribution is also likely to be a large source of uncertainty in existing models.
Davor Dundovic, Joseph G. Wallwork, Stephan C. Kramer, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Regine Hock, and Matthew D. Piggott
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2649, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate numerical studies of glaciers often require high-resolution simulations, which often prove too demanding even for modern computers. In this paper we develop a method that identifies whether different parts of a glacier require high or low resolution based on its physical features, such as its thickness and velocity. We show that by doing so we can achieve a more optimal simulation accuracy for the available computing resources compared to uniform resolution simulations.
Enrico Zorzetto, Sergey Malyshev, Paul Ginoux, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7219–7244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new snow scheme developed for use in global climate models, which simulates the interactions of snowpack with vegetation, atmosphere, and soil. We test the new snow model over a set of sites where in situ observations are available. We find that when compared to a simpler snow model, this model improves predictions of seasonal snow and of soil temperature under the snowpack, important variables for simulating both the hydrological cycle and the global climate system.
Therese Rieckh, Andreas Born, Alexander Robinson, Robert Law, and Gerrit Gülle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6987–7000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the open-source model ELSA, which simulates the internal age structure of large ice sheets. It creates layers of snow accumulation at fixed times during the simulation, which are used to model the internal stratification of the ice sheet. Together with reconstructed isochrones from radiostratigraphy data, ELSA can be used to assess ice sheet models and to improve their parameterization. ELSA can be used coupled to an ice sheet model or forced with its output.
Fu Zhao, Xi Liang, Zhongxiang Tian, Ming Li, Na Liu, and Chengyan Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6867–6886, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we introduce a newly developed Antarctic sea ice forecasting system, namely the Southern Ocean Ice Prediction System (SOIPS). The system is based on a regional sea ice‒ocean‒ice shelf coupled model and can assimilate sea ice concentration observations. By assessing the system's performance in sea ice forecasts, we find that the system can provide reliable Antarctic sea ice forecasts for the next 7 d and has the potential to guide ship navigation in the Antarctic sea ice zone.
Chenhui Ning, Shiming Xu, Yan Zhang, Xuantong Wang, Zhihao Fan, and Jiping Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6847–6866, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models are mainly based on non-moving structured grids, which is different from buoy measurements that follow the ice drift. To facilitate Lagrangian analysis, we introduce online tracking of sea ice in Community Ice CodE (CICE). We validate the sea ice tracking with buoys and evaluate the sea ice deformation in high-resolution simulations, which show multi-fractal characteristics. The source code is openly available and can be used in various scientific and operational applications.
Ulrich Strasser, Michael Warscher, Erwin Rottler, and Florian Hanzer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6775–6797, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
openAMUNDSEN is a fully distributed open-source snow-hydrological model for mountain catchments. It includes process representations of an empirical, semi-empirical, and physical nature. It uses temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, and wind speed as forcing data and is computationally efficient, of a modular nature, and easily extendible. The Python code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/openamundsen/openamundsen), including documentation (https://doc.openamundsen.org).
Matthias Rauter and Julia Kowalski
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6545–6569, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow avalanches can form large powder clouds that substantially exceed the velocity and reach of the dense core. Only a few complex models exist to simulate this phenomenon, and the respective hazard is hard to predict. This work provides a novel flow model that focuses on simple relations while still encapsulating the significant behaviour. The model is applied to reconstruct two catastrophic powder snow avalanche events in Austria.
Till Andreas Soya Rasmussen, Jacob Poulsen, Mads Hvid Ribergaard, Ruchira Sasanka, Anthony P. Craig, Elizabeth C. Hunke, and Stefan Rethmeier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6529–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system models (ESMs) today strive for better quality based on improved resolutions and improved physics. A limiting factor is the supercomputers at hand and how best to utilize them. This study focuses on the refactorization of one part of a sea ice model (CICE), namely the dynamics. It shows that the performance can be significantly improved, which means that one can either run the same simulations much cheaper or advance the system according to what is needed.
Alex Edward West and Edward William Blockley
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-121, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-121, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses ice mass balance buoys – temperature and height-measuring devices frozen into sea ice – to find how well climate models simulate the melt & growth of, and conduction of heat through, Arctic sea ice. This may help understand why models produce varying amounts of sea ice in the present day. We find models tend to show more melt, growth or conduction for a given ice thickness than the buoys, though the difference is smaller for models with more physically realistic thermodynamics.
Iain Wheel, Douglas I. Benn, Anna J. Crawford, Joe Todd, and Thomas Zwinger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5759–5777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Calving, the detachment of large icebergs from glaciers, is one of the largest uncertainties in future sea level rise projections. This process is poorly understood, and there is an absence of detailed models capable of simulating calving. A new 3D calving model has been developed to better understand calving at glaciers where detailed modelling was previously limited. Importantly, the new model is very flexible. By allowing for unrestricted calving geometries, it can be applied at any location.
Constantijn J. Berends, Victor Azizi, Jorge Bernales, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-5, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-sheet models are computer programs that can simulate how the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets will evolve in the future. The accuracy of these models depends on their resolution: how small the details are that the model can resolve. We have created a model with a variable resolution, which can resolve a lot of detail in areas where lots of changes happen in the ice, and less detail in areas where the ice does not move so much. This makes the model both accurate and fast.
Kévin Fourteau, Julien Brondex, Fanny Brun, and Marie Dumont
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1903–1929, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we provide a novel numerical implementation for solving the energy exchanges at the surface of snow and ice. By combining the strong points of previous models, our solution leads to more accurate and robust simulations of the energy exchanges, surface temperature, and melt while preserving a reasonable computation time.
Matthieu Baron, Ange Haddjeri, Matthieu Lafaysse, Louis Le Toumelin, Vincent Vionnet, and Mathieu Fructus
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1297–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing the spatial resolution of numerical systems simulating snowpack evolution in mountain areas requires representing small-scale processes such as wind-induced snow transport. We present SnowPappus, a simple scheme coupled with the Crocus snow model to compute blowing-snow fluxes and redistribute snow among grid points at 250 m resolution. In terms of numerical cost, it is suitable for large-scale applications. We present point-scale evaluations of fluxes and snow transport occurrence.
Lizz Ultee, Alexander A. Robel, and Stefano Castruccio
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1041–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The surface mass balance (SMB) of an ice sheet describes the net gain or loss of mass from ice sheets (such as those in Greenland and Antarctica) through interaction with the atmosphere. We developed a statistical method to generate a wide range of SMB fields that reflect the best understanding of SMB processes. Efficiently sampling the variability of SMB will help us understand sources of uncertainty in ice sheet model projections.
Anjali Sandip, Ludovic Räss, and Mathieu Morlighem
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 899–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-899-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-899-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We solve momentum balance for unstructured meshes to predict ice flow for real glaciers using a pseudo-transient method on graphics processing units (GPUs) and compare it to a standard central processing unit (CPU) implementation. We justify the GPU implementation by applying the price-to-performance metric for up to million-grid-point spatial resolutions. This study represents a first step toward leveraging GPU processing power, enabling more accurate polar ice discharge predictions.
Julien Brondex, Kévin Fourteau, Marie Dumont, Pascal Hagenmuller, Neige Calonne, François Tuzet, and Henning Löwe
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7075–7106, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vapor diffusion is one of the main processes governing snowpack evolution, and it must be accounted for in models. Recent attempts to represent vapor diffusion in numerical models have faced several difficulties regarding computational cost and mass and energy conservation. Here, we develop our own finite-element software to explore numerical approaches and enable us to overcome these difficulties. We illustrate the capability of these approaches on established numerical benchmarks.
Daniel Moreno-Parada, Alexander Robinson, Marisa Montoya, and Jorge Alvarez-Solas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2690, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce Nix, an ice-sheet model designed for understanding how large masses of ice behave. Nix as a computer program that simulates the movement and temperature changes in ice sheets. Nix helps us study how ice sheets respond to changes in the atmosphere and ocean. We found that how fast ice melts under the shelves and how heat is exchanged, play a role in determining the future of ice sheets. Nix is a useful tool for learning more about how climate change affects polar ice sheets.
Matthias Tonnel, Anna Wirbel, Felix Oesterle, and Jan-Thomas Fischer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7013–7035, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Avaframe - the open avalanche framework - provides open-source tools to simulate and investigate snow avalanches. It is utilized for multiple purposes, the two main applications being hazard mapping and scientific research of snow processes. We present the theory, conversion to a computer model, and testing for one of the core modules used for simulations of a particular type of avalanche, the so-called dense-flow avalanches. Tests check and confirm the applicability of the utilized method.
Jordi Bolibar, Facundo Sapienza, Fabien Maussion, Redouane Lguensat, Bert Wouters, and Fernando Pérez
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6671–6687, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new modelling framework combining numerical methods with machine learning. Using this approach, we focused on understanding how ice moves within glaciers, and we successfully learnt a prescribed law describing ice movement for 17 glaciers worldwide as a proof of concept. Our framework has the potential to discover important laws governing glacier processes, aiding our understanding of glacier physics and their contribution to water resources and sea-level rise.
Prateek Gantayat, Alison F. Banwell, Amber A. Leeson, James M. Lea, Dorthe Petersen, Noel Gourmelen, and Xavier Fettweis
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5803–5823, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new supraglacial hydrology model for the Greenland Ice Sheet. This model simulates surface meltwater routing, meltwater drainage, supraglacial lake (SGL) overflow, and formation of lake ice. The model was able to reproduce 80 % of observed lake locations and provides a good match between the observed and modelled temporal evolution of SGLs.
Kevin Hank, Lev Tarasov, and Elisa Mantelli
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5627–5652, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5627-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physically meaningful modeling of geophysical system instabilities is numerically challenging, given the potential effects of purely numerical artifacts. Here we explore the sensitivity of ice stream surge activation to numerical and physical model aspects. We find that surge characteristics exhibit a resolution dependency but converge at higher horizontal grid resolutions and are significantly affected by the incorporation of bed thermal and sub-glacial hydrology models.
Yannic Fischler, Thomas Kleiner, Christian Bischof, Jeremie Schmiedel, Roiy Sayag, Raban Emunds, Lennart Frederik Oestreich, and Angelika Humbert
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5305–5322, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water underneath ice sheets affects the motion of glaciers. This study presents a newly developed code, CUAS-MPI, that simulates subglacial hydrology. It is designed for supercomputers and is hence a parallelized code. We measure the performance of this code for simulations of the entire Greenland Ice Sheet and find that the code works efficiently. Moreover, we validated the code to ensure the correctness of the solution. CUAS-MPI opens new possibilities for simulations of ice sheet hydrology.
Julia Kaltenborn, Amy R. Macfarlane, Viviane Clay, and Martin Schneebeli
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4521–4550, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4521-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4521-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow layer segmentation and snow grain classification are essential diagnostic tasks for cryospheric applications. A SnowMicroPen (SMP) can be used to that end; however, the manual classification of its profiles becomes infeasible for large datasets. Here, we evaluate how well machine learning models automate this task. Of the 14 models trained on the MOSAiC SMP dataset, the long short-term memory model performed the best. The findings presented here facilitate and accelerate SMP data analysis.
Johannes Aschauer, Adrien Michel, Tobias Jonas, and Christoph Marty
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4063–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4063-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4063-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent is the mass of water stored in a snowpack. Based on exponential settling functions, the empirical snow density model SWE2HS is presented to convert time series of daily snow water equivalent into snow depth. The model has been calibrated with data from Switzerland and validated with independent data from the European Alps. A reference implementation of SWE2HS is available as a Python package.
Eric Keenan, Nander Wever, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, and Brooke Medley
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3203–3219, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheets gain mass via snowfall. However, snowfall is redistributed by the wind, resulting in accumulation differences of up to a factor of 5 over distances as short as 5 km. These differences complicate estimates of ice sheet contribution to sea level rise. For this reason, we have developed a new model for estimating wind-driven snow redistribution on ice sheets. We show that, over Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica, the model improves estimates of snow accumulation variability.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Alex S. Gardner, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, and Eric Larour
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2277–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first description of the open-source Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB) model. GEMB models the ice sheet and glacier surface–atmospheric energy and mass exchange, as well as the firn state. The model is evaluated against the current state of the art and in situ observations and is shown to perform well.
Yafei Nie, Chengkun Li, Martin Vancoppenolle, Bin Cheng, Fabio Boeira Dias, Xianqing Lv, and Petteri Uotila
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1395–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
State-of-the-art Earth system models simulate the observed sea ice extent relatively well, but this is often due to errors in the dynamic and other processes in the simulated sea ice changes cancelling each other out. We assessed the sensitivity of these processes simulated by the coupled ocean–sea ice model NEMO4.0-SI3 to 18 parameters. The performance of the model in simulating sea ice change processes was ultimately improved by adjusting the three identified key parameters.
Varun Sharma, Franziska Gerber, and Michael Lehning
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 719–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Most current generation climate and weather models have a relatively simplistic description of snow and snow–atmosphere interaction. One reason for this is the belief that including an advanced snow model would make the simulations too computationally demanding. In this study, we bring together two state-of-the-art models for atmosphere (WRF) and snow cover (SNOWPACK) and highlight both the feasibility and necessity of such coupled models to explore underexplored phenomena in the cryosphere.
Anne M. Felden, Daniel F. Martin, and Esmond G. Ng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present and validate a novel subglacial hydrology model, SUHMO, based on an adaptive mesh refinement framework. We propose the addition of a pseudo-diffusion to recover the wall melting in channels. Computational performance analysis demonstrates the efficiency of adaptive mesh refinement on large-scale hydrologic problems. The adaptive mesh refinement approach will eventually enable better ice bed boundary conditions for ice sheet simulations at a reasonable computational cost.
Dalei Hao, Gautam Bisht, Karl Rittger, Edward Bair, Cenlin He, Huilin Huang, Cheng Dang, Timbo Stillinger, Yu Gu, Hailong Wang, Yun Qian, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 75–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow with the highest albedo of land surface plays a vital role in Earth’s surface energy budget and water cycle. This study accounts for the impacts of snow grain shape and mixing state of light-absorbing particles with snow on snow albedo in the E3SM land model. The findings advance our understanding of the role of snow grain shape and mixing state of LAP–snow in land surface processes and offer guidance for improving snow simulations and radiative forcing estimates in Earth system models.
Esteban Alonso-González, Kristoffer Aalstad, Mohamed Wassim Baba, Jesús Revuelto, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, Joel Fiddes, Richard Essery, and Simon Gascoin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9127–9155, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow cover plays an important role in many processes, but its monitoring is a challenging task. The alternative is usually to simulate the snowpack, and to improve these simulations one of the most promising options is to fuse simulations with available observations (data assimilation). In this paper we present MuSA, a data assimilation tool which facilitates the implementation of snow monitoring initiatives, allowing the assimilation of a wide variety of remotely sensed snow cover information.
Vincent Verjans, Alexander A. Robel, Helene Seroussi, Lizz Ultee, and Andrew F. Thompson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8269–8293, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the development of the first large-scale ice sheet model that accounts for stochasticity in a range of processes. Stochasticity allows the impacts of inherently uncertain processes on ice sheets to be represented. This includes climatic uncertainty, as the climate is inherently chaotic. Furthermore, stochastic capabilities also encompass poorly constrained glaciological processes that display strong variability at fine spatiotemporal scales. We present the model and test experiments.
Max Brils, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Willem Jan van de Berg, and Michiel van den Broeke
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7121–7138, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Firn covers the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and can temporarily prevent mass loss. Here, we present the latest version of our firn model, IMAU-FDM, with an application to the GrIS. We improved the density of fallen snow, the firn densification rate and the firn's thermal conductivity. This leads to a higher air content and 10 m temperatures. Furthermore we investigate three case studies and find that the updated model shows greater variability and an increased sensitivity in surface elevation.
Océane Hames, Mahdi Jafari, David Nicholas Wagner, Ian Raphael, David Clemens-Sewall, Chris Polashenski, Matthew D. Shupe, Martin Schneebeli, and Michael Lehning
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6429–6449, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6429-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6429-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an Eulerian–Lagrangian snow transport model implemented in the fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM, which we call snowBedFoam 1.0. We apply this model to reproduce snow deposition on a piece of ridged Arctic sea ice, which was produced during the MOSAiC expedition through scan measurements. The model appears to successfully reproduce the enhanced snow accumulation and deposition patterns, although some quantitative uncertainties were shown.
Constantijn J. Berends, Heiko Goelzer, Thomas J. Reerink, Lennert B. Stap, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5667–5688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The rate at which marine ice sheets such as the West Antarctic ice sheet will retreat in a warming climate and ocean is still uncertain. Numerical ice-sheet models, which solve the physical equations that describe the way glaciers and ice sheets deform and flow, have been substantially improved in recent years. Here we present the results of several years of work on IMAU-ICE, an ice-sheet model of intermediate complexity, which can be used to study ice sheets of both the past and the future.
Cited articles
Åkerman, H. J. and Johansson, M.: Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub-arctic Sweden, Permafrost Periglac., 19, 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.626, 2008. a, b
Andersland, O. B. and Ladanyi, B.: Frozen Ground Engineering, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, USA, 2004. a
Andrieux, E., Bateman, M. D., and Bertran, P.: The chronology of Late Pleistocene thermal contraction cracking derived from sand wedge OSL dating in central and southern France, Global Planet. Change, 162, 84–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.01.012, 2018. a
Balatka, B., Kalvoda, J., Steklá, T., and Štěpančíková, P.: Morphostratigraphy of river terraces in the Eger valley (Czechia) focused on the Smrčiny Mountains, the Chebská pánev Basin and the Sokolovská pánev Basin, AUC Geogr., 54, 240–259. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2019.21, 2019. a, b
Ballantyne, C. K.: Age and Significance of Mountain-Top Detritus, Permafrost Periglac., 9, 327–345, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199810/12)9:4<327::AID-PPP298>3.0.CO;2-9, 1998. a
Barsch, D.: Periglacial geomorphology in the 21st century, Geomorphology, 7, 141–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-89971-2.50011-0, 1993. a
Bertran, P., Andrieux, E., Antoine, P., Coutard, S., Deschodt, L., Gardère, P., Hernandez, M., Legentil, C., Lenoble, A., Liard, M., Mercier, N., Moine, O., Sitzia, L., and Van Vliet-Lanoë, B.: Distribution and chronology of Pleistocene permafrost features in France: database and first results, Boreas, 43, 699–711, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12025, 2014. a
Bubík, M., Hanžl, P., Havlíček, P., Novák, Z., Otava, J., Petrová, J., Valoch, K., and Vít, J.: Výběr některých zajímavých lokalit – 69 Černovice (B4) [Selection of some interesting locations – 69 Černovice (B4)], in: Geologie Brna a okolí [Geology of Brno and surroundings], edited by: Müller, P. and Novák, Z., Český geologický ústav, Praha, Czech Republic, 83, 2000. a
Büdel, J.: Die “periglazial”-morphologisehen Wirkungen des Eiszeitklimas auf der ganzen Erde, Erdkunde, 7, 249–256, 1953. a
Burn, C. R.: The Active Layer: Two Contrasting Definitions, Permafrost Periglac., 9, 411–416, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199810/12)9:4<411::AID-PPP292>3.0.CO;2-6, 1998. a
Carnell, R.: lhs: Latin Hypercube Samples, R package version 1.0.2, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lhs, last access: 8 August 2020. a
Corcho Alvarado, J. A., Leuenberger, M., Kipfer, R., Paces, T., and Purtschert, R.: Reconstruction of past climate conditions over central Europe from groundwater data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3423–3429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.003, 2011. a
Czudek, T.: Vývoj reliéfu krajiny České republiky v kvartéru [Quaternary Development of Landscape Relief of the Czech Republic], Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno, Czech Republic, 2005. a
Dong, Y., McCartney, J. S., and Lu, N.: Critical Review of Thermal Conductivity Models for Unsaturated Soils, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 33, 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9843-2, 2015. a, b
Engel, Z., Křížek, M., Braucher, R., Uxa, T., Krause, D., and AsterTeam: 10Be exposure age for sorted polygons in the Sudetes Mountains, Permafrost Periglac., 32, 154–168, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2091, 2021. a
Frauenfeld, O. W., Zhang, T., Barry, R. G., and Gilichinsky, D.: Interdecadal changes in seasonal freeze and thaw depths in Russia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D05101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004245, 2004. a, b
French, H.: Recent Contributions to the Study of Past Permafrost, Permafrost Periglac., 19, 179–194, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.614, 2008. a
French, H. and Thorn, C. E.: The changing nature of periglacial geomorphology, Geomorphologie, 12, 165–174, https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.119, 2006. a
Frenzel, B.: Die Klimaschwankungen des Eiszeitalters. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, Germany, 1967. a
Gisnås, K., Westermann, S., Schuler, T. V., Melvold, K., and Etzelmüller, B.: Small-scale variation of snow in a regional permafrost model, The Cryosphere, 10, 1201–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1201-2016, 2016. a
Gisnås, K., Etzelmüller, B., Lussana, C., Hjort, J., Sannel A. B. K., Isaksen, K., Westermann, S., Kuhry, P., Christiansen, H. H., Frampton, A., and Åkerman, J.: Permafrost Map for Norway, Sweden and Finland, Permafrost Periglac., 28, 359–378, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1922, 2017. a
Goździk, J.: Geneza i pozycja stratygraficzna struktur peryglacjalnych w środkowej Polsce [The genesis and stratigraphical position of periglacial structures in central Poland], Acta Geogr. Lodz., 31, 5–117, 1973. a
Harris, S. A.: Identification of permafrost zones using selected permafrost landforms, in: Proceedings of the 4th Canadian Permafrost Conference, Calgary, Canada, 2–6 March 1981, 49–58, 1982. a
Harris, S. A.: Climatic Zonality of Periglacial Landforms in Mountain Areas, Arctic, 47, 184–192, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1288, 1994. a
He, H., Zhao, Y., Dyck, M. F., Si, B., Jin, H., Lv, J., and Wang, J.: A modified normalized model for predicting effective soil thermal conductivity, Acta Geotech., 12, 1281–1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0563-z, 2017. a, b
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., and Jarvis, A.: Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 1965–1978, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276, 2005. a
Hrbáček, F., Kňažková, M., Nývlt, D., Láska, K., Mueller, C. W., and Ondruch, J.: Active layer monitoring at CALM-S site near J. G. Mendel Station, James Ross Island, eastern Antarctic Peninsula, Sci. Total Environ., 601–602, 987–997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.266, 2017a. a, b, c, d, e, f
Hrbáček, F., Nývlt, D., and Láska, K.: Active layer thermal dynamics at two lithologically different sites on James Ross Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula, Catena, 149, 592–602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.06.020, 2017b. a, b
Huijzer, A. S. and Isarin, R. F. B.: The reconstruction of past climates using multi-proxy evidence: An example of the weichselian pleniglacial in northwest and central Europe, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 16, 513–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00080-7, 1997. a
Jafarov, E. E., Marchenko, S. S., and Romanovsky, V. E.: Numerical modeling of permafrost dynamics in Alaska using a high spatial resolution dataset, The Cryosphere, 6, 613–624, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-613-2012, 2012. a
Juliussen, H. and Humlum, O.: Towards a TTOP Ground Temperature Model for Mountainous Terrain in Central-Eastern Norway, Permafrost Periglac., 18, 161–184, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.586, 2007. a, b
Kaiser, K.: Klimazeugen des periglazialen Dauerfrostbodens in Mittel- und Westeuropa. Ein Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion des Klimas der Glaziale des quartären Eiszeitalters, E & G Quaternary Sci. J., 11, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.23689/fidgeo-1214, 1960. a
Karte, J.: Periglacial Phenomena and their Significance as Climatic and Edaphic Indicators, Geoj., 7, 329–340, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241455, 1983. a, b
Kasse, C.: Periglacial environments and climatic development during the Early Pleistocene Tiglian stage (Beerse Glacial) in northern Belgium, Geologie en Mijnbouw, 72, 107–123, 1993. a
Kasse, C., Vandenberghe, J., Van Huissteden, J., Bohncke, S. J. P., and Bos, J. A. A.: Sensitivity of Weichselian fluvial systems to climate change (Nochten mine, eastern Germany), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 2141–2156, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00146-X, 2003. a
Klene, A. E., Nelson, F. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., and Hinkel, K. M.: The N-Factor in Natural Landscapes: Variability of Air and Soil-Surface Temperatures, Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska, USA, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 33, 140–148, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552214, 2001. a, b, c
Kudryavtsev, V. A., Garagulya, L. S., Kondratyeva, K. A., and Melamed, V. G.: Fundamentals of Frost Forecasting in Geological Engineering Investigations, Draft Translation 606, US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, USA, 1977. a
Kuneš, P., Pelánková, B., Chytrý, M., Jankovská, V., Pokorný, P., and Petr, L.: Interpretation of the last-glacial vegetation of eastern-central Europe using modern analogues from southern Siberia, J. Biogeogr., 35, 2223–2236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01974.x, 2008. a
Kurylyk, B. L.: Discussion of “A Simple Thaw-Freeze Algorithm for a Multi-Layered Soil using the Stefan Equation” by Xie and Gough (2013), Permafrost Periglac., 26, 200–206, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1834, 2015. a, b
Kurylyk, B. L. and Hayashi, M.: Improved Stefan Equation Correction Factors to Accommodate Sensible Heat Storage during Soil Freezing or Thawing, Permafrost Periglac., 27, 189–203, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1865, 2016. a, b, c
Lewkowicz, A. G., Bonnaventure, P. P., Smith, S. L., and Kuntz, Z.: Spatial and thermal characteristics of mountain permafrost, Northwest Canada, Geogr. Ann. A, 94, 195–213, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00462.x, 2012. a, b
Lindgren, A., Hugelius, G., Kuhry, P., Christensen, T. R., and Vandenberghe, J.: GIS-based Maps and Area Estimates of Northern Hemisphere Permafrost Extent during the Last Glacial Maximum, Permafrost Periglac., 27, 6–16, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1851, 2016. a
Lunardini, V. J.: Theory of N-factors and correlation of data, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Permafrost, Vol. 1, Edmonton, Canada, 10–13 July 1978, 40–46, 1978. a
Lunardini, V. J.: Heat Transfer in Cold Climates, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, USA, 1981. a
Marks, L., Gałązka, D., and Woronko, B.: Climate, environment and stratigraphy of the last Pleistocene glacial stage in Poland, Quatern. Int., 420, 259–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.047, 2016. a, b, c
Matsuoka, N.: Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 55, 107–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00057-5, 2001. a
Matsuoka, N.: Climate and material controls on periglacial soil processes: Toward improving periglacial climate indicators, Quaternary Res., 75, 356–365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.014, 2011. a
McKay, M. D., Beckman, R. J., and Conover, W. J.: Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code, Technometrics, 21, 239–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1979.10489755, 1979. a, b
Musil, R.: Tuřanská terasa Svitavy v Brně [Fluvial Tuřany terrace of the Svitava River in Brno], Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku, 4, 14–17, 1997. a
Musil, R., Karásek, J., Seitl, L., and Valoch, K.: Fluviální akumulace v Brně–Černovicích [Fluvial aggradational terraces at Brno–Černovice], Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku, 3, 28–31, 1996. a
Nelson, F. E. and Outcalt, S. I.: A Computational Method for Prediction and Regionalization of Permafrost, Arctic Alpine Res., 19, 279–288, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551363, 1987. a
Nixon, J. F. and McRoberts, E. C.: A Study of Some Factors Affecting the Thawing of Frozen Soils, Can. Geotech. J., 10, 439–452, https://doi.org/10.1139/t73-037, 1973. a
Nyland, K. E., Nelson, F. E., Figueiredo, P. M.: Cosmogenic 10Be and 36Cl geochronology of cryoplanation terraces in the Alaskan Yukon-Tanana Upland, Quaternary Res., 97, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.25, 2020. a
Poser, H.: Boden- und Klimaverhältnisse in Mittel- und Westeuropa während der Würmeiszeit, Erdkunde, 2, 53–68, 1948. a
Romanovsky, V. E. and Osterkamp, T. E.: Thawing of the Active Layer on the Coastal Plain of the Alaskan Arctic, Permafrost Periglac., 8, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199701)8:1%3C1::AID-PPP243%3E3.0.CO;2-U, 1997. a, b, c
Romanovsky, V. E., Kholodov, A. L., Cable, W. L., Cohen, L., Panda, S., Marchenko, S., Muskett, R. R., and Nicolsky, D.: Network of Permafrost Observatories in North America and Russia, NSF Arctic Data Center, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2SH27, 2009. a, b
Šafanda, J. and Rajver, D.: Signature of the last ice age in the present subsurface temperatures in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, Glob. Planet. Change, 29, 241–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00093-5, 2001. a
Šantrůček, P., Králík, F., and Kvičinský, Z.: Geologická mapa ČR 1 : 50 000, List 11–14 Cheb [Geological map of the Czech Republic 1:50 000, Sheet 11–14 Cheb], Český geologický ústav, Praha, Czech Republic, 1994. a
Shiklomanov, N. I. and Nelson, F. E.: Active-Layer Mapping at Regional Scales: A 13-Year Spatial Time Series for the Kuparuk Region, North-Central Alaska, Permafrost Periglac., 13, 219–230, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.425, 2002. a, b
Shur, Y., Hinkel, K. M., and Nelson, F. E.: The Transient Layer: Implications for Geocryology and Climate-Change Science. Permafrost Periglac., 16, 5–17, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.518, 2005. a
Shur, Y. L. and Slavin-Borovskiy, V. B.: N-factor maps of Russian permafrost region, in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Permafrost, Vol. 1, Beijing, China, 5–9 July 1993, 564–568, 1993. a
Smith, M. W. and Riseborough, D. W.: Climate and the Limits of Permafrost: A Zonal Analysis, Permafrost Periglac., 13, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.410, 2002. a
Špičáková, L., Uličný, D., and Koudelková, G.: Tectonosedimentary Evolution of the Cheb basin (NW Bohemia, Czech Republic) between Late Oligocene and Pliocene: a preliminary note, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 44, 556–580, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021819802569, 2000. a
Stefan J.: Über die Theorie der Eisbildung, insbesondere über die Eisbildung im Polarmeere, Ann. Phys., 278, 269–286, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18912780206, 1891. a
Uxa, T.: Discussion on “Active Layer Thickness Prediction on the Western Antarctic Peninsula” by Wilhelm et al. (2015), Permafrost Periglac., 28, 493–498, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1888, 2017. a
Uxa, T.: PERICLIMv1.0: A model deriving palaeo-air temperatures from thaw depth in past permafrost regions (Version 1.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4562435, 2021. a
Uxa, T., Mida, P., and Křížek, M.: Effect of Climate on Morphology and Development of Sorted Circles and Polygons, Permafrost Periglac., 28, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1949, 2017. a
Vandenberghe, J., French, H. M., Gorbunov, A., Marchenko, S., Velichko, A. A., Jin, H., Cui, Z., Zhang, T., and Wan, X.: The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25–17 ka BP, Boreas, 43, 652–666, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12070, 2014. a
Wang, K., Jafarov, E., Overeem, I., Romanovsky, V., Schaefer, K., Clow, G., Urban, F., Cable, W., Piper, M., Schwalm, C., Zhang, T., Kholodov, A., Sousanes, P., Loso, M., and Hill, K.: A synthesis dataset of permafrost-affected soil thermal conditions for Alaska, USA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2311–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2311-2018, 2018. a, b
Washburn, A. L.: Geocryology: A Survey of Periglacial Environments, Edward Arnold, London, UK, 1979. a
Washburn, A. L.: Permafrost features as evidence of climatic change, Earth-Sci. Rev., 15, 327–402, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(80)90114-2, 1980. a, b
Way, R. G. and Lewkowicz, A. G.: Environmental controls on ground temperature and permafrost in Labrador, northeast Canada, Permafrost Periglac., 29, 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1972, 2018. a, b
Wayne, W. J.: Paleoclimatic Inferences from Relict Cryogenic Features in Alpine Regions, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Permafrost, Vol. 1, Fairbanks, USA, 17–22 July 1983, 1378–1383, 1983. a
Westermann, S., Elberling, B., Højlund Pedersen, S., Stendel, M., Hansen, B. U., and Liston, G. E.: Future permafrost conditions along environmental gradients in Zackenberg, Greenland, The Cryosphere, 9, 719–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-719-2015, 2015. a
Westermann, S., Langer, M., Boike, J., Heikenfeld, M., Peter, M., Etzelmüller, B., and Krinner, G.: Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 523–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-523-2016, 2016. a
Wicky, J. and Hauck, C.: Numerical modelling of convective heat transport by air flow in permafrost talus slopes, The Cryosphere, 11, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, 2017.
a
Williams, P. J.: Climatic Factors Controlling the Distribution of Certain Frozen Ground Phenomena, Geogr. Ann., 43, 339–347, https://doi.org/10.1080/20014422.1961.11880994, 1961. a
Wu, Q. and Zhang, T.: Changes in active layer thickness over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1995 to 2007. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D09107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012974, 2010. a, b
Zhang, M., Bi, J., Chen, W., Zhang, X., and Lu, J.: Evaluation of calculation models for the thermal conductivity of soils, Int. Commun. Heat Mass, 94, 14–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.02.005, 2018. a, b
Short summary
We present a simple model that derives palaeo-air temperature characteristics related to the palaeo-active-layer thickness, which can be recognized using many relict periglacial features found in past permafrost regions. Its evaluation against modern temperature records and an experimental palaeo-air temperature reconstruction showed relatively high model accuracy, which suggests that it could become a useful tool for reconstructing Quaternary palaeo-environments.
We present a simple model that derives palaeo-air temperature characteristics related to the...
