Presented here is a new model of the solid-Earth response to tides and mass changes in ice sheets, oceans, and groundwater, in of terms of gravity change and bedrock motion. The model is capable simulating mantle deformation including elasticity, transient and steady-state viscous flow. We detail our approach to numerical optimization, and report the accuracy of results with respect to community benchmarks. The resulting coupled system features kilometer-scale resolution and fast computation.

In this study, the orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) parameterization scheme in the CMA-GFS v4.0 model is revised to account for nonhydrostatic effects (NHE) on the surface momentum flux of subgrid-scale orographic gravity waves. Through a series of 10-day medium-range forecasts, the revised OGWD scheme is shown to significantly improve the simulation of large-scale circulation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), especially in the high latitudes.