Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1395-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1395-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Hydro-geomorphological modelling of leaky wooden dam efficacy from reach to catchment scale with CAESAR-Lisflood 1.9j
Joshua M. Wolstenholme
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
Christopher J. Skinner
FloodSkinner, York, UK
Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
David Milan
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
Robert E. Thomas
Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
Daniel R. Parsons
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
Related authors
Joshua M. Wolstenholme, Christopher J. Skinner, David Milan, Robert E. Thomas, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 647–663, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-647-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-647-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Leaky wooden dams are a popular form of natural flood management used to slow the flow of water by increasing floodplain connectivity whilst decreasing connectivity along the river profile. By monitoring two leaky wooden dams in North Yorkshire, UK, we present the geomorphological response to their installation, highlighting that the structures significantly increase channel complexity in response to different river flow conditions.
Joshua M. Wolstenholme, Christopher J. Skinner, David Milan, Robert E. Thomas, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 647–663, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-647-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-647-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Leaky wooden dams are a popular form of natural flood management used to slow the flow of water by increasing floodplain connectivity whilst decreasing connectivity along the river profile. By monitoring two leaky wooden dams in North Yorkshire, UK, we present the geomorphological response to their installation, highlighting that the structures significantly increase channel complexity in response to different river flow conditions.
Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Julian Leyland, Simon J. Dadson, Sagy Cohen, Louise Slater, Michel Wortmann, Philip J. Ashworth, Georgina L. Bennett, Richard Boothroyd, Hannah Cloke, Pauline Delorme, Helen Griffith, Richard Hardy, Laurence Hawker, Stuart McLelland, Jeffrey Neal, Andrew Nicholas, Andrew J. Tatem, Ellie Vahidi, Yinxue Liu, Justin Sheffield, Daniel R. Parsons, and Stephen E. Darby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3099–3118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated six high-resolution global precipitation datasets for hydrological modelling. MSWEP and ERA5 showed better performance, but spatial variability was high. The findings highlight the importance of careful dataset selection for river discharge modelling due to the lack of a universally superior dataset. Further improvements in global precipitation data products are needed.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Christopher J. Skinner and Thomas J. Coulthard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 695–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models allow us to simulate the way the Earth's surface is shaped and help us to understand relevant processes, in turn helping us to manage landscapes better. The models typically represent the land surface using a grid of square cells of equal size, averaging heights in those squares. This study shows that the size chosen by the modeller for these grid cells is important, with larger sizes making sediment output events larger but less frequent.
Elena Bastianon, Julie A. Hope, Robert M. Dorrell, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1115–1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biological activity in shallow tidal environments significantly influence sediment dynamics and morphology. Here, a bio-morphodynamic model is developed that accounts for hydro-climate variations in biofilm development to estimate the effect of biostabilisation on the bed. Results reveal that key parameters such as growth rate and temperature strongly influence the development of biofilm under a range of disturbance periodicities and intensities, shaping the channel equilibrium profile.
Chengbin Zou, Paul Carling, Zetao Feng, Daniel Parsons, and Xuanmei Fan
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-119, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-119, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is causing mountain lakes behind glacier barriers to drain through ice tunnels as catastrophe floods, threatening people and infrastructure downstream. Understanding of how process works can mitigate the impacts by providing advanced warnings. A laboratory study of ice tunnel development improved understanding of how floods evolve. The principles of ice tunnel development were defined numerically and can be used to better model natural floods leading to improved prediction.
Christopher R. Hackney, Grigorios Vasilopoulos, Sokchhay Heng, Vasudha Darbari, Samuel Walker, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1323–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1323-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1323-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Unsustainable sand mining poses a threat to the stability of river channels. We use satellite imagery to estimate volumes of material removed from the Mekong River, Cambodia, over the period 2016–2020. We demonstrate that current rates of extraction now exceed previous estimates for the entire Mekong Basin and significantly exceed the volume of sand naturally transported by the river. Our work highlights the importance of satellite imagery in monitoring sand mining activity over large areas.
Chloe Leach, Tom Coulthard, Andrew Barkwith, Daniel R. Parsons, and Susan Manson
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5507–5523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models can be used to understand how coastal systems evolve over time, including likely responses to climate change. However, many existing models are aimed at simulating 10- to 100-year time periods do not represent a vertical dimension and are thus unable to include the effect of sea-level rise. The Coastline Evolution Model 2D (CEM2D) presented in this paper is an advance in this field, with the inclusion of the vertical coastal profile against which the water level can be altered.
Sepehr Eslami, Piet Hoekstra, Herman W. J. Kernkamp, Nam Nguyen Trung, Dung Do Duc, Hung Nguyen Nghia, Tho Tran Quang, Arthur van Dam, Stephen E. Darby, Daniel R. Parsons, Grigorios Vasilopoulos, Lisanne Braat, and Maarten van der Vegt
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 953–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-953-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-953-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Increased salt intrusion jeopardizes freshwater supply to the Mekong Delta, and the current trends are often inaccurately associated with sea level rise. Using observations and models, we show that salinity is highly sensitive to ocean surge, tides, water demand, and upstream discharge. We show that anthropogenic riverbed incision has significantly amplified salt intrusion, exemplifying the importance of preserving sediment budget and riverbed levels to protect deltas against salt intrusion.
Cited articles
Abbe, T. B. and Montgomery, D. R.: Large wood debris jams, channel hydraulics and habitat formation in large rivers, Regul. Rivers: Res. Manage., 12, 201–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199603)12:2/3<201::AID-RRR390>3.3.CO;2-1, 1996.
Abbe, T., Hrachovec, M., and Winter, S.: Engineered Log Jams: Recent Developments in Their Design and Placement, with examples from the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A, in: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11031-0, 2018.
Addy, S. and Wilkinson, M. E.: An assessment of engineered log jam structures in response to a flood event in an upland gravel-bed river, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 4112, 1658–1670, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3936, 2016.
Addy, S. and Wilkinson, M. E.: Representing natural and artificial in-channel large wood in numerical hydraulic and hydrological models, WIREs Water, 6, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1389, 2019.
Al-Zawaidah, H., Ravazzolo, D., and Friedrich, H.: Local geomorphic effects in the presence of accumulations of different densities, Geomorphology, 389, 107838, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107838, 2021.
Arnaud-Fassetta, G., Astrade, L., Bardou, É., Corbonnois, J., Delahaye, D., Fort, M., Gautier, E., Jacob, N., Peiry, J.-L., Piégay, H., and Penven, M.-J.: Fluvial geomorphology and flood-risk management, Géomorphologie, 152, 109–128, https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.7554, 2009.
Bair, R. T., Segura, C., and Lorion, C. M.: Quantifying the restoration success of wood introductions to increase coho salmon winter habitat, Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 841–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-841-2019, 2019.
Barnsley, I.: Quantifying the benefits of natural flood management methods in groundwater-dominated river systems, PhD thesis, University of Southampton, 219 pp., http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/468626 (last access: 1 May 2024), 2022.
Bates, P. D., Horritt, M. S., and Fewtrell, T. J.: A simple inertial formulation of the shallow water equations for efficient two-dimensional flood inundation modelling, J. Hydrol., 387, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.03.027, 2010.
Benito, G. and Hudson, P. F.: Flood hazards: The context of fluvial geomorphology, in: Geomorphological Hazards and Disaster Prevention, edited by: Irasema, A.-A. and Goudie, A. S., Cambridge University Press, 111–128, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807527.010, 2010.
Burgess-Gamble, L., Ngai, R., Wilkinson, M., Nisbet, T., Pontee, N., Harvey, R., Kipling, K., Addy, S., Rose, S., Maslen, S., Jay, H., Nicholson, A., Page, T., Jonczyk, J., and Quinn, P.: Working with Natural Processes – Evidence Directory SC150005, Environment Agency, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency/about/research (last access: 1 May 2024), 2017.
Cashman, M. J., Wharton, G., Harvey, G. L., Naura, M., and Bryden, A.: Trends in the use of large wood in UK river restoration projects: insights from the National River Restoration Inventory, Water Environ. J., 33, 318–328, https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12407, 2018.
Claessens, L., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Schoorl, J. M., and Veldkamp, A.: DEM resolution effects on shallow landslide hazard and soil redistribution modelling, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 304, 461–477, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1155, 2005.
Comiti, F., Andreoli, A., Mao, L., and Lenzi, M. A.: Wood storage in three mountain streams of the Southern Andes and its hydro-morphological effects, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 33, 244–262, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1541, 2008.
Coulthard, T. J. and Skinner, C. J.: The sensitivity of landscape evolution models to spatial and temporal rainfall resolution, Earth Surf. Dynam., 43, 757–771, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-757-2016, 2016.
Coulthard, T. J., Neal, J. C., Bates, P. D., Ramirez, J., de Almeida, G. A. M., and Hancock, G. R.: Integrating the LISFLOOD-FP 2D hydrodynamic model with the CAESAR model: Implications for modelling landscape evolution, Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 3815, 1897–1906, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3478, 2013.
Coulthard, T. J., Neal, J. C., Bates, P. D., Ramirez, J., de Almeida, G. A., and Hancock, G. R.: CAESAR Lisflood Download-1.9j, Sourceforge [code], https://sourceforge.net/projects/caesar-lisflood/ (last access: 30 September 2022), 2022.
Croke, J., Fryirs, K., and Thompson, C.: Defining the floodplain in hydrologically-variable settings: implications for flood risk management, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 4114, 2153–2164, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4014, 2016.
Curran, J. H. and Wohl, E. E.: Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington, Geomorphology, 511, 141–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00333-1, 2003.
Dadson, S. J., Hall, J. W., Murgatroyd, A., Acreman, M., Bates, P., Beven, K., Heathwaite, L., Holden, J., Holman, I. P., Lane, S. N., O'Connell, E., Penning-Rowsell, E., Reynard, N., Sear, D., Thorne, C., Wilby, R., Connell, E. O., Reynard, N., and Sear, D.: A restatement of the natural science evidence concerning flood management in the UK, P. Roy. Soc., 473, 20160706, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0706, 2017.
Deane, A., Norrey, J., Coulthard, E., McKendry, D. C., and Dean, A. P.: Riverine large woody debris introduced for natural flood management leads to rapid improvement in aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity, Ecol. Eng., 163, 106197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106197, 2021.
Dixon, S. J.: Investigating the effects of large wood and forest management on flood risk and flood hydrology, ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4923.2485, 2013.
Dixon, S. J.: A dimensionless statistical analysis of logjam form and process, Ecohydrology, 96, 1117–1129, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1710 2016.
Dixon, S. J., Sear, D. A., Odoni, N. A., Sykes, T., and Lane, S. N.: The effects of river restoration on catchment scale flood risk and flood hydrology, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 417, 997–1008, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3919, 2016.
Einstein, H. A.: The Bed-Load Function for Sediment Transportation in Open Channel Flows, Technical Bulletin No. 1026, US Department of Agriculture, 1–31, https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/75/247675.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 1950.
Environment Agency: Flood and coastal erosion risk management appraisal: Technical guidance, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fcerm-appraisal-technical-guidance (last access: 1 May 2024), 2022.
Feeney, C. J., Godfrey, S., Cooper, J. R., Plater, A. J., and Dodds, D.: Forecasting riverine erosion hazards to electricity transmission towers under increasing flow magnitudes, Clim. Risk Manage., 36, 100439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100439, 2022.
Flack, D. L. A., Skinner, C. J., Hawkness-Smith, L., O'Donnell, G., Thompson, R. J., Waller, J. A., Chen, A. S., Moloney, J., Largeron, C., Xia, X., Blenkinsop, S., Champion, A. J., Perks, M. T., Quinn, N., and Speight, L. J.: Recommendations for Improving Integration in National End-to-End Flood Forecasting Systems: An Overview of the FFIR Flooding From Intense Rainfall Programme, Water, 114, 725, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040725, 2019.
Follett, E. and Hankin, B.: Investigation of effect of logjam series for varying channel and barrier physical properties using a sparse input data 1D network model, Environ. Model. Softw., 158, 105543, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105543, 2022.
Galia, T., Poledniková, Z., and Škarpich, V.: Impact of large wood on sediment (dis)connectivity in a meandering river, Geomorphology, 453, 109153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109153, 2024.
Geertsema, T. J., Torfs, P. J. J. F., Eekhout, J. P. C., Teuling, A. J., and Hoitink, A. J. F.: Wood-induced backwater effects in lowland streams, River Res. Appl., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3611, 2020.
Grabowski, R. C., Gurnell, A. M., Burgess-Gamble, L., England, J., Holland, D., Klaar, M. J., Morrissey, I., Uttley, C., and Wharton, G.: The current state of the use of large wood in river restoration and management, Water Environ. J., 33, 366–377, https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12465, 2019.
Gregory, K. J., Gurnell, A. M., and Hill, C. T.: The permanence of debris dams related to river channel processes, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 303, 371–381, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668509491000, 1985.
Gurnell, A., England, J., and Burgess-Gamble, L.: Trees and wood: working with natural river processes, Water Environ. J., 33, 342–352, https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12426, 2018.
Hancock, G. R., Lowry J. B. C., and Coulthard, T. J.: Catchment reconstruction – erosional stability at millennial time scales using landscape evolution models, Geomorphology, 231, 15–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.034, 2015.
Hancock, G. R., Lowry, J. B. C., and Coulthard, T. J.: Long-term landscape trajectory – Can we make predictions about landscape form and function for post-mining landforms?, Geomorphology, 266, 121–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.014, 2016.
Hancock, G. R., Verdon-Kidd, D., and Lowry, J. B. C.: Sediment output from a post-mining catchment – Centennial impacts using stochastically generated rainfall, J. Hydrol., 544, 180–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.027, 2017.
Hankin, B., Metcalfe, P., Beven, K., and Chappell, N. A.: Integration of hillslope hydrology and 2D hydraulic modelling for natural flood management, Hydrol. Res., 506, 1535–1548, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.150, 2019.
Hankin, B., Hewitt, I., Sander, G., Danieli, F., Formetta, G., Kamilova, A., Kretzschmar, A., Kiradjiev, K., Wong, C., Pegler, S., and Lamb, R.: A risk-based network analysis of distributed in-stream leaky barriers for flood risk management, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2567–2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2567-2020, 2020.
Hesselink, A. W., Weerts, H. J. T., and Berendsen, H. J. A.: Alluvial architecture of the human-influenced river Rhine, The Netherlands, Sediment. Geol., 161, 229–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(03)00116-7, 2003.
Hill, B., Liang, Q., Bosher, L., Chen, H., and Nicholson, A.: A systematic review of natural flood management modelling: Approaches, limitations, and potential solutions, J. Flood Risk Manage., 163, e12899, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12899, 2023.
Hudson, P. F., Middelkoop, H., and Stouthamer, E.: Flood management along the Lower Mississippi and Rhine Rivers (The Netherlands) and the continuum of geomorphic adjustment, Geomorphology, 1, 209–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.001, 2008.
Jeffries, R., Darby, S. E., and Sear, D. A.: The influence of vegetation and organic debris on flood-plain sediment dynamics: Case study of a low-order stream in the New Forest, England, Geomorphology, 51, 61–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00325-2, 2003.
Keys, T. A., Govenor, H., Jones, C. N., Hession, W. C., Hester, E. T., and Scott, D. T.: Effects of large wood on floodplain connectivity in a headwater Mid-Atlantic stream, Ecol. Eng., 118, 134–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.05.007, 2018.
Kitts, D. R.: The hydraulic and hydrological performance of large wood accumulation in a low-order forest stream, PhD thesis, University of Southampton, 367 pp., http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/185791 (last access: 1 May 2024), 2010.
Lane, S. N.: Natural Flood Management, WIREs Water, 4, e1211, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1211, 2017.
Lashford, C., Lavers, T., Reaney, S., Charlesworth, S., Burgess-Gamble, L., and Dale, J.: Sustainable Catchment-Wide Flood Management: A Review of the Terminology and Application of Sustainable Catchment Flood Management Techniques in the UK, Water, 14, 1204, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081204, 2022.
Leakey, S., Hewett, C. J. M., Glenis, V., and Quinn, P. F.: Modelling the Impact of Leaky Barriers with a 1D Godunov-Type Scheme for the Shallow Water Equations, Water, 122, 371, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020371, 2020.
Li, C., Wang, M., Chen, F., Coulthard, T. J., and Wang, L.: Integrating the SLIDE model within CAESAR-Lisflood: Modeling the `rainfall-landslide-flash flood' disaster chain mechanism under landscape evolution in a mountainous area, Catena, 227, 107124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107124, 2023.
Liu, Y. B., Gebremeskel, S., de Smedt, F., Hoffmann, L., and Pfister, L.: Simulation of flood reduction by natural river rehabilitation using a distributed hydrological model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 86, 1129–1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-1129-2004, 2004.
Livers, B., Lininger, K. B., Kramer, N., and Sendrowski, A.: Porosity problems: Comparing and reviewing methods for estimating porosity and volume of wood jams in the field, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 4513, 3336–3353, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4969, 2020.
Lo, H. W., Smith, M., Klaar, M., and Woulds, C.: Potential secondary effects of in-stream wood structures installed for natural flood management: A conceptual model, WIREs Water, 85, e1546, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1546, 2021.
Lo, H. W., van Leeuwen, Z., Klaar, M., Woulds, C., and Smith, M.: Geomorphic effects of natural flood management woody dams in upland streams, River Res. Appl., 38, 1787–1802, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4045, 2022.
Meadows, T.: Forecasting long-term sediment yield from the upper North Fork Toutle River, Mount St. Helens, USA, PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, 393 pp., https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/id/eprint/27800 (last access: 1 May 2024), 2014.
Metcalfe, P., Beven, K., Hankin, B., and Lamb, R.: A modelling framework for evaluation of the hydrological impacts of nature-based approaches to flood risk management, with application to in-channel interventions across a 29-km2 scale catchment in the United Kingdom, Hydrol. Process., 319, 1734–1748, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11140, 2017.
Met Office: Met Office Rain Radar Data from the NIMROD System, NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/82adec1f896af6169112d09cc1174499 (last access: 1 May 2024), 2003.
Meyer-Peter, E. and Müller, R.: Formulas for Bed-Load Transport, Paper No. 2, in: Proceedings of the 2nd Congress, IAHR, 7–9 June 1984, Stockholm, 39–64, https://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4fda9b61-be28-4703-ab06-43cdc2a21bd7 (last access: 1 May 2024), 1948.
Muhawenimana, V., Wilson, C. A. M. E., Nefjodova, J., and Cable, J.: Flood attenuation hydraulics of channel-spanning leaky barriers, J. Hydrol., 596, 125731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125731, 2021.
Muhawenimana, V., Follett, E., Maddock, I., and Wilson, C. A. M. E.: Field-based monitoring of instream leaky barrier backwater and storage during storm events. J. Hydrol., 622, 129744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129744, 2023.
Newson, M., Lewin, J., and Raven, P.: River science and flood risk management policy in England, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 46, 105–123, https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333211036384, 2021.
Nicholson, A. R., Wilkinson, M. E., O'Donnell, G. M., and Quinn, P. F.: Runoff attenuation features: A sustainable flood mitigation strategy in the Belford catchment, UK, Area, 444, 463–469, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01099.x, 2012.
Nicholson, A. R., O'Donnell, G. M., Wilkinson, M. E., and Quinn, P. F.: The potential of runoff attenuation features as a Natural Flood Management approach, J. Flood Risk Manage., 13, e12565, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12565, 2019.
Nisbet, T., Roe, P., Marrington, S., Thomas, H., Broadmeadow, S., and Valatin, G.: Project RMP5455: Slowing the Flow at Pickering Final Report: Phase II, Dep. Environ. Food Rural Aff., UK, https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2022/02/fr_stf_pickering_p2_may2015_mwh9jja.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 2015.
Norbury, M., Phillips, H., Macdonald, N., Brown, D., Boothroyd, R., Wilson, C., Quinn, P., and Shaw, D.: Quantifying the hydrological implications of pre- and post-installation willowed engineered log jams in the Pennine Uplands, NW England, J. Hydrol., 603, 126855, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126855, 2021.
O'Callaghan, J. F. and Mark, D. M.: The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process., 283, 323–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(84)80011-0, 1984.
Ockelford, A., Wohl, E., Ruiz-Villanueva, V., Comiti, F., Piégay, H., Darby, S., Parsons, D., Yochum, S. E., Wolstenholme, J., White, D., Uno, H., Triantafillou, S., Stroth, T., Smrdel, T., Scott, D. N., Scamardo, J. E., Rees, J., Rathburn, S., Morrison, R. R., Milan, D., Marshall, A., Lininger, K. B., Kemper, J. T., Karpack, M., Johaneman, T., Iskin, E., Gibaja del Hoyo, J., Hortobágyi, B., Hinshaw, S., Heath, J., Emmanuel, T., Dunn, S., Christensen, N., Beeby, J., Ash, J., Ader, E., and Aarnink, J.: Working with wood in rivers in the Western United States, River Res. Appl., 40, 1626–1641, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4331, 2024.
Odoni, N. A. and Lane, S. N.: Assessment of the Impact of Upstream Land Management Measures on Flood Flows in Pickering Beck using Overflow, Forest Research, https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2022/02/stfap_final_report_appendix12_2_apr2011.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 2010.
Ordnance Survey: OS Terrain 5 DTM [ASC geospatial data], Scale 1:20 000, Tiles: Dalby Forest, Updated: April 2020, Ordnance Survey, http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ (last access: 1 May 2024), 2020.
Pearson, E. G.: Modelling the interactions between geomorphological processes and Natural Flood Management, PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 251 pp., https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/29444/ (last access: 1 May 2024), 2020.
Pinter, N., Ickes, B. S., Wlosinski, J. H., and van der Ploeg, R. R.: Trends in flood stages: Contrasting results from the Mississippi and Rhine River systems, J. Hydrol., 331, 554–566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.013, 2006.
Pinto, C., Ing, R., Browning, B., Delboni, V., Wilson, H., Martyn, D., and Harvey, G. L.: Hydromorphological, hydraulic and ecological effects of restored wood: findings and reflections from an academic partnership approach, Water Environ. J., 333, 353–365, https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12457, 2019.
Quinn, P. F., Hewett, C. J. M., Wilkinson, M. E., and Adams, R.: The Role of Runoff Attenuation Features (RAFs) in Natural Flood Management, Water, 14, 3807, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233807, 2022.
Ramirez, J. A., Zischg, A. P., Schürmann, S., Zimmermann, M., Weingartner, R., Coulthard, T., and Keiler, M.: Modeling the geomorphic response to early river engineering works using CAESAR-Lisflood, Anthropocene, 32, 100266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100266, 2020.
Rasche, D., Reinhardt-Imjela, C., Schulte, A., and Wenzel, R.: Hydrodynamic simulation of the effects of stable in-channel large wood on the flood hydrographs of a low mountain range creek, Ore Mountains, Germany, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2310, 4349–4365, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4349-2019, 2019.
Ravazzolo, D., Spreitzer, G., Tunnicliffe, J., and Friedrich, H.: The Effect of Large Wood Accumulations With Rootwads on Local Geomorphic Changes, Water Resour. Res., 58, e2021WR031403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031403, 2022.
Schalko, I., Lageder, C., Schmocker, L., Weitbrecht, V., and Boes, R. M.: Laboratory Flume Experiments on the Formation of Spanwise Large Wood Accumulations: Part II – Effect on local scour, Water Resour. Res., 55, 4871–4885, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024789, 2019.
Schoorl, J. M., Sonneveld, M. P. W., and Veldkamp, A.: Three-dimensional landscape process modelling: the effect of DEM resolution, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 259, 1025–1034, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<1025::AID-ESP116>3.0.CO;2-Z, 2000.
Sear, D. A., Millington, C. E., Kitts, D. R., and Jeffries, R.: Logjam controls on channel: floodplain interactions in wooded catchments and their role in the formation of multi-channel patterns, Geomorphology, 116, 305–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.022, 2010.
Senior, J. G., Trigg, M. A., and Willis, T.: Physical representation of hillslope leaky barriers in 2D hydraulic models: A case study from the Calder Valley, J. Flood Risk Manage., 153, e12821, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12821, 2022.
SEPA: Natural Flood Management Handbook, https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163560/sepa-natural-flood-management-handbook1.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 2015.
Shields Jr., F. D. and Gippel, C. J.: Prediction of effects of woody debris removal on flow resistance, J. Hydraul. Eng., 1214, 341–354, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:4(341), 1995.
Skinner, C. J. and Coulthard, T. J.: Testing the sensitivity of the CAESAR-Lisflood landscape evolution model to grid cell size, Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 695–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, 2023.
Skinner, C. J., Coulthard, T. J., Schwanghart, W., van de Wiel, M. J., and Hancock, G.: Global sensitivity analysis of parameter uncertainty in landscape evolution models, Geosci. Model Dev., 1112, 4873–4888, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4873-2018, 2018.
Skinner, C. J., Peleg, N., Quinn, N., Coulthard, T. J., Molnar, P., and Freer, J.: The impact of different rainfall products on landscape modelling simulations, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 4511, 2512–2523, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4894, 2020.
Stewart, E. J., Jones, D. A., Svensson, C., Morris, D. G., Dempsey, P., Dent, J. E., Collier, C. G., and Anderson, C. W.: Reservoir safety – Long return period rainfall, Volume 1, Technical Report (Part 1), Project: FD2613 WS 194/2/39, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/602e43e2e90e0709e3127489/_long_return_report_1.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 2013.
Thomas, H. and Nisbet, T.: Modelling the hydraulic impact of reintroducing large woody debris into watercourses, J. Flood Risk Manage., 52, 164–174, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2012.01137.x, 2012.
van Leeuwen, Z. R., Klaar, M. J., Smith, M. W., and Brown, L. E.: Quantifying the natural flood management potential of leaky dams in upland catchments, Part II: Leaky dam impacts on flood peak magnitude, J. Hydrol., 628, 130449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130449, 2024.
Villamizar, M. L., Stoate, C., Biggs, J., Szczur, J., Williams, P., and Brown, C. D.: A model for quantifying the effectiveness of leaky barriers as a flood mitigation intervention in an agricultural landscape, River Res. Appl., 40, 365–378, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4241, 2024.
Walsh, P., Jakeman, A., and Thompson, C.: Modelling headwater channel response and suspended sediment yield to in-channel large wood using the Caesar-Lisflood landscape evolution model, Geomorphology, 363, 107209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107209, 2020.
Wenzel, R., Reinhardt-Imjela, C., Schulte, A., and Bölscher, J.: The potential of in-channel large woody debris in transforming discharge hydrographs in headwater areas Ore Mountains, Southeastern Germany, Ecol. Eng., 71, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.004, 2014.
Wilcock, P. R. and Crowe, J. C.: Surface-based Transport Model for Mixed-Size Sediment, J. Hydraul. Eng., 1292, 120–128, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:2(120), 2003.
Wohl, E.: Floodplains and wood, Earth-Sci. Rev., 123, 194–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.009, 2013.
Wohl, E.: Bridging the gaps: An overview of wood across time and space in diverse rivers, Geomorphology, 279, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.04.014, 2017.
Wohl, E. and Beckman, N. D.: Leaky rivers: Implications of the loss of longitudinal fluvial disconnectivity in headwater streams, Geomorphology, 205, 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.022, 2014.
Wohl, E., Kramer, N., Ruiz-Villanueva, V., Scott, D. N., Comiti, F., Gurnell, A. M., Piegay, H., Lininger, K. B., Jaeger, K. L., Walters, D. M., and Fausch, K. D.: The natural wood regime in rivers, BioScience, 69, 259–273, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz013, 2019.
Wohl, E., Uno, H., Dunn, S. B., Kemper, J. T., Marshall, A., Means-Brous, M., Scamardo, J. E., and Triantafillou, S. P.: Why wood should move in rivers, River Res. Appl., 40, 976–987, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4114, 2023.
Wolstenholme, J.: Monitoring and modelling fluvial hydrogeomorphic response to leaky wooden dams, PhD thesis, University of Hull, 227 pp., https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4436310 (last access: 1 May 2024), 2023.
Wolstenholme, J. M., Skinner, C. J., Milan, D. J., Thomas, R. E., and Parsons, D. R.: Localised geomorphic response to channel-spanning leaky wooden dams, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3001, 2024a.
Wolstenholme, J. M., Skinner, C. J., Milan, D., Thomas, R. E., and Parsons, D. R.: CAESAR-Lisflood 1.9j LD, Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12795495, 2024b.
Wong, J. S., Freer, J. E., Bates, P. D., Warburton, J., and Coulthard, T. J.: Assessing the hydrological and geomorphic behaviour of a landscape evolution model within a limits-of-acceptability uncertainty analysis framework, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 46, 1981–2003, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5140, 2021.
Xie, J., Coulthard, T. J., and McLelland, S. J.: Modelling the impact of seismic triggered landslide location on basin sediment yield, dynamics and connectivity, Geomorphology, 398, 108029, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108029, 2022.
Short summary
Leaky wooden dams are a type of natural flood management intervention that aims to reduce flood risk downstream by temporarily holding back water during a storm event and releasing it afterwards. These structures alter the river hydrology, and therefore the geomorphology, yet often this is excluded from numerical models. Here we show that by not simulating geomorphology, we are currently underestimating the efficacy of these structures to reduce the flood peak and store water.
Leaky wooden dams are a type of natural flood management intervention that aims to reduce flood...