Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2013-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2013-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Global simulation of dissolved 231Pa and 230Th in the ocean and the sedimentary 231Pa∕230Th ratios with the ocean general circulation model COCO ver4.0
Yusuke Sasaki
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo,
Kashiwa, Japan
Hidetaka Kobayashi
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo,
Kashiwa, Japan
Akira Oka
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo,
Kashiwa, Japan
Related authors
No articles found.
Hidetaka Kobayashi, Akira Oka, Takashi Obase, and Ayako Abe-Ouchi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2526, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The transient response of the ocean carbon cycle during the last deglaciation was investigated. During the early deglaciation, ocean temperature rise increased atmospheric pCO2, whereas a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) decreased atmospheric pCO2. We emphasize the critical influence of ocean alkalinity on pCO2 trends. Our carbon isotope modeling confirms the AMOC response and emphasizes the need to simulate prompt ventilation activation.
Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Akira Oka, Takahito Mitsui, and Fuyuki Saito
Clim. Past, 17, 1919–1936, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial periods underwent climate shifts between warm states and cold states on a millennial timescale. Frequency of these climate shifts varied along time: it was shorter during mid-glacial period compared to early glacial period. Here, from climate simulations of early and mid-glacial periods with a comprehensive climate model, we show that the larger ice sheet in the mid-glacial compared to early glacial periods could contribute to the frequent climate shifts during the mid-glacial period.
Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, and Akira Oka
Clim. Past, 17, 95–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We perform simulations of Marine Isotope Stage 3 and 5a with an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model to explore the effect of the southward expansion of mid-glacial ice sheets on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and climate. We find that the southward expansion of the mid-glacial ice sheet causes a surface cooling over the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean, but it exerts a small impact on the AMOC due to the competing effects of surface wind and surface cooling.
Andrew H. MacDougall, Thomas L. Frölicher, Chris D. Jones, Joeri Rogelj, H. Damon Matthews, Kirsten Zickfeld, Vivek K. Arora, Noah J. Barrett, Victor Brovkin, Friedrich A. Burger, Micheal Eby, Alexey V. Eliseev, Tomohiro Hajima, Philip B. Holden, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Charles Koven, Nadine Mengis, Laurie Menviel, Martine Michou, Igor I. Mokhov, Akira Oka, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Gary Shaffer, Andrei Sokolov, Kaoru Tachiiri, Jerry Tjiputra, Andrew Wiltshire, and Tilo Ziehn
Biogeosciences, 17, 2987–3016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is the change in global temperature expected to occur following the complete cessation of CO2 emissions. Here we use 18 climate models to assess the value of ZEC. For our experiment we find that ZEC 50 years after emissions cease is between −0.36 to +0.29 °C. The most likely value of ZEC is assessed to be close to zero. However, substantial continued warming for decades or centuries following cessation of CO2 emission cannot be ruled out.
Akitomo Yamamoto, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Rumi Ohgaito, Akinori Ito, and Akira Oka
Clim. Past, 15, 981–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-981-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-981-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Proxy records of glacial oxygen change provide constraints on the contribution of the biological pump to glacial CO2 decrease. Here, we report our numerical simulation which successfully reproduces records of glacial oxygen changes and shows the significance of iron supply from glaciogenic dust. Our model simulations clarify that the enhanced efficiency of the biological pump is responsible for glacial CO2 decline of more than 30 ppm and approximately half of deep-ocean deoxygenation.
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
Benchmarking GOCART-2G in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)
Energy-conserving physics for nonhydrostatic dynamics in mass coordinate models
Evaluation and optimisation of the soil carbon turnover routine in the MONICA model (version 3.3.1)
Assessing the sensitivity of aerosol mass budget and effective radiative forcing to horizontal grid spacing in E3SMv1 using a regional refinement approach
Towards the definition of a solar forcing dataset for CMIP7
ibicus: a new open-source Python package and comprehensive interface for statistical bias adjustment and evaluation in climate modelling (v1.0.1)
Disentangling the hydrological and hydraulic controls on streamflow variability in Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) V2 – a case study in the Pantanal region
Constraining the carbon cycle in JULES-ES-1.0
The utility of simulated ocean chlorophyll observations: a case study with the Chlorophyll Observation Simulator Package (version 1) in CESMv2.2
GeoPDNN 1.0: a semi-supervised deep learning neural network using pseudo-labels for three-dimensional shallow strata modelling and uncertainty analysis in urban areas from borehole data
The prototype NOAA Aerosol Reanalysis version 1.0: description of the modeling system and its evaluation
Performance and process-based evaluation of the BARPA-R Australasian regional climate model version 1
Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecast System version 2.0: model description and Indian monsoon simulations
Exploring the ocean mesoscale at reduced computational cost with FESOM 2.5: efficient modeling strategies applied to the Southern Ocean
Truly conserving with conservative remapping methods
High-resolution downscaling of CMIP6 Earth system and global climate models using deep learning for Iberia
Earth system modeling on modular supercomputing architecture: coupled atmosphere–ocean simulations with ICON 2.6.6-rc
Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (GDPCIR): preserving quantile trends for modeling future climate impacts
Understanding changes in cloud simulations from E3SM version 1 to version 2
WRF (v4.0)–SUEWS (v2018c) coupled system: development, evaluation and application
Scenario setup and forcing data for impact model evaluation and impact attribution within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a)
Deep learning model based on multi-scale feature fusion for precipitation nowcasting
The Framework for Assessing Changes To Sea-level (FACTS) v1.0: a platform for characterizing parametric and structural uncertainty in future global, relative, and extreme sea-level change
Getting the leaves right matters for estimating temperature extremes
The Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica (SOFIA) Initiative: scientific objectives and experimental design
Modeling and evaluating the effects of irrigation on land–atmosphere interaction in southwestern Europe with the regional climate model REMO2020–iMOVE using a newly developed parameterization
Process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology: ways to sound calibration and implications of uncertain projections
An evaluation of the LLC4320 global-ocean simulation based on the submesoscale structure of modeled sea surface temperature fields
An emulation-based approach for interrogating reactive transport models
A sub-grid parameterization scheme for topographic vertical motion in CAM5-SE
Technology to aid the analysis of large-volume multi-institute climate model output at a central analysis facility (PRIMAVERA Data Management Tool V2.10)
A diffusion-based kernel density estimator (diffKDE, version 1) with optimal bandwidth approximation for the analysis of data in geoscience and ecological research
Monte Carlo drift correction – quantifying the drift uncertainty of global climate models
Improvements in the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM) through systematic model analysis: CanESM5.0 and CanESM5.1
Earth System Model Aerosol–Cloud Diagnostics (ESMAC Diags) package, version 2: assessing aerosols, clouds, and aerosol–cloud interactions via field campaign and long-term observations
CIOFC1.0: a common parallel input/output framework based on C-Coupler2.0
Overcoming computational challenges to realize meter- to submeter-scale resolution in cloud simulations using the super-droplet method
The computational and energy cost of simulation and storage for climate science: lessons from CMIP6
Introducing a new floodplain scheme in ORCHIDEE (version 7885): validation and evaluation over the Pantanal wetlands
URock 2023a: an open-source GIS-based wind model for complex urban settings
DASH: a MATLAB toolbox for paleoclimate data assimilation
Accurate Assessment of Land-Atmosphere Coupling in Climate Models Requires High Frequency Data Output
Comparing the Performance of Julia on CPUs versus GPUs and Julia-MPI versus Fortran-MPI: a case study with MPAS-Ocean (Version 7.1)
All aboard! Earth system investigations with the CH2O-CHOO TRAIN v1.0
The Canadian Atmospheric Model version 5 (CanAM5.0.3)
The Teddy tool v1.1: temporal disaggregation of daily climate model data for climate impact analysis
Assimilation of the AMSU-A radiances using the CESM (v2.1.0) and the DART (v9.11.13)–RTTOV (v12.3)
Modernizing the open-source community Noah with multi-parameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model (version 5.0) with enhanced modularity, interoperability, and applicability
Simulated stable water isotopes during the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial periods using AWI-ESM-2.1-wiso
Rainbows and climate change: a tutorial on climate model diagnostics and parameterization
Allison B. Collow, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo M. da Silva, Virginie Buchard, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Sampa Das, Ravi Govindaraju, Dongchul Kim, and Valentina Aquila
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1443–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1443-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1443-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The GOCART aerosol module within the Goddard Earth Observing System recently underwent a major refactoring and update to the representation of physical processes. Code changes that were included in GOCART Second Generation (GOCART-2G) are documented, and we establish a benchmark simulation that is to be used for future development of the system. The 4-year benchmark simulation was evaluated using in situ and spaceborne measurements to develop a baseline and prioritize future development.
Oksana Guba, Mark A. Taylor, Peter A. Bosler, Christopher Eldred, and Peter H. Lauritzen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1429–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We want to reduce errors in the moist energy budget in numerical atmospheric models. We study a few common assumptions and mechanisms that are used for the moist physics. Some mechanisms are more consistent with the underlying equations. Separately, we study how assumptions about models' thermodynamics affect the modeled energy of precipitation. We also explain how to conserve energy in the moist physics for nonhydrostatic models.
Konstantin Aiteew, Jarno Rouhiainen, Claas Nendel, and René Dechow
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1349–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the biogeochemical model MONICA and its performance in simulating soil organic carbon changes. MONICA can reproduce plant growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, soil water and temperature. The model results were compared with five established carbon turnover models. With the exception of certain sites, adequate reproduction of soil organic carbon stock change rates was achieved. The MONICA model was capable of performing similar to or even better than the other models.
Jianfeng Li, Kai Zhang, Taufiq Hassan, Shixuan Zhang, Po-Lun Ma, Balwinder Singh, Qiyang Yan, and Huilin Huang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1327–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1327-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1327-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By comparing E3SM simulations with and without regional refinement, we find that model horizontal grid spacing considerably affects the simulated aerosol mass budget, aerosol–cloud interactions, and the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols. The study identifies the critical physical processes strongly influenced by model resolution. It also highlights the benefit of applying regional refinement in future modeling studies at higher or even convection-permitting resolutions.
Bernd Funke, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Ilaria Ermolli, Margit Haberreiter, Doug Kinnison, Daniel Marsh, Hilde Nesse, Annika Seppälä, Miriam Sinnhuber, and Ilya Usoskin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a road map for the preparation of a solar forcing dataset for the upcoming Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), considering the latest scientific advances made in the reconstruction of solar forcing and in the understanding of climate response while also addressing the issues that were raised during CMIP6.
Fiona Raphaela Spuler, Jakob Benjamin Wessel, Edward Comyn-Platt, James Varndell, and Chiara Cagnazzo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1249–1269, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Before using climate models to study the impacts of climate change, bias adjustment is commonly applied to the models to ensure that they correspond with observations at a local scale. However, this can introduce undesirable distortions into the climate model. In this paper, we present an open-source python package called ibicus to enable the comparison and detailed evaluation of bias adjustment methods, facilitating their transparent and rigorous application.
Donghui Xu, Gautam Bisht, Zeli Tan, Chang Liao, Tian Zhou, Hong-Yi Li, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1197–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We aim to disentangle the hydrological and hydraulic controls on streamflow variability in a fully coupled earth system model. We found that calibrating only one process (i.e., traditional calibration procedure) will result in unrealistic parameter values and poor performance of the water cycle, while the simulated streamflow is improved. To address this issue, we further proposed a two-step calibration procedure to reconcile the impacts from hydrological and hydraulic processes on streamflow.
Douglas McNeall, Eddy Robertson, and Andy Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1059–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We can run simulations of the land surface and carbon cycle, using computer models to help us understand and predict climate change and its impacts. These simulations are not perfect reproductions of the real land surface, and that can make them less effective tools. We use new statistical and computational techniques to help us understand how different our models are from the real land surface, how to make them more realistic, and how well we can simulate past and future climate.
Genevieve L. Clow, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael N. Levy, Keith Lindsay, and Jennifer E. Kay
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 975–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations of chlorophyll allow us to study marine phytoplankton on a global scale; yet some of these observations are missing due to clouds and other issues. To investigate the impact of missing data, we developed a satellite simulator for chlorophyll in an Earth system model. We found that missing data can impact the global mean chlorophyll by nearly 20 %. The simulated observations provide a more direct comparison to real-world data and can be used to improve model validation.
Jiateng Guo, Xuechuang Xu, Luyuan Wang, Xulei Wang, Lixin Wu, Mark Jessell, Vitaliy Ogarko, Zhibin Liu, and Yufei Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 957–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-957-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-957-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a semi-supervised learning algorithm using pseudo-labels for 3D geological modelling. We establish a 3D geological model using borehole data from a complex real urban local survey area in Shenyang and make an uncertainty analysis of this model. The method effectively expands the sample space, which is suitable for geomodelling and uncertainty analysis from boreholes. The modelling results perform well in terms of spatial morphology and geological semantics.
Shih-Wei Wei, Mariusz Pagowski, Arlindo da Silva, Cheng-Hsuan Lu, and Bo Huang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 795–813, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the modeling system and the evaluation results for the first prototype version of a global aerosol reanalysis product at NOAA, prototype NOAA Aerosol ReAnalysis version 1.0 (pNARA v1.0). We evaluated pNARA v1.0 against independent datasets and compared it with other reanalyses. We identified deficiencies in the system (both in the forecast model and in the data assimilation system) and the uncertainties that exist in our reanalysis.
Emma Howard, Chun-Hsu Su, Christian Stassen, Rajashree Naha, Harvey Ye, Acacia Pepler, Samuel S. Bell, Andrew J. Dowdy, Simon O. Tucker, and Charmaine Franklin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 731–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The BARPA-R modelling configuration has been developed to produce high-resolution climate hazard projections within the Australian region. When using boundary driving data from quasi-observed historical conditions, BARPA-R shows good performance with errors generally on par with reanalysis products. BARPA-R also captures trends, known modes of climate variability, large-scale weather processes, and multivariate relationships.
Deepeshkumar Jain, Suryachandra A. Rao, Ramu A. Dandi, Prasanth A. Pillai, Ankur Srivastava, Maheswar Pradhan, and Kiran V. Gangadharan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 709–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present paper discusses and evaluates the new Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecast System model (MMCFS) version 2.0 which upgrades the currently operational MMCFS v1.0 at the Indian Meteorological Department, India. The individual model components have been substantially upgraded independently by their respective scientific groups. MMCFS v2.0 includes these upgrades in the operational coupled model. The new model shows significant skill improvement in simulating the Indian monsoon.
Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cost-reducing modeling strategies are applied to high-resolution simulations of the Southern Ocean in a changing climate. They are evaluated with respect to observations and traditional, lower-resolution modeling methods. The simulations effectively reproduce small-scale ocean flows seen in satellite data and are largely consistent with traditional model simulations after 4 °C of warming. Small-scale flows are found to intensify near bathymetric features and to become more variable.
Karl E. Taylor
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 415–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Remapping gridded data in a way that preserves the conservative properties of the climate system can be essential in coupling model components and for accurate assessment of the system’s energy and mass constituents. Remapping packages capable of handling a wide variety of grids can, for some common grids, calculate remapping weights that are somewhat inaccurate. Correcting for these errors, guidelines are provided to ensure conservation when the weights are used in practice.
Pedro M. M. Soares, Frederico Johannsen, Daniela C. A. Lima, Gil Lemos, Virgílio A. Bento, and Angelina Bushenkova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 229–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-229-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses deep learning (DL) to downscale global climate models for the Iberian Peninsula. Four DL architectures were evaluated and trained using historical climate data and then used to downscale future projections from the global models. These show agreement with the original models and reveal a warming of 2 ºC to 6 ºC, along with decreasing precipitation in western Iberia after 2040. This approach offers key regional climate change information for adaptation strategies in the region.
Abhiraj Bishnoi, Olaf Stein, Catrin I. Meyer, René Redler, Norbert Eicker, Helmuth Haak, Lars Hoffmann, Daniel Klocke, Luis Kornblueh, and Estela Suarez
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We enabled the weather and climate model ICON to run in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean setup on the JUWELS supercomputer, where the ocean and the model I/O runs on the CPU Cluster, while the atmosphere is running simultaneously on GPUs. Compared to a simulation performed on CPUs only, our approach reduces energy consumption by 45 % with comparable runtimes. The experiments serve as preparation for efficient computing of kilometer-scale climate models on future supercomputing systems.
Diana R. Gergel, Steven B. Malevich, Kelly E. McCusker, Emile Tenezakis, Michael T. Delgado, Meredith A. Fish, and Robert E. Kopp
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 191–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The freely available Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (GDPCIR) dataset gives researchers a new tool for studying how future climate will evolve at a local or regional level, corresponding to the latest global climate model simulations prepared as part of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report. Those simulations represent an enormous advance in quality, detail, and scope that GDPCIR translates to the local level.
Yuying Zhang, Shaocheng Xie, Yi Qin, Wuyin Lin, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Xue Zheng, Po-Lun Ma, Yun Qian, Qi Tang, Christopher R. Terai, and Meng Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 169–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed systematic evaluation of clouds simulated in the Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2) to document model performance and understand what updates in E3SMv2 have caused changes in clouds from E3SMv1 to E3SMv2. We find that stratocumulus clouds along the subtropical west coast of continents are dramatically improved, primarily due to the retuning done in CLUBB. This study offers additional insights into clouds simulated in E3SMv2 and will benefit future E3SM developments.
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2) to document model performance and understand what updates in E3SMv2 have caused changes in clouds from E3SMv1 to E3SMv2. We find that stratocumulus clouds along the subtropical west coast of continents are dramatically improved, primarily due to the retuning done in CLUBB. This study offers additional insights into clouds simulated in E3SMv2 and will benefit future E3SM developments.
Ting Sun, Hamidreza Omidvar, Zhenkun Li, Ning Zhang, Wenjuan Huang, Simone Kotthaus, Helen C. Ward, Zhiwen Luo, and Sue Grimmond
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 91–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-91-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-91-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we coupled a state-of-the-art urban land surface model – Surface Urban Energy and Water Scheme (SUEWS) – with the widely-used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, creating an open-source tool that may benefit multiple applications. We tested our new system at two UK sites and demonstrated its potential by examining how human activities in various areas of Greater London influence local weather conditions.
Katja Frieler, Jan Volkholz, Stefan Lange, Jacob Schewe, Matthias Mengel, María del Rocío Rivas López, Christian Otto, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Johanna T. Malle, Simon Treu, Christoph Menz, Julia L. Blanchard, Cheryl S. Harrison, Colleen M. Petrik, Tyler D. Eddy, Kelly Ortega-Cisneros, Camilla Novaglio, Yannick Rousseau, Reg A. Watson, Charles Stock, Xiao Liu, Ryan Heneghan, Derek Tittensor, Olivier Maury, Matthias Büchner, Thomas Vogt, Tingting Wang, Fubao Sun, Inga J. Sauer, Johannes Koch, Inne Vanderkelen, Jonas Jägermeyr, Christoph Müller, Sam Rabin, Jochen Klar, Iliusi D. Vega del Valle, Gitta Lasslop, Sarah Chadburn, Eleanor Burke, Angela Gallego-Sala, Noah Smith, Jinfeng Chang, Stijn Hantson, Chantelle Burton, Anne Gädeke, Fang Li, Simon N. Gosling, Hannes Müller Schmied, Fred Hattermann, Jida Wang, Fangfang Yao, Thomas Hickler, Rafael Marcé, Don Pierson, Wim Thiery, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Robert Ladwig, Ana Isabel Ayala-Zamora, Matthew Forrest, and Michel Bechtold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper provides an overview of all observational climate-related and socioeconomic forcing data used as input for the impact model evaluation and impact attribution experiments within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. The experiments are designed to test our understanding of observed changes in natural and human systems and to quantify to what degree these changes have already been induced by climate change.
Jinkai Tan, Qiqiao Huang, and Sheng Chen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 53–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-53-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-53-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a deep learning architecture, multi-scale feature fusion (MFF), to improve the forecast skills of precipitations especially for heavy precipitations. MFF uses multi-scale receptive fields so that the movement features of precipitation systems are well captured. MFF uses the mechanism of discrete probability to reduce uncertainties and forecast errors so that heavy precipitations are produced.
Robert E. Kopp, Gregory G. Garner, Tim H. J. Hermans, Shantenu Jha, Praveen Kumar, Alexander Reedy, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Matteo Turilli, Tamsin L. Edwards, Jonathan M. Gregory, George Koubbe, Anders Levermann, Andre Merzky, Sophie Nowicki, Matthew D. Palmer, and Chris Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7461–7489, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Future sea-level rise projections exhibit multiple forms of uncertainty, all of which must be considered by scientific assessments intended to inform decision-making. The Framework for Assessing Changes To Sea-level (FACTS) is a new software package intended to support assessments of global mean, regional, and extreme sea-level rise. An early version of FACTS supported the development of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report sea-level projections.
Gregory Duveiller, Mark Pickering, Joaquin Muñoz-Sabater, Luca Caporaso, Souhail Boussetta, Gianpaolo Balsamo, and Alessandro Cescatti
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7357–7373, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Some of our best tools to describe the state of the land system, including the intensity of heat waves, have a problem. The model currently assumes that the number of leaves in ecosystems always follows the same cycle. By using satellite observations of when leaves are present, we show that capturing the yearly changes in this cycle is important to avoid errors in estimating surface temperature. We show that this has strong implications for our capacity to describe heat waves across Europe.
Neil C. Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Riccardo Farneti, Stephen M. Griffies, Tore Hattermann, Judith Hauck, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Inga J. Smith, and Max Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7289–7309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Current climate models typically do not include full representation of ice sheets. As the climate warms and the ice sheets melt, they add freshwater to the ocean. This freshwater can influence climate change, for example by causing more sea ice to form. In this paper we propose a set of experiments to test the influence of this missing meltwater from Antarctica using multiple different climate models.
Christina Asmus, Peter Hoffmann, Joni-Pekka Pietikäinen, Jürgen Böhner, and Diana Rechid
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7311–7337, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigation modifies the land surface and soil conditions. The effects can be quantified using numerical climate models. Our study introduces a new irrigation parameterization, which simulates the effects of irrigation on land, atmosphere, and vegetation. We applied the parameterization and evaluated the results in terms of their physical consistency. We found an improvement in the model results in the 2 m temperature representation in comparison with observational data for our study.
Michael Meier and Christof Bigler
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7171–7201, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed >2.3 million calibrations and 39 million projections of leaf coloration models, considering 21 models, 5 optimization algorithms, ≥7 sampling procedures, and 26 climate scenarios. Models based on temperature, day length, and leaf unfolding performed best, especially when calibrated with generalized simulated annealing and systematically balanced or stratified samples. Projected leaf coloration shifts between −13 and +20 days by 2080–2099.
Katharina Gallmeier, J. Xavier Prochaska, Peter Cornillon, Dimitris Menemenlis, and Madolyn Kelm
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7143–7170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces an approach to evaluate numerical models of ocean circulation. We compare the structure of satellite-derived sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa) instances determined by a machine learning algorithm at 10–80 km scales to those output by a high-resolution MITgcm run. The simulation over much of the ocean reproduces the observed distribution of SSTa patterns well. This general agreement, alongside a few notable exceptions, highlights the potential of this approach.
Angus Fotherby, Harold J. Bradbury, Jennifer L. Druhan, and Alexandra V. Turchyn
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7059–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate how, given a simulation of fluid and rock interacting, we can emulate the system using machine learning. This means that, for a given initial condition, we can predict the final state, avoiding the simulation step once the model has been trained. We present a workflow for applying this approach to any fluid–rock simulation and showcase two applications to different fluid–rock simulations. This approach has applications for improving model development and sensitivity analyses.
Yaqi Wang, Lanning Wang, Juan Feng, Zhenya Song, Qizhong Wu, and Huaqiong Cheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6857–6873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, to noticeably improve precipitation simulation in steep mountains, we propose a sub-grid parameterization scheme for the topographic vertical motion in CAM5-SE to revise the original vertical velocity by adding the topographic vertical motion. The dynamic lifting effect of topography is extended from the lowest layer to multiple layers, thus improving the positive deviations of precipitation simulation in high-altitude regions and negative deviations in low-altitude regions.
Jon Seddon, Ag Stephens, Matthew S. Mizielinski, Pier Luigi Vidale, and Malcolm J. Roberts
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6689–6700, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6689-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6689-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The PRIMAVERA project aimed to develop a new generation of advanced global climate models. The large volume of data generated was uploaded to a central analysis facility (CAF) and was analysed by 100 PRIMAVERA scientists there. We describe how the PRIMAVERA project used the CAF's facilities to enable users to analyse this large dataset. We believe that similar, multi-institute, big-data projects could also use a CAF to efficiently share, organise and analyse large volumes of data.
Maria-Theresia Pelz, Markus Schartau, Christopher J. Somes, Vanessa Lampe, and Thomas Slawig
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6609–6634, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Kernel density estimators (KDE) approximate the probability density of a data set without the assumption of an underlying distribution. We used the solution of the diffusion equation, and a new approximation of the optimal smoothing parameter build on two pilot estimation steps, to construct such a KDE best suited for typical characteristics of geoscientific data. The resulting KDE is insensitive to noise and well resolves multimodal data structures as well as boundary-close data.
Benjamin S. Grandey, Zhi Yang Koh, Dhrubajyoti Samanta, Benjamin P. Horton, Justin Dauwels, and Lock Yue Chew
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6593–6608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6593-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6593-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models are susceptible to spurious trends known as drift. Fortunately, drift can be corrected when analysing data produced by models. To explore the uncertainty associated with drift correction, we develop a new method: Monte Carlo drift correction. For historical simulations of thermosteric sea level rise, drift uncertainty is relatively large. When analysing data susceptible to drift, researchers should consider drift uncertainty.
Michael Sigmond, James Anstey, Vivek Arora, Ruth Digby, Nathan Gillett, Viatcheslav Kharin, William Merryfield, Catherine Reader, John Scinocca, Neil Swart, John Virgin, Carsten Abraham, Jason Cole, Nicolas Lambert, Woo-Sung Lee, Yongxiao Liang, Elizaveta Malinina, Landon Rieger, Knut von Salzen, Christian Seiler, Clint Seinen, Andrew Shao, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Libo Wang, and Duo Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6553–6591, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new activity which aims to organize the analysis of biases in the Canadian Earth System model (CanESM) in a systematic manner. Results of this “Analysis for Development” (A4D) activity includes a new CanESM version, CanESM5.1, which features substantial improvements regarding the simulation of dust and stratospheric temperatures, a second CanESM5.1 variant with reduced climate sensitivity, and insights into potential avenues to reduce various other model biases.
Shuaiqi Tang, Adam C. Varble, Jerome D. Fast, Kai Zhang, Peng Wu, Xiquan Dong, Fan Mei, Mikhail Pekour, Joseph C. Hardin, and Po-Lun Ma
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6355–6376, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the ability of Earth system model (ESM) predictions, we developed a tool called ESMAC Diags to understand how aerosols, clouds, and aerosol–cloud interactions are represented in ESMs. This paper describes its version 2 functionality. We compared the model predictions with measurements taken by planes, ships, satellites, and ground instruments over four regions across the world. Results show that this new tool can help identify model problems and guide future development of ESMs.
Xinzhu Yu, Li Liu, Chao Sun, Qingu Jiang, Biao Zhao, Zhiyuan Zhang, Hao Yu, and Bin Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6285–6308, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6285-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6285-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we propose a new common, flexible, and efficient parallel I/O framework for earth system modeling based on C-Coupler2.0. CIOFC1.0 can handle data I/O in parallel and provides a configuration file format that enables users to conveniently change the I/O configurations. It can automatically make grid and time interpolation, output data with an aperiodic time series, and accelerate data I/O when the field size is large.
Toshiki Matsushima, Seiya Nishizawa, and Shin-ichiro Shima
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6211–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A particle-based cloud model was developed for meter- to submeter-scale resolution in cloud simulations. Our new cloud model's computational performance is superior to a bin method and comparable to a two-moment bulk method. A highlight of this study is the 2 m resolution shallow cloud simulations over an area covering ∼10 km2. This model allows for studying turbulence and cloud physics at spatial scales that overlap with those covered by direct numerical simulations and field studies.
Mario C. Acosta, Sergi Palomas, Stella V. Paronuzzi Ticco, Jean-Claude André, Joachim Biercamp, Pierre-Antoine Bretonniere, Reinhard Budich, Miguel Castrillo, Arnaud Caubel, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Italo Epicoco, Uwe Fladrich, Alok Kumar Gupta, Bryan Lawrence, Philippe Le Sager, Grenville Lister, Marie-Pierre Moine, Jean-Christophe Rioual, Joussaume Sylvie, Sophie Valcke, Niki Zadeh, and Venkatramani Balaji
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-188, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-188, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We present a collection of performance metrics gathered during the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), a worlwide initiative to study the climate change. We analyze the metrics, which resulted from collaboration efforts among many partners and models, and describe our findigs to demonstrate the utility of our study for the scientific community. The research contributes to understand climate modelling performance on the current High-performance Computing (HPC) architectures.
Anthony Schrapffer, Jan Polcher, Anna Sörensson, and Lluís Fita
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5755–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The present paper introduces a floodplain scheme for a high-resolution land surface model river routing. It was developed and evaluated over one of the world’s largest floodplains: the Pantanal in South America. This shows the impact of tropical floodplains on land surface conditions (soil moisture, temperature) and on land–atmosphere fluxes and highlights the potential impact of floodplains on land–atmosphere interactions and the importance of integrating this module in coupled simulations.
Jérémy Bernard, Fredrik Lindberg, and Sandro Oswald
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5703–5727, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5703-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5703-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The UMEP plug-in integrated in the free QGIS software can now calculate the spatial variation of the wind speed within urban settings. This paper shows that the new wind model, URock, generally fits observations well and highlights the main needed improvements. According to this work, pedestrian wind fields and outdoor thermal comfort can now simply be estimated by any QGIS user (researchers, students, and practitioners).
Jonathan King, Jessica Tierney, Matthew Osman, Emily J. Judd, and Kevin J. Anchukaitis
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5653–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5653-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5653-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoclimate data assimilation is a useful method that allows researchers to combine climate models with natural archives of past climates. However, it can be difficult to implement in practice. To facilitate this method, we present DASH, a MATLAB toolbox. The toolbox provides routines that implement common steps of paleoclimate data assimilation, and it can be used to implement assimilations for a wide variety of time periods, spatial regions, data networks, and analytical algorithms.
Kirsten L. Findell, Zun Yin, Eunkyo Seo, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Nathan P. Arnold, Nathaniel Chaney, Megan D. Fowler, Meng Huang, David M. Lawrence, Po-Lun Ma, and Joseph A. Santanello Jr.
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2048, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2048, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a request for sub-daily data to accurately capture the process-level connections between land states, surface fluxes, and the boundary layer response. This high-frequency model output will allow for more direct comparison with observational field campaigns on process-relevant time scales, enable demonstration of inter-model spread in land-atmosphere coupling processes, and aid in targeted identification of sources of deficiencies and opportunities for improvement of the models.
Siddhartha Bishnu, Robert R. Strauss, and Mark R. Petersen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5539–5559, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test Julia, a relatively new programming language, which is designed to be simple to write, but also fast on advanced computer architectures. We found that Julia is both convenient and fast, but there is no free lunch. Our first attempt to develop an ocean model in Julia was relatively easy, but the code was slow. After several months of further development, we created a Julia code that is as fast on supercomputers as a Fortran ocean model.
Tyler Kukla, Daniel E. Ibarra, Kimberly V. Lau, and Jeremy K. C. Rugenstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5515–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CH2O-CHOO TRAIN model can simulate how climate and the long-term carbon cycle interact across millions of years on a standard PC. While efficient, the model accounts for many factors including the location of land masses, the spatial pattern of the water cycle, and fundamental climate feedbacks. The model is a powerful tool for investigating how short-term climate processes can affect long-term changes in the Earth system.
Jason Neil Steven Cole, Knut von Salzen, Jiangnan Li, John Scinocca, David Plummer, Vivek Arora, Norman McFarlane, Michael Lazare, Murray MacKay, and Diana Verseghy
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5427–5448, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5427-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5427-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Canadian Atmospheric Model version 5 (CanAM5) is used to simulate on a global scale the climate of Earth's atmosphere, land, and lakes. We document changes to the physics in CanAM5 since the last major version of the model (CanAM4) and evaluate the climate simulated relative to observations and CanAM4. The climate simulated by CanAM5 is similar to CanAM4, but there are improvements, including better simulation of temperature and precipitation over the Amazon and better simulation of cloud.
Florian Zabel and Benjamin Poschlod
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5383–5399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Today, most climate model data are provided at daily time steps. However, more and more models from different sectors, such as energy, water, agriculture, and health, require climate information at a sub-daily temporal resolution for a more robust and reliable climate impact assessment. Here we describe and validate the Teddy tool, a new model for the temporal disaggregation of daily climate model data for climate impact analysis.
Young-Chan Noh, Yonghan Choi, Hyo-Jong Song, Kevin Raeder, Joo-Hong Kim, and Youngchae Kwon
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5365–5382, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first attempt to assimilate the observations of microwave temperature sounders into the global climate forecast model in which the satellite observations have not been assimilated in the past. To do this, preprocessing schemes are developed to make the satellite observations suitable to be assimilated. In the assimilation experiments, the model analysis is significantly improved by assimilating the observations of microwave temperature sounders.
Cenlin He, Prasanth Valayamkunnath, Michael Barlage, Fei Chen, David Gochis, Ryan Cabell, Tim Schneider, Roy Rasmussen, Guo-Yue Niu, Zong-Liang Yang, Dev Niyogi, and Michael Ek
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5131–5151, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5131-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5131-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Noah-MP is one of the most widely used open-source community land surface models in the world, designed for applications ranging from uncoupled land surface and ecohydrological process studies to coupled numerical weather prediction and decadal climate simulations. To facilitate model developments and applications, we modernize Noah-MP by adopting modern Fortran code and data structures and standards, which substantially enhance model modularity, interoperability, and applicability.
Xiaoxu Shi, Alexandre Cauquoin, Gerrit Lohmann, Lukas Jonkers, Qiang Wang, Hu Yang, Yuchen Sun, and Martin Werner
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5153–5178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new climate model with isotopic capabilities and simulated the pre-industrial and mid-Holocene periods. Despite certain regional model biases, the modeled isotope composition is in good agreement with observations and reconstructions. Based on our analyses, the observed isotope–temperature relationship in polar regions may have a summertime bias. Using daily model outputs, we developed a novel isotope-based approach to determine the onset date of the West African summer monsoon.
Andrew Gettelman
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4937–4956, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A representation of rainbows is developed for a climate model. The diagnostic raises many common issues. Simulated rainbows are evaluated against limited observations. The pattern of rainbows in the model matches observations and theory about when and where rainbows are most common. The diagnostic is used to assess the past and future state of rainbows. Changes to clouds from climate change are expected to increase rainbows as cloud cover decreases in a warmer world.
Cited articles
Anderson, R. F., Bacon, M. P., and Brewer, P. G.: Removal of 230Th and 231Pa
from the open ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 62, 7–23,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90067-5, 1983.
Bacon, M. P. and Anderson, R. F.: Distribution of thorium isotopes between
dissolved and particulate forms in the deep sea, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2045,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC03p02045, 1982.
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Falkowski, P. G.: Photosynthetic rates derived from
satellite-based chlorophyll concentration, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.1.0001, 1997.
Böhm, E., Lippold, J., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Blaser, P., Antz, B.,
Fohlmeister, J., Frank, N., Anderson, M. B., and Deininger, M.: Strong and
deep Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial
cycle, Nature, 517, 73–76, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14059, 2015.
Bradtmiller, L. I., McManus, J. F., and Robinson, L. F.:
evidence for a weakened but persistent Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation during Heinrich Stadial 1, Nat. Commun., 5, 5817,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6817, 2014.
Chase, Z. and Anderson, R. F.: Comment on “On the importance of opal,
carbonate, and lithogenic clays in scavenging and fractionating 230Th, 231Pa
and 10Be in the ocean” by S. Luo and T.-L. Ku, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 220, 213–222,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00028-7, 2004.
Chase, Z., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., and Kubik, P. W.: The influence
of particle composition and particle flux on scavenging of Th, Pa and Be in
the ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 204, 215–229,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00984-6, 2002.
Chase, Z., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., and Kubik, P. W.: Scavenging of
230Th, 231Pa and 10Be in the Southern Ocean (SW Pacific sector): the
importance of particle flux, particle composition and advection, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
50, 739–768, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00593-3, 2003.
Costa, K. M., Hayes, C. T., Anderson, R. F., Pavia, F. J., Bausch, A., Deng, F., Dutay, J.-C., Geibert, W., Heinze, C., Henderson, G., Hillaire‐Marcel, C., Hoffmann, S., Jaccard, S. L., Jacobel, A. W., Kienast, S. S., Kipp, L., Lerner, P., Lippold, J., Lund, D., Marcantonio, F., McGee, D., McManus, J. F., Mekik, F., Middleton, J. L., Lise Missiaen, L., Not, C., Pichat, S., Robinson, L. F., Rowland, G. H., Roy‐Barman, M., Tagliabue, A., Torfstein, A., Winckler, G., and Zhou, Y.: 230Th normalization: New insights on an essential tool for quantifying sedimentary fluxes in the modern and Quaternary ocean, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 35, e2019PA003820, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003820, 2020.
Dunne, J. P., Armstrong, R. A., Gnnadesikan, A., and Sarmiento, J. L.:
Empirical and mechanistic models for the particle export ratio, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB4026,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002390, 2005.
Dutay, J.-C., Lacan, F., Roy-Barman, M., and Bopp, L.: Influence of particle
size and type on 231Pa and 230Th simulation with a global coupled
biogeochemical-ocean general circulation model: A first approach, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10,
Q01011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002291, 2009.
Edwards, N. R., Stocker, T. F., Joos, F., Henderson, G. M., Frank, M.,
Siddall, M., and Müller, S. A.: fractionation by ocean
transport, biogenic particle flux and particle type, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 237, 135–155,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.031, 2005.
François, R., Bacon, M. P., Altabet, M. A., and Labeyrie, L. D.:
Glacial/interglacial changes in sediment rain rate in the SW Indian Sector
of subantarctic Waters as recorded by 230Th, 231Pa, U, and δ15N,
Paleoceanography, 8, 611–629, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA00784, 1993.
Frank, M.: Reconstruction of Late Quaternary environmental conditions applying the natural radionuclides 230Th, 10Be, 231Pa and 238U: a study of deep-sea sediments from the eastern sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current System, PhD thesis, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 136 pp., 1996.
Frank, M., Eckhardt, J.-D., Eisenhauer, A., Kubik, P. W., Dittrich-Hannen,
B., Segl, M., and Mangini, A.: Beryllium 10, thorium 230, and protactinium
231 in Galapagos microplate sediments: Implications of hydrothermal activity
and paleoproductivity changes during the last 100,000 years,
Paleoceanography, 9, 559–578, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA01132, 1994.
Gardner, W. D., Mishonov, A. V., and Richardson, M. J.: Decadal Comparisons
of Particulate Matter in Repeat Transects in the Atlantic, Pacific, and
Indian Ocean Basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 277–286, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076571,
2018.
German, C. R., Casciotti, K. A., Dutay, J. -C., Heimbürger, L. E.,
Jenkins, W. J., Measures, C. I., Mills, R. A., Obata, H., Schlitzer, R.,
Tagliabue, A., Turner, D. R., and Whitby, H.: Hydrothermal impacts on trace
element and isotope ocean biogeochemistry, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 374, 20160035,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0035, 2016.
Gherardi, J.-M., Labeyrie, L., Nave, S., François, R., McManus, J. F.,
and Cortijo, E.: Glacial-interglacial circulation changes inferred from
sedimentary record in the North Atlantic region,
Paleoceanography, 24, PA2204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001696, 2009.
Gregory, J. M., Dixon, K. W., Stouffer, R. J., Weaver, A. J., Driesschaert,
E., Eby, M., Fichefet, T., Hasumi, H., Hu, A., Jungclaus, J. H.,
Kamenkovich, I. V., Levermann, A., Montoya, M., Murakami, S., Nawrath, S.
Oka, A., Sokolov, A. P., and Thorpe, R. B.: A model intercomparison of changes
in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to increasing
atmospheric CO2 concentration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023209, 2005.
Gu, S. and Liu, Z.: 231Pa and 230Th in the ocean model of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.3), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4723–4742, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4723-2017, 2017.
Gu, S., Liu, Z., Oppo, D. W. Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Jahn, A., Zhang, J., and Wu,
L.: Assessing the potential capability of reconstructing glacial Atlantic
water masses and AMOC using multiple proxies in CESM, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 541, 116294,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116294, 2020.
Hajima, T., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, A., Tatebe, H., Noguchi, M. A., Abe, M., Ohgaito, R., Ito, A., Yamazaki, D., Okajima, H., Ito, A., Takata, K., Ogochi, K., Watanabe, S., and Kawamiya, M.: Development of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and the evaluation of biogeochemical processes and feedbacks, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2197–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020, 2020.
Hasumi, H.: CCSR Ocean Component Model (COCO) version 4.0, CCSR Rep. 25, 103 pp., Center
for Climate System Research, Univ. of Tokyo, 2006.
Hayes, C. T., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., Huang, K.-F., Robinson, L.
F., Lu, Y., Cheng, H., Lawrence Edwards, R., and Bradley Moran, S.: 230Th
and 231Pa on GEOTRACES GA03, the U.S. GEOTRACES North Atlantic transect, and
implications for modern and paleoceanographic chemical fluxes, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 116, 29–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.07.007, 2015.
Henderson, G. M. and Anderson, R. F.: The U-series Toolbox for
Paleoceanography, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 52, 493–531, https://doi.org/10.2113/0520493, 2003.
Henderson, Gideon M., Heinze, C., Anderson, R. F., and Winguth, A. M. E.:
Global distribution of the 230Th flux to ocean sediments constrained by GCM
modeling, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 46, 1861–1893, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00030-8,
1999.
Honeyman, B. D., Balistrieri, L. S., and Murray, J. W.: Oceanic trace metal
scavenging: the importance of particle concentration, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 35, 227–246,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90038-6, 1988.
Honjo, S., Manganini, S. J., Krishfield, R. A., and François, R.:
Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors
controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap
programs since 1983, Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 217–285,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.11.003, 2008.
K-1 Model Developers: K-1 coupled GCM (MIROC) description, edited by: Hasumi, H.,
and Emori, S., K-1 Tech. Rep. 1, 34 pp., Center for Climate System Research, Univ. of
Tokyo, 2004.
Kobayashi, H. and Oka, A.: Response of atmospheric pCO2 to glacial changes
in the Southern Ocean amplified by carbonate compensation, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 33,
1206–1229, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003360, 2018.
Kobayashi, H., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Oka, A.: Role of Southern Ocean
stratification in glacial atmospheric CO2 reduction evaluated by a
three-dimensional ocean general circulation model, Paleoceanography, 30, 1202–1216,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002786, 2015.
Lam, P. J., Ohnemus, D. C., and Auro, M. E.: Size-fractionated major
particle composition and concentrations from the US GEOTRACES North Atlantic
Zonal Transect, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 116, 303–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSR2.2014.11.020,
2015.
Lao, Y., Anderson, R. F., Broecker, W. S., Trumbore, S. E., Hofmann, H. J.,
and Wolfli, W.: Transport and burial rates of 10Be and 231Pa in the Pacific
Ocean during the Holocene period, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 113, 173–189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90218-K, 1992.
Lerner, P., Marchal, O., Lam, P., Buesseler, K., and Charette, M.: Kinetics of
thorium and particle cycling along the U.S. GEOTRACES North Atlantic
transect, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 125, 106–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.05.003, 2017.
Lerner, P., Marchal, O., Lam, P. J., Gardner, W., Richardson, M. J., and
Mishonov, A.: A model study of the relative influences of scavenging and
circulation on 230Th and 231Pa in the western North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 155, 103159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103159, 2020.
Lippold, J., Luo, Y., Francois, R., Allen, S. E., Gherardi, J., Pichat, S.,
Hickey, B., and Schulz, H.: Strength and geometry of the glacial Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation, Nat. Geosci., 5, 813–816,
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1608, 2012.
Lopez, G. I., Marcantonio, F., Lyle, M., and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.: Dissolved
and particulate 230Th–232Th in the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean:
Evidence for far-field transport of the East Pacific Rise hydrothermal
plume, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 431, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.019, 2015.
Luo, S. and Ku, T. L.: Oceanic
ratio influenced by particle composition and remineralization,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 167, 183–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00035-7, 1999.
Luo, Y., Francois, R., and Allen, S. E.: Sediment as a recorder of the rate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: insights from a 2-D model, Ocean Sci., 6, 381–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-381-2010, 2010.
Maier-Reimer, E.: Geochemical cycles in an ocean general circulation model.
Preindustrial tracer distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 645–677,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB01355, 1993.
Mangini, A. and Sonntag, C.: 231Pa dating of deep-sea cores via 227Th
counting, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 37, 251–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90170-4,
1977.
Marchal, O., Stocker, T. F., and Joos, F.: A latitude-depth,
circulation-biogeochemical ocean model for paleoclimate studies. Development
and sensitivities, Tellus B, 50, 290–316,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v50i3.16130, 1998.
Marchal, O., François, R., Stocker, T. F., and Joos, F.: Ocean
thermohaline circulation and sedimentary ratio,
Paleoceanography, 15, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000496, 2000.
Marchal, O., François, R., and Scholten, J.: Contribution of 230Th measurements to the estimation of the abyssal circulation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 557–585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.002, 2007.
McManus, J. F., François, R., Gherardl, J. M., Kelgwin, L., and
Drown-Leger, S.: Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional
circulation linked to deglacial climate changes, Nature, 428, 834–837,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02494, 2004.
Missiaen, L., Pichat, S., Waelbroeck, C., Douville, E., Bordier, L., Dapoigny, A., Thil, F., Foliot, L., and Wacker, L.: Downcore variations of sedimentary detrital ( ) ratio: Implications on the use of 230Thxs and 231Paxs to reconstruct sediment flux and ocean circulation. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 19, 2560–2573, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GC007410, 2018.
Missiaen, L., Bouttes, N., Roche, D. M., Dutay, J.-C., Quiquet, A., Waelbroeck, C., Pichat, S., and Peterschmitt, J.-Y.: Carbon isotopes and response to forced circulation changes: a model perspective, Clim. Past, 16, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-867-2020, 2020a.
Missiaen, L., Menviel, L. C., Meissner, K. J., Roche, D. M., Dutay, J.-C.,
Bouttes, N., Lhardy, F., Quiquet, A., Pichat, S., and Waelbroeck, C.: Modelling
the impact of biogenic particle flux intensity and composition on
sedimentary , Quaternary Sci. Rev., 240, 106394,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106394, 2020b.
Müller, P. J. and Mangini, A.: Organic carbon decomposition rates in
sediments of the pacific manganese nodule belt dated by 230Th and 231Pa,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 51, 94–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90259-9, 1980.
Ohgaito, R., Yamamoto, A., Hajima, T., O'ishi, R., Abe, M., Tatebe, H.,
Abe-Ouchi, A., and Kawamiya, M.: Core code of MIROC-ES2L, Geoscientific
Model Development, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893386, 2020.
Ohgaito, R., Yamamoto, A., Hajima, T., O'ishi, R., Abe, M., Tatebe, H., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Kawamiya, M.: PMIP4 experiments using MIROC-ES2L Earth system model, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1195–1217, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1195-2021, 2021.
Oka, A., Hasumi, H, Okada, N., Sakamoto, T. T., and Suzuki, T.: Deep
convection seesaw controlled by freshwater transport through the Denmark
Strait, Ocean Model., 15, 157–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.08.004,
2006.
Oka, A., Kato, S., and Hasumi, H.: Evaluating effect of ballast mineral on
deep-ocean nutrient concentration by using an ocean general circulation
model, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003067, 2008.
Oka, A., Hasumi, H., Obata, H., Gamo, T., and Yamanaka, Y.: Study on
vertical profiles of rare earth elements by using an ocean general
circulation model, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB4025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003353,
2009.
Oka, A., Abe‐Ouchi, A., Chikamoto, M. O., and Ide, T.: Mechanisms controlling export production at the LGM: Effects of changes in oceanic physical fields and atmospheric dust deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003628, 2011.
Oka, A., Hasumi, H., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: The thermal threshold of the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its control by wind stress
forcing during glacial climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051421,
2012.
Oka, A., Tazoe H., and Obata, H.: Simulation of global distribution of rare
earth elements in the ocean using an ocean general circulation model, J. Oceanogr., 77, 413–430,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-021-00600-x, 2021.
Okubo, A., Obata, H., Gamo, T., and Yamada, M.: 230Th and 232Th
distributions in mid-latitudes of the North Pacific Ocean: Effect of bottom
scavenging, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 339–340, 139–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2012.05.012,
2012.
Pavia, F., Anderson, R., Vivancos, S., Fleisher, M., Lam, P., Lu, Y., Cheng,
H., Zhang, P., Lawrence Edwards, R.: Intense hydrothermal scavenging of
230Th and 231Pa in the deep Southeast Pacific, Mar. Chem., 201, 212–228,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARCHEM.2017.08.003, 2018.
Rempfer, J., Stocker, T. F., Joos, F., Lippold, J., and Jaccard, S. L.: New
insights into cycling of 231Pa and 230Th in the Atlantic Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 468, 27–37,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.03.027, 2017.
Roy-Barman, M.: Modelling the effect of boundary scavenging on Thorium and Protactinium profiles in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 6, 3091–3107, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3091-2009, 2009.
Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M. and Berger, G. W.: Scavenging of 230Th and
231Pa near the antarctic polar front in the South Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 339–357,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90007-P, 1993.
Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., Venchiarutti, C., Stimac, I., van Ooijen, J.,
Huhn, O., Rohardt, G., and Strass, V.: Meridional circulation across the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current serves as a double 231Pa and 230Th trap,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 455, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.027, 2016.
Sasaki, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Oka, A.: Data for the figures of Sasaki et al. entitled “An investigation into the processes controlling the global distribution of dissolved 231Pa and 230Th in the ocean and the sedimentary ratios by using an ocean general circulation model COCO ver4.0”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4600287, 2021a.
Sasaki, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Oka, A.: Code of Sasaki et al. entitled “An investigation into the processes controlling the global distribution of dissolved 231Pa and 230Th in the ocean and the sedimentary ratios by using an ocean general circulation model COCO ver4.0”, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4655883, 2021.
Schlitzer, R., Anderson, R. F., Dodas, E. M., et al.: The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017, Chem. Geol., 493,
210–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040, 2018.
Schmitz, W., Mangini, A., Stoffers, P., Glasby, G. P., and Plüger, W.
L.: Sediment accumulation rates in the southwestern Pacific Basin and
Aitutaki Passage, Mar. Geol., 73, 181–190,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90118-0, 1986.
Shimmield, G. B. and Price, N. B.: The scavenging of U, 230Th and 231Pa
during pulsed hydrothermal activity at 20∘ S, East Pacific Rise,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 52, 669–677, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90329-8, 1988.
Shimmield, G. B., Murray, J. W., Thomson, J., Bacon, M. P., Anderson, R. F.,
and Price, N. B.: The distribution and behaviour of 230Th and 231Pa at an
ocean margin, Baja California, Mexico, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 50, 2499–2507,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90032-3, 1986.
Siddall, M., Henderson, G. M., Edwards, N. R., Frank, M., Mu, S. A.,
Stocker, T. F., and Joos, F.: fractionation by ocean transport,
biogenic particle flux and particle type, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 135–155,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.031, 2005.
Stouffer, R. J., Yin, J., Gregory, J. M., Dixon, K. W., Spelman, M. J.,
Hurlin, W., Weaver, A. J., Eby, M., Flato, G. M., Hasumi, H., Hu, A.,
Jungclaus, J. H., Kamenkovich, I. V., Levermann, A., Montoya, M., Murakami,
S., Nawrath, S., Oka, A., Peltier, W. R., Robitaille, D. Y., Sokolov, A.,
Vettoretti, G., and Weber, S. L.: Investigating the Causes of the Response of
the Thermohaline Circulation to Past and Future Climate Changes, J. Climate, 19,
1365–1387, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3689.1, 2006.
Süfke, F., Schulz, H., Scheen, J., Szidat, S., Regelous, M., Blaser, P.,
Pöppelmeier, F., Goepfert, T. J., Stocker, T. F., and Lippold, J.: Inverse
response of to variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation in the North Atlantic intermediate water, Geo-Mar. Lett., 40, 75–87,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-019-00634-7, 2020.
van Hulten, M., Dutay, J.-C., and Roy-Barman, M.: A global scavenging and circulation ocean model of thorium-230 and protactinium-231 with improved particle dynamics (NEMO–ProThorP 0.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3537–3556, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3537-2018, 2018.
Waelbroeck, C., Pichat, S., Böhm, E., Lougheed, B. C., Faranda, D., Vrac, M., Missiaen, L., Vazquez Riveiros, N., Burckel, P., Lippold, J., Arz, H. W., Dokken, T., Thil, F., and Dapoigny, A.: Relative timing of precipitation and ocean circulation changes in the western equatorial Atlantic over the last 45 kyr, Clim. Past, 14, 1315–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1315-2018, 2018.
Walter, H. J., Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., and Hoeltzen, H.: Enhanced
scavenging of 231Pa relative to 230Th in the South Atlantic south of the
Polar Front: Implications for the use of the ratio as a
paleoproductivity proxy, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 149, 85–100,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00068-x, 1997.
Yang, H.-S., Nozaki, Y., Sakai, H., and Masuda, A.: The distribution of
230Th and 231Pa in the deep-sea surface sediments of the Pacific Ocean,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 50, 81–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90050-5, 1986.
Yu, E.-F., François, R., and Bacon, M. P.: Similar rates of modern and
last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical
data, Nature, 379, 689–694, https://doi.org/10.1038/379689a0, 1996.
Short summary
For realistically simulating the recently observed distributions of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa in the ocean, we highlight the importance of the removal process of 231Pa and 230Th at the seafloor (bottom scavenging) and the dependence of scavenging efficiency on particle concentration. We show that consideration of these two processes can well reproduce not only the oceanic distribution of 231Pa and 230Th but also the sedimentary 231Pa/230Th ratios.
For realistically simulating the recently observed distributions of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa in...