Articles | Volume 16, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5515-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5515-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
All aboard! Earth system investigations with the CH2O-CHOO TRAIN v1.0
Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Daniel E. Ibarra
Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Kimberly V. Lau
Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Jeremy K. C. Rugenstein
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Hamida Ngoma Nadoya, Clay R. Tabor, Ran Feng, Xiaoqing Liu, Daniel E. Ibarra, Tammo Reichgelt, and Amber Laskos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-899, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-899, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO; ~17–14 Ma) may provide a window into the future of Earth’s climate. Our study employs the water isotope tracer version of CESM1 to simulate and evaluate climate during the MCO under three different CO2 concentrations. Our findings show warmer conditions during the MCO with increase in precipitation in the mid and high latitudes, southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone and enriched isotopes.
Livia Manser, Tyler Kukla, and Jeremy K. C. Rugenstein
Clim. Past, 20, 1039–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1039-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1039-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Great Plains host the single most important climatic boundary in North America, separating the humid east from the semi-arid west. How this boundary will move as the world warms holds implications for the societies and ecosystems of the Plains. We study how this boundary changed in the past during a period of globally warmer temperatures. We find that this climatic boundary appears to be in the same location as today, suggesting that the Great Plains climate is resilient to global changes.
Daniel E. Ibarra, Carlos Primo C. David, and Pamela Louise M. Tolentino
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2805–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2805-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2805-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a recently published global product of monthly runoff using streamflow data from small tropical catchments in the Philippines. Using monthly runoff observations from catchments, we tested for correlation and prediction. We demonstrate the potential utility of this product in assessing trends in regional-scale runoff, as well as look at the correlation of phenomenon such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on streamflow in this wet but drought-prone archipelago.
Cited articles
Abbot, D. S., Cowan, N. B., and Ciesla, F. J.: Indication of Insensitivity of
Planetary Weathering Behavior and Habitable Zone to Surface Land Fraction,
Astrophys. J., 756, 178, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/178, 2012. a
Arndt, S., Regnier, P., Goddéris, Y., and Donnadieu, Y.: GEOCLIM reloaded (v 1.0): a new coupled earth system model for past climate change, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 451–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-451-2011, 2011. a
Baum, M., Fu, M., and Bourguet, S.: Sensitive Dependence of Global
Climate to Continental Geometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098843,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098843, 2022. a, b, c, d
Bergman, N. M.: COPSE: A New Model of Biogeochemical Cycling over
Phanerozoic Time, Am. J. Sci., 304, 397–437,
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.5.397, 2004. a, b, c, d
Berner, R. A.: A Model for Atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic Time,
Am. J. Sci., 291, 339–376, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.291.4.339,
1991. a, b, c
Berner, R. A.: GEOCARB II; a Revised Model of Atmospheric CO 2 over
Phanerozoic Time, Am. J. Sci., 294, 56–91,
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.294.1.56, 1994. a, b
Berner, R. A.: The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2, Oxford
University Press, New York, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001, 2004. a
Berner, R. A.: GEOCARBSULF: A Combined Model for Phanerozoic
Atmospheric O2 and CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70,
5653–5664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032, 2006. a
Bluth, G. J. S. and Kump, L. R.: Lithologic and Climatologic Controls of River
Chemistry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 2341–2359,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90015-9, 1994. a, b
Brady, P. V.: The Effect of Silicate Weathering on Global
Temperature and Atmospheric CO2, J. Geophys. Res., 96,
18101–18106,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01898, 1991. a
Broecker, W.: Long-Term Water Prospects in the Western United States,
J. Climate, 23, 6669–6683, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3780.1, 2010. a
Brook, G. A., Folkoff, M. E., and Box, E. O.: A World Model of Soil Carbon
Dioxide, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 8, 79–88,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290080108, 1983. a, b
Budyko, M. I.: The Effect of Solar Radiation Variations on the Climate of the
Earth, Tellus, 21, 611–619, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00466.x,
1969. a
Caves, J. K., Jost, A. B., Lau, K. V., and Maher, K.: Cenozoic Carbon Cycle
Imbalances and a Variable Weathering Feedback,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 450, 152–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.035, 2016. a, b, c
Caves Rugenstein, J. K., Ibarra, D. E., and von Blanckenburg, F.: Neogene
Cooling Driven by Land Surface Reactivity Rather than Increased Weathering
Fluxes, Nature, 571, 99–102, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1332-y, 2019. a, b
Charney, J. G.: Dynamics of Deserts and Drought in the Sahel,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 193–202,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710142802, 1975. a, b
Claussen, M.: Modeling Bio-Geophysical Feedback in the African and
Indian Monsoon Region, Clim. Dynam., 13, 247–257,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050164, 1997. a, b
Colbourn, G., Ridgwell, A., and Lenton, T. M.: The Rock Geochemical Model (RokGeM) v0.9, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1543–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1543-2013, 2013. a, b
Coogan, L. A. and Dosso, S. E.: Alteration of Ocean Crust Provides a Strong
Temperature Dependent Feedback on the Geological Carbon Cycle and Is a
Primary Driver of the Sr-isotopic Composition of Seawater, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 415, 38–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.027,
2015. a
Coogan, L. A. and Gillis, K. M.: Evidence That Low-Temperature Oceanic
Hydrothermal Systems Play an Important Role in the Silicate-Carbonate
Weathering Cycle and Long-Term Climate Regulation,
Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 1771–1786, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20113, 2013. a
Coogan, L. A. and Gillis, K. M.: Low-Temperature Alteration of the
Seafloor: Impacts on Ocean Chemistry,
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sc., 46, 21–45, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010027,
2018. a
Cotton, J. M. and Sheldon, N. D.: New Constraints on Using Paleosols to
Reconstruct Atmospheric pCO2, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
124, 1411–1423, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30607.1, 2012. a
Cotton, J. M., Jeffery, M. L., and Sheldon, N. D.: Climate Controls on Soil
Respired CO2 in the United States: Implications for 21st Century
Chemical Weathering Rates in Temperate and Arid Ecosystems,
Chem. Geol.,
358, 37–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.08.048, 2013. a
Cui, Y., Kump, L. R., Ridgwell, A. J., Charles, A. J., Junium, C. K.,
Diefendorf, A. F., Freeman, K. H., Urban, N. M., and Harding, I. C.: Slow
Release of Fossil Carbon during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal
Maximum, Nat. Geosci., 4, 481–485, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1179, 2011. a, b
Datseris, G. and Stevens, B.: Earth's Albedo and Its Symmetry,
AGU Advances, 2, e2021AV000440, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000440, 2021. a
DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Lear, C. H., and
Pagani, M.: Thresholds for Cenozoic Bipolar Glaciation, Nature, 455,
652–656, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07337, 2008. a
Donnadieu, Y., Goddéris, Y., Ramstein, G., Nédélec, A., and Meert,
J.: A `Snowball Earth' Climate Triggered by Continental Break-up through
Changes in Runoff, Nature, 428, 303–306, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02408, 2004. a
Edwards, N. R. and Marsh, R.: Uncertainties Due to Transport-Parameter
Sensitivity in an Efficient 3-D Ocean-Climate Model, Clim. Dynam.,
24, 415–433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0508-8, 2005. a
Feldl, N. and Merlis, T. M.: Polar Amplification in Idealized Climates: The
Role of Ice, Moisture, and Seasons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094130,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094130, 2021. a
Flannery, B. P.: Energy Balance Models Incorporating Transport of
Thermal and Latent Energy, J. Atmos. Sci., 41,
414–421, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0414:EBMITO>2.0.CO;2, 1984. a, b, c
Francois, L. M. and Walker, J. C. G.: Modelling the Phanerozoic Carbon
Cycle and Climate; Constraints from the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Isotopic Ratio
of Seawater, Am. J. Sci., 292, 81–135,
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.292.2.81, 1992. a, b, c
Frieling, J., Svensen, H. H., Planke, S., Cramwinckel, M. J., Selnes, H., and
Sluijs, A.: Thermogenic Methane Release as a Cause for the Long Duration of
the PETM, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
201603348, https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1603348113, 2016. a, b
Frierson, D. M. W., Held, I. M., and Zurita-Gotor, P.: A Gray-Radiation
Aquaplanet Moist GCM. Part II: Energy Transports in Altered
Climates, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1680–1693,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3913.1, 2006. a, b, c
Gaillardet, J., Calmels, D., Romero-Mujalli, G., Zakharova, E., and Hartmann,
J.: Global Climate Control on Carbonate Weathering Intensity, Chem. Geol., 527, 118762, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.009, 2019. a
Gibbs, M. T. and Kump, L. R.: Global Chemical Erosion during the Last Glacial
Maximum and the Present: Sensitivity to Changes in Lithology and
Hydrology, Paleoceanography, 9, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA01009, 1994. a, b
Goddéris, Y. and Joachimski, M. M.: Global Change in the Late Devonian:
Modelling the Frasnian-Famennian Short-Term Carbon Isotope
Excursions, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 202, 309–329,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00641-2, 2004. a, b
Graham, R. J. and Pierrehumbert, R.: Thermodynamic and Energetic Limits on
Continental Silicate Weathering Strongly Impact the Climate and
Habitability of Wet, Rocky Worlds, Astrophys. J.,
896, 115, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9362, 2020. a, b
Greve, P., Gudmundsson, L., Orlowsky, B., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Introducing a
Probabilistic Budyko Framework, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
2261–2269, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063449, 2015. a, b
Gutjahr, M., Ridgwell, A., Sexton, P. F., Anagnostou, E., Pearson, P. N.,
Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Thomas, E., and Foster, G. L.: Very Large
Release of Mostly Volcanic Carbon during the
Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nature, 548, 573–577,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23646, 2017. a, b
Hill, S. A., Burls, N. J., Fedorov, A., and Merlis, T. M.: Symmetric and
Antisymmetric Components of Polar-Amplified Warming, J. Climate, 35, number 20, 6757–6772,
1–49, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0972.1, 2022. a
Hilton, R. G. and West, A. J.: Mountains, Erosion and the Carbon Cycle, Nat.
Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 284–299, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0058-6,
2020. a
Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., Fraedrich, K., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., and Zhu, X.: PLASIM–GENIE v1.0: a new intermediate complexity AOGCM, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3347–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3347-2016, 2016. a, b, c
Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Daines, S., Regnier, P., and Ridgwell, A.: OMEN-SED 1.0: a novel, numerically efficient organic matter sediment diagenesis module for coupling to Earth system models, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2649–2689, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2649-2018, 2018. a
Hwang, Y. T. and Frierson, D. M.: Increasing Atmospheric Poleward Energy
Transport with Global Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045440, 2010. a, b, c
Ibarra, D. E., Caves, J. K., Moon, S., Thomas, D. L., Hartmann, J.,
Chamberlain, C. P., and Maher, K.: Differential Weathering of Basaltic and
Granitic Catchments from Concentration-Discharge Relationships, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Ac., 190, 265–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.006, 2016. a
Ibarra, D. E., Moon, S., Caves, J. K., Chamberlain, C. P., and Maher, K.:
Concentration-Discharge Patterns of Weathering Products from
Global Rivers, Acta Geochimica, 36, 405–409,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-017-0177-z, 2017. a
Jellinek, A. M., Lenardic, A., and Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Ice, Fire, or
Fizzle: The Climate Footprint of Earth's Supercontinental
Cycles, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 21, e2019GC008464,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008464, 2020. a, b, c
Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister,
J. L., Feely, R. A., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C., and Peng, T.-H.: A Global
Ocean Carbon Climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project
(GLODAP): GLOBAL OCEAN CARBON CLIMATOLOGY, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 18, 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002247, 2004. a
Koll, D. D. B. and Cronin, T. W.: Earth's Outgoing Longwave Radiation Linear
Due to H2 O Greenhouse Effect, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 10293–10298,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809868115, 2018. a
Kölling, M., Bouimetarhan, I., Bowles, M. W., Felis, T., Goldhammer, T.,
Hinrichs, K.-U., Schulz, M., and Zabel, M.: Consistent CO2 Release by
Pyrite Oxidation on Continental Shelves Prior to Glacial Terminations, Nat. Geosci., 12, 929–934, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0465-9, 2019. a
Koster, R. D., Fekete, B. M., Huffman, G. J., and Stackhouse, P. W.: Revisiting
a Hydrological Analysis Framework with International Satellite Land Surface
Climatology Project Initiative 2 Rainfall, Net Radiation, and Runoff
Fields, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22S05,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007182, 2006. a
Kukla, T., Ibarra, D., Lau, K., and Rugenstein, J. K. C.: Project Files, Data,
and Code, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8045412, 2023. a, b
Kump, L. R. and Alley, R. B.: Global Chemical Weathering on Glacial Time
Scales, in: Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth, Board on
Earth Sciences and Resources, National Research Council,
Washington, D.C., 44–60, 1994. a
Kump, L. R. and Arthur, M. A.: Global Chemical Erosion during the
Cenozoic: Weatherability Balances the Budgets, in: Tectonic
Uplift and Climate Change, Springer, US,
Boston, MA 399–426, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5935-1,
1997. a
Kump, L. R. and Arthur, M. A.: Interpreting Carbon-Isotope Excursions:
Carbonates and Organic Matter, Chem. Geol., 161, 181–198,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8, 1999. a, b
Kump, L. R., Brantley, S. L., and a. Arthur, M.: Chemical Weathering,
Atmospheric CO2, and Climate, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
28,
611–667, 2000. a
Lasaga, A. C.: Chemical Kinetics of Water-Rock Interactions, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 89, 4009–4025,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB06p04009, 1984. a
Lenton, T. M., Daines, S. J., and Mills, B. J.: COPSE Reloaded: An
Improved Model of Biogeochemical Cycling over Phanerozoic Time,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 178, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.004,
2018. a, b, c
Maher, K.: The Dependence of Chemical Weathering Rates on Fluid Residence Time,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 294, 101–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.010, 2010. a
Maher, K.: The Role of Fluid Residence Time and Topographic Scales in
Determining Chemical Fluxes from Landscapes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 312, 48–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.040, 2011. a, b
Marsh, R., Müller, S. A., Yool, A., and Edwards, N. R.: Incorporation of the C-GOLDSTEIN efficient climate model into the GENIE framework: ”eb_go_gs” configurations of GENIE, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 957–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-957-2011, 2011. a
Mazzia, F., Cash, J. R., and Soetaert, K.: Solving Boundary Value Problems in
the Open Source Software R: Package bvpSolve, Opuscula mathematica,
34, 387–403, 2014. a
Mills, J. V., Gomes, M. L., Kristall, B., Sageman, B. B., Jacobson, A. D., and
Hurtgen, M. T.: Massive Volcanism, Evaporite Deposition, and the Chemical
Evolution of the Early Cretaceous Ocean, Geology, 45, G38667.1,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G38667.1, 2017. a
Moon, S., Chamberlain, C., and Hilley, G.: New Estimates of Silicate Weathering
Rates and Their Uncertainties in Global Rivers, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 134, 257–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.033, 2014. a
Morse, J. W. and Arvidson, R. S.: The Dissolution Kinetics of Major Sedimentary
Carbonate Minerals, Earth-Sci. Rev., 58, 51–84,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00083-6, 2002. a
Murphy, B., Farley, K., and Zachos, J.: An Extraterrestrial 3He-based
Timescale for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
(PETM) from Walvis Ridge, IODP Site 1266, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 5098–5108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.039, 2010. a
North, G. R., Cahalan, R. F., and Coakley, J. A.: Energy Balance Climate
Models, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19, 91–121,
https://doi.org/10.1029/RG019i001p00091, 1981. a
Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: Continental Drift, Runoff, and Weathering Feedbacks:
Implications from Climate Model Experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11537, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00591, 1995. a
Ozaki, K. and Tajika, E.: Biogeochemical Effects of Atmospheric Oxygen
Concentration, Phosphorus Weathering, and Sea-Level Stand on Oceanic Redox
Chemistry: Implications for Greenhouse Climates, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 373, 129–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.029, 2013. a, b
Park, Y., Maffre, P., Goddéris, Y., Macdonald, F. A., Anttila, E. S. C.,
and Swanson-Hysell, N. L.: Emergence of the Southeast Asian Islands as
a Driver for Neogene Cooling, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 117, 25319–25326, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011033117, 2020. a
Peterson, H. G. and Boos, W. R.: Feedbacks and Eddy Diffusivity in an Energy
Balance Model of Tropical Rainfall Shifts, npj Climate and Atmospheric
Science, 3, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0114-4, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0114-4, 2020. a, b, c, d
Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Principles of Planetary Climate, Cambridge
University Press, 2010. a
Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: Hysteresis in Cenozoic Antarctic Ice-Sheet
Variations, Global Planet. Change, 45, 9–21,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.09.011, 2005. a
Pollard, D., Kump, L., and Zachos, J.: Interactions between Carbon Dioxide,
Climate, Weathering, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Earliest
Oligocene, Global Planet. Change, 111, 258–267,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.012, 2013. a, b, c, d
Prentice, I. C. and Harrison, S. P.: Ecosystem effects of CO2 concentration: evidence from past climates, Clim. Past, 5, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-297-2009, 2009. a
Ridgwell, A., Hargreaves, J. C., Edwards, N. R., Annan, J. D., Lenton, T. M., Marsh, R., Yool, A., and Watson, A.: Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth System Model of global biogeochemical cycling, Biogeosciences, 4, 87–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-87-2007, 2007. a, b, c, d
Ridgwell, A. J.: An End to the “Rain Ratio” Reign?, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 4, 6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000512, 2003. a
Roderick, M. L., Sun, F., Lim, W. H., and Farquhar, G. D.: A general framework for understanding the response of the water cycle to global warming over land and ocean, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1575–1589, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1575-2014, 2014. a
Roe, G. H., Feldl, N., Armour, K. C., Hwang, Y.-T., and Frierson, D. M. W.: The
Remote Impacts of Climate Feedbacks on Regional Climate Predictability,
Nat. Geosci., 8, 35–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2346, 2015. a, b, c, d
Scheff, J., Seager, R., Liu, H., and Coats, S.: Are Glacials Dry?
Consequences for Paleoclimatology and for Greenhouse Warming,
J. Climate, 30, 6593–6609, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0854.1, 2017. a
Shields, G. A. and Mills, B. J. W.: Tectonic Controls on the Long-Term Carbon
Isotope Mass Balance, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 4318–4323, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614506114, 2017. a
Siler, N., Roe, G. H., Armour, K. C., and Feldl, N.: Revisiting the
Surface-Energy-Flux Perspective on the Sensitivity of Global Precipitation to
Climate Change, Clim. Dynam., 52, 3983–3995,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4359-0, 2019. a, b, c, d
Terrer, C., Phillips, R. P., Hungate, B. A., Rosende, J., Pett-Ridge, J.,
Craig, M. E., van Groenigen, K. J., Keenan, T. F., Sulman, B. N., Stocker,
B. D., Reich, P. B., Pellegrini, A. F. A., Pendall, E., Zhang, H., Evans,
R. D., Carrillo, Y., Fisher, J. B., Van Sundert, K., Vicca, S., and Jackson,
R. B.: A Trade-off between Plant and Soil Carbon Storage under Elevated
CO2, Nature, 591, 599–603, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8, 2021. a
Torres, M. A., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., Adkins, J. F., and West, A. J.:
Glacial Weathering, Sulfide Oxidation, and Global Carbon Cycle Feedbacks,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 8716–8721,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702953114, 2017. a, b
Veizer, J., Godderis, Y., and François, L. M.: Evidence for Decoupling of
Atmospheric CO2 and Global Climate during the Phanerozoic Eon,
Nature, 408, 698–701, https://doi.org/10.1038/35047044, 2000. a
Volk, T.: Rise of Angiosperms as a Factor in Long-Term Climatic Cooling,
Geology, 17, 107–110, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0107:ROAAAF>2.3.CO;2,
1989. a
von Blanckenburg, F., Bouchez, J., Ibarra, D. E., and Maher, K.: Stable
Runoff and Weathering Fluxes into the Oceans over Quaternary Climate
Cycles, Nat. Geosci., 8, 538–542, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2452, 2015. a
Waldbauer, J. R. and Chamberlain, C. P.: Influence of Uplift,
Weathering, and Base Cation Supply on Past and Future CO2
Levels, in: A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on
Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, edited by: Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E.,
and Dearing, M. D., Ecological Studies, Springer, New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27048-5_8,
2005. a
Wallmann, K.: Controls on the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Evolution of Seawater
Composition, Atmospheric CO 2 and Climate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 3005–3025, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00638-X, 2001. a
Zachos, J. and Kump, L.: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks and the Initiation of
Antarctic Glaciation in the Earliest Oligocene, Global Planet.
Change, 47, 51–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001, 2005. a, b
Zeebe, R. E.: LOSCAR: Long-term Ocean-atmosphere-Sediment CArbon cycle Reservoir Model v2.0.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 149–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-149-2012, 2012. a, b, c, d
Zeebe, R. E. and Tyrrell, T.: History of Carbonate Ion Concentration over the
Last 100 Million Years II: Revised Calculations and New Data,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 257, 373–392,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.041, 2019.
a, b
Zhang, L., Hickel, K., and Dawes, W. R.: A Rational Function Approach for
Estimating Mean Annual Evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 40,
1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002710, 2004. a, b, c
Short summary
The CH2O-CHOO TRAIN model can simulate how climate and the long-term carbon cycle interact across millions of years on a standard PC. While efficient, the model accounts for many factors including the location of land masses, the spatial pattern of the water cycle, and fundamental climate feedbacks. The model is a powerful tool for investigating how short-term climate processes can affect long-term changes in the Earth system.
The CH2O-CHOO TRAIN model can simulate how climate and the long-term carbon cycle interact...