Articles | Volume 14, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
17 Aug 2021
Development and technical paper |
| 17 Aug 2021
| 17 Aug 2021
COSMO-CLM regional climate simulations in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) framework: a review
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
current address: NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
Roman Brogli
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Praveen Kumar Pothapakula
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Emmanuele Russo
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Jonas Van de Walle
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Bodo Ahrens
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Ivonne Anders
Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Hamburg, Germany
Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria
Edoardo Bucchignani
Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali (CIRA), Capua, Italy
Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Caserta, Italy
Edouard L. Davin
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Marie-Estelle Demory
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Alessandro Dosio
European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Hendrik Feldmann
Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Barbara Früh
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), 63067 Offenbach, Germany
Beate Geyer
Helmholtz-Zentrum, Geesthacht, Germany
Klaus Keuler
Chair of Atmospheric Processes, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
Donghyun Lee
Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
Delei Li
CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Seung-Ki Min
Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
Hans-Jürgen Panitz
Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Burkhardt Rockel
Helmholtz-Zentrum, Geesthacht, Germany
Christoph Schär
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Christian Steger
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), 63067 Offenbach, Germany
Wim Thiery
Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Related authors
Roman Brogli, Christoph Heim, Jonas Mensch, Silje Lund Sørland, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-907-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-907-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pseudo-global-warming (PGW) approach is a downscaling methodology that imposes the large-scale GCM-based climate change signal on the boundary conditions of a regional climate simulation. It offers several benefits in comparison to conventional downscaling. We present a detailed description of the methodology, provide companion software to facilitate the preparation of PGW simulations, and present validation and sensitivity studies.
Roman Brogli, Silje Lund Sørland, Nico Kröner, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1093–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In a warmer future climate, climate simulations predict that some land areas will experience excessive warming during summer. We show that the excessive summer warming is related to the vertical distribution of warming within the atmosphere. In regions characterized by excessive warming, much of the warming occurs close to the surface. In other regions, most of the warming is redistributed to higher levels in the atmosphere, which weakens the surface warming.
Emmanuele Russo, Silje Lund Sørland, Ingo Kirchner, Martijn Schaap, Christoph C. Raible, and Ulrich Cubasch
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5779–5797, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5779-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5779-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The parameter space of the COSMO-CLM RCM is investigated for the Central Asia CORDEX domain using a perturbed physics ensemble (PPE) with different parameter values. Results show that only a subset of model parameters presents relevant changes in model performance and these changes depend on the considered region and variable: objective calibration methods are highly necessary in this case. Additionally, the results suggest the need for calibrating an RCM when targeting different domains.
Marie-Estelle Demory, Ségolène Berthou, Jesús Fernández, Silje L. Sørland, Roman Brogli, Malcolm J. Roberts, Urs Beyerle, Jon Seddon, Rein Haarsma, Christoph Schär, Erasmo Buonomo, Ole B. Christensen, James M. Ciarlo ̀, Rowan Fealy, Grigory Nikulin, Daniele Peano, Dian Putrasahan, Christopher D. Roberts, Retish Senan, Christian Steger, Claas Teichmann, and Robert Vautard
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5485–5506, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5485-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Now that global climate models (GCMs) can run at similar resolutions to regional climate models (RCMs), one may wonder whether GCMs and RCMs provide similar regional climate information. We perform an evaluation for daily precipitation distribution in PRIMAVERA GCMs (25–50 km resolution) and CORDEX RCMs (12–50 km resolution) over Europe. We show that PRIMAVERA and CORDEX simulate similar distributions. Considering both datasets at such a resolution results in large benefits for impact studies.
Praveen Kumar Pothapakula, Cristina Primo, Silje Sørland, and Bodo Ahrens
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 903–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-903-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-903-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Information exchange (IE) from the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is investigated. Observational data show that IOD and ENSO synergistically exchange information on ISMR variability over central India. IE patterns observed in three global climate models (GCMs) differ from observations. Our study highlights new perspectives that IE metrics could bring to climate science.
Seppe Lampe, Lukas Gudmundsson, Basil Kraft, Stijn Hantson, Douglas Kelley, Vincent Humphrey, Bertrand Le Saux, Emilio Chuvieco, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3550, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3550, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce BuRNN, a model which estimates monthly burned area based on satellite observations and climate, vegetation, and socio-economic data using machine learning. BuRNN outperforms existing process-based fire models. However, the model tends to underestimate burned area in parts of Africa and Australia. We identify the extent of bare ground, the presence of grasses, and fire weather conditions (long periods of warm and dry weather) as key regional drivers of fire activity in BuRNN.
Florian Sauerland, Pierre-Vincent Huot, Sylvain Marchi, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, Konstanze Haubner, François Klein, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Pablo Ortega, Frank Pattyn, Charles Pelletier, Deborah Verfaillie, Lars Zipf, and Nicole van Lipzig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2889, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the Antarctic climate from 1985 to 2014. Our model is driven using the ERA-5 reanalysis for one simulation and the EC-Earth global climate model for three others. Most of the simulated trends, such as sea ice extent and precipitation over land, have opposite signs for the two drivers, but agree between the three EC-Earth driven simulations. We conclude that these opposing trends must be due to the different drivers, and that the climate over land is less predictable than over sea.
Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Jenni Kontkanen, Irina Sandu, Mario Acosta, Mohammed Hussam Al Turjmam, Ivan Alsina-Ferrer, Miguel Andrés-Martínez, Leo Arriola, Marvin Axness, Marc Batlle Martín, Peter Bauer, Tobias Becker, Daniel Beltrán, Sebastian Beyer, Hendryk Bockelmann, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière, Sebastien Cabaniols, Silvia Caprioli, Miguel Castrillo, Aparna Chandrasekar, Suvarchal Cheedela, Victor Correal, Emanuele Danovaro, Paolo Davini, Jussi Enkovaara, Claudia Frauen, Barbara Früh, Aina Gaya Àvila, Paolo Ghinassi, Rohit Ghosh, Supriyo Ghosh, Iker González, Katherine Grayson, Matthew Griffith, Ioan Hadade, Christopher Haine, Carl Hartick, Utz-Uwe Haus, Shane Hearne, Heikki Järvinen, Bernat Jiménez, Amal John, Marlin Juchem, Thomas Jung, Jessica Kegel, Matthias Kelbling, Kai Keller, Bruno Kinoshita, Theresa Kiszler, Daniel Klocke, Lukas Kluft, Nikolay Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Joonas Kolstela, Luis Kornblueh, Sergey Kosukhin, Aleksander Lacima-Nadolnik, Jeisson Javier Leal Rojas, Jonni Lehtiranta, Tuomas Lunttila, Anna Luoma, Pekka Manninen, Alexey Medvedev, Sebastian Milinski, Ali Omar Abdelazim Mohammed, Sebastian Müller, Devaraju Naryanappa, Natalia Nazarova, Sami Niemelä, Bimochan Niraula, Henrik Nortamo, Aleksi Nummelin, Matteo Nurisso, Pablo Ortega, Stella Paronuzzi, Xabier Pedruzo Bagazgoitia, Charles Pelletier, Carlos Peña, Suraj Polade, Himansu Pradhan, Rommel Quintanilla, Tiago Quintino, Thomas Rackow, Jouni Räisänen, Maqsood Mubarak Rajput, René Redler, Balthasar Reuter, Nuno Rocha Monteiro, Francesc Roura-Adserias, Silva Ruppert, Susan Sayed, Reiner Schnur, Tanvi Sharma, Dmitry Sidorenko, Outi Sievi-Korte, Albert Soret, Christian Steger, Bjorn Stevens, Jan Streffing, Jaleena Sunny, Luiggi Tenorio, Stephan Thober, Ulf Tigerstedt, Oriol Tinto, Juha Tonttila, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Lauri Tuppi, Ginka Van Thielen, Emanuele Vitali, Jost von Hardenberg, Ingo Wagner, Nils Wedi, Jan Wehner, Sven Willner, Xavier Yepes-Arbós, Florian Ziemen, and Janos Zimmermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2198, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
The Climate Change Adaptation Digital Twin (Climate DT) pioneers the operationalisation of climate projections. The system produces global simulations with local granularity for adaptation decision-making. Applications are embedded to generate tailored indicators. A unified workflow orchestrates all components in several supercomputers. Data management ensures consistency and streaming enables real-time use. It is a complementary innovation to initiatives like CMIP, CORDEX, and climate services.
Yeon-Hee Kim and Seung-Ki Min
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 1135–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1135-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1135-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the performance of CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) climate models in simulating East Asian summer precipitation and projected its future changes using regional inter-monthly pattern metrics. CMIP6 models better captured observations with reduced biases compared to CMIP5 models. Future projections indicate an overall intensified monsoon band due to the increased moisture availability. The relative importance of atmospheric circulation and moisture change is identified for inter-model and scenario uncertainty, respectively.
Inne Vanderkelen, Marie-Estelle Demoury, Sean Swenson, David M. Lawrence, Benjamin D. Stocker, Myke Koopmans, and Édouard L. Davin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2637, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2637, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon sequestration supports climate mitigation and may enhance water availability. Using a global land model, we show that increased soil organic carbon improves water retention in the root zone and reduces runoff, particularly in dry, sandy regions. Although hydrological changes are modest, they are systematic and suggest co-benefits for vegetation productivity and ecosystem resilience in water-limited areas.
Wolfgang A. Müller, Stephan Lorenz, Trang V. Pham, Andrea Schneidereit, Renate Brokopf, Victor Brovkin, Nils Brüggemann, Fatemeh Chegini, Dietmar Dommenget, Kristina Fröhlich, Barbara Früh, Veronika Gayler, Helmuth Haak, Stefan Hagemann, Moritz Hanke, Tatiana Ilyina, Johann Jungclaus, Martin Köhler, Peter Korn, Luis Kornblüh, Clarissa Kroll, Julian Krüger, Karel Castro-Morales, Ulrike Niemeier, Holger Pohlmann, Iuliia Polkova, Roland Potthast, Thomas Riddick, Manuel Schlund, Tobias Stacke, Roland Wirth, Dakuan Yu, and Jochem Marotzke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2473, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2473, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ICON XPP is a newly developed Earth System model configuration based on the ICON modeling framework. It merges accomplishments from the recent operational numerical weather prediction model with well-established climate components for the ocean, land and ocean-biogeochemistry. ICON XPP reaches typical targets of a coupled climate simulation, and is able to run long integrations and large-ensemble experiments, making it suitable for climate predictions and projections, and for climate research.
Amali A. Amali, Clemens Schwingshackl, Akihiko Ito, Alina Barbu, Christine Delire, Daniele Peano, David M. Lawrence, David Wårlind, Eddy Robertson, Edouard L. Davin, Elena Shevliakova, Ian N. Harman, Nicolas Vuichard, Paul A. Miller, Peter J. Lawrence, Tilo Ziehn, Tomohiro Hajima, Victor Brovkin, Yanwu Zhang, Vivek K. Arora, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 803–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explored the impact of anthropogenic land-use change (LUC) on climate dynamics, focusing on biogeophysical (BGP) and biogeochemical (BGC) effects using data from the Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We found that LUC-induced carbon emissions contribute to a BGC warming of 0.21 °C, with BGC effects dominating globally over BGP effects, which show regional variability. Our findings highlight discrepancies in model simulations and emphasize the need for improved representations of LUC processes.
Derrick Muheki, Bas Vercruysse, Krishna Kumar Thirukokaranam Chandrasekar, Christophe Verbruggen, Julie M. Birkholz, Koen Hufkens, Hans Verbeeck, Pascal Boeckx, Seppe Lampe, Ed Hawkins, Peter Thorne, Dominique Kankonde Ntumba, Olivier Kapalay Moulasa, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3779, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Archives worldwide host vast records of observed weather data crucial for understanding climate variability. However, most of these records are still in paper form, limiting their use. To address this, we developed MeteoSaver, an open-source tool, to transcribe these records to machine-readable format. Applied to ten handwritten temperature sheets, it achieved a median accuracy of 74%. This tool offers a promising solution to preserve records from archives and unlock historical weather insights.
Katja Frieler, Stefan Lange, Jacob Schewe, Matthias Mengel, Simon Treu, Christian Otto, Jan Volkholz, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Stefanie Heinicke, Colin Jones, Julia L. Blanchard, Cheryl S. Harrison, Colleen M. Petrik, Tyler D. Eddy, Kelly Ortega-Cisneros, Camilla Novaglio, Ryan Heneghan, Derek P. Tittensor, Olivier Maury, Matthias Büchner, Thomas Vogt, Dánnell Quesada Chacón, Kerry Emanuel, Chia-Ying Lee, Suzana J. Camargo, Jonas Jägermeyr, Sam Rabin, Jochen Klar, Iliusi D. Vega del Valle, Lisa Novak, Inga J. Sauer, Gitta Lasslop, Sarah Chadburn, Eleanor Burke, Angela Gallego-Sala, Noah Smith, Jinfeng Chang, Stijn Hantson, Chantelle Burton, Anne Gädeke, Fang Li, Simon N. Gosling, Hannes Müller Schmied, Fred Hattermann, Thomas Hickler, Rafael Marcé, Don Pierson, Wim Thiery, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Robert Ladwig, Ana Isabel Ayala-Zamora, Matthew Forrest, Michel Bechtold, Robert Reinecke, Inge de Graaf, Jed O. Kaplan, Alexander Koch, and Matthieu Lengaigne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2103, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2103, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the experiments and data sets necessary to run historic and future impact projections, and the underlying assumptions of future climate change as defined by the 3rd round of the ISIMIP Project (Inter-sectoral Impactmodel Intercomparison Project, isimip.org). ISIMIP provides a framework for cross-sectorally consistent climate impact simulations to contribute to a comprehensive and consistent picture of the world under different climate-change scenarios.
Prashant Singh and Bodo Ahrens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1728, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1728, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intense deep convective clouds (e.g. lightning events) can rapidly move water vapour and other gases into the upper troposphere. The Third Pole region, especially the Himalayas, frequently experiences such storms. ICON-CLM (3.3 km) and ERA5 reanalysis data (30 km), these convective events can lift water vapour into the upper troposphere but rarely into the lower stratosphere in the Third Pole. After reaching the upper troposphere, the water vapour tends to move horizontally away from the region.
Suqi Guo, Felix Havermann, Steven J. De Hertog, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Thomas Raddatz, Hongmei Li, Wim Thiery, Quentin Lejeune, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, David Wårlind, Lars Nieradzik, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 631–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-631-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-631-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Land cover and land management changes (LCLMCs) can alter climate even in intact areas, causing carbon changes in remote areas. This study is the first to assess these effects, finding they substantially alter global carbon dynamics, changing terrestrial stocks by up to dozens of gigatonnes. These results are vital for scientific and policy assessments, given the expected role of LCLMCs in achieving the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming below 1.5 °C.
Hannes Müller Schmied, Simon Newland Gosling, Marlo Garnsworthy, Laura Müller, Camelia-Eliza Telteu, Atiq Kainan Ahmed, Lauren Seaby Andersen, Julien Boulange, Peter Burek, Jinfeng Chang, He Chen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Manolis Grillakis, Luca Guillaumot, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Rohini Kumar, Guoyong Leng, Junguo Liu, Xingcai Liu, Inga Menke, Vimal Mishra, Yadu Pokhrel, Oldrich Rakovec, Luis Samaniego, Yusuke Satoh, Harsh Lovekumar Shah, Mikhail Smilovic, Tobias Stacke, Edwin Sutanudjaja, Wim Thiery, Athanasios Tsilimigkras, Yoshihide Wada, Niko Wanders, and Tokuta Yokohata
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2409–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2409-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2409-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global water models contribute to the evaluation of important natural and societal issues but are – as all models – simplified representation of reality. So, there are many ways to calculate the water fluxes and storages. This paper presents a visualization of 16 global water models using a standardized visualization and the pathway towards this common understanding. Next to academic education purposes, we envisage that these diagrams will help researchers, model developers, and data users.
Cristina Deidda, Arpita Khanna, Wolfgang Schade, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1697, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1697, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate extremes like floods, heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires are disrupting Europe’s transport. This study combines a review of past events and future projections to assess current losses and the future exposure of transport infrastructure. Exposure to extremes is projected to rise, but lower emissions can reduce it. Urgent action is needed to adapt the Trans-European Transport Network to a changing climate.
Manon Maisonnier, Maoyuan Feng, David Bastviken, Sandra Arndt, Ronny Lauerwald, Aidin Jabbari, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Murray D. MacKay, Zeli Tan, Wim Thiery, and Pierre Regnier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new process-based modelling framework, FLaMe v1.0 (Fluxes of Lake Methane version 1.0), is developed to simulate methane (CH4) emissions from lakes at large scales. FLaMe couples the dynamics of organic carbon, oxygen and methane in lakes and rests on an innovative, computationally efficient lake clustering approach for the simulation of CH4 emissions across a large number of lakes. The model evaluation suggests that FLaMe captures the sub-annual and spatial variability of CH4 emissions well.
Zhicheng Luo, Duoying Ji, and Bodo Ahrens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-389, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-389, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models face challenges in accurately simulating cold regions' soil temperatures and snow conditions. By comparing different models, we found that the land surface models have a strong impact on simulation errors. Additionally, they struggle to account for snow’s insulating effect on the ground properly. Our findings highlight the need for improving frozen soil simulation, which is crucial for understanding the climate impacts of frozen soil.
Elena Xoplaki, Florian Ellsäßer, Jens Grieger, Katrin M. Nissen, Joaquim G. Pinto, Markus Augenstein, Ting-Chen Chen, Hendrik Feldmann, Petra Friederichs, Daniel Gliksman, Laura Goulier, Karsten Haustein, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Florian Knutzen, Stefan Kollet, Jürg Luterbacher, Niklas Luther, Susanna Mohr, Christoph Mudersbach, Christoph Müller, Efi Rousi, Felix Simon, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Svenja Szemkus, Sara M. Vallejo-Bernal, Odysseas Vlachopoulos, and Frederik Wolf
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 541–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Europe frequently experiences compound events, with major impacts. We investigate these events’ interactions, characteristics, and changes over time, focusing on socio-economic impacts in Germany and central Europe. Highlighting 2018’s extreme events, this study reveals impacts on water, agriculture, and forests and stresses the need for impact-focused definitions and better future risk quantification to support adaptation planning.
Stefano Ubbiali, Christian Kühnlein, Christoph Schär, Linda Schlemmer, Thomas C. Schulthess, Michael Staneker, and Heini Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We explore a high-level programming model for porting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model codes to graphics processing units (GPUs). We present a Python rewrite with the domain-specific library GT4Py (GridTools for Python) of two renowned cloud microphysics schemes and the associated tangent-linear and adjoint algorithms. We find excellent portability, competitive GPU performance, robust execution on diverse computing architectures, and enhanced code maintainability and user productivity.
Bijan Fallah, Masoud Rostami, Emmanuele Russo, Paula Harder, Christoph Menz, Peter Hoffmann, Iulii Didovets, and Fred F. Hattermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-161-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-161-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We tried to contribute to a local climate change impact study in central Asia, a region that is water-scarce and vulnerable to global climate change. We use regional models and machine learning to produce reliable local data from global climate models. We find that regional models show more realistic and detailed changes in heavy precipitation than global climate models. Our work can help assess the future risks of extreme events and plan adaptation strategies in central Asia.
Florian Sauerland, Niels Souverijns, Anna Possner, Heike Wex, Preben Van Overmeiren, Alexander Mangold, Kwinten Van Weverberg, and Nicole van Lipzig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13751–13768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a regional climate model, COSMO-CLM², enhanced with a module resolving aerosol processes, to study Antarctic clouds. We prescribe different concentrations of ice-nucleating particles to our model to assess how these clouds respond to concentration changes, validating results with cloud and aerosol observations from the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station. Our results show that aerosol–cloud interactions vary with temperature, providing valuable insights into Antarctic cloud dynamics.
Majid Bastankhah, Marcus Becker, Matthew Churchfield, Caroline Draxl, Jay Prakash Goit, Mehtab Khan, Luis A. Martinez Tossas, Johan Meyers, Patrick Moriarty, Wim Munters, Asim Önder, Sara Porchetta, Eliot Quon, Ishaan Sood, Nicole van Lipzig, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Paul Veers, and Simon Watson
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2171–2174, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dries Allaerts was born on 19 May 1989 and passed away at his home in Wezemaal, Belgium, on 10 October 2024 after battling cancer. Dries started his wind energy career in 2012 and had a profound impact afterward on the community, in terms of both his scientific realizations and his many friendships and collaborations in the field. His scientific acumen, open spirit of collaboration, positive attitude towards life, and playful and often cheeky sense of humor will be deeply missed by many.
Sabin I. Taranu, David M. Lawrence, Yoshihide Wada, Ting Tang, Erik Kluzek, Sam Rabin, Yi Yao, Steven J. De Hertog, Inne Vanderkelen, and Wim Thiery
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7365–7399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we improved a climate model by adding the representation of water use sectors such as domestic, industry, and agriculture. This new feature helps us understand how water is used and supplied in various areas. We tested our model from 1971 to 2010 and found that it accurately identifies areas with water scarcity. By modelling the competition between sectors when water availability is limited, the model helps estimate the intensity and extent of individual sectors' water shortages.
Basil A. S. Davis, Marc Fasel, Jed O. Kaplan, Emmanuele Russo, and Ariane Burke
Clim. Past, 20, 1939–1988, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the last ice age (21 000 yr BP) in Europe, the composition and extent of forest and its associated climate remain unclear, with models indicating more forest north of the Alps and a warmer and somewhat wetter climate than suggested by the data. A new compilation of pollen records with improved dating suggests greater agreement with model climates but still suggests models overestimate forest cover, especially in the west.
Jérôme Neirynck, Jonas Van de Walle, Ruben Borgers, Sebastiaan Jamaer, Johan Meyers, Ad Stoffelen, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1695–1711, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1695-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1695-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we assess how mesoscale weather systems influence wind speed variations and their impact on offshore wind energy production fluctuations. We have observed, for instance, that weather systems originating over land lead to sea wind speed variations. Additionally, we noted that power fluctuations are typically more significant in summer, despite potentially larger winter wind speed variations. These findings are valuable for grid management and optimizing renewable energy deployment.
Hugo Banderier, Christian Zeman, David Leutwyler, Stefan Rüdisühli, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5573–5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of reduced-precision arithmetic in a state-of-the-art regional climate model by studying the results of 10-year-long simulations. After this time, the results of the reduced precision and the standard implementation are hardly different. This should encourage the use of reduced precision in climate models to exploit the speedup and memory savings it brings. The methodology used in this work can help researchers verify reduced-precision implementations of their model.
Derrick Muheki, Axel A. J. Deijns, Emanuele Bevacqua, Gabriele Messori, Jakob Zscheischler, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 429–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change affects the interaction, dependence, and joint occurrence of climate extremes. Here we investigate the joint occurrence of pairs of river floods, droughts, heatwaves, crop failures, wildfires, and tropical cyclones in East Africa under past and future climate conditions. Our results show that, across all future warming scenarios, the frequency and spatial extent of these co-occurring extremes will increase in this region, particularly in areas close to the Nile and Congo rivers.
Ruben Borgers, Marieke Dirksen, Ine L. Wijnant, Andrew Stepek, Ad Stoffelen, Naveed Akhtar, Jérôme Neirynck, Jonas Van de Walle, Johan Meyers, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 697–719, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wind farms at sea are becoming more densely clustered, which means that next to individual wind turbines interfering with each other in a single wind farm also interference between wind farms becomes important. Using a climate model, this study shows that the efficiency of wind farm clusters and the interference between the wind farms in the cluster depend strongly on the properties of the individual wind farms and are also highly sensitive to the spacing between the wind farms.
Steven J. De Hertog, Carmen E. Lopez-Fabara, Ruud van der Ent, Jessica Keune, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Portmann, Sebastian Schemm, Felix Havermann, Suqi Guo, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Quentin Lejeune, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 265–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in land use are crucial to achieve lower global warming. However, despite their importance, the effects of these changes on moisture fluxes are poorly understood. We analyse land cover and management scenarios in three climate models involving cropland expansion, afforestation, and irrigation. Results show largely consistent influences on moisture fluxes, with cropland expansion causing a drying and reduced local moisture recycling, while afforestation and irrigation show the opposite.
Rosa Pietroiusti, Inne Vanderkelen, Friederike E. L. Otto, Clair Barnes, Lucy Temple, Mary Akurut, Philippe Bally, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 225–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy rainfall in eastern Africa between late 2019 and mid 2020 caused devastating floods and landslides and drove the levels of Lake Victoria to a record-breaking maximum in May 2020. In this study, we characterize the spatial extent and impacts of the floods in the Lake Victoria basin and investigate how human-induced climate change influenced the probability and intensity of the record-breaking lake levels and flooding by applying a multi-model extreme event attribution methodology.
Emmanuele Russo, Jonathan Buzan, Sebastian Lienert, Guillaume Jouvet, Patricio Velasquez Alvarez, Basil Davis, Patrick Ludwig, Fortunat Joos, and Christoph C. Raible
Clim. Past, 20, 449–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a series of experiments conducted for the Last Glacial Maximum (~21 ka) over Europe using the regional climate Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) at convection-permitting resolutions. The model, with new developments better suited to paleo-studies, agrees well with pollen-based climate reconstructions. This agreement is improved when considering different sources of uncertainty. The effect of convection-permitting resolutions is also assessed.
Celray James Chawanda, Albert Nkwasa, Wim Thiery, and Ann van Griensven
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 117–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Africa's water resources are being negatively impacted by climate change and land-use change. The SWAT+ hydrological model was used to simulate the hydrological cycle in Africa, and results show likely decreases in river flows in the Zambezi and Congo rivers and highest flows in the Niger River basins due to climate change. Land cover change had the biggest impact in the Congo River basin, emphasizing the importance of including land-use change in studies.
Katja Frieler, Jan Volkholz, Stefan Lange, Jacob Schewe, Matthias Mengel, María del Rocío Rivas López, Christian Otto, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Johanna T. Malle, Simon Treu, Christoph Menz, Julia L. Blanchard, Cheryl S. Harrison, Colleen M. Petrik, Tyler D. Eddy, Kelly Ortega-Cisneros, Camilla Novaglio, Yannick Rousseau, Reg A. Watson, Charles Stock, Xiao Liu, Ryan Heneghan, Derek Tittensor, Olivier Maury, Matthias Büchner, Thomas Vogt, Tingting Wang, Fubao Sun, Inga J. Sauer, Johannes Koch, Inne Vanderkelen, Jonas Jägermeyr, Christoph Müller, Sam Rabin, Jochen Klar, Iliusi D. Vega del Valle, Gitta Lasslop, Sarah Chadburn, Eleanor Burke, Angela Gallego-Sala, Noah Smith, Jinfeng Chang, Stijn Hantson, Chantelle Burton, Anne Gädeke, Fang Li, Simon N. Gosling, Hannes Müller Schmied, Fred Hattermann, Jida Wang, Fangfang Yao, Thomas Hickler, Rafael Marcé, Don Pierson, Wim Thiery, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Robert Ladwig, Ana Isabel Ayala-Zamora, Matthew Forrest, and Michel Bechtold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper provides an overview of all observational climate-related and socioeconomic forcing data used as input for the impact model evaluation and impact attribution experiments within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. The experiments are designed to test our understanding of observed changes in natural and human systems and to quantify to what degree these changes have already been induced by climate change.
Ruoyi Cui, Nikolina Ban, Marie-Estelle Demory, Raffael Aellig, Oliver Fuhrer, Jonas Jucker, Xavier Lapillonne, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 905–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-905-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-905-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study focuses on severe convective storms that occur over the Alpine-Adriatic region. By running simulations for eight real cases and evaluating them against available observations, we found our models did a good job of simulating total precipitation, hail, and lightning. Overall, this research identified important meteorological factors for hail and lightning, and the results indicate that both HAILCAST and LPI diagnostics are promising candidates for future climate research.
Marie Hundhausen, Hendrik Feldmann, Natalie Laube, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2873–2893, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2873-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2873-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a convection-permitting regional climate ensemble, the magnitude of heat waves (HWs) over Germany is projected to increase by 26 % (100 %) in a 2 °C (3 °C) warmer world. The increase is strongest in late summer, relatively homogeneous in space, and accompanied by increasing variance in HW length. Tailored parameters to climate adaptation to heat revealed dependency on major landscapes, and a nonlinear, exponential increase for parameters characterizing strong heat stress is expected.
Peter Hoffmann, Vanessa Reinhart, Diana Rechid, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Edouard L. Davin, Christina Asmus, Benjamin Bechtel, Jürgen Böhner, Eleni Katragkou, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3819–3852, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the new high-resolution land use and land cover change dataset LUCAS LUC for Europe (version 1.1), tailored for use in regional climate models. Historical and projected future land use change information from the Land-Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) dataset is translated into annual plant functional type changes from 1950 to 2015 and 2016 to 2100, respectively, by employing a newly developed land use translator.
Shruti Nath, Lukas Gudmundsson, Jonas Schwaab, Gregory Duveiller, Steven J. De Hertog, Suqi Guo, Felix Havermann, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Julia Pongratz, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Carl F. Schleussner, Wim Thiery, and Quentin Lejeune
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4283–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tree cover changes play a significant role in climate mitigation and adaptation. Their regional impacts are key in informing national-level decisions and prioritising areas for conservation efforts. We present a first step towards exploring these regional impacts using a simple statistical device, i.e. emulator. The emulator only needs to train on climate model outputs representing the maximal impacts of aff-, re-, and deforestation, from which it explores plausible in-between outcomes itself.
Daniele Lepore, Edoardo Bucchignani, Myriam Montesarchio, Vincenzo Allocca, Delia Cusano, and Pantaleone De Vita
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1505, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1505, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study focused on reconstructing climate scenarios for the principal climatological and hydrogeological variables for the principal aquifer systems of southern Italy. What sets this research apart is the introduction of a new methodology to analyze and correct data from Regional Climate Models (RCMs), distinguishing it from other studies and revealed the potential of RCMs in predicting future groundwater recharge processes scenarios.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Hendrik Feldmann, Etor Lucio-Eceiza, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 543–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate convection-permitting modelling (CPM) simulations for the greater Alpine area to assess its added value compared to a 25 km resolution. A new method for severe precipitation detection is used, and the associated synoptic weather types are considered. Our results document the added value of CPM for precipitation representation with higher intensities, better rank correlation, better hit rates, and an improved amount and structure, but with an overestimation of the rates.
Elisa Adirosi, Federico Porcù, Mario Montopoli, Luca Baldini, Alessandro Bracci, Vincenzo Capozzi, Clizia Annella, Giorgio Budillon, Edoardo Bucchignani, Alessandra Lucia Zollo, Orietta Cazzuli, Giulio Camisani, Renzo Bechini, Roberto Cremonini, Andrea Antonini, Alberto Ortolani, Samantha Melani, Paolo Valisa, and Simone Scapin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2417–2429, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2417-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2417-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the database of 1 min drop size distribution (DSD) of atmospheric precipitation collected by the Italian disdrometer network over the last 10 years. These data are useful for several applications that range from climatological, meteorological and hydrological uses to telecommunications, agriculture and conservation of cultural heritage exposed to precipitation. Descriptions of the processing and of the database organization, along with some examples, are provided.
Steven J. De Hertog, Felix Havermann, Inne Vanderkelen, Suqi Guo, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Dim Coumou, Edouard L. Davin, Gregory Duveiller, Quentin Lejeune, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 629–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Land cover and land management changes are important strategies for future land-based mitigation. We investigate the climate effects of cropland expansion, afforestation, irrigation and wood harvesting using three Earth system models. Results show that these have important implications for surface temperature where the land cover and/or management change occur and in remote areas. Idealized afforestation causes global warming, which might offset the cooling effect from enhanced carbon uptake.
Steven J. De Hertog, Carmen E. Lopez-Fabara, Ruud van der Ent, Jessica Keune, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Portmann, Sebastian Schemm, Felix Havermann, Suqi Guo, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Quentin Lejeune, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-953, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-953, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Land cover and management changes can affect the climate and water availability. In this study we use climate model simulations of extreme global land cover changes (afforestation, deforestation) and land management changes (irrigation) to understand the effects on the global water cycle and local to continental water availability. We show that cropland expansion generally leads to higher evaporation and lower amounts of precipitation and afforestation and irrigation expansion to the opposite.
Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Hugo Beltrami, Almudena García-García, Gerhard Krinner, Moritz Langer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Jan Nitzbon, Jian Peng, Karina von Schuckmann, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Wim Thiery, Inne Vanderkelen, and Tonghua Wu
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 609–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is caused by the accumulated heat in the Earth system, with the land storing the second largest amount of this extra heat. Here, new estimates of continental heat storage are obtained, including changes in inland-water heat storage and permafrost heat storage in addition to changes in ground heat storage. We also argue that heat gains in all three components should be monitored independently of their magnitude due to heat-dependent processes affecting society and ecosystems.
Liying Qiu, Eun-Soon Im, Seung-Ki Min, Yeon-Hee Kim, Dong-Hyun Cha, Seok-Woo Shin, Joong-Bae Ahn, Eun-Chul Chang, and Young-Hwa Byun
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 507–517, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-507-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-507-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates four bias correction methods (three univariate and one multivariate) for correcting multivariate heat-stress indices. We show that the multivariate method can benefit the indirect correction that first adjusts individual components before index calculation, and its advantage is more evident for indices relying equally on multiple drivers. Meanwhile, the direct correction of heat-stress indices by the univariate quantile delta mapping approach also has comparable performance.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Patrick Ludwig, Florian Ehmele, Mário J. Franca, Susanna Mohr, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, James E. Daniell, Uwe Ehret, Hendrik Feldmann, Marie Hundhausen, Peter Knippertz, Katharina Küpfer, Michael Kunz, Bernhard Mühr, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian Quinting, Andreas M. Schäfer, Frank Seidel, and Christina Wisotzky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1287–1311, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation in July 2021 led to widespread floods in western Germany and neighboring countries. The event was among the five heaviest precipitation events of the past 70 years in Germany, and the river discharges exceeded by far the statistical 100-year return values. Simulations of the event under future climate conditions revealed a strong and non-linear effect on flood peaks: for +2 K global warming, an 18 % increase in rainfall led to a 39 % increase of the flood peak in the Ahr river.
Veronika Ettrichrätz, Christian Beier, Klaus Keuler, and Katja Trachte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-552, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-552, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Will heavy precipitation increase under climate change by the end of this century? The analyses of 40 regional climate simulations for two climate scenarios show that large parts of northern, central, and eastern Europe will be affected by a robust increase in heavy and extreme precipitation, while southwestern Europe will rather experience a slight decrease. Both the increase and the affected areas can be up to twice as large in an extreme than in a more moderate greenhouse gas scenario.
Eleonora Dallan, Francesco Marra, Giorgia Fosser, Marco Marani, Giuseppe Formetta, Christoph Schär, and Marco Borga
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1133–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Convection-permitting climate models could represent future changes in extreme short-duration precipitation, which is critical for risk management. We use a non-asymptotic statistical method to estimate extremes from 10 years of simulations in an orographically complex area. Despite overall good agreement with rain gauges, the observed decrease of hourly extremes with elevation is not fully represented by the model. Climate model adjustment methods should consider the role of orography.
Jonathan Robert Buzan, Emmanuele Russo, Woon Mi Kim, and Christoph C. Raible
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-324, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-324, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoclimate is used to test climate models to verify that simulations accurately project both future and past climate states. We present fully coupled climate sensitivity simulations of Preindustrial, Last Glacial Maximum, and the Quaternary climate periods. We show distinct climate states derived from non-linear responses to ice sheet heights and orbits. The implication is that as paleo proxy data become more reliable, they may constrain the specific climate states produced by climate models.
Susanna Mohr, Uwe Ehret, Michael Kunz, Patrick Ludwig, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, James E. Daniell, Florian Ehmele, Hendrik Feldmann, Mário J. Franca, Christian Gattke, Marie Hundhausen, Peter Knippertz, Katharina Küpfer, Bernhard Mühr, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian Quinting, Andreas M. Schäfer, Marc Scheibel, Frank Seidel, and Christina Wisotzky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 525–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flood event in July 2021 was one of the most severe disasters in Europe in the last half century. The objective of this two-part study is a multi-disciplinary assessment that examines the complex process interactions in different compartments, from meteorology to hydrological conditions to hydro-morphological processes to impacts on assets and environment. In addition, we address the question of what measures are possible to generate added value to early response management.
Roman Brogli, Christoph Heim, Jonas Mensch, Silje Lund Sørland, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-907-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-907-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pseudo-global-warming (PGW) approach is a downscaling methodology that imposes the large-scale GCM-based climate change signal on the boundary conditions of a regional climate simulation. It offers several benefits in comparison to conventional downscaling. We present a detailed description of the methodology, provide companion software to facilitate the preparation of PGW simulations, and present validation and sensitivity studies.
Qinggang Gao, Christian Zeman, Jesus Vergara-Temprado, Daniela C. A. Lima, Peter Molnar, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 189–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-189-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-189-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a vortex identification algorithm for realistic atmospheric simulations. The algorithm enabled us to obtain a climatology of vortex shedding from Madeira Island for a 10-year simulation period. This first objective climatological analysis of vortex streets shows consistency with observed atmospheric conditions. The analysis shows a pronounced annual cycle with an increasing vortex shedding rate from April to August and a sudden decrease in September.
Hugues Goosse, Sofia Allende Contador, Cecilia M. Bitz, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Clare Eayrs, Thierry Fichefet, Kenza Himmich, Pierre-Vincent Huot, François Klein, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Charles Pelletier, Lettie Roach, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
The Cryosphere, 17, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized sensitivity experiments with a regional atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model, we show that sea ice advance is constrained by initial conditions in March and the retreat season is influenced by the magnitude of several physical processes, in particular by the ice–albedo feedback and ice transport. Atmospheric feedbacks amplify the response of the winter ice extent to perturbations, while some negative feedbacks related to heat conduction fluxes act on the ice volume.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Markus Augenstein, Georgy Ayzel, Klemens Barfus, Ribu Cherian, Lisa Dillenardt, Felix Fauer, Hendrik Feldmann, Maik Heistermann, Alexia Karwat, Frank Kaspar, Heidi Kreibich, Etor Emanuel Lucio-Eceiza, Edmund P. Meredith, Susanna Mohr, Deborah Niermann, Stephan Pfahl, Florian Ruff, Henning W. Rust, Lukas Schoppa, Thomas Schwitalla, Stella Steidl, Annegret H. Thieken, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Johannes Quaas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3701–3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In a warming climate, extreme precipitation events are becoming more frequent. To advance our knowledge on such phenomena, we present a multidisciplinary analysis of a selected case study that took place on 29 June 2017 in the Berlin metropolitan area. Our analysis provides evidence of the extremeness of the case from the atmospheric and the impacts perspectives as well as new insights on the physical mechanisms of the event at the meteorological and climate scales.
Axel A. J. Deijns, Olivier Dewitte, Wim Thiery, Nicolas d'Oreye, Jean-Philippe Malet, and François Kervyn
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3679–3700, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3679-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3679-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides and flash floods are rainfall-induced processes that often co-occur and interact, generally very quickly. In mountainous cloud-covered environments, determining when these processes occur remains challenging. We propose a regional methodology using open-access satellite radar images that allow for the timing of landslide and flash floods events, in the contrasting landscapes of tropical Africa, with an accuracy of up to a few days. The methodology shows potential for transferability.
Steven J. De Hertog, Felix Havermann, Inne Vanderkelen, Suqi Guo, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Dim Coumou, Edouard L. Davin, Gregory Duveiller, Quentin Lejeune, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1305–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Land cover and land management changes are important strategies for future land-based mitigation. We investigate the climate effects of cropland expansion, afforestation, irrigation, and wood harvesting using three Earth system models. Results show that these have important implications for surface temperature where the land cover and/or management change occurs and in remote areas. Idealized afforestation causes global warming, which might offset the cooling effect from enhanced carbon uptake.
Christian R. Steger, Benjamin Steger, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6817–6840, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6817-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6817-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Terrain horizon and sky view factor are crucial quantities for many geoscientific applications; e.g. they are used to account for effects of terrain on surface radiation in climate and land surface models. Because typical terrain horizon algorithms are inefficient for high-resolution (< 30 m) elevation data, we developed a new algorithm based on a ray-tracing library. A comparison with two conventional methods revealed both its high performance and its accuracy for complex terrain.
Praveen Kumar Pothapakula, Amelie Hoff, Anika Obermann-Hellhund, Timo Keber, and Bodo Ahrens
Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2022-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2022-24, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The Vb-cyclones simulated with a coupled regional climate model with two different driving data sets are compared against each other in historical period, thereafter the future climate predictions were analyzed. The Vb-cyclones in two simulations agree well in terms of their occurrence, intensity and track in two simulations, though there are discrepancies in seasonal cycles and their process linking Mediterranean Sea in historical period. So significant changes were observed in the future.
Louise Busschaert, Shannon de Roos, Wim Thiery, Dirk Raes, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3731–3752, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing amounts of water are used for agriculture. Therefore, we looked into how irrigation requirements will evolve under a changing climate over Europe. Our results show that, by the end of the century and under high emissions, irrigation water will increase by 30 % on average compared to the year 2000. Also, the irrigation requirement is likely to vary more from 1 year to another. However, if emissions are mitigated, these effects are reduced.
Koen Devesse, Luca Lanzilao, Sebastiaan Jamaer, Nicole van Lipzig, and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1367–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1367-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recent research suggests that offshore wind farms might form such a large obstacle to the wind that it already decelerates before reaching the first turbines. Part of this phenomenon could be explained by gravity waves. Research on these gravity waves triggered by mountains and hills has found that variations in the atmospheric state with altitude can have a large effect on how they behave. This paper is the first to take the impact of those vertical variations into account for wind farms.
Anne Sophie Daloz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Priscilla Mooney, Susanna Strada, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Michal Belda, Tomas Halenka, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow plays a major role in the regulation of the Earth's surface temperature. Together with climate change, rising temperatures are already altering snow in many ways. In this context, it is crucial to better understand the ability of climate models to represent snow and snow processes. This work focuses on Europe and shows that the melting season in spring still represents a challenge for climate models and that more work is needed to accurately simulate snow–atmosphere interactions.
Malgorzata Golub, Wim Thiery, Rafael Marcé, Don Pierson, Inne Vanderkelen, Daniel Mercado-Bettin, R. Iestyn Woolway, Luke Grant, Eleanor Jennings, Benjamin M. Kraemer, Jacob Schewe, Fang Zhao, Katja Frieler, Matthias Mengel, Vasiliy Y. Bogomolov, Damien Bouffard, Marianne Côté, Raoul-Marie Couture, Andrey V. Debolskiy, Bram Droppers, Gideon Gal, Mingyang Guo, Annette B. G. Janssen, Georgiy Kirillin, Robert Ladwig, Madeline Magee, Tadhg Moore, Marjorie Perroud, Sebastiano Piccolroaz, Love Raaman Vinnaa, Martin Schmid, Tom Shatwell, Victor M. Stepanenko, Zeli Tan, Bronwyn Woodward, Huaxia Yao, Rita Adrian, Mathew Allan, Orlane Anneville, Lauri Arvola, Karen Atkins, Leon Boegman, Cayelan Carey, Kyle Christianson, Elvira de Eyto, Curtis DeGasperi, Maria Grechushnikova, Josef Hejzlar, Klaus Joehnk, Ian D. Jones, Alo Laas, Eleanor B. Mackay, Ivan Mammarella, Hampus Markensten, Chris McBride, Deniz Özkundakci, Miguel Potes, Karsten Rinke, Dale Robertson, James A. Rusak, Rui Salgado, Leon van der Linden, Piet Verburg, Danielle Wain, Nicole K. Ward, Sabine Wollrab, and Galina Zdorovennova
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4597–4623, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4597-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4597-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes and reservoirs are warming across the globe. To better understand how lakes are changing and to project their future behavior amidst various sources of uncertainty, simulations with a range of lake models are required. This in turn requires international coordination across different lake modelling teams worldwide. Here we present a protocol for and results from coordinated simulations of climate change impacts on lakes worldwide.
Inne Vanderkelen, Shervan Gharari, Naoki Mizukami, Martyn P. Clark, David M. Lawrence, Sean Swenson, Yadu Pokhrel, Naota Hanasaki, Ann van Griensven, and Wim Thiery
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4163–4192, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Human-controlled reservoirs have a large influence on the global water cycle. However, dam operations are rarely represented in Earth system models. We implement and evaluate a widely used reservoir parametrization in a global river-routing model. Using observations of individual reservoirs, the reservoir scheme outperforms the natural lake scheme. However, both schemes show a similar performance due to biases in runoff timing and magnitude when using simulated runoff.
Emmanuele Russo, Bijan Fallah, Patrick Ludwig, Melanie Karremann, and Christoph C. Raible
Clim. Past, 18, 895–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study a set of simulations are performed with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM for Europe, for the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial periods. The main aim is to better understand the drivers of differences between models and pollen-based summer temperatures. Results show that a fundamental role is played by spring soil moisture availability. Additionally, results suggest that model bias is not stationary, and an optimal configuration could not be the best under different forcing.
Priscilla A. Mooney, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Natalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Anne Sophie Daloz, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Susanna Strada, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 1383–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use multiple regional climate models to show that afforestation in sub-polar and alpine regions reduces the radiative impact of snow albedo on the atmosphere, reduces snow cover, and delays the start of the snowmelt season. This is important for local communities that are highly reliant on snowpack for water resources and winter tourism. However, models disagree on the amount of change particularly when snow is melting. This shows that more research is needed on snow–vegetation interactions.
Christian Zeman and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3183–3203, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our atmosphere is a chaotic system, where even a tiny change can have a big impact. This makes it difficult to assess if small changes, such as the move to a new hardware architecture, will significantly affect a weather and climate model. We present a methodology that allows to objectively verify this. The methodology is applied to several test cases, showing a high sensitivity. Results also show that a major system update of the underlying supercomputer did not significantly affect our model.
Ronny Meier, Edouard L. Davin, Gordon B. Bonan, David M. Lawrence, Xiaolong Hu, Gregory Duveiller, Catherine Prigent, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2365–2393, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We revise the roughness of the land surface in the CESM climate model. Guided by observational data, we increase the surface roughness of forests and decrease that of bare soil, snow, ice, and crops. These modifications alter simulated temperatures and wind speeds at and above the land surface considerably, in particular over desert regions. The revised model represents the diurnal variability of the land surface temperature better compared to satellite observations over most regions.
Seungmok Paik, Seung-Ki Min, Seok-Woo Son, Soon-Il An, Jong-Seong Kug, and Sang-Wook Yeh
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-187, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates Earth’s surface climate response to volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. By analyzing last millennium ensemble simulations of a coupled climate model, we have identified physical processes associated with the diverse impacts of volcanic eruption latitudes, focusing on the tropical ocean surface warming and the stratospheric polar vortex intensification. Our results provide important global implications for atmospheric responses to future volcanic aerosols.
Florian Ehmele, Lisa-Ann Kautz, Hendrik Feldmann, Yi He, Martin Kadlec, Fanni D. Kelemen, Hilke S. Lentink, Patrick Ludwig, Desmond Manful, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 677–692, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-677-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-677-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For various applications, it is crucial to have profound knowledge of the frequency, severity, and risk of extreme flood events. Such events are characterized by very long return periods which observations can not cover. We use a large ensemble of regional climate model simulations as input for a hydrological model. Precipitation data were post-processed to reduce systematic errors. The representation of precipitation and discharge is improved, and estimates of long return periods become robust.
Aine M. Gormley-Gallagher, Sebastian Sterl, Annette L. Hirsch, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Edouard L. Davin, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 419–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our results show that agricultural management can impact the local climate and highlight the need to evaluate land management in climate models. We use regression analysis on climate simulations and observations to assess irrigation and conservation agriculture impacts on warming trends. This allowed us to distinguish between the effects of land management and large-scale climate forcings such as rising CO2 concentrations and thus gain insight into the impacts under different climate regimes.
Giannis Sofiadis, Eleni Katragkou, Edouard L. Davin, Diana Rechid, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudre, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Peter Hoffmann, Lisa Jach, Ronny Meier, Priscilla A. Mooney, Pedro M. M. Soares, Susanna Strada, Merja H. Tölle, and Kirsten Warrach Sagi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 595–616, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation is currently promoted as a greenhouse gas mitigation strategy. In our study, we examine the differences in soil temperature and moisture between grounds covered either by forests or grass. The main conclusion emerged is that forest-covered grounds are cooler but drier than open lands in summer. Therefore, afforestation disrupts the seasonal cycle of soil temperature, which in turn could trigger changes in crucial chemical processes such as soil carbon sequestration.
Charles Pelletier, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, Konstanze Haubner, Samuel Helsen, Pierre-Vincent Huot, Christoph Kittel, François Klein, Sébastien Le clec'h, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Pierre Mathiot, Ehsan Moravveji, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Pablo Ortega, Frank Pattyn, Niels Souverijns, Guillian Van Achter, Sam Vanden Broucke, Alexander Vanhulle, Deborah Verfaillie, and Lars Zipf
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 553–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present PARASO, a circumpolar model for simulating the Antarctic climate. PARASO features five distinct models, each covering different Earth system subcomponents (ice sheet, atmosphere, land, sea ice, ocean). In this technical article, we describe how this tool has been developed, with a focus on the
coupling interfacesrepresenting the feedbacks between the distinct models used for contribution. PARASO is stable and ready to use but is still characterized by significant biases.
Roman Brogli, Silje Lund Sørland, Nico Kröner, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1093–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In a warmer future climate, climate simulations predict that some land areas will experience excessive warming during summer. We show that the excessive summer warming is related to the vertical distribution of warming within the atmosphere. In regions characterized by excessive warming, much of the warming occurs close to the surface. In other regions, most of the warming is redistributed to higher levels in the atmosphere, which weakens the surface warming.
Jianlong Feng, Delei Li, Jing Zhang, and Liang Zhao
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-296, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-296, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Although some studies have been conducted on primary productivity in the Amundsen Sea, the spatial differences and mechanisms that drive differences in phenology, decadal and long-term changes in primary productivity are still not clear. We first obtained a bioregional map of the Amundsen Sea. Using the bioregionalization outputs, the limiting factors that affect spatial differences, the phenology, decadal and long-term changes of primary productivity was analyzed.
Daniel Regenass, Linda Schlemmer, Elena Jahr, and Christoph Schär
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-426, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Weather and climate models need to represent the water cycle on land in order to provide accurate estimates of moisture and energy exchange between the land and the atmosphere. Infiltration of water into the soil is often modeled with an equation describing water transport in porous media. Here, we point out some challenges arising in the numerical solution of this equation and show the consequences for the representation of the water cycle in modern weather and climate models.
Ruth Mottram, Nicolaj Hansen, Christoph Kittel, J. Melchior van Wessem, Cécile Agosta, Charles Amory, Fredrik Boberg, Willem Jan van de Berg, Xavier Fettweis, Alexandra Gossart, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, Erik van Meijgaard, Andrew Orr, Tony Phillips, Stuart Webster, Sebastian B. Simonsen, and Niels Souverijns
The Cryosphere, 15, 3751–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compare the calculated surface mass budget (SMB) of Antarctica in five different regional climate models. On average ~ 2000 Gt of snow accumulates annually, but different models vary by ~ 10 %, a difference equivalent to ± 0.5 mm of global sea level rise. All models reproduce observed weather, but there are large differences in regional patterns of snowfall, especially in areas with very few observations, giving greater uncertainty in Antarctic mass budget than previously identified.
Peter Hoffmann, Vanessa Reinhart, Diana Rechid, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Edouard L. Davin, Christina Asmus, Benjamin Bechtel, Jürgen Böhner, Eleni Katragkou, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-252, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-252, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the new high-resolution land-use land-cover change dataset LUCAS LUC historical and future land use and land cover change dataset (Version 1.0), tailored for use in regional climate models. Historical and projected future land use change information from the Land-Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) dataset is translated into annual plant functional type changes from 1950 to 2015 and 2016 to 2100, respectively, by employing a newly developed land use translator.
Christian Zeman, Nils P. Wedi, Peter D. Dueben, Nikolina Ban, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4617–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4617-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4617-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Kilometer-scale atmospheric models allow us to partially resolve thunderstorms and thus improve their representation. We present an intercomparison between two distinct atmospheric models for 2 summer days with heavy thunderstorms over Europe. We show the dependence of precipitation and vertical wind speed on spatial and temporal resolution and also discuss the possible influence of the system of equations, numerical methods, and diffusion in the models.
Camelia-Eliza Telteu, Hannes Müller Schmied, Wim Thiery, Guoyong Leng, Peter Burek, Xingcai Liu, Julien Eric Stanislas Boulange, Lauren Seaby Andersen, Manolis Grillakis, Simon Newland Gosling, Yusuke Satoh, Oldrich Rakovec, Tobias Stacke, Jinfeng Chang, Niko Wanders, Harsh Lovekumar Shah, Tim Trautmann, Ganquan Mao, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Yadu Pokhrel, Luis Samaniego, Yoshihide Wada, Vimal Mishra, Junguo Liu, Petra Döll, Fang Zhao, Anne Gädeke, Sam S. Rabin, and Florian Herz
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3843–3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse water storage compartments, water flows, and human water use sectors included in 16 global water models that provide simulations for the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b. We develop a standard writing style for the model equations. We conclude that even though hydrologic processes are often based on similar equations, in the end these equations have been adjusted, or the models have used different values for specific parameters or specific variables.
Marcus Breil, Edouard L. Davin, and Diana Rechid
Biogeosciences, 18, 1499–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1499-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1499-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The physical processes behind varying evapotranspiration rates in forests and grasslands in Europe are investigated in a regional model study with idealized afforestation scenarios. The results show that the evapotranspiration response to afforestation depends on the interplay of two counteracting factors: the transpiration facilitating characteristics of a forest and the reduced saturation deficits of forests caused by an increased surface roughness and associated lower surface temperatures.
Basit Khan, Sabine Banzhaf, Edward C. Chan, Renate Forkel, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Klaus Ketelsen, Mona Kurppa, Björn Maronga, Matthias Mauder, Siegfried Raasch, Emmanuele Russo, Martijn Schaap, and Matthias Sühring
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0. This article provides a detailed description of the model, its structure, input requirements, various features and limitations. Several pre-compiled ready-to-use chemical mechanisms are included in the chemistry model code; however, users can also easily implement other mechanisms. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the new chemistry model in the urban environment.
Claudia Tebaldi, Kevin Debeire, Veronika Eyring, Erich Fischer, John Fyfe, Pierre Friedlingstein, Reto Knutti, Jason Lowe, Brian O'Neill, Benjamin Sanderson, Detlef van Vuuren, Keywan Riahi, Malte Meinshausen, Zebedee Nicholls, Katarzyna B. Tokarska, George Hurtt, Elmar Kriegler, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Gerald Meehl, Richard Moss, Susanne E. Bauer, Olivier Boucher, Victor Brovkin, Young-Hwa Byun, Martin Dix, Silvio Gualdi, Huan Guo, Jasmin G. John, Slava Kharin, YoungHo Kim, Tsuyoshi Koshiro, Libin Ma, Dirk Olivié, Swapna Panickal, Fangli Qiao, Xinyao Rong, Nan Rosenbloom, Martin Schupfner, Roland Séférian, Alistair Sellar, Tido Semmler, Xiaoying Shi, Zhenya Song, Christian Steger, Ronald Stouffer, Neil Swart, Kaoru Tachiiri, Qi Tang, Hiroaki Tatebe, Aurore Voldoire, Evgeny Volodin, Klaus Wyser, Xiaoge Xin, Shuting Yang, Yongqiang Yu, and Tilo Ziehn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 253–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an overview of CMIP6 ScenarioMIP outcomes from up to 38 participating ESMs according to the new SSP-based scenarios. Average temperature and precipitation projections according to a wide range of forcings, spanning a wider range than the CMIP5 projections, are documented as global averages and geographic patterns. Times of crossing various warming levels are computed, together with benefits of mitigation for selected pairs of scenarios. Comparisons with CMIP5 are also discussed.
Robert Reinecke, Hannes Müller Schmied, Tim Trautmann, Lauren Seaby Andersen, Peter Burek, Martina Flörke, Simon N. Gosling, Manolis Grillakis, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Yadu Pokhrel, Wim Thiery, Yoshihide Wada, Satoh Yusuke, and Petra Döll
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 787–810, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Billions of people rely on groundwater as an accessible source of drinking water and for irrigation, especially in times of drought. Groundwater recharge is the primary process of regenerating groundwater resources. We find that groundwater recharge will increase in northern Europe by about 19 % and decrease by 10 % in the Amazon with 3 °C global warming. In the Mediterranean, a 2 °C warming has already lead to a reduction in recharge by 38 %. However, these model predictions are uncertain.
Trang Van Pham, Christian Steger, Burkhardt Rockel, Klaus Keuler, Ingo Kirchner, Mariano Mertens, Daniel Rieger, Günther Zängl, and Barbara Früh
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 985–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new regional climate model was prepared based on a weather forecast model. Slow processes of the climate system such as ocean state development and greenhouse gas emissions were implemented. A model infrastructure and evaluation tools were also prepared to facilitate long-term simulations and model evalution. The first ICON-CLM results were close to observations and comparable to those from COSMO-CLM, the recommended model being used at the Deutscher Wetterdienst and CLM Community.
Torben Schmith, Peter Thejll, Peter Berg, Fredrik Boberg, Ole Bøssing Christensen, Bo Christiansen, Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen, Marianne Sloth Madsen, and Christian Steger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 273–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
European extreme precipitation is expected to change in the future; this is based on climate model projections. But, since climate models have errors, projections are uncertain. We study this uncertainty in the projections by comparing results from an ensemble of 19 climate models. Results can be used to give improved estimates of future extreme precipitation for Europe.
Quentin Lejeune, Edouard L. Davin, Grégory Duveiller, Bas Crezee, Ronny Meier, Alessandro Cescatti, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 1209–1232, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-1209-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-1209-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Trees are darker than crops or grasses; hence, they absorb more solar radiation. Therefore, land cover changes modify the fraction of solar radiation reflected by the land surface (its albedo), with consequences for the climate. We apply a new statistical method to simulations conducted with 15 recent climate models and find that albedo variations due to land cover changes since 1860 have led to a decrease in the net amount of energy entering the atmosphere by −0.09 W m2 on average.
Liang Guo, Ruud J. van der Ent, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Marie-Estelle Demory, Pier Luigi Vidale, Andrew G. Turner, Claudia C. Stephan, and Amulya Chevuturi
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6011–6028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6011-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6011-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation over East Asia simulated in the Met Office Unified Model is compared with observations. Moisture sources of EA precipitation are traced using a moisture tracking model. Biases in moisture sources are linked to biases in precipitation. Using the tracking model, changes in moisture sources can be attributed to changes in SST, circulation and associated evaporation. This proves that the method used in this study is useful to identify the causes of biases in regional precipitation.
Emmanuele Russo, Silje Lund Sørland, Ingo Kirchner, Martijn Schaap, Christoph C. Raible, and Ulrich Cubasch
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5779–5797, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5779-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5779-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The parameter space of the COSMO-CLM RCM is investigated for the Central Asia CORDEX domain using a perturbed physics ensemble (PPE) with different parameter values. Results show that only a subset of model parameters presents relevant changes in model performance and these changes depend on the considered region and variable: objective calibration methods are highly necessary in this case. Additionally, the results suggest the need for calibrating an RCM when targeting different domains.
Lena R. Boysen, Victor Brovkin, Julia Pongratz, David M. Lawrence, Peter Lawrence, Nicolas Vuichard, Philippe Peylin, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yanwu Zhang, Matthias Rocher, Christine Delire, Roland Séférian, Vivek K. Arora, Lars Nieradzik, Peter Anthoni, Wim Thiery, Marysa M. Laguë, Deborah Lawrence, and Min-Hui Lo
Biogeosciences, 17, 5615–5638, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5615-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We find a biogeophysically induced global cooling with strong carbon losses in a 20 million square kilometre idealized deforestation experiment performed by nine CMIP6 Earth system models. It takes many decades for the temperature signal to emerge, with non-local effects playing an important role. Despite a consistent experimental setup, models diverge substantially in their climate responses. This study offers unprecedented insights for understanding land use change effects in CMIP6 models.
Marie-Estelle Demory, Ségolène Berthou, Jesús Fernández, Silje L. Sørland, Roman Brogli, Malcolm J. Roberts, Urs Beyerle, Jon Seddon, Rein Haarsma, Christoph Schär, Erasmo Buonomo, Ole B. Christensen, James M. Ciarlo ̀, Rowan Fealy, Grigory Nikulin, Daniele Peano, Dian Putrasahan, Christopher D. Roberts, Retish Senan, Christian Steger, Claas Teichmann, and Robert Vautard
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5485–5506, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5485-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Now that global climate models (GCMs) can run at similar resolutions to regional climate models (RCMs), one may wonder whether GCMs and RCMs provide similar regional climate information. We perform an evaluation for daily precipitation distribution in PRIMAVERA GCMs (25–50 km resolution) and CORDEX RCMs (12–50 km resolution) over Europe. We show that PRIMAVERA and CORDEX simulate similar distributions. Considering both datasets at such a resolution results in large benefits for impact studies.
Praveen Kumar Pothapakula, Cristina Primo, Silje Sørland, and Bodo Ahrens
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 903–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-903-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-903-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Information exchange (IE) from the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is investigated. Observational data show that IOD and ENSO synergistically exchange information on ISMR variability over central India. IE patterns observed in three global climate models (GCMs) differ from observations. Our study highlights new perspectives that IE metrics could bring to climate science.
Stefan Rüdisühli, Michael Sprenger, David Leutwyler, Christoph Schär, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 675–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Most precipitation over Europe is linked to low-pressure systems, cold fronts, warm fronts, or high-pressure systems. Based on a massive computer simulation able to resolve thunderstorms, we quantify in detail how much precipitation these weather systems produced during 2000–2008. We find distinct seasonal and regional differences, such as fronts precipitating a lot in fall and winter over the North Atlantic but high-pressure systems mostly in summer over the continent by way of thunderstorms.
Cited articles
Adler, R. F., Huffman, G. J., Chang, A., Ferraro, R., Xie, P.-P., Janowiak, J., Rudolf, B., Schneider, U., Curtis, S., Bolvin, D., Gruber, A., Susskind, J., Arkin, P., and Nelkin, E.: The version-2
global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation
analysis (1979–present), J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 1147–1167, 2003 (data available at: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.gpcp.html, last access: 12 August 2021). a, b
Ahrens, B., Formayer, H., Gobiet, A., Heinrich, G., Hofstätter, M., Matulla,
C., Prein, A. F., Truhetz, H., Anders, I., Haslinger, K., Nadeem, I.,
Suklitsch, M., and Themessl, M.: Future Climate Developments, Verlag der
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Österreich, https://doi.org/10.1553/aar14s301, 2014. a
Ahrens, B., Meier, T., and Brisson, E.: Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in the
Himalayan Foothills – Observations and Model Results, in: Himalayan Weather and Climate and their impact on the environment, chap. 5, edited by: Dimri, A. P., Bookhagen, B., Stoffel, M., and Yasunari, T., Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, 73–89, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29684-1, 2020. a
Akkermans, T., Lauwaet, D., Demuzere, M., Vogel, G., Nouvellon, Y., Ardö, J.,
Caquet, B., Grandcourt, A. D., Merbold, L., Kutsch, W., and Lipzig, N. V.:
Validation and comparison of two soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer
models for tropical Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G02013,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001802, 2012. a
Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V.: Computational design of the basic dynamical processes in the UCLA general circulation model, Methods in Computational Physics: Advances in Research and Applications, edited by: Chang, J., Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 17, 173–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-460817-7.50009-4, 1977. a
Arora, V. K., Scinocca, J. F., Boer, G. J., Christian, J. R., Denman, K. L.,
Flato, G. M., Kharin, V. V., Lee, W. G., and Merryfield, W. J.: Carbon
emission limits required to satisfy future representative concentration
pathways of greenhouse gases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05805,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046270, 2011. a, b
Baek, H. J., Lee, J., Lee, H. S., Hyun, Y. K., Cho, C., Kwon, W. T., Marzin,
C., Gan, S. Y., Kim, M. J., Choi, D. H., Lee, J., Lee, J., Boo, K. O., Kang,
H. S., and Byun, Y. H.: Climate change in the 21st century simulated by
HadGEM2-AO under representative concentration pathways,
Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 603–618, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-013-0053-7, 2013. a, b
Baldauf, M., Seifert, A., Förstner, J., Majewski, D., Raschendorfer, M.,
and Reinhardt, T.: Operational convective-scale numerical weather prediction
with the COSMO model: Description and sensitivities, Mon. Weather Rev.,
139, 3887–3905, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-10-05013.1, 2011. a
Ban, N., Schmidli, J., and Schär, C.: Evaluation of the
convection-resolving regional climate modeling approach in decade-long
simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 7889–7907,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021478, 2014. a, b, c
Bechtold, P., Köhler, M., Jung, T., Doblas-Reyes, F., Leutbecher, M.,
Rodwell, M., Vitart, F., and Balsamo, G.: Advances in simulating atmospheric
variability with the ECMWF model: From synoptic to decadal time-scales,
Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 134, 1337–1351, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.289, 2008. a, b, c
Beck, H. E., Wood, E. F., Pan, M., Fisher, C. K., Miralles, D. G., Van Dijk,
A. I., McVicar, T. R., and Adler, R. F.: MSWEP V2 global 3-hourly 0.1
precipitation: methodology and quantitative assessment, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 473–500, 2019 (data available at: http://www.gloh2o.org/, last access: 12 August 2021). a, b
Bellprat, O., Kotlarski, S., Lüthi, D., and Schär, C.: Objective calibration of regional climate models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D23115,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018262, 2012. a
Bellprat, O., Kotlarski, S., Lüthi, D., De Elía, R., Frigon, A.,
Laprise, R., and Schär, C.: Objective calibration of regional climate
models: Application over Europe and North America, J. Climate, 29,
819–838, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0302.1, 2016. a, b, c
Boé, J., Somot, S., Corre, L., and Nabat, P.: Large discrepancies in summer
climate change over Europe as projected by global and regional climate
models: causes and consequences, Clim. Dynam., 54, 2981–3002, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05153-1, 2020. a
Bosilovich, M. G., Chen, J., Robertson, F. R., and Adler, R. F.: Evaluation of Global Precipitation in Reanalyses, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 2279–2299, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1921.1, 2008. a
Brisson, E., Demuzere, M., and Van Lipzig, N.: Modelling strategies for
performing convection-permitting climate simulations, Met. Zeit., 25, 149–163, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2015/0598, 2015. a
Brogli, R., Kröner, N., Lund Sørland, S., Lüthi, D., and
Schär, C.: The Role of Hadley Circulation and Lapse-Rate Changes for
the Future European Summer Climate, J. Climate, 32, 385–404,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0431.1, 2019. a
Brousse, O., Wouters, H., Demuzere, M., Thiery, W., Van de Walle, J., and van
Lipzig, N. P. M.: The local climate impact of an African city during
clear-sky conditions – Implications of the recent urbanization in Kampala
(Uganda), Int. J. Climatol., 40, 4586–4608,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6477, 2019. a
Bucchignani, E., Cattaneo, L., Panitz, H. J., and Mercogliano, P.: Sensitivity analysis with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM over the CORDEX-MENA domain, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 128, 73–95,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-015-0403-3, 2016a. a, b
Bucchignani, E., Mercogliano, P., Rianna, G., and Panitz, H. J.: Analysis of
ERA-Interim-driven COSMO-CLM simulations over Middle East – North Africa
domain at different spatial resolutions, Int. J.
Climatol., 36, 3346–3369, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4559, 2016b. a, b
Bülow, K., Huebener, H.and Keuler, K., Menz, C., Pfeifer, S., Ramthun, H.,
Spekat, A., Steger, C.and Teichmann, C., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: User tailored
results of a regional climate model ensemble to plan adaption to the changing
climate in Germany, Adv. Sci. Res, 16, 241–249,
https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-241-2019, 2019. a
Centre for Climate Change Research: CORDEX-South Asia Multi Model Output, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India [data set], available at: http://cccr.tropmet.res.in/home/ftp_data.jsp, last access: 17 August 2021. a
Cha, D., Jin, C., Lee, D., and Kuo, Y.: Impact of intermittent spectral
nudging on regional climate simulation using Weather Research and Forecasting
model, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D10103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015069, 2011. a
Chatterjee, F., Allaerts, D., Blahak, U., Meyers, J., and Van Lipzig, N.:
Evaluation of a wind-farm parametrization in a regional climate model using
large eddy simulations, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 142, 3152–3161,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2896, 2017. a
Chen, M., Shi, W., Xie, P., Silva, V. B., Kousky, V. E., Wayne Higgins, R., and Janowiak, J. E.: Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D04110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009132, 2008 (data available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/cpc-unified-gaugebased-analysis-global-daily-precipitation, last access: 12 August 2021). a, b
Christensen, J. H. and Christensen, O. B.: A summary of the PRUDENCE model
projections of changes in European climate by the end of this century,
Climatic Change, 81, 7–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9210-7, 2007. a
Christensen, J. H., Larsen, M. A. D., Christensen, O. B., Drews, M., and
Stendel, M.: Robustness of European climate projections from dynamical
downscaling, Clim. Dynam., 53, 4857–4869, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04831-z,
2019. a
Ciarlo, J. M., Coppola, E., Fantini, A., Giorgi, F., Gao, X., Tong, Y., Glazer, R. H., Abraham, J., Alavez, T., Sines, T., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Das, S., Bukovsky, M., Ashfaq, M., Im, E., Nguyen-Xuan, T., Teichmann, C., Remedio, A., Remke, T., Bülow, K., Weber, T., Buntemeyer, L., Sieck, K.,
Rechid, D., and Jacob, D.: A new spatially distributed added value index for
regional climate models: the EURO-CORDEX and the CORDEX-CORE highest
resolution ensembles, Clim. Dynam., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05400-5, online first,
2020. a
Collins, W. J., Bellouin, N., Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Gedney, N., Halloran, P., Hinton, T., Hughes, J., Jones, C. D., Joshi, M., Liddicoat, S., Martin, G., O'Connor, F., Rae, J., Senior, C., Sitch, S., Totterdell, I., Wiltshire, A., and Woodward, S.: Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model – HadGEM2, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 1051–1075, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-1051-2011, 2011. a, b
Coppola, E., Nogherotto, R., Ciarlò, J. M., Giorgi, F., van Meijgaard, E.,
Kadygrov, N., Iles, C., Corre, L., Sandstad, M., Somot, S., Nabat, P.,
Vautard, R., Levavasseur, G., Schwingshackl, C., Sillmann, J., Kjellström,
E., Nikulin, G., Aalbers, E., Lenderink, G., Christensen, O. B., Boberg, F.,
Sørland, S. L., Demory, M., Bülow, K., Teichmann, C., Warrach-Sagi, K.,
and Wulfmeyer, V.: Assessment of the European climate projections as
simulated by the large EURO-CORDEX regional and global climate model
ensemble, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2019JD032356,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032356, 2020a. a
Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Ahrens, B., Anders,
I., Ban, N., Bastin, S., Belda, M., Belusic, D., Caldas-Alvarez, A., Cardoso,
R. M., Davolio, S., Dobler, A., Fernandez, J., Fita, L., Fumiere, Q., Giorgi,
F., Goergen, K., Güttler, I., Halenka, T., Heinzeller, D., Hodnebrog,
Jacob, D., Kartsios, S., Katragkou, E., Kendon, E., Khodayar, S., Kunstmann,
H., Knist, S., Lavín-Gullón, A., Lind, P., Lorenz, T., Maraun,
D., Marelle, L., van Meijgaard, E., Milovac, J., Myhre, G., Panitz, H. J.,
Piazza, M., Raffa, M., Raub, T., Rockel, B., Schär, C., Sieck, K.,
Soares, P. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L., Stocchi, P., Tölle, M. H.,
Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., de Vries, H., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: A
first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for
investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean, Clim. Dynam., 55, 3–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8, 2020b. a
Dalelane, C., Früh, B., Steger, C., and Walter, A.: A pragmatic approach to build a reduced regional climate projection ensemble for Germany using the EURO-CORDEX 8.5 ensemble, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim.,
57, 477–491, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0141.1, 2018. a, b, c
Davin, E. L., Stöckli, R., Jaeger, E. B., Levis, S., and Seneviratne, S. I.:
COSMO-CLM2: a new version of the COSMO-CLM model coupled to the Community
Land Model, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1889–1907,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1019-z, 2011. a, b, c
Davin, E. L., Maisonnave, E., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Is land surface
processes representation a possible weak link in current Regional Climate
Models?, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 074027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074027, 2016. a, b, c
Davin, E. L., Rechid, D., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Coppola, E., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L. L., Katragkou, E., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Radtke, K., Raffa, M., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strada, S., Strandberg, G., Tölle, M. H., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Biogeophysical impacts of forestation in Europe: first results from the LUCAS (Land Use and Climate Across Scales) regional climate model intercomparison, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-183-2020, 2020. a
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011. a, b, c, d, e, f
Demory, M.-E., Berthou, S., Fernández, J., Sørland, S. L., Brogli, R., Roberts, M. J., Beyerle, U., Seddon, J., Haarsma, R., Schär, C., Buonomo, E., Christensen, O. B., Ciarlo ̀, J. M., Fealy, R., Nikulin, G., Peano, D., Putrasahan, D., Roberts, C. D., Senan, R., Steger, C., Teichmann, C., and Vautard, R.: European daily precipitation according to EURO-CORDEX regional climate models (RCMs) and high-resolution global climate models (GCMs) from the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5485–5506, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5485-2020, 2020. a, b
Diaconescu, E. and Laprise, R.: Can added value be expected in RCM-simulated
large scales?, Clim. Dynam., 41, 1769–1800,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1649-9, 2013. a
Di Virgilio, G., Evans, J. P., Di Luca, A., Olson, R., Argüeso, D., Kala, J., Andrys, J., Hoffmann, P., Katzfey, J. J., and Rockel, B.: Evaluating reanalysis-driven CORDEX regional climate models over Australia: model performance and errors, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2985–3005,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04672-w, 2019. a, b, c, d, e
Dobler, A. and Ahrens, B.: Analysis of the Indian summer monsoon system in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D16101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013497, 2010. a, b
Dobler, A. and Ahrens, B.: Four climate change scenarios for the Indian summer monsoon by the regional climate model COSMO-CLM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D24104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016329, 2011. a
Doms, G. and Baldauf, M.: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional
COSMO-Model – Part I: Dynamics and Numerics, Tech. rep., COSMO – Consortium
for Small-Scale Modelling, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_pub/nwv/cosmo-doc_5.00_I, 2013. a
Doms, G., Föster, J., Heise, E., Herzog, H., Mironov, D., Raschendorfer,
M., Reinhardt, T., Ritter, B., Schrodin, R., Schulz, J., and Vogel, G.: A
Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional COSMO-Model – Part II: Physical
Parameterizations, Tech. rep., COSMO – Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_pub/nwv/cosmo-doc_5.00_II, 2013. a
Dosio, A. and Panitz, H. J.: Climate change projections for CORDEX-Africa with COSMO-CLM regional climate model and differences with the driving global
climate models, Clim. Dynam., 46, 1599–1625,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2664-4, 2016. a, b, c
Dosio, A., Panitz, H. J., Schubert-Frisius, M., and Lüthi, D.: Dynamical downscaling of CMIP5 global circulation models over CORDEX-Africa with COSMO-CLM: evaluation over the present climate and analysis of the added
value, Clim. Dynam., 44, 2637–2661, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2262-x,
2015. a, b, c, d
Dosio, A., Jones, R. G., Jack, C., Lennard, C., Nikulin, G., and Hewitson, B.: What can we know about future precipitation in Africa? Robustness,
significance and added value of projections from a large ensemble of regional
climate models, Clim. Dynam., 53, 5833–5858,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04900-3, 2019. a
Dosio, A., Turner, A. G., Tamoffo, A. T., Sylla, M. B., Lennard, C., Jones,
R. G., Terray, L., Nikulin, G., and Hewitson, B.: A tale of two futures:
contrasting scenarios of future precipitation forWest Africa from an ensemble
of regional climate models, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 064007,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7fde, 2020. a
Drobinski, P., Silva, N. D., Bastin, S., Mailler, S., Muller, C., Ahrens, B.,
Christensen, O., and Lionello, P.: How much warmer and drier will the
Mediterranean region be at the end of the 21st century?, Reg. Environ. Change, 20, 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01659-w, 2020. a
Evans, J. P., Di Virgilio, G., Hirsch, A. L., Hoffmann, P., Remedio, A. R., Ji, F., Rockel, B., and Coppola, E.: The CORDEX-Australasia ensemble:
evaluation and future projections, Clim. Dynam.,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05459-0, online first, 2020. a
Fan, Y. and van den Dool, H.: A global monthly land surface air temperature
analysis for 1948–present, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D01103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008470, 2008 (data available at: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ghcncams.html, last access: 12 August 2021). a, b
Feser, F. and von Storch, H.: A Dynamical Downscaling Case Study for Typhoons in Southeast Asia Using a Regional Climate Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1806–1815, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2207.1, 2008. a
Fu, C., Wang, S., Xiong, Z., Gutowski, W. J., Lee, D.-K., McGregor, J. L.,
Sato, Y., Kato, H., Kim, J.-W., and Suh, M.-S.: Regional Climate Model
Intercomparison Project for Asia, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 257–266, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-2-257, 2005. a
Fuhrer, O., Osuna, C., Lapillonne, X., Gysi, T., Cumming, B., Bianco, M.,
Arteaga, A., and Schulthess, T.: Towards a performance portable, architecture
agnostic implementation strategy for weather and climate models,
Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations, 1, available at: https://superfri.org/superfri/article/view/17 (last access: 16 August 2021), 2014. a
Giorgi, F.: Thirty Years of Regional Climate Modeling: Where Are We and Where Are We Going next?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124,
5696–5723, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030094, 2019. a, b
Gutiérrez, C., Somot, S., Nabat, P., Mallet, M., Corre, L., van Meijgaard, E., Perpiñán, O., and Gaertner, M.: Future evolution of surface solar
radiation and photovoltaic potential in Europe: investigating the role of
aerosols, Environ. Res. Lett, 15, 034035, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6666, 2020. a
Gutowski Jr., W. J., Giorgi, F., Timbal, B., Frigon, A., Jacob, D., Kang, H.-S., Raghavan, K., Lee, B., Lennard, C., Nikulin, G., O'Rourke, E., Rixen, M., Solman, S., Stephenson, T., and Tangang, F.: WCRP COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX): a diagnostic MIP for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4087–4095, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4087-2016, 2016. a, b, c
Hall, A.: Projecting regional change, Science, 346, 1461–1462,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0629, 2014. a, b
Hazeleger, W., Wang, X., Severijns, C., Ştefǎnescu, S., Bintanja, R.,
Sterl, A., Wyser, K., Semmler, T., Yang, S., van den Hurk, B., van Noije, T.,
van der Linden, E., and van der Wiel, K.: EC-Earth V2.2: Description and
validation of a new seamless earth system prediction model, Clim.
Dynam., 39, 2611–2629, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1228-5,
2012. a, b
Helsen, S., Van Lipzig, N., Demuzere, M., Vanden Broucke, S., Caluwaerts, S.,
De Cruz, L., De Troch, R., Hamdi, R., Termonia, P., Van Schaeybroeck, B., and
Wouters, H.: Consistent scale-dependency of future increases in hourly
extreme precipitation in two convection-permitting models, Clim. Dynam., 54,
1267–1280, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05056-w, 2019. a
Hentgen, L., Ban, N., Kröner, N., Leutwyler, D., and Schär, C.:
Clouds in Convection-Resolving Climate Simulations Over Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 3849–3870,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030150, 2019. a, b, c
Hirsch, A. L., Evans, J. P., Virgilio, G. D., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.,
Argüeso, D., Pitman, A. J., and Carouge, C. C.: Amplification of Australian
Heatwaves via Local Land-Atmosphere Coupling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 13625–13647, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030665, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Hong, S. and Chang, E.: Spectral nudging sensitivity experiments in a regional climate model, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 345–355,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-012-0033-3, 2011. a
Huang, B., Polanski, S., and Cubasch, U.: Assessment of precipitation
climatology in an ensemble of CORDEX-East Asia regional climate simulations,
Clim. Res., 64, 141–158, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01302, 2015. a
Imamovic, A., Schlemmer, L., and Schär, C.: Mountain Volume Control on
Deep-Convective Rain Amount during Episodes of Weak Synoptic Forcing, J.
Atmos. Sci., 76, 605–626, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0217.1, 2019. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2013. a
Iversen, T., Bentsen, M., Bethke, I., Debernard, J. B., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, Ø., Drange, H., Kristjansson, J. E., Medhaug, I., Sand, M., and Seierstad, I. A.: The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M – Part 2: Climate response and scenario projections, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 389–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-389-2013, 2013. a, b
Jacob, D., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S., Katragkou, E., Anders, I., Belda, M., Benestad, R., Boberg, F., Buonomo, E., Cardoso, R. M., Casanueva, A.,
Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H., Coppola, E., De Cruz, L., Davin,
E. L., Dobler, A., Domínguez, M., Fealy, R., Fernandez, J., Gaertner,
M. A., García-Díez, M., Giorgi, F., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K.,
Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Alemán, J. J. G., Gutiérrez, C.,
Gutiérrez, J. M., Güttler, I., Haensler, A., Halenka, T., Jerez,
S., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Jones, R. G., Keuler, K., Kjellström,
E., Knist, S., Kotlarski, S., Maraun, D., van Meijgaard, E., Mercogliano, P.,
Montávez, J. P., Navarra, A., Nikulin, G., de Noblet-Ducoudré,
N., Panitz, H.-J., Pfeifer, S., Piazza, M., Pichelli, E., Pietikäinen,
J.-P., Prein, A. F., Preuschmann, S., Rechid, D., Rockel, B., Romera, R.,
Sánchez, E., Sieck, K., Soares, P. M. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L.,
Sørland, S. L., Termonia, P., Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K.,
and Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives
from the EURO-CORDEX community, Reg. Environ. Change, 20, 51,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9, 2020. a, b
Jury, M. W., Prein, A. F., Truhetz, H., and Gobiet, A.: Evaluation of CMIP5
models in the context of dynamical downscaling over Europe, J.
Climate, 28, 5575–5582, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00430.1, 2015. a
Kessler, E.: On Distribution and Continuity of Water Sub- stance in Atmospheric Circulations, Meteorological Monographs, vol 10. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, USA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-36-2_1, 1969. a
Keuler, K., Radtke, K., Kotlarski, S., and Lüthi, D.: Regional climate
change over Europe in COSMO-CLM: Influence of emission scenario and driving
global model, Meteorol. Z., 25, 121–136,
https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2016/0662, 2016. a, b, c, d
Kinne, S., Schulz, M., Textor, C., Guibert, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T. F., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Collins, W., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Herzog, M., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Lesins, G., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: An AeroCom initial assessment – optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1815–1834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1815-2006, 2006. a
Kjellström, E., Bärring, L., Nikulin, G., Nilsson, C., Persson, G., and Strandberg, G.: Production and use of regional climate model projections – A Swedish perspective on building climate services, Climate Services, 2–3, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2016.06.004, 2016. a
Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., and Hassiotis, A. D.: An Upper Gravity-Wave Absorbing Layer for NWP Applications, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 3987–4004,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2596.1, 2008. a, b
Knutti, R.: Should we believe model predictions of future climate change?,
Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 366A, 4647–4664, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0169, 2008. a
Konapala, G., Mishra, A. K., Wada, Y., and Mann, M. E.: Climate change will
affect global water availability through compounding changes in seasonal
precipitation and evaporation, Nat. Commun., 11, 3044,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16757-w, 2020. a
Kothe, S., Panitz, H.-J., and Ahrens, B.: Analysis of the radiation budget in regional climate simulations with COSMO-CLM for Africa, Meteorol. Z., 23, 123–141, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0527, 2014. a, b
Kotlarski, S., Keuler, K., Christensen, O. B., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Jacob, D., Lüthi, D., van Meijgaard, E., Nikulin, G., Schär, C., Teichmann, C., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate modeling on European scales: a joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1297–1333, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1297-2014, 2014. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Lawrence, P. and Chase, T.: Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the community land model (CLM 3.0), J. Geophys. Res., 112, G01023,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000168, 2007. a, b
Lee, D., Park, C., Kim, Y.-H., , and Min, S.-K.: Evaluation of the COSMO-CLM
for East Asia Climate simulations: Sensitivity to Spectral Nudging, J. Clim. Res., 11, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.14383/cri.2016.11.1.69, 2016. a, b
Lee, M., Cha, D.-H., Suh, M.-S., Chang, E.-C., Ahn, J.-B., Min, S.-K., and
Byun, Y.-H.: Comparison of Tropical Cyclone Activities over the Western
North Pacific in CORDEX-East Asia Phase I and II Experiments, J.
Climate, 33, 10593–10607, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1014.1, 2020. a
Lejeune, Q., Davin, E., Guillod, B., and Seneviratne, S.: Influence of
Amazonian deforestation on the future evolution of regional surface fluxes,
circulation, surface temperature and precipitation, Clim. Dynam., 44,
2769–2786, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2203-8, 2015. a
Leps, N., Brauch, J., and Ahrens, B.: Sensitivity of Limited Area Atmospheric Simulations to Lateral Boundary Conditions in Idealised Experiments, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 2694–2707,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001625, 2019. a, b
Leutwyler, D., Lüthi, D., Ban, N., Fuhrer, O., and Schär, C.:
Evaluation of the convection-resolving climate modeling approach on
continental scales, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 5237–5258,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026013, 2017. a, b, c
Li, D., von Storch, H., and Geyer, B.: High-resolution wind hindcast over the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in East Asia: Evaluation and wind climatology analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 111–129,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024177, 2016. a
Li, D., Feng, J., Xu, Z., Yin, B., Shi, H., and Qi, J.: Statistical Bias
Correction for Simulated Wind Speeds Over CORDEX-East Asia, Earth Space
Sci., 6, 200–211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000493, 2019. a
Li, D., Feng, J., Dosio, A., Qi, J., Xu, Z., and Yin, B.: Historical Evaluation and Future Projections of 100-m Wind Energy Potentials Over CORDEX-East Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD032874,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032874, 2020. a, b
Masson, V., Champeaux, J., Chauvin, F., Meriguet, C., and Lacaze, R.: A global database of land surface parameters at 1-km resolution in meteorological and climate models, J. Climate., 16, 1261–1282,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-16.9.1261, 2003. a
McSweeney, C. F., Jones, R. G., Lee, R. W., and Rowell, D. P.: Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions, Clim. Dynam., 44,
3237–3260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2418-8, 2015. a
Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S. K., van
Vuuren, D. P., Carter, T. R., Emori, S., Kainuma, M., Kram, T., Meehl, G. A.,
Mitchell, J. F. B., Nakicenovic, N., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Stouffer,
R. J., Thomson, A. M., Weyant, J. P., and Wilbanks, T. J.: The next
generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment, Nature,
463, 747–756, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08823, 2010. a, b, c
Niang, I., Ruppel, O., Abdrabo, M., Essel, A., Lennard, C., Padgham, J., and
Urquhart, P.: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and
Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to
the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Barros, V. R., Field, C. B., Dokken, D. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1199–1265, available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-PartB_FINAL.pdf (last access: 16 August 2021),
2014. a
Nikulin, G., Jones, C., Giorgi, F., Asrar, G., Büchner, M., Cerezo-Mota, R.,
Christensen, O. B., Déqué, M., Fernandez, J., Hänsler, A., van Meijgaard,
E., Samuelsson, P., Sylla, M. B., and Sushama, L.: Precipitation Climatology
in an Ensemble of CORDEX-Africa Regional Climate Simulations, J.
Climate, 25, 6057–6078, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00375.1, 2012. a
Obermann, A., Bastin, S., Belamari, S., Conte, D., Gaertner, M. A., Li, L., and Ahrens, B.: Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1069–1076,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3053-3, 2018. a, b
Oleson, K. W., Niu, G.-Y., Yang, Z.-L., Lawrence, D. M., Thornton, P. E.,
Lawrence, P. J., Söckli, R., Dickinson, R. E., Bonan, G. B., Levis, S.,
Dai, A., and Qian, T.: Improvements to the Community Land Model and their
impact on the hydrological cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
G01021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000563, 2008. a
Panitz, H. J., Dosio, A., Büchner, M., Lüthi, D., and Keuler, K.:
COSMO-CLM (CCLM) climate simulations over CORDEX-Africa domain: Analysis of
the ERA-Interim driven simulations at 0.44∘ and 0.22∘
resolution, Clim. Dynam., 42, 3015–3038,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1834-5, 2014. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Panosetti, D., Schlemmer, L., and Schär, C.: Bulk and structural
convergence at convection-resolving scales in real-case simulations of
summertime moist convection over land, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 1427–1443, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3502, 2019. a
Park, C., Min, S.-K., Lee, D., Cha, D.-H., Suh, M.-S., Kang, H.-S., Hong,
S.-Y., Lee, D.-K., Baek, H.-J., Boo, K.-O., and Kwon, W.-T.: Evaluation of
multiple regional climate models for summer climate extremes over East Asia,
Clim. Dynam., 46, 2469–2486, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2713-z, 2016. a
Pham, T. V., Steger, C., Rockel, B., Keuler, K., Kirchner, I., Mertens, M., Rieger, D., Zängl, G., and Früh, B.: ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode (ICON release version 2.6.1): a new regional climate model, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 985–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021, 2021. a
Pothapakula, P. K., Primo, C., Sørland, S., and Ahrens, B.: The synergistic impact of ENSO and IOD on Indian summer monsoon rainfall in observations and climate simulations – an information theory perspective, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 903–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-903-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Prein, A. F., Gobiet, A., Truhetz, H., Keuler, K., Goergen, K., Teichmann, C., Maule, C. F., van Meijgaard, E., Déqué, M., Nikulin, G., Vautard, R.,
Colette, A., Kjellström, E., and Jacob, D.: Precipitation in the EURO-CORDEX
0.11∘ and 0.44∘ simulations: high resolution, high benefits?,
Clim. Dynam., 46, 383–412, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2589-y, 2016. a, b, c, d
Rana, A., Nikulin, G., Kjellström, E., Strandberg, G., Kupiainen, M., Hansson, U., and Kolax, M.: Contrasting regional and global climate simulations over South Asia, Clim. Dynam., 54, 2883–2901, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05146-0,
2020. a
Raschendorfer, M.: The new turbulence parameterization of LM, COSMO
newsletter, 1, 89–97, 2001. a
Rayleigh, J. W. S.: Theory of Sound (two volumes), 2nd edition, Dover Publications, New York, USA, 1945 re-issue, 1877. a
Remedio, A., Teichmann, C., Buntemeyer, L., Sieck, K., Weber, T., Rechid, D.,
Hoffmann, P., Nam, C., Kotova, L., and Jacob, D.: Evaluation of New CORDEX
Simulations Using an Updated Köppen–Trewartha Climate Classification,
Atmosphere, 10, 726, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110726, 2019. a
Rineau, F., Malina, R., Beenaerts, N., Arnauts, N., Bardgett, R., Berg, M.,
Boerema, A., Bruckers, L., Clerinx, J., Davin, E., De Boeck, H.,
De Dobbelaer, T., Dondini, M., De Laender, F., Ellers, J., Franken, O.,
Gilbert, L., Gudmundsson, L., Janssens, I., Johnson, D., Lizin, S., Longdoz,
B., Meire, P., Meremans, D., Milbau, A., Moretti, M., Nijs, I., Nobel, A.,
Pop, S., Puetz, T., Reyns, W., Roy, J., Schuetz, J., Seneviratne, S., Smith,
P., Solmi, F., Staes, J., Thiery, W., Vanderkelen, I., Van Landuyt, W.,
Verbruggen, E., Witters, N., Zscheischler, J., and Vangronsveld, J.:
Improving the predictive power and interdisciplinarity of climate change
experiments, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 809–816,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0609-3, 2019. a, b
Ritter, B. and Geleyn, J. F.: A comprehensive radiation scheme for numerical
weather prediction models with potential applications in climate simulations,
Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 303–325,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0303:ACRSFN>2.0.CO;2, 1992. a
Rockel, B. and Geyer, B.: The performance of the regional climate model CLM in different climate regions, based on the example of precipitation,
Meteorol. Z., 17, 487–498, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0297,
2008. a, b, c
Rockel, B., Will, A., and Hense, A.: The regional climate model COSMO-CLM
(CCLM), Meteorol. Z., 17, 347–348,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0309, 2008. a, b, c
Rummukainen, M.: Added value in regional climate modeling, WIRES Clim. Change, 7, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.378, 2016. a, b
Russo, E., Kirchner, I., Pfahl, S., Schaap, M., and Cubasch, U.: Sensitivity studies with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM 5.0 over the CORDEX Central Asia Domain, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5229–5249, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5229-2019, 2019. a
Russo, E., Sørland, S. L., Kirchner, I., Schaap, M., Raible, C. C., and Cubasch, U.: Exploring the parameter space of the COSMO-CLM v5.0 regional climate model for the Central Asia CORDEX domain, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5779–5797, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5779-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d
Schär, C., Fuhrer, O., Arteaga, A., Ban, N., Charpilloz, C., Di Girolamo, S., Hentgen, L., Hoefler, T., Lapillonne, X., Leutwyler, D., Osterried, K., Panosetti, D., Rüdisühli, S., Schlemmer, L., Schulthess, T. C., Sprenger, M., Ubbiali, S., and Wernli, H.: Kilometer-Scale Climate Models: Prospects and Challenges, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E567–E587, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0167.1, 2020. a
Schlemmer, L., Schär, C., Lüthi, D., and Strebel, L.: A
Groundwater and Runoff Formulation for Weather and Climate Models, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10, 1809–1832,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017MS001260, 2018. a, b, c
Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A., and Ziese, M.:
GPCC Full Data Monthly Product Version 2018 at 0.25∘: Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain-Gauges built on GTS-based and Historical Data, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FD_M_V2018_025, 2018 (data available at: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/gpcc/gpcc.html, last access: 12 August 2021). a, b
Schultze, M. and Rockel, B.: Direct and semi-direct effects of aerosol
climatologies on long-term climate simulations over Europe, Clim.
Dynam., 50, 3331–3354, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3808-5, 2018. a, b
Schulz, J.-P. and Vogel, G.: Improving the Processes in the Land Surface Scheme TERRA: Bare Soil Evaporation and Skin Temperature, Atmosphere, 11, 5,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050513, 2020. a, b
Schulz, J.-P., Vogel, G., Becker, C., Kothe, S., Rummel, U., and Ahrens, B.:
Evaluation of the ground heat flux simulated by a multi-layer land surface
scheme using high-quality observations at grass land and bare soil,
Meteorol. Z., 25, 607–620, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2016/0537,
2016. a, b, c
Schwingshackl, C., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Sørland, S. L., Wartenburger, R., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Regional climate model projections underestimate future warming due to missing plant physiological CO2 response, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 114019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4949, 2019. a
Shatwell, T., Thiery, W., and Kirillin, G.: Future projections of temperature and mixing regime of European temperate lakes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1533–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1533-2019, 2019. a
Somot, S., Ruti, P., Ahrens, B., Coppola, E., Jordà, G., Sannino, G., and
Solmon, F.: Editorial for the Med-CORDEX special issue, Environ. Res. Lett., 51, 771, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4325-x, 2018. a
Sooraj, K. P., Terray, P., and Mujumdar, M.: Global warming and the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon circulation: assessments from the CMIP5 models, Clim. Dynam., 45, 233–252, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2257-7, 2015. a
Sørland, S. L., Schär, C., Lüthi, D., and Kjellström, E.: Bias patterns and climate change signals in GCM-RCM model chains,
Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 074017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacc77, 2018. a, b, c, d
Sørland, S. L., Fischer, A. M., Kotlarski, S., Künsch, H. R., Liniger,
M. A., Rajczak, J., Schär, C., Spirig, C., Strassmann, K., and Knutti, R.:
CH2018 – National climate scenarios for Switzerland: How to construct
consistent multi-model projections from ensembles of opportunity, Climate
Services, 20, 100196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100196, 2020. a, b, c
Souverijns, N., Gossart, A., Demuzere, M., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Medley, B.,
Gorodetskaya, I. V., Vanden Broucke, S., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: A New
Regional Climate Model for POLAR-CORDEX: Evaluation of a 30-Year Hindcast
with COSMO-CLM2 Over Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 1405–1427, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028862, 2019. a
Spinoni, J., Barbosa, P., Bucchignani, E., Cassano, J., Cavazos, T.,
Christensen, J. H., Christensen, O. B., Coppola, E., Evans, J., Geyer, B.,
Giorgi, F., Hadjinicolaou, P., Jacob, D., Katzfey, J., Koenigk, T., Laprise,
R., Lennard, C. J., Kurnaz, M. L., Li, D., Llopart, M., McCormick, N.,
Naumann, G., Nikulin, G., Ozturk, T., Panitz, H.-J., Porfirio da Rocha, R.,
Rockel, B., Solman, S. A., Syktus, J., Tangang, F., Teichmann, C., Vautard,
R., Vogt, J. V., Winger, K., Zittis, G., and Dosio, A.: Future Global
Meteorological Drought Hot Spots: A Study Based on CORDEX Data, J.
Climate, 33, 3635–3661, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1, 2020. a
Steger, C. and Bucchignani, E.: Regional Climate Modelling with COSMO-CLM:
History and Perspectives, Atmosphere, 11, 1250, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111250,
2020. a
Steppeler, J., Doms, G., Schättler, U., Bitzer, H. W., Gassmann, A., Damrath, U., and Gregoric, G.: Meso-gamma scale forecasts using the non-hydrostatic model
LM. Meteorol, Atmos. Phys., 82, 75–96, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-001-0592-9,
2003. a, b
Sterl, S., Vanderkelen, I., Chawanda, C., Russo, D., Brecha, R., van Griensven, A., van Lipzig, N., and Thiery, W.: Smart renewable electricity portfolios in West Africa, Nature Sustainability, 3, 710–719,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0539-0, 2020. a
Stevens, B., Giorgetta, M., Esch, M., Mauritsen, T., Crueger, T., Rast, S.,
Salzmann, M., Schmidt, H., Bader, J., Block, K., Brokopf, R., Fast, I.,
Kinne, S., Kornblueh, L., Lohmann, U., Pincus, R., Reichler, T., and
Roeckner, E.: Atmospheric component of the MPI-M earth system model:
ECHAM6, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 146–172,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20015, 2013. a, b
Sunyer, M., Luchner, J., Onof, C., Madsen, H., and Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K.:
Assessing the importance of spatio-temporal RCM resolution when estimating
sub-daily extreme precipitation under current and future climate
conditions, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 688–705, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4733, 2017. a
Takle, E. S., Roads, J., Rockel, B., Gutowski, W. J., J., Arritt, R. W.,
Meinke, I., Jones, C. G., and Zadra, A.: Transferability Intercomparison: An
Opportunity for New Insight on the Global Water Cycle and Energy Budget,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 375–384,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-3-375, 2007. a, b, c
Tangang, F., Chung, J. X., Juneng, L., Supari, Salimun, E., Ngai, S. T.,
Jamaluddin, A. F., Mohd, M. S. F., Cruz, F., Narisma, G., Santisirisomboon,
J., Ngo-Duc, T., Tan, P. V., Singhruck, P., Gunawan, D., Aldrian, E.,
Sopaheluwakan, A., Grigory, N., Remedio, A. R. C., Sein, D. V., Hein-Griggs,
D., McGregor, J. L., Yang, H., Sasaki, H., and Kumar, P.: Projected future
changes in rainfall in Southeast Asia based on CORDEX–SEA multi-model
simulations, Clim. Dynam., 55, 1247–1267,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05322-2, 2020. a
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R., and Meehl, G. A.: An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 485–498,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1, 2012. a, b
Taylor, K. E.: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single
diagram, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 7183–7192,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900719, 2001. a
Tegen, I., Hollrig, P., Chin, M., Fung, I., Jacob, D., and Penner, J.:
Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction
optical thickness: Estimates from model results, J. Geophys. Res., 102,
23895–23915, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01864, 1997. a, b, c
Teichmann, C., Jacob, D., Remedio, A. R., Remke, T., Buntemeyer, L., Hoffmann, P., Kriegsmann, A., Lierhammer, L., Bülow, K., Weber, T., Sieck, K., Rechid, D., Langendijk, G. S., Coppola, E., Giorgi, F., Ciarlo, J. M., Raffaele, F., Giuliani, G., Xuejie, G., Sines, T. R., Torres-Alavez, J. A., Das, S., Sante, F. D., Pichelli, E., Glazer, R., Ashfaq, M., Bukovsky, M., and Im, E.-S.: Assessing mean climate change signals in the global CORDEX-CORE ensemble, Clim. Dynam., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05494-x, online first, 2020. a
Termonia, P.and Van Schaeybroeck, B., De Cruz, L., De Troch, R., Caluwaerts,
S., Giot, O., Hamdi, R., Vannitsem, S., Duchêne, F., Willems, P., Tabari,
H., Van Uytven, E., Hosseinzadehtalaei, P., Van Lipzig, N., Wouters, H.,
Vanden Broucke, S., van Ypersele, J., Marbaix, P., Villanueva-Birriel, C.,
Fettweis, X., Wyard, C., Scholzen, C., Doutreloup, S., De Ridder, K., Gobin,
A., Lauwaet, D., Stavrakou, T., Bauwens, M., Müller, J., Luyten, P., Ponsar,
S., Van den Eynde, D., and Pottiaux, E.: The CORDEX.be initiative as a
foundation for climate services in Belgium, Climate Services, 11, 49–61,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2018.05.001, 2018. a
The HadGEM2 Development Team: G. M. Martin, Bellouin, N., Collins, W. J., Culverwell, I. D., Halloran, P. R., Hardiman, S. C., Hinton, T. J., Jones, C. D., McDonald, R. E., McLaren, A. J., O'Connor, F. M., Roberts, M. J., Rodriguez, J. M., Woodward, S., Best, M. J., Brooks, M. E., Brown, A. R., Butchart, N., Dearden, C., Derbyshire, S. H., Dharssi, I., Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Edwards, J. M., Falloon, P. D., Gedney, N., Gray, L. J., Hewitt, H. T., Hobson, M., Huddleston, M. R., Hughes, J., Ineson, S., Ingram, W. J., James, P. M., Johns, T. C., Johnson, C. E., Jones, A., Jones, C. P., Joshi, M. M., Keen, A. B., Liddicoat, S., Lock, A. P., Maidens, A. V., Manners, J. C., Milton, S. F., Rae, J. G. L., Ridley, J. K., Sellar, A., Senior, C. A., Totterdell, I. J., Verhoef, A., Vidale, P. L., and Wiltshire, A.: The HadGEM2 family of Met Office Unified Model climate configurations, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 723–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011, 2011. a, b
Thiery, W., Davin, E., Panitz, H.-J., Demuzere, M., Lhermitte, S., and van
Lipzig, N.: The impact of the African Great Lakes on the regional climate, J.
Climate, 28, 4061–4085, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00565.1, 2015. a, b
Tiedtke, M.: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in
large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779–1800,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1779:ACMFSF>2.0.CO;2, 1989. a, b, c
Torma, C., Giorgi, F., and Coppola, E.: Added value of regional climate
modeling over areas characterized by complex terrain-precipitation over the
Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 3957–3972,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022781, 2015. a, b, c
University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit, Jones, P. D., and Harris, I. C.: Climatic Research Unit (CRU): Time-series (TS) datasets of variations in climate with variations in other phenomena v3, NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, available at: http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/3f8944800cc48e1cbc29a5ee12d8542d (last access: 16 August 2021), 2008 (data available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/cru-ts-gridded-precipitation-and-other-meteorological-variables-1901, last access: 12 August 2021). a, b, c
Vanden Broucke, S. and Van Lipzig, N.: Do convection-permitting models improve the representation of the impact of LUC?, Clim. Dynam., 49, 2749–2763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3489-5, 2017. a
Vanden Broucke, S., Luyssaert, S., Davin, E., Janssens, I., and Van Lipzig, N.: New insights in the capability of climate models to simulate the impact of LUC based on temperature decomposition of paired site observations, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 5417–5436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023095, 2015. a
Vanden Broucke, S., Wouters, H., Demuzere, M., and van Lipzig, N. M.: The
influence of convection-permitting regional climate modeling on future
projections of extreme precipitation: dependency on topography and timescale,
Clim. Dynam., 52, 5303–5324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4454-2, 2018. a
Vanderkelen, I., van Lipzig, N. P. M., and Thiery, W.: Modelling the water balance of Lake Victoria (East Africa) – Part 1: Observational analysis, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5509–5525, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5509-2018, 2018a. a
Vanderkelen, I., van Lipzig, N. P. M., and Thiery, W.: Modelling the water balance of Lake Victoria (East Africa) – Part 2: Future projections, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5527–5549, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5527-2018, 2018b. a
Vanderkelen, I., Zscheischler, J., Gudmundsson, L., Keuler, K., Rineau, F.,
Beenaerts, N., Vangronsveld, J., and Thiery, W.: A novel method for
assessing climate change impacts in ecotron experiments, Int. J. Biometeorol., 64, 1709–1727, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01951-8, 2020. a, b
Van de Walle, J., Thiery, W., Brousse, O., Souverijns, N., Demuzere, M., and
van Lipzig, N.: A convection-permitting model for the Lake Victoria Basin:
Evaluation and insight into the mesoscale versus synoptic atmospheric
dynamics, Clim. Dynam., 54, 1779–1799,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05088-2, 2019. a
van Vuuren, D. P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A., Hibbard,
K., Hurtt, G. C., Kram, T., Krey, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Masui, T.,
Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Smith, S. J., and Rose, S. K.: The
representative concentration pathways: an overview, Climatic Change, 109, 5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z, 2011. a, b
Vautard, R., Gobiet, A., Jacob, D., Belda, M., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Fernández, J., García-Díez, M., Goergen, K., Güttler, I., Halenka, T., Karacostas, T., Katragkou, E., Keuler, K., Kotlarski, S., Mayer, S., van Meijgaard, E., Nikulin, G.,
Patarčić, M., Scinocca, J., Sobolowski, S., Suklitsch, M.,
Teichmann, C., Warrach-Sagi, K., Wulfmeyer, V., and Yiou, P.: The simulation
of European heat waves from an ensemble of regional climate models within the
EURO-CORDEX project, Clim. Dynam., 41, 2555–2575,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1714-z, 2013. a
Vautard, R., Kadygrov, N., Iles, C., Boberg, F., Buonomo, E., Buelow, K.,
Coppola, E., Corre, L., van Meijgaard, E., Nogherotto, R., Sandstad, M.,
Schwingshakl, C., Somot, S., Aalbers, E. E., Christensen, O., Ciarlo, J.,
Demory, M.-E., Giorgi, F., Jacob, D., Jones, R. G., Keuler, K., Kjellström,
E., Lenderink, G., Levavasseur, G., Nikulin, G., Sillmann, J., Solidoro, C.,
Sørland, S., Steger, C., Teichmann, C., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.:
Evaluation of the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD032344, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032344, 2020. a, b, c, d, e
Vergara-Temprado, J., Ban, N., Panosetti, D., Schlemmer, L., and Schär, C.:
Climate Models Permit Convection at Much Coarser Resolutions Than Previously
Considered, J. Climate, 33, 1915–1933,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0286.1, 2020. a, b
Voldoire, A., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Salas y Mélia, D., Decharme, B., Cassou, C., Sénési, S., Valcke, S., Beau, I., Alias, A., Chevallier, M., Déqué, M., Deshayes, J., Douville, H., Fernandez, E., Madec, G., Maisonnave, E., Moine, M. P., Planton, S., Saint-Martin, D., Szopa, S., Tyteca, S., Alkama, R., Belamari, S., Braun, A., Coquart, L., and Chauvin, F.: The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: Description and basic evaluation, Clim. Dynam., 40, 2091–2121, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1259-y, 2013. a, b
Von Salzen, K., Scinocca, J. F., McFarlane, N. A., Li, J., Cole, J. N.,
Plummer, D., Verseghy, D., Reader, M. C., Ma, X., Lazare, M., and Solheim,
L.: The Canadian fourth generation atmospheric global climate model
(CanAM4). Part I: Representation of physical processes, Atmos.-Ocean,
51, 104–125, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2012.755610, 2013. a, b
von Storch, H., Langenberg, H., and Feser, F.: A Spectral Nudging Technique
for Dynamical Downscaling Purposes, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 3664–3673,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3664:ASNTFD>2.0.CO;2, 2000. a
Wang, D., Menz, C., Simon, T., Simmer, C., and Ohlwein, C.: Regional dynamical downscaling with CCLM over East Asia, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.,
121, 39–53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-013-0250-z, 2013. a
Watanabe, S., Hajima, T., Sudo, K., Nagashima, T., Takemura, T., Okajima, H., Nozawa, T., Kawase, H., Abe, M., Yokohata, T., Ise, T., Sato, H., Kato, E., Takata, K., Emori, S., and Kawamiya, M.: MIROC-ESM 2010: model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 845–872, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-845-2011, 2011. a, b
Wicker, L. J. and Skamarock, W. C.: Time-splitting methods for elastic models
using forward time schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2088–2097,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2088:TSMFEM>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a
Will, A., Akhtar, N., Brauch, J., Breil, M., Davin, E., Ho-Hagemann, H. T. M., Maisonnave, E., Thürkow, M., and Weiher, S.: The COSMO-CLM 4.8 regional climate model coupled to regional ocean, land surface and global earth system models using OASIS3-MCT: description and performance, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1549–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1549-2017, 2017.
a, b
Willmott, C. J. and Matsuura, K.: Terrestrial air temperature and
precipitation: Monthly and annual time series (1950–1999) Version 1.02,
Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware, Newark, USA, 2001 (data available at: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.UDel_AirT_Precip.html, last
access: 12 August 2021). a, b, c
Wouters, H., De Ridder, K., Poelmans, L., Willems, P., Brouwers, J.,
Hosseinzadehtalaei, P., Tabari, H., Vanden Broucke, S., Van Lipzig, N., and
Demuzere, M.: Heat stress increase under climate change twice as large in
cities as in rural areas: a study for a densely populated midlatitude
maritime region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8997–9007,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074889, 2017. a
Wu, M., Nikulin, G., Kjellström, E., Belušić, D., Jones, C., and Lindstedt, D.: The impact of regional climate model formulation and resolution on simulated precipitation in Africa, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 377–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-377-2020, 2020. a, b
Zängl, G., Reinert, D., Rípodas, P., and Baldauf, M.: The ICON (ICOsahedral
Non-hydrostatic) modelling framework of DWD and MPI-M: Description of the
non-hydrostatic dynamical core, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 563–579,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2378, 2015. a
Zentek, R. and Heinemann, G.: Verification of the regional atmospheric model CCLM v5.0 with conventional data and lidar measurements in Antarctica, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1809–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1809-2020, 2020. a
Zhou, W., Tang, J., Wang, X., Wang, S., Niu, X., and Wang, Y.: Evaluation of
regional climate simulations over the CORDEX-EA-II domain using the COSMO-CLM
model, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 107–127,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-016-0013-0, 2016. a, b, c
Short summary
We review the contribution from the CLM-Community to regional climate projections following the CORDEX framework over Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australasia, and Africa. How the model configuration, horizontal and vertical resolutions, and choice of driving data influence the model results for the five domains is assessed, with the purpose of aiding the planning and design of regional climate simulations in the future.
We review the contribution from the CLM-Community to regional climate projections following the...
