Articles | Volume 14, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4443-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4443-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Sensitivity analysis of the PALM model system 6.0 in the urban environment
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Jaroslav Resler
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Jan Geletič
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Pavel Krč
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Björn Maronga
Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
Matthias Sühring
Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
Mona Kurppa
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Farah Kanani-Sühring
Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
Harz Energie GmbH & Co. KG, Goslar, Germany
Vladimír Fuka
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Kryštof Eben
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Nina Benešová
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
Mikko Auvinen
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
Pavel Krč, Michal Belda, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Jan Geletič, Jelena Radović, Hynek Řezníček, and Jaroslav Resler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4120, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4120, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
PALM is a highly versatile open-source microscale atmospheric modelling system. One of its most useful applications is modelling detailed street-level urban climate, e.g. for evaluation of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in cities. However, to produce real-case microscale simulations, they need to be forced by real or realistic weather conditions. The presented tool enables PALM to use meteorological inputs from a large selection of meteorological models and other sources.
Petra Bauerová, Josef Keder, Adriana Šindelářová, Ondřej Vlček, William Patiño, Pavel Krč, Jan Geletič, Hynek Řezníček, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Michal Belda, Jelena Radović, Vladimír Fuka, Radek Jareš, Igor Esau, and Jaroslav Resler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4477–4504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4477-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4477-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study explored urban air quality in Prague using low-cost sensors and highlighted the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) correction method's effectiveness in enhancing accuracy. Results showed traffic's impact on nitrogen dioxide levels and atmospheric dynamics on particulate matter. The research confirmed MARS-corrected sensors as cost-effective for monitoring, despite challenges like sensor ageing and data quality control.
Jaroslav Resler, Petra Bauerová, Michal Belda, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Vladimír Fuka, Jan Geletič, Radek Jareš, Jan Karel, Josef Keder, Pavel Krč, William Patiño, Jelena Radović, Hynek Řezníček, Matthias Sühring, Adriana Šindelářová, and Ondřej Vlček
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7513–7537, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed modeling of urban air quality in stable conditions is a challenge. We show the unprecedented sensitivity of a large eddy simulation (LES) model to meteorological boundary conditions and model parameters in an urban environment under stable conditions. We demonstrate the crucial role of boundary conditions for the comparability of results with observations. The study reveals a strong sensitivity of the results to model parameters and model numerical instabilities during such conditions.
Michal Belda, Nina Benešová, Jaroslav Resler, Peter Huszár, Ondřej Vlček, Pavel Krč, Jan Karlický, Pavel Juruš, and Kryštof Eben
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3867–3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For modeling atmospheric chemistry, it is necessary to provide data on emissions of pollutants. These can come from various sources and in various forms, and preprocessing of the data to be ingestible by chemistry models can be quite challenging. We developed the FUME processor to use a database layer that internally transforms all input data into a rigid structure, facilitating further processing to allow for emission processing from the continental to the street scale.
Jelena Radović, Michal Belda, Jaroslav Resler, Kryštof Eben, Martin Bureš, Jan Geletič, Pavel Krč, Hynek Řezníček, and Vladimír Fuka
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2901–2927, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary conditions are of crucial importance for numerical model (e.g., PALM) validation studies and have a large influence on the model results, especially when studying the atmosphere of real, complex, and densely built urban environments. Our experiments with different driving conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM show its strong dependency on boundary conditions, which is important for the proper separation of errors coming from the boundary conditions and the model itself.
Anne Sophie Daloz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Priscilla Mooney, Susanna Strada, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Michal Belda, Tomas Halenka, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow plays a major role in the regulation of the Earth's surface temperature. Together with climate change, rising temperatures are already altering snow in many ways. In this context, it is crucial to better understand the ability of climate models to represent snow and snow processes. This work focuses on Europe and shows that the melting season in spring still represents a challenge for climate models and that more work is needed to accurately simulate snow–atmosphere interactions.
Jaroslav Resler, Kryštof Eben, Jan Geletič, Pavel Krč, Martin Rosecký, Matthias Sühring, Michal Belda, Vladimír Fuka, Tomáš Halenka, Peter Huszár, Jan Karlický, Nina Benešová, Jana Ďoubalová, Kateřina Honzáková, Josef Keder, Šárka Nápravníková, and Ondřej Vlček
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4797–4842, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4797-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4797-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe validation of the PALM model v6.0 against measurements collected during two observational campaigns in Dejvice, Prague. The study focuses on the evaluation of the newly developed or improved radiative and energy balance modules in PALM related to urban modelling. In addition to the energy-related quantities, it also evaluates air flow and air quality under street canyon conditions.
Jan Karlický, Peter Huszár, Tereza Nováková, Michal Belda, Filip Švábik, Jana Ďoubalová, and Tomáš Halenka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15061–15077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15061-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15061-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cities are characterized by their impact on various meteorological variables. Our study aims to generalize these modifications into a single phenomenon – the urban meteorology island (UMI). A wide ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Regional Climate Model (RegCM) simulations investigated urban-induced modifications as individual UMI components. Significant changes are found in most of the discussed meteorological variables with a strong impact of specific model simulations.
Peter Huszar, Jan Karlický, Jana Ďoubalová, Tereza Nováková, Kateřina Šindelářová, Filip Švábik, Michal Belda, Tomáš Halenka, and Michal Žák
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11655–11681, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11655-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11655-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper shows how extreme meteorological conditions change due to the urban land-cover forcing and how this translates to the impact on the extreme air pollution over central European cities. It focuses on ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm and shows that, while for the extreme daily maximum 8 h ozone, changes are same as for the mean ones, much larger modifications are calculated for extreme NO2 and PM2.5 compared to their mean changes.
Pavel Krč, Michal Belda, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Jan Geletič, Jelena Radović, Hynek Řezníček, and Jaroslav Resler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4120, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4120, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
PALM is a highly versatile open-source microscale atmospheric modelling system. One of its most useful applications is modelling detailed street-level urban climate, e.g. for evaluation of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in cities. However, to produce real-case microscale simulations, they need to be forced by real or realistic weather conditions. The presented tool enables PALM to use meteorological inputs from a large selection of meteorological models and other sources.
Sasu Karttunen, Matthias Sühring, Ewan O'Connor, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5725–5757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents PALM-SLUrb, a single-layer urban canopy model for the PALM model system, designed to simulate urban–atmosphere interactions without resolving flow around individual buildings. The model is described in detail and evaluated against grid-resolved urban canopy simulations, demonstrating its ability to model urban surfaces accurately. By bridging the gap between computational efficiency and physical detail, PALM-SLUrb broadens PALM's potential for urban climate research.
Petra Bauerová, Josef Keder, Adriana Šindelářová, Ondřej Vlček, William Patiño, Pavel Krč, Jan Geletič, Hynek Řezníček, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Michal Belda, Jelena Radović, Vladimír Fuka, Radek Jareš, Igor Esau, and Jaroslav Resler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4477–4504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4477-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4477-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study explored urban air quality in Prague using low-cost sensors and highlighted the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) correction method's effectiveness in enhancing accuracy. Results showed traffic's impact on nitrogen dioxide levels and atmospheric dynamics on particulate matter. The research confirmed MARS-corrected sensors as cost-effective for monitoring, despite challenges like sensor ageing and data quality control.
Jaroslav Resler, Petra Bauerová, Michal Belda, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Vladimír Fuka, Jan Geletič, Radek Jareš, Jan Karel, Josef Keder, Pavel Krč, William Patiño, Jelena Radović, Hynek Řezníček, Matthias Sühring, Adriana Šindelářová, and Ondřej Vlček
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7513–7537, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed modeling of urban air quality in stable conditions is a challenge. We show the unprecedented sensitivity of a large eddy simulation (LES) model to meteorological boundary conditions and model parameters in an urban environment under stable conditions. We demonstrate the crucial role of boundary conditions for the comparability of results with observations. The study reveals a strong sensitivity of the results to model parameters and model numerical instabilities during such conditions.
Michal Belda, Nina Benešová, Jaroslav Resler, Peter Huszár, Ondřej Vlček, Pavel Krč, Jan Karlický, Pavel Juruš, and Kryštof Eben
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3867–3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For modeling atmospheric chemistry, it is necessary to provide data on emissions of pollutants. These can come from various sources and in various forms, and preprocessing of the data to be ingestible by chemistry models can be quite challenging. We developed the FUME processor to use a database layer that internally transforms all input data into a rigid structure, facilitating further processing to allow for emission processing from the continental to the street scale.
Jelena Radović, Michal Belda, Jaroslav Resler, Kryštof Eben, Martin Bureš, Jan Geletič, Pavel Krč, Hynek Řezníček, and Vladimír Fuka
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2901–2927, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary conditions are of crucial importance for numerical model (e.g., PALM) validation studies and have a large influence on the model results, especially when studying the atmosphere of real, complex, and densely built urban environments. Our experiments with different driving conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM show its strong dependency on boundary conditions, which is important for the proper separation of errors coming from the boundary conditions and the model itself.
Lukáš Bartík, Peter Huszár, Jan Karlický, Ondřej Vlček, and Kryštof Eben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4347–4387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The presented study deals with the attribution of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations to anthropogenic emissions over Central Europe using regional-scale models. It calculates the present-day contributions of different emissions sectors to concentrations of PM2.5 and its secondary components. Moreover, the study investigates the effect of chemical nonlinearities by using multiple source attribution methods and secondary organic aerosol calculation methods.
Gina C. Jozef, Robert Klingel, John J. Cassano, Björn Maronga, Gijs de Boer, Sandro Dahlke, and Christopher J. Cox
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4983–4995, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4983-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4983-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations from the MOSAiC expedition relating to lower-atmospheric temperature, wind, stability, moisture, and surface radiation budget from radiosondes, a meteorological tower, radiation station, and ceilometer were compiled to create a dataset which describes the thermodynamic and kinematic state of the central Arctic lower atmosphere between October 2019 and September 2020. This paper describes the methods used to develop this lower-atmospheric properties dataset.
Sreenath Paleri, Luise Wanner, Matthias Sühring, Ankur Desai, and Matthias Mauder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description and evaluation of numerical simulations of field experiment days during the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign, conducted over a heterogeneous forested domain in Northern Wisconsin, USA. Diurnal simulations, informed and constrained by field measurements for two days during the summer and autumn were performed. The model could simulate near surface time series and profiles of atmospheric state variables and fluxes that matched relatively well with observations.
Chao Yan, Yicheng Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lubna Dada, Ximeng Qi, Simo Hakala, Anu-Maija Sundström, Yishuo Guo, Antti Lipponen, Tom V. Kokkonen, Jenni Kontkanen, Runlong Cai, Jing Cai, Tommy Chan, Liangduo Chen, Biwu Chu, Chenjuan Deng, Wei Du, Xiaolong Fan, Xu-Cheng He, Juha Kangasluoma, Joni Kujansuu, Mona Kurppa, Chang Li, Yiran Li, Zhuohui Lin, Yiliang Liu, Yuliang Liu, Yiqun Lu, Wei Nie, Jouni Pulliainen, Xiaohui Qiao, Yonghong Wang, Yifan Wen, Ye Wu, Gan Yang, Lei Yao, Rujing Yin, Gen Zhang, Shaojun Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhou, Antti Arola, Johanna Tamminen, Pauli Paasonen, Yele Sun, Lin Wang, Neil M. Donahue, Yongchun Liu, Federico Bianchi, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Aijun Ding, Jingkun Jiang, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12207–12220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a dominant source of atmospheric ultrafine particles. In urban environments, traffic emissions are a major source of primary pollutants, but their contribution to NPF remains under debate. During the COVID-19 lockdown, traffic emissions were significantly reduced, providing a unique chance to examine their relevance to NPF. Based on our comprehensive measurements, we demonstrate that traffic emissions alone are not able to explain the NPF in Beijing.
Benjamin Foreback, Lubna Dada, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Chao Yan, Lili Wang, Biwu Chu, Ying Zhou, Tom V. Kokkonen, Mona Kurppa, Rosaria E. Pileci, Yonghong Wang, Tommy Chan, Juha Kangasluoma, Lin Zhuohui, Yishou Guo, Chang Li, Rima Baalbaki, Joni Kujansuu, Xiaolong Fan, Zemin Feng, Pekka Rantala, Shahzad Gani, Federico Bianchi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Yongchun Liu, and Pauli Paasonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11089–11104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11089-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11089-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed air quality in Beijing during the Chinese New Year over 7 years, including data from a new in-depth measurement station. This is one of few studies to look at long-term impacts, including the outcome of firework restrictions starting in 2018. Results show that firework pollution has gone down since 2016, indicating a positive result from the restrictions. Results of this study may be useful in making future decisions about the use of fireworks to improve air quality.
Anne Sophie Daloz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Priscilla Mooney, Susanna Strada, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Michal Belda, Tomas Halenka, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow plays a major role in the regulation of the Earth's surface temperature. Together with climate change, rising temperatures are already altering snow in many ways. In this context, it is crucial to better understand the ability of climate models to represent snow and snow processes. This work focuses on Europe and shows that the melting season in spring still represents a challenge for climate models and that more work is needed to accurately simulate snow–atmosphere interactions.
Shang Gao, Mona Kurppa, Chak K. Chan, and Keith Ngan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2703–2726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2703-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2703-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The contribution of cooking emissions to organic aerosols may exceed that of motor vehicles. However, little is known about how cooking-generated aerosols evolve in the outdoor environment. In this paper, we present a numerical study of the dispersion of cooking emissions. For plausible choices of the emission strength, cooking can yield much higher concentrations than traffic. This has important implications for public health and city planning.
Mohamed H. Salim, Sebastian Schubert, Jaroslav Resler, Pavel Krč, Björn Maronga, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Matthias Sühring, and Christoph Schneider
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 145–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-145-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-145-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Radiative transfer processes are the main energy transport mechanism in urban areas which influence the surface energy budget and drive local convection. We show here the importance of each process to help modellers decide on how much detail they should include in their models to parameterize radiative transfer in urban areas. We showed how the flow field may change in response to these processes and the essential processes needed to assure acceptable quality of the numerical simulations.
Ian Boutle, Wayne Angevine, Jian-Wen Bao, Thierry Bergot, Ritthik Bhattacharya, Andreas Bott, Leo Ducongé, Richard Forbes, Tobias Goecke, Evelyn Grell, Adrian Hill, Adele L. Igel, Innocent Kudzotsa, Christine Lac, Bjorn Maronga, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juerg Schmidli, Johannes Schwenkel, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Benoît Vié
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fog forecasting is one of the biggest problems for numerical weather prediction. By comparing many models used for fog forecasting with others used for fog research, we hoped to help guide forecast improvements. We show some key processes that, if improved, will help improve fog forecasting, such as how water is deposited on the ground. We also showed that research models were not themselves a suitable baseline for comparison, and we discuss what future observations are required to improve them.
Moritz Lange, Henri Suominen, Mona Kurppa, Leena Järvi, Emilia Oikarinen, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7411–7424, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to replicate computationally expensive high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LESs) with regression models to simulate urban air quality and pollutant dispersion. The model development, including feature selection, model training and cross-validation, and detection of concept drift, has been described in detail. Of the models applied, log-linear regression shows the best performance. A regression model can replace LES unless high accuracy is needed.
Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Sreenath Paleri, Matthias Sühring, Brian J. Butterworth, Christopher Florian, Matthias Mauder, David M. Plummer, Luise Wanner, Ke Xu, and Ankur R. Desai
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6929–6954, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The key points are the following. (i) Integrative observing system design can multiply the information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements. (ii) Catalyzing numerical simulations and first-principles machine learning open up observing system simulation experiments to novel applications. (iii) Use cases include natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban air quality, and industry leak detection.
Eckhard Kadasch, Matthias Sühring, Tobias Gronemeier, and Siegfried Raasch
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5435–5465, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5435-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5435-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we provide a technical description of a newly developed interface for coupling the PALM model system 6.0 to the weather prediction model COSMO. The interface allows users of PALM to simulate the detailed atmospheric flow for relatively small regions of tens of kilometres under specific weather conditions, for instance, periods around observation campaigns or extreme weather situations. We demonstrate the interface using a benchmark simulation.
Katrin Frieda Gehrke, Matthias Sühring, and Björn Maronga
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5307–5329, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5307-2021, 2021
Jaroslav Resler, Kryštof Eben, Jan Geletič, Pavel Krč, Martin Rosecký, Matthias Sühring, Michal Belda, Vladimír Fuka, Tomáš Halenka, Peter Huszár, Jan Karlický, Nina Benešová, Jana Ďoubalová, Kateřina Honzáková, Josef Keder, Šárka Nápravníková, and Ondřej Vlček
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4797–4842, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4797-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4797-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe validation of the PALM model v6.0 against measurements collected during two observational campaigns in Dejvice, Prague. The study focuses on the evaluation of the newly developed or improved radiative and energy balance modules in PALM related to urban modelling. In addition to the energy-related quantities, it also evaluates air flow and air quality under street canyon conditions.
Jens Pfafferott, Sascha Rißmann, Matthias Sühring, Farah Kanani-Sühring, and Björn Maronga
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3511–3519, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3511-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3511-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The building model is integrated via an urban surface model into the urban climate model.
There is a strong interaction between the built environment and the urban climate.
According to the building energy concept, the energy demand results in a waste heat; this is directly transferred to the urban environment.
The impact of buildings on the urban climate is defined by different physical building parameters with different technical facilities for ventilation, heating and cooling.
Tobias Gronemeier, Kerstin Surm, Frank Harms, Bernd Leitl, Björn Maronga, and Siegfried Raasch
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3317–3333, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the capability of the PALM model system version 6.0 to simulate urban boundary layers. The studied situation includes a real-world building setup of the HafenCity area in Hamburg, Germany. We evaluate the simulation results against wind-tunnel measurements utilizing PALM's virtual measurement module. The comparison reveals an overall high agreement between simulation results and wind-tunnel measurements including mean wind speed and direction as well as turbulence statistics.
Antti Hellsten, Klaus Ketelsen, Matthias Sühring, Mikko Auvinen, Björn Maronga, Christoph Knigge, Fotios Barmpas, Georgios Tsegas, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, and Siegfried Raasch
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3185–3214, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large-eddy simulation (LES) of the urban atmospheric boundary layer involves a large separation of turbulent scales, leading to prohibitive computational costs. An online LES–LES nesting scheme is implemented into the PALM model system 6.0 to overcome this problem. Test results show that the accuracy within the high-resolution nest domains approach the non-nested high-resolution reference results. The nesting can reduce the CPU by time up to 80 % compared to the fine-resolution reference runs.
Pavel Krč, Jaroslav Resler, Matthias Sühring, Sebastian Schubert, Mohamed H. Salim, and Vladimír Fuka
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3095–3120, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3095-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3095-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The adverse effects of an urban environment, e.g. heat stress and air pollution, pose a risk to health and well-being. Precise modelling of the urban climate is crucial to mitigate these effects. Conventional atmospheric models are inadequate for modelling the complex structures of the urban environment; in particular, they lack a 3-D model of radiation and its interaction with surfaces and the plant canopy. The new RTM simulates these processes within the PALM-4U urban climate model.
Basit Khan, Sabine Banzhaf, Edward C. Chan, Renate Forkel, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Klaus Ketelsen, Mona Kurppa, Björn Maronga, Matthias Mauder, Siegfried Raasch, Emmanuele Russo, Martijn Schaap, and Matthias Sühring
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0. This article provides a detailed description of the model, its structure, input requirements, various features and limitations. Several pre-compiled ready-to-use chemical mechanisms are included in the chemistry model code; however, users can also easily implement other mechanisms. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the new chemistry model in the urban environment.
Yilin Chen, Huizhong Shen, Jennifer Kaiser, Yongtao Hu, Shannon L. Capps, Shunliu Zhao, Amir Hakami, Jhih-Shyang Shih, Gertrude K. Pavur, Matthew D. Turner, Daven K. Henze, Jaroslav Resler, Athanasios Nenes, Sergey L. Napelenok, Jesse O. Bash, Kathleen M. Fahey, Gregory R. Carmichael, Tianfeng Chai, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, and Armistead G. Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2067–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) emissions can exert adverse impacts on air quality and ecosystem well-being. NH3 emission inventories are viewed as highly uncertain. Here we optimize the NH3 emission estimates in the US using an air quality model and NH3 measurements from the IASI satellite instruments. The optimized NH3 emissions are much higher than the National Emissions Inventory estimates in April. The optimized NH3 emissions improved model performance when evaluated against independent observation.
Jan Karlický, Peter Huszár, Tereza Nováková, Michal Belda, Filip Švábik, Jana Ďoubalová, and Tomáš Halenka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15061–15077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15061-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15061-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cities are characterized by their impact on various meteorological variables. Our study aims to generalize these modifications into a single phenomenon – the urban meteorology island (UMI). A wide ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Regional Climate Model (RegCM) simulations investigated urban-induced modifications as individual UMI components. Significant changes are found in most of the discussed meteorological variables with a strong impact of specific model simulations.
Wieke Heldens, Cornelia Burmeister, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Björn Maronga, Dirk Pavlik, Matthias Sühring, Julian Zeidler, and Thomas Esch
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5833–5873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
For realistic microclimate simulations in urban areas with PALM 6.0, detailed description of surface types, buildings and vegetation is required. This paper shows how such input data sets can be derived with the example of three German cities. Various data sources are used, including remote sensing, municipal data collections and open data such as OpenStreetMap. The collection and preparation of input data sets is tedious. Future research aims therefore at semi-automated tools to support users.
Mona Kurppa, Pontus Roldin, Jani Strömberg, Anna Balling, Sasu Karttunen, Heino Kuuluvainen, Jarkko V. Niemi, Liisa Pirjola, Topi Rönkkö, Hilkka Timonen, Antti Hellsten, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5663–5685, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution modelling is needed to solve the aerosol concentrations in a complex urban area. Here, the performance of an aerosol module within the PALM model to simulate the detailed horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol particles is studied. Further, sensitivity to the meteorological and aerosol boundary conditions is assessed using both model and observation data. The horizontal distribution is sensitive to the wind speed and stability, and the vertical to the wind direction.
Peter Huszar, Jan Karlický, Jana Ďoubalová, Tereza Nováková, Kateřina Šindelářová, Filip Švábik, Michal Belda, Tomáš Halenka, and Michal Žák
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11655–11681, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11655-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11655-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper shows how extreme meteorological conditions change due to the urban land-cover forcing and how this translates to the impact on the extreme air pollution over central European cities. It focuses on ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm and shows that, while for the extreme daily maximum 8 h ozone, changes are same as for the mean ones, much larger modifications are calculated for extreme NO2 and PM2.5 compared to their mean changes.
Cited articles
Aflaki, A., Mirnezhad, M., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Omrany, H., Wang, Z., and Akbari, H.: Urban heat island mitigation strategies: A state-of-the-art review on Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong, Cities, 62, 131–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.003, 2017. a
Ai, Z. T. and Mak, C. M.: Modeling of coupled urban wind flow and indoor air flow on a high-density near-wall mesh: Sensitivity analyses and case study for single-sided ventilation. Environ. Modell. Softw., 60, 57–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.06.010, 2014. a
Antoniou, N., Montazeri, H., Wigo, H., Neophytou, M. K. A., Blocken, B., and Sandberg, M.: CFD and wind-tunnel analysis of outdoor ventilation in a real compact heterogeneous urban area: Evaluation using “air delay”, Build. and Environ., 126, 355–372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.10.013, ISSN 0360-1323, 2017. a
Arnfield, A. J.: Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1–26,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859, 2003. a
Ashie, Y. and Kono, T.: Urban‐scale CFD analysis in support of a climate‐sensitive design for the Tokyo Bay area, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 174–188, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2226, 2010. a
CHMI: Emission bilance of the Czech Republic, Table, available at: http://pr-asu.chmi.cz:8080/EmisBilanceView/faces/viewBilance.xhtml, last access: 25 January 2021. a
Crank, P. J., Sailor, D. J., Ban-Weiss, G., and Taleghani, M.: Evaluating the ENVI-met microscale model for suitability in analysis of targeted urban heat mitigation strategies, Urban Climate, 26, 188–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.09.002, 2018. a
Deardorff, J. W.: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 18, 495–527, 1980. a
Du, Z., Hu, M., Peng, J., Zhang, W., Zheng, J., Gu, F., Qin, Y., Yang, Y., Li, M., Wu, Y., Shao, M., and Shuai, S.: Comparison of primary aerosol emission and secondary aerosol formation from gasoline direct injection and port fuel injection vehicles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9011–9023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9011-2018, 2018. a
Ebi, K.: Climate change and health risks: assessing and responding to them through “adaptive management”, Health Affair., 30, 5, 924–930,
https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0071, 2011. a
Emmanuel, R. and Loconsole, A.: Green infrastructure as an adaptation approach to tackling urban overheating in the Glasgow Clyde Valley Region, UK, Landscape Urban Plan., 138, 71–86,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.012, 2015. a
Fröhlich, D. and Matzarakis, A.: Calculating human thermal comfort and thermal stress in the PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3055–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3055-2020, 2020. a, b
Gál, C.V. and Kántor, N.: Modeling mean radiant temperature in outdoor spaces, A comparative numerical simulation and validation study, Urban Climate, 32, 100571,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100571, 2020. a
García-Sánchez, C., van Beeck, J., and Gorléc, C.: Predictive large eddy simulations for urban flows: Challenges and opportunities, Build. Environ., 139, 146–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.007, 2018. a
Gehrke, K. F., Sühring, M., and Maronga, B.: Modeling of land-surface interactions in the PALM model system 6.0: Land surface model description, first evaluation, and sensitivity to model parameters, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-197, in review, 2020. a
Geletiċ, J., Resler, J., Krċ, P., Maronga, B., Sühring, M., and Fuka, V.: Dataset: PALM 6.0 r4093, https://doi.org/10.25835/0068421, 2020. a
Gill, S., Handley, J., Ennos, A., and Pauleit, S.: Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment, 33, 1, 115–133, https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.33.1.115, 2007. a
Gousseau, P., Blocken, B., Stathopoulos, T., and van Heijst, G. J. F: CFD simulation of near-field pollutant dispersion on a high-resolution grid: A case study by LES and RANS for a building group in downtown Montreal, Atmos. Environ., 45, 428–438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.065, ISSN 1352-2310, 2011. a, b
Gronemeier, T. and Sühring, M.: On the Effects of Lateral Openings on Courtyard Ventilation and Pollution – A Large-Eddy Simulation Study, Atmosphere, 10, 63,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020063, 2019. a
Gross, G.: Effects of different vegetation on temperature in an urban building environment. Micro-scale numerical experiments, Meteorol. Z., 21, 399–412,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0363, 2012. a
Hackbusch, W.: Multi-Grid Methods and Applications, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2nd printing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02427-0, 1985. a
Haines, A., Kovats, R. S., Campbell-Lendrum, D., and Corvalan, C.: Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability and public health, Public Health, 120, 585–596,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.01.002, 2006. a
Heldens, W., Burmeister, C., Kanani-Sühring, F., Maronga, B., Pavlik, D., Sühring, M., Zeidler, J., and Esch, T.: Geospatial input data for the PALM model system 6.0: model requirements, data sources and processing, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5833–5873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5833-2020, 2020. a
Hellsten, A., Ketelsen, K., Sühring, M., Auvinen, M., Maronga, B., Knigge, C., Barmpas, F., Tsegas, G., Moussiopoulos, N., and Raasch, S.: A nested multi-scale system implemented in the large-eddy simulation model PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3185–3214, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3185-2021, 2021. a
Hunt, A. and Watkiss, P.: Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature, Clim. Change, 104, 13–49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6, 2011. a
Huszár, P., Karlický, J., Belda, M., Halenka, T., and Pišoft, P.: The impact of urban canopy meteorological forcing on summer photochemistry, Atmos. Environ., 176, 209–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.037, 2018a. a
Huszar, P., Belda, M., Karlický, J., Bardachova, T., Halenka, T., and Pisoft, P.: Impact of urban canopy meteorological forcing on aerosol concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14059–14078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14059-2018, 2018b. a
Huszar, P., Karlický, J., Ďoubalová, J., Šindelářová, K., Nováková, T., Belda, M., Halenka, T., Žák, M., and Pišoft, P.: Urban canopy meteorological forcing and its impact on ozone and PM2.5: role of vertical turbulent transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1977–2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1977-2020, 2020. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, in: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379, 2014a. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, in: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415416, 2014b. a
Kadasch, E., Sühring, M., Gronemeier, T., and Raasch, S.: Mesoscale nesting interface of the PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-285, in review, 2020. a
Khan, B., Banzhaf, S., Chan, E. C., Forkel, R., Kanani-Sühring, F., Ketelsen, K., Kurppa, M., Maronga, B., Mauder, M., Raasch, S., Russo, E., Schaap, M., and Sühring, M.: Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: implementation and first applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021. a
Kovats, R. S. and Hajat, S.: Heat stress and public health: a critical review, Annu. Rev. Publ. Health, 29, 41–55,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843, 2008. a
Krayenhoff, E. S., Broadbent, A. M., Zhao, L., Georgescu, M., Middel, A., Voogt, J. A., Martilli, A., Sailor, D. J., and Erell, E.: Cooling hot cities: A systematic and critical review of the numerical modelling literature, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 053007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abdcf1, 2021. a
Krč, P., Resler, J., Sühring, M., Schubert, S., Salim, M. H., and Fuka, V.: Radiative Transfer Model 3.0 integrated into the PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3095–3120, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3095-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Kusaka, H., Kondo, H., Kikegawa, Y., and Kimura, F.: A Simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model For Atmospheric Models: Comparison With Multi-Layer And Slab Models, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 101, 329–358, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019207923078, 2001. a
Library of Czech Academy of Sciences: Sensitivity Analysis of the PALM Model System 6.0 in the Urban Environment, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0309669 (last access: 13 July 2021), 2020. a
Lindberg, F., Holmer, B., and Thorsson, S.: SOLWEIG 1.0 – modelling spatial variations of 3d radiant fluxes and mean radiant temperature in complex urban settings, Int. J. Biometeorol., 52, 697–713, 2008. a
Lindberg, F., Grimmond, C. S. B., Gabey, A., Huang, B., Kent, C. W., Sun, T., Theeuwes, N. E., Järvi, L., Ward, H. C., and Capel-Timms, I.: Urban multi-scale environmental predictor (umep): an integrated tool for city-based climate services, Environ. Modell. Softw., 99, 70–87, 2018. a
Lobaccaro, G. and Acero, J. A.: Comparative analysis of green actions to improve outdoor thermal comfort inside typical urban street canyons, Urban Climate, 14, 251–267,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.10.002, 2015. a
Makido, Y., Hellman, D., and Shandas, V.: Nature-Based Designs to Mitigate Urban Heat: The Efficacy of Green Infrastructure Treatments in Portland, Oregon, Atmosphere, 10, 282,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050282, 2019. a
Maronga, B., Gryschka, M., Heinze, R., Hoffmann, F., Kanani-Sühring, F., Keck, M., Ketelsen, K., Letzel, M. O., Sühring, M., and Raasch, S.: The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2515–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2515-2015, 2015. a, b, c, d
Maronga, B., Banzhaf, S., Burmeister, C., Esch, T., Forkel, R., Fröhlich, D., Fuka, V., Gehrke, K. F., Geletič, J., Giersch, S., Gronemeier, T., Groß, G., Heldens, W., Hellsten, A., Hoffmann, F., Inagaki, A., Kadasch, E., Kanani-Sühring, F., Ketelsen, K., Khan, B. A., Knigge, C., Knoop, H., Krč, P., Kurppa, M., Maamari, H., Matzarakis, A., Mauder, M., Pallasch, M., Pavlik, D., Pfafferott, J., Resler, J., Rissmann, S., Russo, E., Salim, M., Schrempf, M., Schwenkel, J., Seckmeyer, G., Schubert, S., Sühring, M., von Tils, R., Vollmer, L., Ward, S., Witha, B., Wurps, H., Zeidler, J., and Raasch, S.: Overview of the PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1335–1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e
Martilli, A., Clappier, A., and Rotach, M. W.: An Urban Surface Exchange Parameterisation for Mesoscale Models, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 104, 261–304, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016099921195, 2002. a
Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., and Mayer, H.: Modelling Radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments – Basics of the RayMan model, Int. J. Biometeorol., 54, 131–139, 2010. a
McRae, I., Freedman, F., Rivera, A., Li, X., Dou, J., Cruz, I., Ren, C., Dronova, I., Fraker, H., and Bornstein, R.: Integration of the WUDAPT, WRF, and ENVI-met models to simulate extreme daytime temperature mitigation strategies in San Jose, California, Build. Environ., 184, 107180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107180, 2020. a
Ateliér ekologických modelů, s.r.o (ATEM): MEFA 13: User guide, Prague, May 2013, available at:
http://www.atem.cz/ke_stazeni.php, last access: 21 March 2020 (software and user guide documentation in Czech language only). a
Mills, G.: Urban climatology: History, status and prospects, Urban Climate, 10, 479–489,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.06.004, 2014. a, b
Moeng, C.-H. and Wyngaard, J. C.: Spectral analysis of large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3573–3587,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3573:SAOLES>2.0.CO;2, 1988. a
Müller, N., Kuttler, W., and Barlag, A. B.: Counteracting urban climate change: adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 115, 243–257,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0890-4, 2013. a
Oke, T. R.: The energetic basis of the urban heat island, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 1–24,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845502, 1982. a, b
Patz, J. A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T., and Foley, J. A.: Impact of regional climate change on human health, Nature, 438, 310–317,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04188, 2005. a
Ramponi, R. and Blocken, B.: CFD simulation of cross-ventilation for a generic isolated building: Impact of computational parameters, Build. Environ., 53, 34–48,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.004, 2012. a
Resler, J., Krč, P., Belda, M., Juruš, P., Benešová, N., Lopata, J., Vlček, O., Damašková, D., Eben, K., Derbek, P., Maronga, B., and Kanani-Sühring, F.: PALM-USM v1.0: A new urban surface model integrated into the PALM large-eddy simulation model, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3635–3659, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3635-2017, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Resler, J., Eben, K., Geletič, J., Krč, P., Rosecký, M., Sühring, M., Belda, M., Fuka, V., Halenka, T., Huszár, P., Karlický, J., Benešová, N., Ďoubalová, J., Honzáková, K., Keder, J., Nápravníková, Š., and Vlček, O.: Validation of the PALM model system 6.0 in real urban environment; case study of Prague-Dejvice, Czech Republic, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-175, in review, 2020. a, b, c, d
Saiki, E. M., Moeng, C.-H., and Sullivan, P. P.: Large-eddy simulation of the stably stratified planetary boundary layer, Bound. Lay.-Meteorol., 95, 1–30,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002428223156, 2000. a
Salamanca, F., Krpo, A., Martilli, A., and Clappier, A.: A new building energy model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations–part I. formulation, verification, and sensitivity analysis of the model, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 99, 331, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0142-9, 2010. a
Salim M. S., Buccolieri, R., Chan, A., and Di Sabatino, S.: Numerical simulation of atmospheric pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon: Comparison between RANS and LES, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 99, 103–113,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.12.002, 2011. a, b
Seidel, D. J., Zhang, Y., Beljaars, A., Golaz, J., Jacobson, A. R., and Medeiros, B.: Climatology of the planetary boundary layer over the continental United States and Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D17106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018143, 2012. a
Souch, C. and Grimmond, S.: Applied climatology: urban climate, Prog. Phys. Geog., 30, 270−-279,
https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp484pr, 2006. a
Stewart, I. D.: A systematic review and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 200–217,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2141, 2011. a
Su, W., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., and Ye, G.: Examining the Impact of Greenspace Patterns on Land Surface Temperature by Coupling LiDAR Data with a CFD Model, Sustainability, 6, 6799–6814,
https://doi.org/10.3390/su6106799, 2014. a
Tang, R., Wu, Z., Li, X., Wang, Y., Shang, D., Xiao, Y., Li, M., Zeng, L., Wu, Z., Hallquist, M., Hu, M., and Guo, S.: Primary and secondary organic aerosols in summer 2016 in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4055–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4055-2018, 2018. a
Tominaga, Y. and Stathopoulos, T.: CFD modeling of pollution dispersion in a street canyon: Comparison between LES and RANS, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 99, 340–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.12.005, ISSN 0167-6105, 2011. a, b
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, A., and Theodosiou, T.: Analyzing the ENVI-met microclimate model’s performance and assessing cool materials and urban vegetation applications – A review, Sustain. Cities Soc., 43, 55–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.009, 2018. a, b
Wang, Y., Berardi, U., and Akbari, H.: Comparing the effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies for Toronto, Canada, Energ. Buildings, 114, 2–19,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.046, 2016. a
Wicker, L. J. and Skamarock, W. C.: Time-Splitting Methods for Elastic Models Using Forward Time Schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2088–2097,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2088:TSMFEM>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a
Yang, J., Wang, Z., and Kaloush, K. E.: Environmental impacts of reflective materials: Is high albedo a “silver bullet” for mitigating urban heat island?, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 830–843,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.092, 2015.
a
Žák, M., Zahradníček, P., Skalák, P., Halenka, T., Aleš, D., Fuka, V., Kazmuková, M., Zemánek, O., Flegl, J., Kiesel, K., Jareš, R., Resler, J., and Huszár, P.: Pilot Actions in European Cities – Prague, in: Counteracting Urban Heat Island Effects in a Global Climate Change Scenario, edited by: Musco, F., Springer, Cham, 373–400,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10425-6_14, 2016 a
Zanobetti, A., O'Neill, M. S., Gronlund, C. J., and Schwartz, J. D.: Summer temperature variability and long-term survival among elderly people with chronic disease, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 6608–6613,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113070109, 2012. a
Zhang, Y., Seidel, D. J., and Zhang, S.: Trends in Planetary Boundary Layer Height over Europe, J. Climate, 26, 10071–10076, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00108.1, 2013. a
Short summary
The analysis summarizes how sensitive the modelling of urban environment is to changes in physical parameters describing the city (e.g. reflectivity of surfaces) and to several heat island mitigation scenarios in a city quarter in Prague, Czech Republic. We used the large-eddy simulation modelling system PALM 6.0. Surface parameters connected to radiation show the highest sensitivity in this configuration. For heat island mitigation, urban vegetation is shown to be the most effective measure.
The analysis summarizes how sensitive the modelling of urban environment is to changes in...