Articles | Volume 11, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3537-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3537-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
31 Aug 2018
Model description paper |
| 31 Aug 2018
| 31 Aug 2018
A global scavenging and circulation ocean model of thorium-230 and protactinium-231 with improved particle dynamics (NEMO–ProThorP 0.1)
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CEA–Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Jean-Claude Dutay
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CEA–Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Matthieu Roy-Barman
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CEA–Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Related authors
Josué Bock, Martine Michou, Pierre Nabat, Manabu Abe, Jane P. Mulcahy, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Jörg Schwinger, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Jerry Tjiputra, Marco van Hulten, Michio Watanabe, Andrew Yool, and Roland Séférian
Biogeosciences, 18, 3823–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse surface ocean dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration and flux to the atmosphere from four CMIP6 Earth system models over the historical and ssp585 simulations.
Our analysis of contemporary (1980–2009) climatologies shows that models better reproduce observations in mid to high latitudes. The models disagree on the sign of the trend of the global DMS flux from 1980 onwards. The models agree on a positive trend of DMS over polar latitudes following sea-ice retreat dynamics.
Olivier Aumont, Marco van Hulten, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Jean-Claude Dutay, Christian Éthé, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 14, 2321–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The marine biological carbon pump is dominated by the vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the surface ocean to its interior. In this study, we explore the impacts of a variable composition of this organic matter using a global ocean biogeochemical model. We show that accounting for a variable lability of POC increases POC concentrations by up to 2 orders of magnitude in the ocean's interior. Furthermore, the amount of carbon that reaches the sediments is twice as large.
Marco van Hulten, Rob Middag, Jean-Claude Dutay, Hein de Baar, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Marion Gehlen, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Andreas Sterl
Biogeosciences, 14, 1123–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We ran a global ocean model to understand manganese (Mn), a biologically essential element. Our model shows that (i) in the deep ocean, dissolved [Mn] is mostly homogeneous ~0.10—0.15 nM. The model reproduces this with a threshold on MnO2 of 25 pM, suggesting a minimal particle concentration is needed before aggregation and removal become efficient.
(ii) The observed distinct hydrothermal signals are produced by assuming both a strong source and a strong removal of Mn near hydrothermal vents.
M. M. P. van Hulten, A. Sterl, R. Middag, H. J. W. de Baar, M. Gehlen, J.-C. Dutay, and A. Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 11, 3757–3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, 2014
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Camille Risi, and Gilles Ramstein
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-237, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-237, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes (δ18O, δD) are one of the most widely used proxies in ocean climate research. Previous studies using water isotope observations and modelling have highlighted the importance of understanding spatial and temporal isotopic variability for a quantitative interpretation of these tracers. Here we present the first results of a high-resolution regional dynamical model (at 1/12° horizontal resolution) developed for the Mediterranean Sea, one of the hotspots of ongoing climate change.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Thomas Arsouze, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 20, 205–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The neodymium (Nd) is one of the most useful tracers to fingerprint water mass provenance. However, the use of Nd is hampered by the lack of adequate quantification of the external sources. Here, we present the first simulation of dissolved Nd concentration and Nd isotopic composition in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution model. We aim to better understand how the various external sources affect the Nd cycle and particularly assess how it is impacted by atmospheric inputs.
Josué Bock, Martine Michou, Pierre Nabat, Manabu Abe, Jane P. Mulcahy, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Jörg Schwinger, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Jerry Tjiputra, Marco van Hulten, Michio Watanabe, Andrew Yool, and Roland Séférian
Biogeosciences, 18, 3823–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse surface ocean dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration and flux to the atmosphere from four CMIP6 Earth system models over the historical and ssp585 simulations.
Our analysis of contemporary (1980–2009) climatologies shows that models better reproduce observations in mid to high latitudes. The models disagree on the sign of the trend of the global DMS flux from 1980 onwards. The models agree on a positive trend of DMS over polar latitudes following sea-ice retreat dynamics.
Matthieu Roy-Barman, Lorna Foliot, Eric Douville, Nathalie Leblond, Fréderic Gazeau, Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Céline Ridame, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 2663–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2663-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2663-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The release of insoluble elements such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), rare earth elements (REEs), thorium (Th) and protactinium (Pa) when Saharan dust falls over the Mediterranean Sea was studied during tank experiments under present and future climate conditions. Each element exhibited different dissolution kinetics and dissolution fractions (always lower than a few percent). Changes in temperature and/or pH under greenhouse conditions lead to a lower Th release and a higher light REE release.
Lise Missiaen, Nathaelle Bouttes, Didier M. Roche, Jean-Claude Dutay, Aurélien Quiquet, Claire Waelbroeck, Sylvain Pichat, and Jean-Yves Peterschmitt
Clim. Past, 16, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-867-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-867-2020, 2020
Tristan Vadsaria, Laurent Li, Gilles Ramstein, and Jean-Claude Dutay
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2337–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2337-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2337-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This article aims to reproduce the Early Holocene climate over the Mediterranean basin, characterized with a large reorganization of the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation. In order to reduce the demand of strong computation resources, a comprehensive global-to-regional model architecture is developed and validated against paleo data. Beyond the case study shown here, this platform may be applied to a large number of paleoclimate contexts.
Ole Valk, Michiel M. Rutgers van der Loeff, Walter Geibert, Sandra Gdaniec, S. Bradley Moran, Kate Lepore, Robert Lawrence Edwards, Yanbin Lu, Viena Puigcorbé, Nuria Casacuberta, Ronja Paffrath, William Smethie, and Matthieu Roy-Barman
Ocean Sci., 16, 221–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
After 2007 230Th decreased significantly in the central Amundsen Basin. This decrease is accompanied by a circulation change, indicated by changes in salinity. Ventilation of waters is most likely not the reason for the observed depletion in 230Th as atmospherically derived tracers do not reveal an increase in ventilation rate. It is suggested that these interior waters have undergone enhanced scavenging of Th during transit from Fram Strait and the Barents Sea to the central Amundsen Basin.
Camille Richon, Jean-Claude Dutay, Laurent Bopp, Briac Le Vu, James C. Orr, Samuel Somot, and François Dulac
Biogeosciences, 16, 135–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the effects of climate change and biogeochemical forcing evolution on the nutrient and plankton cycles of the Mediterranean Sea for the first time. We use a high-resolution coupled physical and biogeochemical model and perform 120-year transient simulations. The results indicate that changes in external nutrient fluxes and climate change may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on nutrient concentrations, depending on the region and the scenario.
Julien Palmiéri, Jean-Claude Dutay, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Loïc Houpert, Nicolas Mayot, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-423, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-423, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this model study, we highlight the importance of the subsurface phytoplankton dynamic in the Mediterranean sea. Comparing surface chlorophyll annual cycle to vertically integrated one, we show how important the subsurface phytoplankton community is, throughout the Mediterranean. It shows that surface chlorophyll is incomplete and cannot alone be considered a good proxy of the total phytoplankton biomass. Then, we decrypt some deep chlorophyll maximum mechanisms in the low production area.
Camille Richon, Jean-Claude Dutay, François Dulac, Rong Wang, and Yves Balkanski
Biogeosciences, 15, 2499–2524, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2499-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2499-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This work is part of the Mermex and ChArMEx projects of the MISTRALS program. It aims at studying the impacts of phosphorus deposition from contrasted sources on the biogeochemical cycles of the Mediterranean Sea.
The results show that combustion-related phosphorus deposition effects dominate P deposition over the northern Mediterranean, whereas dust-derived phosphorus deposition effects dominate in the southern part.
James C. Orr, Raymond G. Najjar, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, John L. Bullister, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Scott C. Doney, John P. Dunne, Jean-Claude Dutay, Heather Graven, Stephen M. Griffies, Jasmin G. John, Fortunat Joos, Ingeborg Levin, Keith Lindsay, Richard J. Matear, Galen A. McKinley, Anne Mouchet, Andreas Oschlies, Anastasia Romanou, Reiner Schlitzer, Alessandro Tagliabue, Toste Tanhua, and Andrew Yool
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2169–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is a model comparison effort under Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Its physical component is described elsewhere in this special issue. Here we describe its ocean biogeochemical component (OMIP-BGC), detailing simulation protocols and analysis diagnostics. Simulations focus on ocean carbon, other biogeochemical tracers, air-sea exchange of CO2 and related gases, and chemical tracers used to evaluate modeled circulation.
Olivier Aumont, Marco van Hulten, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Jean-Claude Dutay, Christian Éthé, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 14, 2321–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The marine biological carbon pump is dominated by the vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the surface ocean to its interior. In this study, we explore the impacts of a variable composition of this organic matter using a global ocean biogeochemical model. We show that accounting for a variable lability of POC increases POC concentrations by up to 2 orders of magnitude in the ocean's interior. Furthermore, the amount of carbon that reaches the sediments is twice as large.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde, Paolo Montagna, Toste Tanhua, Giuseppe Siani, and Philippe Jean-Baptiste
Biogeosciences, 14, 1197–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1197-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1197-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution dynamical model was used to give the first simulation of the distribution of natural and anthropogenic radiocarbon (14C) across the whole Mediterranean Sea. The model correctly simulates the main features of 14C distribution during and after the bomb perturbation. The results demonstrate the major influence of the flux of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar, and a significant increase in 14C in the Aegean deep water during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient event.
Marco van Hulten, Rob Middag, Jean-Claude Dutay, Hein de Baar, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Marion Gehlen, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Andreas Sterl
Biogeosciences, 14, 1123–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We ran a global ocean model to understand manganese (Mn), a biologically essential element. Our model shows that (i) in the deep ocean, dissolved [Mn] is mostly homogeneous ~0.10—0.15 nM. The model reproduces this with a threshold on MnO2 of 25 pM, suggesting a minimal particle concentration is needed before aggregation and removal become efficient.
(ii) The observed distinct hydrothermal signals are produced by assuming both a strong source and a strong removal of Mn near hydrothermal vents.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Thomas Arsouze, Sidonie Révillon, Jonathan Beuvier, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 13, 5259–5276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5259-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5259-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An extensive compilation of published neodymium (Nd) concentrations and isotopic compositions (Nd IC) was realized in order to establish a new database and a map (using a high-resolution geological map of the area) of the distribution of these parameters for all the Mediterranean margins. The use of a high-resolution regional oceanic model (1/12° of horizontal resolution) allows us to realistically simulate for the first time the Nd IC distribution in the Mediterranean Sea.
M. Ayache, J.-C. Dutay, P. Jean-Baptiste, and E. Fourré
Ocean Sci., 11, 965–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-965-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-965-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Helium isotopes are a powerful tool in Earth sciences. We present the first simulation of the terrigenic helium isotope distribution in the whole Mediterranean Sea, using a high-resolution model (NEMO-MED12). In addition to providing constraints on helium isotope degassing fluxes in the Mediterranean, our simulations provide information on the ventilation of the deep Mediterranean waters, which are useful for assessing NEMO-MED12 performance.
A. Guyennon, M. Baklouti, F. Diaz, J. Palmieri, J. Beuvier, C. Lebaupin-Brossier, T. Arsouze, K. Béranger, J.-C. Dutay, and T. Moutin
Biogeosciences, 12, 7025–7046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7025-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7025-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has already been identified as a potentially significant source of carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea, though in situ export estimations are scarce. This work provides a thorough analysis at basin scale of carbon export with the coupled model NEMO-MED12/Eco3M-MED model. The seasonality and the processes of particulate and dissolved carbon production are also investigated. DOC export appears to be dominant in most regions, especially in the eastern basin.
M. Ayache, J.-C. Dutay, P. Jean-Baptiste, K. Beranger, T. Arsouze, J. Beuvier, J. Palmieri, B. Le-vu, and W. Roether
Ocean Sci., 11, 323–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-323-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-323-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic tritium invasion, and its decay product helium-3, was simulated for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, using a high-resolution regional model (NEMO-MED12). The simulation covers the entire tritium (3H) transient generated by the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests performed in the 1950s and early 1960s and run until 2011. The model correctly simulates the main features of the thermohaline circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, with a realistic time compared to observations.
J. Palmiéri, J. C. Orr, J.-C. Dutay, K. Béranger, A. Schneider, J. Beuvier, and S. Somot
Biogeosciences, 12, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Different observational-based estimates of CO2 uptake and resulting
acidification of the Mediterranean Sea vary widely. A new study finds
that even the smallest of those are an upper limit because the approach
used assumes air-sea CO2 equilibrium. Then with a lower limit from new
fine-scale numerical model simulations, the authors bracket
Mediterranean Sea CO2 uptake and acidification rates. They conclude that
its rate of surface acidifcation is much like that for typical ocean
waters.
M. M. P. van Hulten, A. Sterl, R. Middag, H. J. W. de Baar, M. Gehlen, J.-C. Dutay, and A. Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 11, 3757–3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Oceanography
DELWAVE 1.0: deep learning surrogate model of surface wave climate in the Adriatic Basin
StraitFlux – precise computations of water strait fluxes on various modeling grids
Comparison of the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) and NCAR-LES in non-hydrostatic simulations
Intercomparisons of Tracker v1.1 and four other ocean particle-tracking software packages in the Regional Ocean Modeling System
CAR36, a regional high-resolution ocean forecasting system for improving drift and beaching of Sargassum in the Caribbean archipelago
Implementation of additional spectral wave field exchanges in a three-dimensional wave–current coupled WAVEWATCH-III (version 6.07) and CROCO (version 1.2) configuration: assessment of their implications for macro-tidal coastal hydrodynamics
Comparison of 4-dimensional variational and ensemble optimal interpolation data assimilation systems using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (v3.4) configuration of the eddy-dominated East Australian Current system
LOCATE v1.0: numerical modelling of floating marine debris dispersion in coastal regions using Parcels v2.4.2
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnosing the ocean carbon sink
New insights into the South China Sea throughflow and water budget seasonal cycle: evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution configuration of the ocean model SYMPHONIE version 2.4
MQGeometry-1.0: a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic solver on non-rectangular geometries
Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on El Niño–Southern Oscillation forecasts
Towards a real-time modeling of global ocean waves by the fully GPU-accelerated spectral wave model WAM6-GPU
Great Lakes wave forecast system on high-resolution unstructured meshes
Development of a Novel Storm Surge Inundation Model Framework for Efficient Prediction
Skin Sea Surface Temperature schemes in coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling: the impact of chlorophyll-interactive e-folding depth
A simple approach to represent precipitation-derived freshwater fluxes into nearshore ocean models: an FVCOM4.1 case study
Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
Modelling the water isotopes distribution in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution oceanic model (NEMO-MED12-watiso-v1.0): Evaluation of model results against in-situ observations
A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)
A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71)
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 1: Evolution of ecosystem composition under limited light and nutrient conditions
Ocean wave tracing v.1: a numerical solver of the wave ray equations for ocean waves on variable currents at arbitrary depths
Design and evaluation of an efficient high-precision ocean surface wave model with a multiscale grid system (MSG_Wav1.0)
Evaluation of the CMCC global eddying ocean model for the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP2)
Barents-2.5km v2.0: an operational data-assimilative coupled ocean and sea ice ensemble prediction model for the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O, version icon-2.6.6
Using Probability Density Functions to Evaluate Models (PDFEM, v1.0) to compare a biogeochemical model with satellite-derived chlorophyll
Data assimilation sensitivity experiments in the East Auckland Current system using 4D-Var
Using the COAsT Python package to develop a standardised validation workflow for ocean physics models
Improving Antarctic Bottom Water precursors in NEMO for climate applications
Formulation, optimization, and sensitivity of NitrOMZv1.0, a biogeochemical model of the nitrogen cycle in oceanic oxygen minimum zones
Waves in SKRIPS: WAVEWATCH III coupling implementation and a case study of Tropical Cyclone Mekunu
Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact
Enhanced ocean wave modeling by including effect of breaking under both deep- and shallow-water conditions
An internal solitary wave forecasting model in the northern South China Sea (ISWFM-NSCS)
The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish
Global seamless tidal simulation using a 3D unstructured-grid model (SCHISM v5.10.0)
Arctic Ocean simulations in the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)
ChemicalDrift 1.0: an open-source Lagrangian chemical-fate and transport model for organic aquatic pollutants
The Met Office operational wave forecasting system: the evolution of the regional and global models
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) (Part. II): Towards a better representation of total alkalinity when modelling the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes
4DVarNet-SSH: end-to-end learning of variational interpolation schemes for nadir and wide-swath satellite altimetry
Development and validation of a global 1∕32° surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model: FIO-COM32
Reproducible and relocatable regional ocean modelling: fundamentals and practices
Barotropic tides in MPAS-Ocean (E3SM V2): impact of ice shelf cavities
Using the two-way nesting technique AGRIF with MARS3D V11.2 to improve hydrodynamics and estimate environmental indicators
Multidecadal and climatological surface current simulations for the southwestern Indian Ocean at 1∕50° resolution
The tidal effects in the Finite-volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM2.1): a comparison between parameterised tidal mixing and explicit tidal forcing
HIDRA2: deep-learning ensemble sea level and storm tide forecasting in the presence of seiches – the case of the northern Adriatic
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
Susanna Winkelbauer, Michael Mayer, and Leopold Haimberger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4603–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic transports shape the global climate, but the evaluation and validation of this key quantity based on reanalysis and model data are complicated by the distortion of the used modelling grids and the large number of different grid types. We present two new methods that allow the calculation of oceanic fluxes of volume, heat, salinity, and ice through almost arbitrary sections for various models and reanalyses that are independent of the used modelling grids.
Xiaoyu Fan, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Qing Li, Patrick Marchesiello, Peter P. Sullivan, and Paul S. Hall
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4095–4113, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of the oceanic turbulent boundary layer using the nonhydrostatic CROCO ROMS and NCAR-LES models are compared. CROCO and the NCAR-LES are accurate in a similar manner, but CROCO’s additional features (e.g., nesting and realism) and its compressible turbulence formulation carry additional costs.
Jilian Xiong and Parker MacCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new offline particle tracking package, Tracker v1.1, is introduced to the Regional Ocean Modeling System, featuring an efficient nearest-neighbor algorithm to enhance particle-tracking speed. Its performance was evaluated against four other tracking packages and passive dye. Despite unique features, all packages yield comparable results. Running multiple packages within the same circulation model allows comparison of their performance and ease of use.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Gaetano Porcile, Anne-Claire Bennis, Martial Boutet, Sophie Le Bot, Franck Dumas, and Swen Jullien
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2829–2853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here a new method of modelling the interaction between ocean currents and waves is presented. We developed an advanced coupling of two models, one for ocean currents and one for waves. In previous couplings, some wave-related calculations were based on simplified assumptions. Our method uses more complex calculations to better represent wave–current interactions. We tested it in a macro-tidal coastal area and found that it significantly improves the model accuracy, especially during storms.
Colette Gabrielle Kerry, Moninya Roughan, Shane Keating, David Gwyther, Gary Brassington, Adil Siripatana, and Joao Marcos A. C. Souza
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2359–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting relies on the combination of numerical models and ocean observations through data assimilation (DA). Here we assess the performance of two DA systems in a dynamic western boundary current, the East Australian Current, across a common modelling and observational framework. We show that the more advanced, time-dependent method outperforms the time-independent method for forecast horizons of 5 d. This advocates the use of advanced methods for highly variable oceanic regions.
Ivan Hernandez, Leidy M. Castro-Rosero, Manuel Espino, and Jose M. Alsina Torrent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2221–2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The LOCATE numerical model was developed to conduct Lagrangian simulations of the transport and dispersion of marine debris at coastal scales. High-resolution hydrodynamic data and a beaching module that used particle distance to the shore for land–water boundary detection were used on a realistic debris discharge scenario comparing hydrodynamic data at various resolutions. Coastal processes and complex geometric structures were resolved when using nested grids and distance-to-shore beaching.
Neill Mackay, Jan Zika, Taimoor Sohail, Richard Williams, Oliver Andrews, and Andrew Watson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2448, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change, but estimates of the uptake do not always agree. There is a need to reconcile these differing estimates, and to improve our understanding of ocean carbon uptake. We present a new method for estimating ocean carbon uptake and test it with model data. The method effectively diagnoses the ocean carbon uptake from limited data, and therefore shows promise for reconciling different observational estimates.
Ngoc B. Trinh, Marine Herrmann, Caroline Ulses, Patrick Marsaleix, Thomas Duhaut, Thai To Duy, Claude Estournel, and R. Kipp Shearman
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1831–1867, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution model was built to study the South China Sea (SCS) water, heat, and salt budgets. Model performance is demonstrated by comparison with observations and simulations. Important discards are observed if calculating offline, instead of online, lateral inflows and outflows of water, heat, and salt. The SCS mainly receives water from the Luzon Strait and releases it through the Mindoro, Taiwan, and Karimata straits. SCS surface interocean water exchanges are driven by monsoon winds.
Louis Thiry, Long Li, Guillaume Roullet, and Etienne Mémin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1749–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new way of solving the quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, a simple set of equations describing ocean dynamics. Our method is solely based on the numerical methods used to solve the equations and requires no parameter tuning. Moreover, it can handle non-rectangular geometries, opening the way to study QG equations on realistic domains. We release a PyTorch implementation to ease future machine-learning developments on top of the presented method.
Zheqi Shen, Yihao Chen, Xiaojing Li, and Xunshu Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1651–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Parameter estimation is the process that optimizes model parameters using observations, which could reduce model errors and improve forecasting. In this study, we conducted parameter estimation experiments using the CESM and the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The obtained initial conditions and parameters are used to perform ensemble forecast experiments for ENSO forecasting. The results revealed that parameter estimation could reduce analysis errors and improve ENSO forecast skills.
Ye Yuan, Fujiang Yu, Zhi Chen, Xueding Li, Fang Hou, Yuanyong Gao, Zhiyi Gao, and Renbo Pang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-169, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-169, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and timely forecasting of ocean waves is of great importance to the safety of marine transportation and offshore engineering. In this study, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated computing is introduced in the WAM (Cycle 6). With this effort, global high-resolution wave simulations now can run on GPUs up to tens of times faster than currently available models on a CPU node with just as accurate results.
Ali Abdolali, Saeideh Banihashemi, Jose Henrique Alves, Aron Roland, Tyler J. Hesser, Mary Anderson Bryant, and Jane McKee Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an overview of the development and implementation of Great Lake Wave Unstructured (GLWUv2.0), including the core model and workflow design and development. The validation was conducted against in situ data for the re-forecasted duration for summer and wintertime (ice season). The article describes the limitations and challenges encountered in the operational environment and the path forward for the next generation of wave forecast systems in enclosed basins like the GL.
Xuanxuan Gao, Shuiqing Li, Dongxue Mo, Yahao Liu, and Po Hu
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-12, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-12, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges generate coastal inundation and expose populations and properties in danger. We developed a novel storm surge inundation model for efficient prediction. Estimates compare well with in-situ measurements and results from a numerical model. The new model significantly improves over the existing numerical models with much higher computational efficiency and stability, which allows timely disaster prevention and mitigation.
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-13, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Krysten Rutherford, Laura Bianucci, and William Floyd
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3064, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3064, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearshore ocean models often lack complete information about freshwater fluxes due to numerous ungauged rivers and streams. We tested a simple rain-based hydrological model as inputs into an ocean model of Quatsino Sound, B.C., Canada with the aim of improving the representation of the land-ocean connection in the nearshore model. Through multiple tests, we found that the performance of the ocean model improved when providing 60 % or more of the freshwater inputs from the simple runoff model.
Qiang Wang, Qi Shu, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Andy McC. Hogg, Doroteaciro Iovino, Andrew E. Kiss, Nikolay Koldunov, Julien Le Sommer, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Igor Polyakov, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Shizhu Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 347–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing resolution improves model skills in simulating the Arctic Ocean, but other factors such as parameterizations and numerics are at least of the same importance for obtaining reliable simulations.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Camille Risi, and Gilles Ramstein
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-237, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-237, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes (δ18O, δD) are one of the most widely used proxies in ocean climate research. Previous studies using water isotope observations and modelling have highlighted the importance of understanding spatial and temporal isotopic variability for a quantitative interpretation of these tracers. Here we present the first results of a high-resolution regional dynamical model (at 1/12° horizontal resolution) developed for the Mediterranean Sea, one of the hotspots of ongoing climate change.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Luca Arpaia, Christian Ferrarin, Marco Bajo, and Georg Umgiesser
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a discrete multilayer shallow water model based on z-layers which, thanks to the insertion and removal of surface layers, can deal with an arbitrarily large tidal oscillation independently of the vertical resolution. The algorithm is based on a two-step procedure used in numerical simulations with moving boundaries (grid movement followed by a grid topology change, that is, the insertion/removal of surface layers), which avoids the appearance of very thin surface layers.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, France Van Wambeke, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6701–6739, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While several studies have shown that mixotrophs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, the impact of environmental forcings on their dynamics remains poorly investigated. Using a biogeochemical model that considers mixotrophs, we study the impact of light and nutrient concentration on the ecosystem composition in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille. We show that mixotrophs cope better with oligotrophic conditions compared to strict auto- and heterotrophs.
Trygve Halsne, Kai Håkon Christensen, Gaute Hope, and Øyvind Breivik
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6515–6530, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waves that propagate in oceanic or coastal environments get influenced by their surroundings. Changes in the ambient current or the depth profile affect the wave propagation path, and the change in wave direction is called refraction. Some analytical solutions to the governing equations exist under ideal conditions, but for realistic situations, the equations must be solved numerically. Here we present such a numerical solver under an open-source license.
Jiangyu Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu, Xiaolin Yu, and Zhiwei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6393–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface waves play an important role in the air–sea interface but are rarely activated in high-resolution Earth system simulations due to their expensive computational costs. To alleviate this situation, this paper designs a new wave modeling framework with a multiscale grid system. Evaluations of a series of numerical experiments show that it has good feasibility and applicability in the WAVEWATCH III model, WW3, and can achieve the goals of efficient and high-precision wave simulation.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Johannes Röhrs, Yvonne Gusdal, Edel S. U. Rikardsen, Marina Durán Moro, Jostein Brændshøi, Nils Melsom Kristensen, Sindre Fritzner, Keguang Wang, Ann Kristin Sperrevik, Martina Idžanović, Thomas Lavergne, Jens Boldingh Debernard, and Kai H. Christensen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5401–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A model to predict ocean currents, temperature, and sea ice is presented, covering the Barents Sea and northern Norway. To quantify forecast uncertainties, the model calculates ensemble forecasts with 24 realizations of ocean and ice conditions. Observations from satellites, buoys, and ships are ingested by the model. The model forecasts are compared with observations, and we show that the ocean model has skill in predicting sea surface temperatures.
Jin-Song von Storch, Eileen Hertwig, Veit Lüschow, Nils Brüggemann, Helmuth Haak, Peter Korn, and Vikram Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5179–5196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The new ocean general circulation model ICON-O is developed for running experiments at kilometer scales and beyond. One targeted application is to simulate internal tides crucial for ocean mixing. To ensure their realism, which is difficult to assess, we evaluate the barotropic tides that generate internal tides. We show that ICON-O is able to realistically simulate the major aspects of the observed barotropic tides and discuss the aspects that impact the quality of the simulated tides.
Bror F. Jönsson, Christopher L. Follett, Jacob Bien, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Sangwon Hyun, Gemma Kulk, Gael L. Forget, Christian Müller, Marie-Fanny Racault, Christopher N. Hill, Thomas Jackson, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4639–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While biogeochemical models and satellite-derived ocean color data provide unprecedented information, it is problematic to compare them. Here, we present a new approach based on comparing probability density distributions of model and satellite properties to assess model skills. We also introduce Earth mover's distances as a novel and powerful metric to quantify the misfit between models and observations. We find that how 3D chlorophyll fields are aggregated can be a significant source of error.
Rafael Santana, Helen Macdonald, Joanne O'Callaghan, Brian Powell, Sarah Wakes, and Sutara H. Suanda
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3675–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show the importance of assimilating subsurface temperature and velocity data in a model of the East Auckland Current. Assimilation of velocity increased the representation of large oceanic vortexes. Assimilation of temperature is needed to correctly simulate temperatures around 100 m depth, which is the most difficult region to simulate in ocean models. Our simulations showed improved results in comparison to the US Navy global model and highlight the importance of regional models.
David Byrne, Jeff Polton, Enda O'Dea, and Joanne Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3749–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Validation is a crucial step during the development of models for ocean simulation. The purpose of validation is to assess how accurate a model is. It is most commonly done by comparing output from a model to actual observations. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate usage of the COAsT Python package to standardise the validation process for physical ocean models. We also discuss our five guiding principles for standardised validation.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Daniele Bianchi, Daniel McCoy, and Simon Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3581–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present NitrOMZ, a new model of the oceanic nitrogen cycle that simulates chemical transformations within oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We describe the model formulation and its implementation in a one-dimensional representation of the water column before evaluating its ability to reproduce observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific. We conclude by describing the model sensitivity to parameter choices and environmental factors and its application to nitrogen cycling in the ocean.
Rui Sun, Alison Cobb, Ana B. Villas Bôas, Sabique Langodan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Matthew R. Mazloff, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Arthur J. Miller, Raju Pathak, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3435–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we integrated the WAVEWATCH III model into the regional coupled model SKRIPS. We then performed a case study using the newly implemented model to study Tropical Cyclone Mekunu, which occurred in the Arabian Sea. We found that the coupled model better simulates the cyclone than the uncoupled model, but the impact of waves on the cyclone is not significant. However, the waves change the sea surface temperature and mixed layer, especially in the cold waves produced due to the cyclone.
Pengcheng Wang and Natacha B. Bernier
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3335–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of sea ice are typically neglected in operational flood forecast systems. In this work, we capture these effects via the addition of a parameterized ice–ocean stress. The parameterization takes advantage of forecast fields from an advanced ice–ocean model and features a novel, consistent representation of the tidal relative ice–ocean velocity. The new parameterization leads to improved forecasts of tides and storm surges in polar regions. Associated physical processes are discussed.
Yue Xu and Xiping Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2811–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate description of the wind energy input into ocean waves is crucial to ocean wave modeling, and a physics-based consideration of the effect of wave breaking is absolutely necessary to obtain such an accurate description, particularly under extreme conditions. This study evaluates the performance of a recently improved formula, taking into account not only the effect of breaking but also the effect of airflow separation on the leeside of steep wave crests in a reasonably consistent way.
Yankun Gong, Xueen Chen, Jiexin Xu, Jieshuo Xie, Zhiwu Chen, Yinghui He, and Shuqun Cai
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2851–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) play crucial roles in mass transport and ocean mixing in the northern South China Sea. Massive numerical investigations have been conducted in this region, but there was no systematic evaluation of a three-dimensional model about precisely simulating ISWs. Here, an ISW forecasting model is employed to evaluate the roles of resolution, tidal forcing and stratification in accurately reproducing wave properties via comparison to field and remote-sensing observations.
Johannes Bieser, David J. Amptmeijer, Ute Daewel, Joachim Kuss, Anne L. Soerensen, and Corinna Schrum
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MERCY is a 3D model to study mercury (Hg) cycling in the ocean. Hg is a highly harmful pollutant regulated by the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury due to widespread human emissions. These emissions eventually reach the oceans, where Hg transforms into the even more toxic and bioaccumulative pollutant methylmercury. MERCY predicts the fate of Hg in the ocean and its buildup in the food chain. It is the first model to consider Hg accumulation in fish, a major source of Hg exposure for humans.
Y. Joseph Zhang, Tomas Fernandez-Montblanc, William Pringle, Hao-Cheng Yu, Linlin Cui, and Saeed Moghimi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2565–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating global ocean from deep basins to coastal areas is a daunting task but is important for disaster mitigation efforts. We present a new 3D global ocean model on flexible mesh to study both tidal and nontidal processes and total water prediction. We demonstrate the potential for
seamlesssimulation, on a single mesh, from the global ocean to a few estuaries along the US West Coast. The model can serve as the backbone of a global tide surge and compound flooding forecasting framework.
Qi Shu, Qiang Wang, Chuncheng Guo, Zhenya Song, Shizhu Wang, Yan He, and Fangli Qiao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2539–2563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Manuel Aghito, Loris Calgaro, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Christian Ferrarin, Antonio Marcomini, Øyvind Breivik, and Lars Robert Hole
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2477–2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed ChemicalDrift model can simulate the transport and fate of chemicals in the ocean and in coastal regions. The model combines ocean physics, including transport due to currents, turbulence due to surface winds and the sinking of particles to the sea floor, with ocean chemistry, such as the partitioning, the degradation and the evaporation of chemicals. The model will be utilized for risk assessment of ocean and sea-floor contamination from pollutants emitted from shipping.
Nieves G. Valiente, Andrew Saulter, Breogan Gomez, Christopher Bunney, Jian-Guo Li, Tamzin Palmer, and Christine Pequignet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2515–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We document the Met Office operational global and regional wave models which provide wave forecasts up to 7 d ahead. Our models present coarser resolution offshore to higher resolution near the coastline. The increased resolution led to replication of the extremes but to some overestimation during modal conditions. If currents are included, wave directions and long period swells near the coast are significantly improved. New developments focus on the optimisation of the models with resolution.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-34, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-34, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonate system is typically studied using measurements, yet modelling can contribute valuable insights. Using a biogeochemical model, we propose a new representation of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2 and pH in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille, a useful addition to measurements. Through a detailed analysis of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes we show that their variations are strongly impacted by the hydrodynamic processes that affect the bay.
Maxime Beauchamp, Quentin Febvre, Hugo Georgenthum, and Ronan Fablet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2119–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
4DVarNet is a learning-based method based on traditional data assimilation (DA). This new class of algorithms can be used to provide efficient reconstructions of a dynamical system based on single observations. We provide a 4DVarNet application to sea surface height reconstructions based on nadir and future Surface Water and Ocean and Topography data. It outperforms other methods, from optimal interpolation to sophisticated DA algorithms. This work is part of on-going AI Chair Oceanix projects.
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1755–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model (FIO-COM32) with a resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are shown to be important contributors to the significant improvements in FIO-COM32 simulations. It is time to merge these separated model components (surface waves, tidal currents and ocean circulation) and start a new generation of ocean model development.
Jeff Polton, James Harle, Jason Holt, Anna Katavouta, Dale Partridge, Jenny Jardine, Sarah Wakelin, Julia Rulent, Anthony Wise, Katherine Hutchinson, David Byrne, Diego Bruciaferri, Enda O'Dea, Michela De Dominicis, Pierre Mathiot, Andrew Coward, Andrew Yool, Julien Palmiéri, Gennadi Lessin, Claudia Gabriela Mayorga-Adame, Valérie Le Guennec, Alex Arnold, and Clément Rousset
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1481–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The aim is to increase the capacity of the modelling community to respond to societally important questions that require ocean modelling. The concept of reproducibility for regional ocean modelling is developed: advocating methods for reproducible workflows and standardised methods of assessment. Then, targeting the NEMO framework, we give practical advice and worked examples, highlighting key considerations that will the expedite development cycle and upskill the user community.
Nairita Pal, Kristin N. Barton, Mark R. Petersen, Steven R. Brus, Darren Engwirda, Brian K. Arbic, Andrew F. Roberts, Joannes J. Westerink, and Damrongsak Wirasaet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1297–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding tides is essential to accurately predict ocean currents. Over the next several decades coastal processes such as flooding and erosion will be severely impacted due to climate change. Tides affect currents along the coastal regions the most. In this paper we show the results of implementing tides in a global ocean model known as MPAS–Ocean. We also show how Antarctic ice shelf cavities affect global tides. Our work points towards future research with tide–ice interactions.
Sébastien Petton, Valérie Garnier, Matthieu Caillaud, Laurent Debreu, and Franck Dumas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1191–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The nesting AGRIF library is implemented in the MARS3D hydrodynamic model, a semi-implicit, free-surface numerical model which uses a time scheme as an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) algorithm. Two applications at the regional and coastal scale are introduced. We compare the two-nesting approach to the classic offline one-way approach, based on an in situ dataset. This method is an efficient means to significantly improve the physical hydrodynamics and unravel ecological challenges.
Noam S. Vogt-Vincent and Helen L. Johnson
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1163–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean currents transport things over large distances across the ocean surface. Predicting this transport is key for tackling many environmental problems, such as marine plastic pollution and coral reef resilience. However, doing this requires a good understanding ocean currents, which is currently lacking. Here, we present and validate state-of-the-art simulations for surface currents in the southwestern Indian Ocean, which will support future marine dispersal studies across this region.
Pengyang Song, Dmitry Sidorenko, Patrick Scholz, Maik Thomas, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 383–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tides have essential effects on the ocean and climate. Most previous research applies parameterised tidal mixing to discuss their effects in models. By comparing the effect of a tidal mixing parameterisation and tidal forcing on the ocean state, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Our results show that tidal mixing in the North Pacific Ocean strongly affects the global thermohaline circulation. We also list some effects that are not considered in the parameterisation.
Marko Rus, Anja Fettich, Matej Kristan, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 271–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new fast and reliable deep-learning architecture HIDRA2 for sea level and storm surge modeling. HIDRA2 features new feature encoders and a fusion-regression block. We test HIDRA2 on Adriatic storm surges, which depend on an interaction between tides and seiches. We demonstrate that HIDRA2 learns to effectively mimic the timing and amplitude of Adriatic seiches. This is essential for reliable HIDRA2 predictions of total storm surge sea levels.
Cited articles
Anderson, R.: Chemical tracers of particle transport, Treatise on
Geochemistry, 6, 247–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06111-9, 2003. a
Anderson, R., Bacon, M., and Brewer, P.: Removal of 230Th and
231Pa
from the open ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 62, 7–23,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90067-5, 1983. a
Arsouze, T., Dutay, J.-C., Kageyama, M., Lacan, F., Alkama, R., Marti, O.,
and Jeandel, C.: A modeling sensitivity study of the influence of the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on neodymium isotopic composition
at the Last Glacial Maximum, Clim. Past, 4, 191–203,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-191-2008, 2008. a
Arsouze, T., Dutay, J.-C., Lacan, F., and Jeandel, C.: Reconstructing the Nd oceanic cycle using a coupled dynamical –
biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2829–2846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2829-2009, 2009. a, b, c
Ayache, M., Dutay, J.-C., Arsouze, T., Révillon, S., Beuvier, J., and
Jeandel, C.: High-resolution neodymium characterization along the
Mediterranean margins and modelling of eNd distribution in the Mediterranean
basins, Biogeosciences, 13, 5259–5276,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5259-2016, 2016. a
Bacon, M. and Anderson, R.: Distribution of Thorium Isotopes Between
Dissolved
and Particulate Forms in The Deep Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2045–2056,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC03p02045, 1982. a
Biastoch, A., Böning, C. W., Getzlaff, J., Molines, J.-M., and Madec, G.:
Causes of Interannual–Decadal Variability in the Meridional Overturning
Circulation of the Midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean, J. Climate, 21,
6599–6615, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2404.1, 2008. a
Böhm, E., Lippold, J., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Blaser, P., Antz, B.,
Fohlmeister, J., Frank, N., Andersen, M. B., and Deininger, M.: Strong and
deep Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial
cycle, Nature, 517, 73–76, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14059, 2015. a
Broecker, W. S., Andree, M., Bonani, G., Wolfli, W., Oeschger, H., Klas, M.,
Mix, A., and Curry, W.: Preliminary estimates for the radiocarbon age of deep
water in the glacial ocean, Paleoceanography, 3, 659–669,
https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i006p00659, 1988. a
Brun-Cottan, J. C., Auger, R., Lambere, C. E., and Chesselet, R.: Sources and
transport of suspended calcites in Pacific Deep Water, J. Mar. Res., 49,
543–564, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224091784995837, 1991. a, b
Burckel, P., Waelbroeck, C., Gherardi, J. M., Pichat, S., Arz, H., Lippold,
J.,
Dokken, T., and Thil, F.: Atlantic Ocean circulation changes preceded
millennial tropical South America rainfall events during the last glacial,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 411–418, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062512,
2014GL062512, 2015. a
Burckel, P., Waelbroeck, C., Luo, Y., Roche, D. M., Pichat, S., Jaccard, S.
L., Gherardi, J., Govin, A., Lippold, J., and Thil, F.: Changes in the
geometry and strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
during the last glacial (20–50 ka), Clim. Past, 12, 2061–2075,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2061-2016, 2016. a
Chuang, C.-Y., Santschi, P. H., Jiang, Y., Ho, Y.-F., Quigg, A., Guo, L.,
Ayranov, M., and Schumann, D.: Important role of biomolecules from diatoms in
the scavenging of particle-reactive radionuclides of thorium, protactinium,
lead, polonium, and beryllium in the ocean: A case study with Phaeodactylum
tricornutum, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 1256–1266,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.4.1256, 2014. a
Cunningham, S., Kanzow, T., Rayner, D., Baringer, M., Johns, W., Marotzke,
J.,
Longworth, H., Grant, E., Hirschi, J.-M., Beal, L., Meinen, C. S., and Bryden, H. L.: Temporal
variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at
26.5∘ N, Science, 317, 935–938, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141304, 2007. a
Deng, F., Thomas, A. L., Rijkenberg, M. J., and Henderson, G. M.: Controls on
seawater 231Pa, 230Th and 232Th concentrations along the flow
paths of deep waters in the Southwest Atlantic, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
390, 93–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.038, 2014. a
Donohue, K. A., Tracey, K. L., Watts, D. R., Chidichimo, M. P., and
Chereskin,
T. K.: Mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake
Passage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11760–11767,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070319, 2016. a
Druffel, E., Williams, P., Bauer, J., and Ertel, J.: Cycling of dissolved and
particulate organic matter in the open ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97,
15639–15659, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01511,
1992. a, b
Dunk, R., Mills, R., and Jenkins, W.: A reevaluation of the oceanic uranium
budget for the Holocene, Chem. Geol., 190, 45–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00110-9, a
Dutay, J., Bullister, J., Doney, S., Orr, J., Najjar, R., Caldeira, K.,
Campin,
J., Drange, H., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gruber, N., Hecht, M. W., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J. C., Matear, R. J., Monfray, P.,
Mouchet, A., Plattner, G.-K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: Evaluation of ocean model
ventilation with CFC-11, Ocean Model., 4, 89–120,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00013-0, 2002. a
Dutay, J., Lacan, F., Roy-Barman, M., and Bopp, L.: Influence of particle
size
and type on 231Pa and 230Th simulation with a global coupled
biogeochemical-ocean general circulation model: A first approach, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 10, Q01011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002291, 2009. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o
Dutay, J., Tagliabue, A., Kriest, I., and van Hulten, M. M. P.:
Modelling the role of marine particle on large scale 231Pa, 230Th,
Iron and Aluminium distributions, Prog. Oceanogr., 133, 66–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.010, 2015. a
Gardner, W. D. and Sullivan, L. G.: Benthic storms, Science, 213, 329–331,
1981. a
Gardner, W. D., Tucholke, B. E., Richardson, M. J., and Biscaye, P. E.:
Benthic
storms, nepheloid layers, and linkage with upper ocean dynamics in the
western North Atlantic, Mar. Geol., 385, 304–327,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.12.012, 2017. a
Gehlen, M., Gangstø, R., Schneider, B., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., and Ethe,
C.: The fate of pelagic CaCO3 production in a high CO2 ocean:
a model study, Biogeosciences, 4, 505–519,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-505-2007, 2007. a
Gent, P. and McWilliams, J.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:IMIOCM>2.0.CO;2, 1990. a
Gent, P., Willebrand, J., McDougall, T., and McWilliams, J.: Parameterizing
eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 463–474,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0463:PEITTI>2.0.CO;2, 1995. a
German, C. R., Casciotti, K. A., Dutay, J.-C., Heimbürger, L. E.,
Jenkins,
W. J., Measures, C. I., Mills, R. A., Obata, H., Schlitzer, R., Tagliabue,
A., Turner, D. R., and Whitby, H.: Hydrothermal impacts on trace element and
isotope ocean biogeochemistry, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 374, 2081,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0035, 2016. a
Gu, S. and Liu, Z.: 231Pa and 230Th in the ocean model of
the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.3), Geosci. Model Dev., 10,
4723–4742, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4723-2017, 2017. a, b, c
Hauglustaine, D., Hourdin, F., Jourdain, L., Filiberti, M.-A., Walters, S.,
Lamarque, J.-F., and Holland, E.: Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de
Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D04314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003957, 2004. a, b
Hayes, C. T., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., Serno, S., Winckler, G., and
Gersonde, R.: Quantifying lithogenic inputs to the North Pacific Ocean using
the long-lived thorium isotopes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 383, 16–25,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.025, 2013. a
Hayes, C. T., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., Serno, S., Winckler, G., and
Gersonde, R.: Biogeography in 231Pa∕230Th ratios and a balanced
231Pa budget for the Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 391,
307–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.001, 2014. a
Hayes, C. T., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., Huang, K.-F., Robinson,
L. F., Lu, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., and Moran, S. B.: 230Th
and
231Pa on GEOTRACES GA03, the US GEOTRACES North Atlantic transect, and
implications for modern and paleoceanographic chemical fluxes, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 116, 29–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.07.007, 2015a. a, b, c, d
Hayes, C. T., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., Lam, P. J., Ohnemus, D. C.,
Huang, K.-F., Robinson, L. F., Lu, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., and Moran,
S. B.: Intensity of Th and Pa scavenging partitioned by particle chemistry in
the North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 170, 49–60,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.01.006, 2015b. a, b, c, d, e, f
Heinze, C., Gehlen, M., and Land, C.: On the potential of 230Th,
231Pa, and 10Be for marine rain ratio determinations: A modeling
study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, gB2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002595, 2006. a
Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., and Gehlen, M.: The potential of 230Th for
detection of ocean acidification impacts on pelagic carbonate production,
Biogeosciences, 15, 3521–3539, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3521-2018, 2018. a
Henderson, G. M. and Anderson, R. F.: The U-series Toolbox for
Paleoceanography, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52, 493–531,
https://doi.org/10.2113/0520493,
2003. a
Henderson, G. M., Heinze, C., Anderson, R. F., and Winguth, A. M.: Global
distribution of the 230Th flux to ocean sediments constrained by GCM
modelling, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 46, 1861–1893,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00030-8,
1999 (observational data available at:
http://climotope.earth.ox.ac.uk/data_compilations/holocene_231pa230th_dataset_notes_and_references,
last access: 27 August 2018). a, b, c, d
Honeyman, B. D. and Santschi, P. H.: Metals in aquatic systems, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 22, 862–871, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00173a002, 1988. a
Honeyman, B. D., Balistrieri, L. S., and Murray, J. W.: Oceanic trace metal
scavenging, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 35, 227–246,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90038-6, 1988. a, b
Johnson, G. C.: Quantifying Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep
Water volumes, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, c05027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004477,
2008. a
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L.,
Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A.,
Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo,
K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR
40-Year Reanalysis Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2, 1996. a
Keir, R. S.: The dissolution kinetics of biogenic calcium carbonates in
seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 44, 241–252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90135-0, 1980. a
Kistler, R., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Kalnay, E.,
Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP-NCAR
50-year reanalysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247–267,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:TNNYRM>2.3.CO;2, 2001. a
Knippertz, P. and Stuut, J.-B. W.: Mineral Dust, Springer Dordrecht
Heidelberg New York London, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8978-3, 2014. a
Kretschmer, S., Geibert, W., van der Loeff, M. M. R., Schnabel, C., Xu, S.,
and Mollenhauer, G.: Fractionation of 230Th, 231Pa, and
10Be
induced by particle size and composition within an opal-rich sediment of the
Atlantic Southern Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 6971–6987,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.012, 2011. a
Ku, T.-L., Knauss, K. G., and Mathieu, G. G.: Uranium in open ocean:
concentration and isotopic composition, Deep-Sea Res., 24, 1005–1017,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6291(77)90571-9, 1977. a
Lam, P. J., Doney, S. C., and Bishop, J. K. B.: The dynamic ocean biological
pump, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB3009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003868, 2011. a, b, c
Lopez, G. I., Marcantonio, F., Lyle, M., and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.: Dissolved
and
particulate 230Th–232Th in the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean:
Evidence for far-field transport of the East Pacific Rise hydrothermal plume,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 431, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.019,
2015. a
Luo, Y., Francois, R., and Allen, S. E.: Sediment 231Pa∕230Th
as a recorder of the rate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: insights from a 2-D model, Ocean Sci., 6, 381–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-381-2010, 2010. a, b
Madec, G.: NEMO ocean engine, Note du Pole de Modélisation, Institut
Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2008. a
Madec, G. and Imbard, M.: A global ocean mesh to overcome the North Pole
singularity, Clim. Dynam., 12, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211684, 1996. a
Marchal, O., François, R., Stocker, T., and Joos, F.: Ocean
thermohaline
circulation and sedimentary 231Pa∕230Th ratio, Paleoceanography,
15, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000496, 2000. a
Marchal, O., François, R., and Scholten, J.: Contribution of
230Th
measurements to the estimation of the abyssal circulation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 557–585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.002, 2007. a
Mawji, E., Schlitzer, R., Dodas, E. M., Abadie, C., Abouchami, W., Anderson,
R. F., Baars, O., Bakker, K., Baskaran, M., Bates, N. R., Bluhm, K., Bowie,
A., Bown, J., Boye, M., Boyle, E. A., Branellec, P., Bruland, K. W.,
Brzezinski, M. A., Bucciarelli, E., Buesseler, K., Butler, E., Cai, P.,
Cardinal, D., Casciotti, K., Chaves, J., Cheng, H., Chever, F., Church,
T. M., Colman, A. S., Conway, T. M., Croot, P. L., Cutter, G. A., de Baar,
H. J., de Souza, G. F., Dehairs, F., Deng, F., Dieu, H. T., Dulaquais, G.,
Echegoyen-Sanz, Y., Edwards, R. L., Fahrbach, E., Fitzsimmons, J., Fleisher,
M., Frank, M., Friedrich, J., Fripiat, F., Galer, S. J., Gamo, T., Solsona,
E. G., Gerringa, L. J., Godoy, J. M., Gonzalez, S., Grossteffan, E., Hatta,
M., Hayes, C. T., Heller, M. I., Henderson, G., Huang, K.-F., Jeandel, C.,
Jenkins, W. J., John, S., Kenna, T. C., Klunder, M., Kretschmer, S.,
Kumamoto, Y., Laan, P., Labatut, M., Lacan, F., Lam, P. J., Lannuzel, D.,
le Moigne, F., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Lohan, M. C., Lu, Y., Masqué, P.,
McClain, C. R., Measures, C., Middag, R., Moffett, J., Navidad, A., Nishioka,
J., Noble, A., Obata, H., Ohnemus, D. C., Owens, S., Planchon, F., Pradoux,
C., Puigcorbé, V., Quay, P., Radic, A., Rehkämper, M., Remenyi, T.,
Rijkenberg, M. J., Rintoul, S., Robinson, L. F., Roeske, T., Rosenberg, M.,
Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Ryabenko, E., Saito, M. A., Roshan, S., Salt,
L., Sarthou, G., Schauer, U., Scott, P., Sedwick, P. N., Sha, L., Shiller,
A. M., Sigman, D. M., Smethie, W., Smith, G. J., Sohrin, Y., Speich, S.,
Stichel, T., Stutsman, J., Swift, J. H., Tagliabue, A., Thomas, A., Tsunogai,
U., Twining, B. S., van Aken, H. M., van Heuven, S., van Ooijen, J., van
Weerlee, E., Venchiarutti, C., Voelker, A. H., Wake, B., Warner, M. J.,
Woodward, E. M. S., Wu, J., Wyatt, N., Yoshikawa, H., Zheng, X.-Y., Xue, Z.,
Zieringer, M., and Zimmer, L. A.: The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product
2014, Mar. Chem., 177, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.005, 2015 (observational data available
at:
http://www.geotraces.org/dp/, last access: 27 August 2018). a
Mouchet, A.: The Ocean Bomb Radiocarbon Inventory Revisited, Radiocarbon, 55,
1580–1594, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200048505, 2013. a
Murray, R.: Explicit generation of orthogonal grids for ocean models, J. Comput. Phys., 126, 251–273, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.0136, 1996. a
Owens, S., Buesseler, K., and Sims, K.: Re-evaluating the
238U-salinity
relationship in seawater: Implications for the
238U–234Th
disequilibrium method, Mar. Chem., 127, 31–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.07.005, 2011. a
Pavia, F., Anderson, R., Vivancos, S., Fleisher, M., Lam, P., Lu, Y., Cheng,
H., Zhang, P., and Edwards, R. L.: Intense hydrothermal scavenging of
230Th and 231Pa in the deep Southeast Pacific, Mar. Chem.,
201, 212–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.08.003, 2017. a
Piotrowski, A. M., Goldstein, S. L., Hemming, S. R., and Fairbanks, R. G.:
Temporal Relationships of Carbon Cycling and Ocean Circulation at Glacial
Boundaries, Science, 307, 1933–1938, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104883, 2005. a
Rayner, D., Hirschi, J.-M., Kanzow, T., Johns, W., Wright, P.,
Frajka-Williams,
E., Bryden, H., Meinen, C., Baringer, M., Marotzke, J., Beal, L. M., and Cunningham, S. A.: Monitoring
the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58,
1744–1753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.056, 2011. a
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., and Labeyrie, L.: Last Glacial Maximum
paleochemistry and deepwater circulation in the Southern Ocean: Evidence from
foraminiferal cadmium, Paleoceanography, 12, 787–796,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97PA02508, 1997. a
Roy-Barman, M.: Modelling the effect of boundary scavenging on Thorium and
Protactinium profiles in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 6, 3091–3107,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3091-2009, 2009. a
Roy-Barman, M., Chen, J., and Wasserburg, G.:
230Th–232Th
systematics in the central Pacific Ocean: The sources and the fates of
thorium, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 139, 351–363,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00017-9, 1996. a, b
Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Venchiarutti, C., Stimac, I.,
van Ooijen, J., Huhn, O., Rohardt, G., and Strass, V.:
Meridional circulation across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current serves as a
double 231Pa and 230Th trap, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 455,
73–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.027, 2016. a, b, c
Schlitzer, R., Anderson, R. F., Masferrer Dodas, E., et al.: The GEOTRACES
Intermediate Data Product 2017, Chem. Geol., 493, 210–223,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040, 2018. a
Siddall, M., Henderson, G., Edwards, N., Frank, M., Müller, S., Stocker,
T.,
and Joos, F.: 231Pa∕230Th fractionation by ocean transport,
biogenic particle flux and particle type, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 237,
135–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.031, 2005. a, b
Siddall, M., Stocker, T. F., Henderson, G. M., Joos, F., Frank, M., Edwards,
N. R., Ritz, S. P., and Müller, S. A.: Modeling the relationship between
231Pa∕230Th distribution in North Atlantic sediment and Atlantic
meridional overturning circulation, Paleoceanography, 22, PA2214,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001358, 2007. a
Sinha, B., Smeed, D., McCarthy, G., Moat, B., Josey, S., Hirschi, J.-M.,
Frajka-Williams, E., Blaker, A., Rayner, D., and Madec, G.: The accuracy of
estimates of the overturning circulation from basin-wide mooring arrays,
Prog. Oceanogr., 160, 101–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.001, 2018. a
Subhas, A. V., Rollins, N. E., Berelson, W. M., Dong, S., Erez, J., and
Adkins,
J. F.: A novel determination of calcite dissolution kinetics in seawater,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 170, 51–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.08.011,
2015. a, b
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Roche, D. M., Bouttes, N., Dutay, J.-C., Alkama, R.,
Kageyama, M., Michel, E., and Paillard, D.: Quantifying the roles of ocean
circulation and biogeochemistry in governing ocean carbon-13 and atmospheric
carbon dioxide at the last glacial maximum, Clim. Past, 5, 695–706,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-695-2009, 2009. a
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Dutay, J.-C., Bowie, A., Chever, F., Jean-Baptiste,
P., Bucciarelli, E., Lannuzel, D., Remenyi, T., Sarthou, G., Aumont, O.,
Gehlen, M., and Jeandel, C.: Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic
dissolved iron inventory, Nat. Geosci., 3, 252–256, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO818,
2010. a
Talley, L., Reid, J., and Robbins, P.: Data-based meridional overturning
streamfunctions for the global ocean, J. Climate, 16, 3213–3226,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3213:DMOSFT>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
a
Timmermann, R., Goosse, H., Madec, G., Fichefet, T., Ethé, C., and
Dulière, V.: On the representation of high latitude processes in the
ORCA-LIM global coupled sea ice–ocean model, Ocean Model., 8, 175–201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.009, 2005. a
Middag, R., van Hulten, M. M. P., van Aken, H. M., Rijkenberg, M. J. A.,
Gerringa, L. J. A., Laan, P., and de Baar, H. J. W.:
Dissolved aluminium in the ocean conveyor of the West Atlantic Ocean: Effects of
the biological cycle, scavenging, sediment resuspension and hydrography,
Mar. Chem., 177, 69–86,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.02.015, 2015. a
van der Does, M., Korte, L. F., Munday, C. I., Brummer, G.-J. A., and Stuut,
J.-B. W.: Particle size traces modern Saharan dust transport and deposition
across the equatorial North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13697–13710,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13697-2016, 2016. a
van Hulten, M. M. P.: ComPlot: Comparison Plotter to
visually evaluate ocean model simulations, The Journal of Open Source
Software, 2, 368, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00368, 2017. a
van Hulten, M. M. P., Sterl, A., Dutay, J.-C., Tagliabue, A.,
Gehlen, M., de Baar, H. J. W., and Middag, R.: Aluminium in
an ocean general circulation model compared with the West Atlantic GEOTRACES
cruises, J. Marine Syst., 126, 3–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.05.005,
2013. a, b
van Hulten, M. M. P., Sterl, A., Middag, R., de Baar, H. J. W., Gehlen, M.,
Dutay, J.-C., and Tagliabue, A.: On the effects of circulation, sediment
resuspension and biological incorporation by diatoms in an ocean model of
aluminium*, Biogeosciences, 11, 3757–3779,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, 2014. a
van Hulten, M. M. P., Dutay, J., and Roy-Barman, M.: Ocean
model of Protactinium, Thorium and Particles (ProThorP),
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1009064, software package, 2017a. a
van Hulten, M., Middag, R., Dutay, J.-C., de Baar, H., Roy-Barman, M.,
Gehlen, M., Tagliabue, A., and Sterl, A.: Manganese in the west Atlantic
Ocean in the context of the first global ocean circulation model of
manganese, Biogeosciences, 14, 1123–1152,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, 2017b. a
van Hulten, M. M. P., Dutay, J., and Roy-Barman, M.: Output
from a global scavenging and circulation ocean model of thorium-230 and
protactinium-231 (ProThorP 0.1), https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.887261,
2018. a
Venchiarutti, C., Rutgers van der Loeff, M., and Stimac, I.: Scavenging of
231Pa and thorium isotopes based on dissolved and size-fractionated
particulate distributions at Drake Passage (ANTXXIV-3), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
58, 2767–2784, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.040, 2011. a, b, c
Yu, E.-F., Francois, R., and Bacon, M. P.: Similar rates of modern and
last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred, Nature, 379,
689–694,
https://doi.org/10.1038/379689a0, 1996. a
Short summary
We present an ocean model of the natural radioactive isotopes thorium-230 and protactinium-231. These isotopes are often used to investigate past ocean circulation and particle transport. They are removed by particles produced by plankton and from uplifted desert dust that is deposited into the ocean. We approach observed dissolved and adsorbed Th-230 and Pa-231 activities. The Pa-231 / Th-230 sedimentation ratio is reproduced as well; this quantity can be used as a proxy for ocean circulation.
We present an ocean model of the natural radioactive isotopes thorium-230 and protactinium-231....
Special issue