Articles | Volume 15, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8181-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8181-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
16 Nov 2022
Development and technical paper |
| 16 Nov 2022
| 16 Nov 2022
Importance of different parameterization changes for the updated dust cycle modeling in the Community Atmosphere Model (version 6.1)
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, United States
Natalie M. Mahowald
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, United States
Jasper F. Kok
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Xiaohong Liu
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX, United States
Mingxuan Wu
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
Danny M. Leung
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Douglas S. Hamilton
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, United States
Louisa K. Emmons
Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National
Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States
Yue Huang
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, United States
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, United States
Neil Sexton
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, United States
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Jessica Wan
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Related authors
Xinzhu Li, Longlei Li, Yan Feng, and Xin Xi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3013, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the dust emission variability and relationship with its physical drivers within 21 ESMs, and uncovers new insights about model discrepancies in dust variability and the relative importance of wind and hydroclimate drivers. The study underscores the importance of improving hydroclimate and land surface representations for reducing uncertainties in dust emission responses to climate variability and change.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, P. Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gómez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal L. Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4665–4702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as being variable in size and composition. Here, we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the data sets to model output.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, David M. Lawrence, Natalie M. Mahowald, Simone Tilmes, and Erik Kluzek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2311–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2311-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study derives a gridded dust emission dataset for 1841–2000 by employing a combination of observed dust from core records and reanalyzed global dust cycle constraints. We evaluate the ability of global models to replicate the observed historical dust variability by using the emission dataset to force a historical simulation in an Earth system model. We show that prescribing our emissions forces the model to better match observations than other mechanistic models.
Dandan Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Xuan Liu, Aaron van Donkelaar, Christopher R. Oxford, Yanshun Li, Jun Meng, Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Haihui Zhu, Jay R. Turner, Yu Yan, Michael Brauer, Yinon Rudich, and Eli Windwer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-438, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-438, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops the fine mineral dust simulation in GEOS-Chem by: 1) implementing a new dust emission scheme with further refinements; 2) revisiting the size distribution of emitted dust; 3) explicitly tracking fine dust for emission, transport and deposition in 4 size bins; 4) updating the parametrization for below-cloud scavenging. All revisions significantly reduce the overestimation of surface fine dust from 73% to 21% while retaining comparable skill in representing columnar abundance.
Leong Wai Siu, Joseph S. Schlosser, David Painemal, Brian Cairns, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Johnathan W. Hair, Chris A. Hostetler, Longlei Li, Mary M. Kleb, Amy Jo Scarino, Taylor J. Shingler, Armin Sorooshian, Snorre A. Stamnes, and Xubin Zeng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2739–2759, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An unprecedented 3-year aerosol dataset was collected from a recent NASA field campaign over the western North Atlantic Ocean, which offers a special opportunity to evaluate two state-of-the-art remote sensing instruments, one lidar and the other polarimeter, on the same aircraft. Special attention has been paid to validate aerosol optical depth data and their uncertainties when no reference dataset is available. Physical reasons for the disagreement between two instruments are discussed.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, David M. Lawrence, Simone Tilmes, Erik Kluzek, Martina Klose, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2287–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a premier Earth system model to evaluate a new desert dust emission scheme proposed in our companion paper. We show that our scheme accounts for more dust emission physics, hence matching better against observations than other existing dust emission schemes do. Our scheme's dust emissions also couple tightly with meteorology, hence likely improving the modeled dust sensitivity to climate change. We believe this work is vital for improving dust representation in climate models.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Samuel Albani, Douglas S. Hamilton, and Jasper F. Kok
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 533–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating past aerosol radiative effects and their uncertainties is an important topic in climate science. Aerosol radiative effects propagate into large uncertainties in estimates of how present and future climate evolves with changing greenhouse gas emissions. A deeper understanding of how aerosols interacted with the atmospheric energy budget under past climates is hindered in part by a lack of relevant paleo-observations and in part because less attention has been paid to the problem.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Gregory S. Okin, Catherine Prigent, Martina Klose, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Laurent Menut, Natalie M. Mahowald, David M. Lawrence, and Marcelo Chamecki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6487–6523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Desert dust modeling is important for understanding climate change, as dust regulates the atmosphere's greenhouse effect and radiation. This study formulates and proposes a more physical and realistic desert dust emission scheme for global and regional climate models. By considering more aeolian processes in our emission scheme, our simulations match better against dust observations than existing schemes. We believe this work is vital in improving dust representation in climate models.
Jasper F. Kok, Adeyemi A. Adebiyi, Samuel Albani, Yves Balkanski, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Douglas S. Hamilton, Yue Huang, Akinori Ito, Martina Klose, Danny M. Leung, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Adriana Rocha-Lima, Jessica S. Wan, and Chloe A. Whicker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8127–8167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Desert dust interacts with virtually every component of the Earth system, including the climate system. We develop a new methodology to represent the global dust cycle that integrates observational constraints on the properties and abundance of desert dust with global atmospheric model simulations. We show that the resulting representation of the global dust cycle is more accurate than what can be obtained from a large number of current climate global atmospheric models.
Jasper F. Kok, Adeyemi A. Adebiyi, Samuel Albani, Yves Balkanski, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Douglas S. Hamilton, Yue Huang, Akinori Ito, Martina Klose, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Adriana Rocha-Lima, and Jessica S. Wan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8169–8193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The many impacts of dust on the Earth system depend on dust mineralogy, which varies between dust source regions. We constrain the contribution of the world’s main dust source regions by integrating dust observations with global model simulations. We find that Asian dust contributes more and that North African dust contributes less than models account for. We obtain a dataset of each source region’s contribution to the dust cycle that can be used to constrain dust impacts on the Earth system.
Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Martina Klose, Douglas S. Hamilton, Maria Gonçalves Ageitos, Paul Ginoux, Yves Balkanski, Robert O. Green, Olga Kalashnikova, Jasper F. Kok, Vincenzo Obiso, David Paynter, and David R. Thompson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3973–4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, this study quantifies the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to uncertainty in the soil mineral abundance using all currently available information. We show that the majority of the estimated direct radiative effect range is due to uncertainty in the simulated mass fractions of iron oxides and thus their soil abundance, which is independent of the model employed. We therefore prove the necessity of considering mineralogy for understanding dust–climate interactions.
Rui Li, Haley E. Plaas, Yifan Zhang, Yizhu Chen, Tianyu Zhang, Yi Yang, Sagar Rathod, Guohua Zhang, Xinming Wang, Douglas S. Hamilton, and Mingjin Tang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4058, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4058, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This work measured solubility of aerosol Fe from several distinct anthropogenic sources, updated aerosol Fe solubility parameterizations used in the Community Earth System model, and found that residential burning is a significant source of soluble aerosol Fe to the ocean.
Douglas I. Kelley, Chantelle Burton, Francesca Di Giuseppe, Matthew W. Jones, Maria L. F. Barbosa, Esther Brambleby, Joe R. McNorton, Zhongwei Liu, Anna S. I. Bradley, Katie Blackford, Eleanor Burke, Andrew Ciavarella, Enza Di Tomaso, Jonathan Eden, Igor José M. Ferreira, Lukas Fiedler, Andrew J. Hartley, Theodore R. Keeping, Seppe Lampe, Anna Lombardi, Guilherme Mataveli, Yuquan Qu, Patrícia S. Silva, Fiona R. Spuler, Carmen B. Steinmann, Miguel Ángel Torres-Vázquez, Renata Veiga, Dave van Wees, Jakob B. Wessel, Emily Wright, Bibiana Bilbao, Mathieu Bourbonnais, Gao Cong, Carlos M. Di Bella, Kebonye Dintwe, Victoria M. Donovan, Sarah Harris, Elena A. Kukavskaya, Brigitte N’Dri, Cristina Santín, Galia Selaya, Johan Sjöström, John Abatzoglou, Niels Andela, Rachel Carmenta, Emilio Chuvieco, Louis Giglio, Douglas S. Hamilton, Stijn Hantson, Sarah Meier, Mark Parrington, Mojtaba Sadegh, Jesus San-Miguel-Ayanz, Fernando Sedano, Marco Turco, Guido R. van der Werf, Sander Veraverbeke, Liana O. Anderson, Hamish Clarke, Paulo M. Fernandes, and Crystal A. Kolden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-483, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-483, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The second State of Wildfires report examines extreme wildfire events from 2024 to early 2025. It analyses key regional events in Southern California, Northeast Amazonia, Pantanal-Chiquitano, and the Congo Basin, assessing their drivers, predictability, and attributing them to climate change and land use. Seasonal outlooks and decadal projections are provided. Climate change greatly increased the likelihood of these fires, and without strong mitigation, such events will become more frequent.
Xinzhu Li, Longlei Li, Yan Feng, and Xin Xi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3013, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the dust emission variability and relationship with its physical drivers within 21 ESMs, and uncovers new insights about model discrepancies in dust variability and the relative importance of wind and hydroclimate drivers. The study underscores the importance of improving hydroclimate and land surface representations for reducing uncertainties in dust emission responses to climate variability and change.
Ziming Ke, Qi Tang, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Xiaohong Liu, and Hailong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4137–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4137-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses volcanic aerosol representation in E3SM (Energy Exascale Earth System Model), showing that an emission-based approach moderately improves temperature variability and cloud responses compared to a prescribed forcing approach, yet significant bias persists.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, P. Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gómez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal L. Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4665–4702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as being variable in size and composition. Here, we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the data sets to model output.
Naser Mahfouz, Hassan Beydoun, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Noel Keen, Adam C. Varble, Luca Bertagna, Peter Bogenschutz, Andrew Bradley, Matthew W. Christensen, T. Conrad Clevenger, Aaron Donahue, Jerome Fast, James Foucar, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Oksana Guba, Walter Hannah, Benjamin Hillman, Robert Jacob, Wuyin Lin, Po-Lun Ma, Yun Qian, Balwinder Singh, Christopher Terai, Hailong Wang, Mingxuan Wu, Kai Zhang, Andrew Gettelman, Mark Taylor, L. Ruby Leung, Peter Caldwell, and Susannah Burrows
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1868, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1868, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study assesses the aerosol effective radiative forcing in a global cloud-resolving atmosphere model at ultra-high resolution. We demonstrate that global ERFaer signal can be robustly reproduced across resolutions when aerosol activation processes are carefully parameterized. Further, we argue that simplified prescribed aerosol schemes will open the door for further process/mechanism studies under controlled conditions.
Ngoc Thi Nhu Do, Kengo Sudo, Akihiko Ito, Louisa K. Emmons, Vaishali Naik, Kostas Tsigaridis, Øyvind Seland, Gerd A. Folberth, and Douglas I. Kelley
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2079–2109, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2079-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2079-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding historical isoprene emission changes is important for predicting future climate, but trends and their controlling factors remain uncertain. This study shows that long-term isoprene trends vary among Earth system models mainly due to partially incorporating CO2 effects and land cover changes rather than to climate. Future models that refine these factors’ effects on isoprene emissions, along with long-term observations, are essential for better understanding plant–climate interactions.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, David M. Lawrence, Natalie M. Mahowald, Simone Tilmes, and Erik Kluzek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2311–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2311-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study derives a gridded dust emission dataset for 1841–2000 by employing a combination of observed dust from core records and reanalyzed global dust cycle constraints. We evaluate the ability of global models to replicate the observed historical dust variability by using the emission dataset to force a historical simulation in an Earth system model. We show that prescribing our emissions forces the model to better match observations than other mechanistic models.
Dandan Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Xuan Liu, Aaron van Donkelaar, Christopher R. Oxford, Yanshun Li, Jun Meng, Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Haihui Zhu, Jay R. Turner, Yu Yan, Michael Brauer, Yinon Rudich, and Eli Windwer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-438, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-438, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops the fine mineral dust simulation in GEOS-Chem by: 1) implementing a new dust emission scheme with further refinements; 2) revisiting the size distribution of emitted dust; 3) explicitly tracking fine dust for emission, transport and deposition in 4 size bins; 4) updating the parametrization for below-cloud scavenging. All revisions significantly reduce the overestimation of surface fine dust from 73% to 21% while retaining comparable skill in representing columnar abundance.
Noribeth Mariscal, Louisa K. Emmons, Duseong S. Jo, Ying Xiong, Laura M. Judd, Scott J. Janz, Jiajue Chai, and Yaoxian Huang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-228, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-228, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The distribution of ozone (O3) and its precursors (NOx, VOCs) is explored using the chemistry-climate model, MUSICAv0, and evaluated using measurements from the Michigan-Ontario Ozone Source Experiment. A custom grid of ~7 km was created over Michigan. A sector-based diurnal cycle for anthropogenic nitric oxide was included in the model. This work shows that grid resolution played a more important role for O3 precursors, and the diurnal cycle significantly impacted nighttime O3 formation.
Mingxuan Wu, Hailong Wang, Zheng Lu, Xiaohong Liu, Huisheng Bian, David Cohen, Yan Feng, Mian Chin, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Vlassis A. Karydis, Marianne T. Lund, Gunnar Myhre, Andrea Pozzer, Michael Schulz, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Svetlana G. Tsyro, and Shaocheng Xie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-235, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-235, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A key challenge in simulating the lifecycle of nitrate aerosol in global climate models is to accurately represent mass size distribution of nitrate aerosol, which lacks sufficient observational constraints. We found that most climate models underestimate the mass fraction of fine-mode nitrate at surface in all regions. Our study highlights the importance of gas-aerosol partitioning parameterization and simulation of dust and sea salt in correctly simulating mass size distribution of nitrate.
Mariya Petrenko, Ralph Kahn, Mian Chin, Susanne E. Bauer, Tommi Bergman, Huisheng Bian, Gabriele Curci, Ben Johnson, Johannes W. Kaiser, Zak Kipling, Harri Kokkola, Xiaohong Liu, Keren Mezuman, Tero Mielonen, Gunnar Myhre, Xiaohua Pan, Anna Protonotariou, Samuel Remy, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Philip Stier, Toshihiko Takemura, Kostas Tsigaridis, Hailong Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Kai Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1545–1567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1545-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1545-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We compared smoke plume simulations from 11 global models to each other and to satellite smoke amount observations aimed at constraining smoke source strength. In regions where plumes are thick and background aerosol is low, models and satellites compare well. However, the input emission inventory tends to underestimate in many places, and particle property and loss rate assumptions vary enormously among models, causing uncertainties that require systematic in situ measurements to resolve.
Alexandros Milousis, Klaus Klingmüller, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Jasper F. Kok, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, and Vlassis A. Karydis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1333–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1333-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of dust on the global radiative effect of nitrate aerosols. The results indicate both positive and negative regional shortwave and longwave radiative effects due to aerosol–radiation interactions and cloud adjustments. The global average net REari and REaci of nitrate aerosols are −0.11 and +0.17 W m−2, respectively, mainly affecting the shortwave spectrum. Sensitivity simulations evaluated the influence of mineral dust composition and emissions on the results.
Kai Lyu, Xiaohong Liu, and Bernd Kärcher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4144, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4144, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Two nucleation schemes are used to study ice nucleation, focusing on three ice sources: mountains, turbulence and anvils. Ice from mountains is concentrated in mid- and high-latitudes, while ice from turbulence and anvils is more common in low and mid-latitudes. Both schemes simulate orographic cirrus clouds, with mountain ice as the dominant source. The schemes differ in how they handle ice source competition, causing turbulence and anvils to influence clouds differently.
Jerome D. Fast, Adam C. Varble, Fan Mei, Mikhail Pekour, Jason Tomlinson, Alla Zelenyuk, Art J. Sedlacek III, Maria Zawadowicz, and Louisa Emmons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13477–13502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol property measurements recently collected on the ground and by a research aircraft in central Argentina during the Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) campaign exhibit large spatial and temporal variability. These measurements coupled with coincident meteorological information provide a valuable data set needed to evaluate and improve model predictions of aerosols in a traditionally data-sparse region of South America.
Mingxu Liu, Hitoshi Matsui, Douglas S. Hamilton, Sagar D. Rathod, Kara D. Lamb, and Natalie M. Mahowald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13115–13127, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosol deposition provides bioavailable iron to promote marine primary production, yet the estimates of its fluxes remain highly uncertain. This study, by performing global aerosol simulations, demonstrates that iron-containing particle size upon emission is a critical factor in regulating soluble iron input to open oceans. Further observational constraints on this are needed to reduce modeling uncertainties.
Philip J. Rasch, Haruki Hirasawa, Mingxuan Wu, Sarah J. Doherty, Robert Wood, Hailong Wang, Andy Jones, James Haywood, and Hansi Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7963–7994, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a protocol to compare computer climate simulations to better understand a proposed strategy intended to counter warming and climate impacts from greenhouse gas increases. This slightly changes clouds in six ocean regions to reflect more sunlight and cool the Earth. Example changes in clouds and climate are shown for three climate models. Cloud changes differ between the models, but precipitation and surface temperature changes are similar when their cooling effects are made similar.
Haihui Zhu, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie S. Hammer, Chi Li, Jun Meng, Christopher R. Oxford, Xuan Liu, Yanshun Li, Dandan Zhang, Inderjeet Singh, and Alexei Lyapustin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11565–11584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11565-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11565-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) contributes to 4 million deaths globally each year. Satellite remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (AOD), coupled with a simulated PM2.5–AOD relationship (η), can provide global PM2.5 estimations. This study aims to understand the spatial patterns and driving factors of η to guide future measurement and modeling efforts. We quantified η globally and regionally and found that its spatial variation is strongly influenced by aerosol composition.
David P. Edwards, Sara Martínez-Alonso, Duseong S. Jo, Ivan Ortega, Louisa K. Emmons, John J. Orlando, Helen M. Worden, Jhoon Kim, Hanlim Lee, Junsung Park, and Hyunkee Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8943–8961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8943-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8943-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Until recently, satellite observations of atmospheric pollutants at any location could only be obtained once a day. New geostationary satellites stare at a region of the Earth to make hourly measurements, and the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer is the first looking at Asia. These data and model simulations show how the change seen for one important pollutant that determines air quality depends on a combination of pollution emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology.
Haipeng Lin, Louisa K. Emmons, Elizabeth W. Lundgren, Laura Hyesung Yang, Xu Feng, Ruijun Dang, Shixian Zhai, Yunxiao Tang, Makoto M. Kelp, Nadia K. Colombi, Sebastian D. Eastham, Thibaud M. Fritz, and Daniel J. Jacob
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8607–8624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8607-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8607-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is a major air pollutant, a greenhouse gas, and a major indicator of model skill. Global atmospheric chemistry models show large differences in simulations of tropospheric ozone, but isolating sources of differences is complicated by different model environments. By implementing the GEOS-Chem model side by side to CAM-chem within a common Earth system model, we identify and evaluate specific differences between the two models and their impacts on key chemical species.
Allen Hu, Xiaohong Liu, Ziming Ke, Benjamin Wagman, Hunter Brown, Zheng Lu, Diana Bull, and Kara Peterson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2227, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2227, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions have a major effect on temperature throughout the atmosphere and can be studied as a proxy for geo-engineering. The aerosol module in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) was originally intended for simulation of tropospheric aerosols and has problems handling stratospheric sulfate aerosols due to volcanic eruptions. We have made alterations to the aerosol module to overcome these problems, with simulation results more closely reproducing observations.
Hunter York Brown, Benjamin Wagman, Diana Bull, Kara Peterson, Benjamin Hillman, Xiaohong Liu, Ziming Ke, and Lin Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5087–5121, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Explosive volcanic eruptions lead to long-lived, microscopic particles in the upper atmosphere which act to cool the Earth's surface by reflecting the Sun's light back to space. We include and test this process in a global climate model, E3SM. E3SM is tested against satellite and balloon observations of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, showing that with these particles in the model we reasonably recreate Pinatubo and its global effects. We also explore how particle size leads to these effects.
Johannes Mülmenstädt, Edward Gryspeerdt, Sudhakar Dipu, Johannes Quaas, Andrew S. Ackerman, Ann M. Fridlind, Florian Tornow, Susanne E. Bauer, Andrew Gettelman, Yi Ming, Youtong Zheng, Po-Lun Ma, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, Matthew W. Christensen, Adam C. Varble, L. Ruby Leung, Xiaohong Liu, David Neubauer, Daniel G. Partridge, Philip Stier, and Toshihiko Takemura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7331–7345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities release copious amounts of small particles called aerosols into the atmosphere. These particles change how much sunlight clouds reflect to space, an important human perturbation of the climate, whose magnitude is highly uncertain. We found that the latest climate models show a negative correlation but a positive causal relationship between aerosols and cloud water. This means we need to be very careful when we interpret observational studies that can only see correlation.
Katrine A. Gorham, Sam Abernethy, Tyler R. Jones, Peter Hess, Natalie M. Mahowald, Daphne Meidan, Matthew S. Johnson, Maarten M. J. W. van Herpen, Yangyang Xu, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Thomas Röckmann, Chloe A. Brashear, Erika Reinhardt, and David Mann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5659–5670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid reduction in atmospheric methane is needed to slow the rate of global warming. Reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a top priority. However, atmospheric methane is also impacted by rising natural emissions and changing sinks. Studies of possible atmospheric methane removal approaches, such as iron salt aerosols to increase the chlorine radical sink, benefit from a roadmapped approach to understand if there may be viable and socially acceptable ways to decrease future risk.
Leong Wai Siu, Joseph S. Schlosser, David Painemal, Brian Cairns, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Johnathan W. Hair, Chris A. Hostetler, Longlei Li, Mary M. Kleb, Amy Jo Scarino, Taylor J. Shingler, Armin Sorooshian, Snorre A. Stamnes, and Xubin Zeng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2739–2759, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An unprecedented 3-year aerosol dataset was collected from a recent NASA field campaign over the western North Atlantic Ocean, which offers a special opportunity to evaluate two state-of-the-art remote sensing instruments, one lidar and the other polarimeter, on the same aircraft. Special attention has been paid to validate aerosol optical depth data and their uncertainties when no reference dataset is available. Physical reasons for the disagreement between two instruments are discussed.
Wenfu Tang, Benjamin Gaubert, Louisa Emmons, Daniel Ziskin, Debbie Mao, David Edwards, Avelino Arellano, Kevin Raeder, Jeffrey Anderson, and Helen Worden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1941–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1941-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1941-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assimilate different MOPITT CO products to understand the impact of (1) assimilating multispectral and joint retrievals versus single spectral products, (2) assimilating satellite profile products versus column products, and (3) assimilating multispectral and joint retrievals versus assimilating individual products separately.
Hao Wang, Xiaohong Liu, Chenglai Wu, and Guangxing Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3309–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified different global- and regional-scale drivers of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission trends over the past 20 years. The results show that global greening trends significantly boost BVOC emissions and deforestation reduces BVOC emissions in South America and Southeast Asia. Elevated temperature in Europe and increased soil moisture in East and South Asia enhance BVOC emissions. The results deepen our understanding of long-term BVOC emission trends in hotspots.
Kyoung-Min Kim, Si-Wan Kim, Seunghwan Seo, Donald R. Blake, Seogju Cho, James H. Crawford, Louisa K. Emmons, Alan Fried, Jay R. Herman, Jinkyu Hong, Jinsang Jung, Gabriele G. Pfister, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Jung-Hun Woo, and Qiang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1931–1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1931-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three emission inventories were evaluated for East Asia using data acquired during a field campaign in 2016. The inventories successfully reproduced the daily variations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. However, the spatial distributions of model ozone did not fully agree with the observations. Additionally, all simulations underestimated carbon monoxide and volatile organic compound (VOC) levels. Increasing VOC emissions over South Korea resulted in improved ozone simulations.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, David M. Lawrence, Simone Tilmes, Erik Kluzek, Martina Klose, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2287–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a premier Earth system model to evaluate a new desert dust emission scheme proposed in our companion paper. We show that our scheme accounts for more dust emission physics, hence matching better against observations than other existing dust emission schemes do. Our scheme's dust emissions also couple tightly with meteorology, hence likely improving the modeled dust sensitivity to climate change. We believe this work is vital for improving dust representation in climate models.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Samuel Albani, Douglas S. Hamilton, and Jasper F. Kok
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 533–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating past aerosol radiative effects and their uncertainties is an important topic in climate science. Aerosol radiative effects propagate into large uncertainties in estimates of how present and future climate evolves with changing greenhouse gas emissions. A deeper understanding of how aerosols interacted with the atmospheric energy budget under past climates is hindered in part by a lack of relevant paleo-observations and in part because less attention has been paid to the problem.
Hamza Ahsan, Hailong Wang, Jingbo Wu, Mingxuan Wu, Steven J. Smith, Susanne Bauer, Harrison Suchyta, Dirk Olivié, Gunnar Myhre, Hitoshi Matsui, Huisheng Bian, Jean-François Lamarque, Ken Carslaw, Larry Horowitz, Leighton Regayre, Mian Chin, Michael Schulz, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Vaishali Naik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14779–14799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the impact of the assumed effective height of SO2 injection, SO2 and BC emission seasonality, and the assumed fraction of SO2 emissions injected as SO4 on climate and chemistry model results. We find that the SO2 injection height has a large impact on surface SO2 concentrations and, in some models, radiative flux. These assumptions are a
hiddensource of inter-model variability and may be leading to bias in some climate model results.
Simone Tilmes, Michael J. Mills, Yunqian Zhu, Charles G. Bardeen, Francis Vitt, Pengfei Yu, David Fillmore, Xiaohong Liu, Brian Toon, and Terry Deshler
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6087–6125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented an alternative aerosol scheme in the high- and low-top model versions of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) with a more detailed description of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol size distributions than the existing aerosol model. This development enables the comparison of different aerosol schemes with different complexity in the same model framework. It identifies improvements compared to a range of observations in both the troposphere and stratosphere.
Wenfu Tang, Louisa K. Emmons, Helen M. Worden, Rajesh Kumar, Cenlin He, Benjamin Gaubert, Zhonghua Zheng, Simone Tilmes, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Sara-Eva Martinez-Alonso, Claire Granier, Antonin Soulie, Kathryn McKain, Bruce C. Daube, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea Thompson, and Pieternel Levelt
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6001–6028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6001-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6001-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The new MUSICAv0 model enables the study of atmospheric chemistry across all relevant scales. We develop a MUSICAv0 grid for Africa. We evaluate MUSICAv0 with observations and compare it with a previously used model – WRF-Chem. Overall, the performance of MUSICAv0 is comparable to WRF-Chem. Based on model–satellite discrepancies, we find that future field campaigns in an eastern African region (30°E–45°E, 5°S–5°N) could substantially improve the predictive skill of air quality models.
Maria Val Martin, Elena Blanc-Betes, Ka Ming Fung, Euripides P. Kantzas, Ilsa B. Kantola, Isabella Chiaravalloti, Lyla L. Taylor, Louisa K. Emmons, William R. Wieder, Noah J. Planavsky, Michael D. Masters, Evan H. DeLucia, Amos P. K. Tai, and David J. Beerling
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5783–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a CO2 removal strategy that involves applying crushed rocks (e.g., basalt) to agricultural soils. However, unintended processes within the N cycle due to soil pH changes may affect the climate benefits of C sequestration. ERW could drive changes in soil emissions of non-CO2 GHGs (N2O) and trace gases (NO and NH3) that may affect air quality. We present a new improved N cycling scheme for the land model (CLM5) to evaluate ERW effects on soil gas N emissions.
Yanshun Li, Randall V. Martin, Chi Li, Brian L. Boys, Aaron van Donkelaar, Jun Meng, and Jeffrey R. Pierce
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12525–12543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and evaluated processes affecting within-day (diel) variability in PM2.5 concentrations in a chemical transport model over the contiguous US. Diel variability in PM2.5 for the contiguous US is driven by early-morning accumulation into a shallow mixed layer, decreases from mid-morning through afternoon with mixed-layer growth, increases from mid-afternoon through evening as the mixed-layer collapses, and decreases overnight as emissions decrease.
María Gonçalves Ageitos, Vincenzo Obiso, Ron L. Miller, Oriol Jorba, Martina Klose, Matt Dawson, Yves Balkanski, Jan Perlwitz, Sara Basart, Enza Di Tomaso, Jerónimo Escribano, Francesca Macchia, Gilbert Montané, Natalie M. Mahowald, Robert O. Green, David R. Thompson, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8623–8657, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dust aerosols affect our climate differently depending on their mineral composition. We include dust mineralogy in an atmospheric model considering two existing soil maps, which still have large associated uncertainties. The soil data and the distribution of the minerals in different aerosol sizes are key to our model performance. We find significant regional variations in climate-relevant variables, which supports including mineralogy in our current models and the need for improved soil maps.
Jianyu Zheng, Zhibo Zhang, Hongbin Yu, Anne Garnier, Qianqian Song, Chenxi Wang, Claudia Di Biagio, Jasper F. Kok, Yevgeny Derimian, and Claire Ryder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8271–8304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a multi-year satellite-based retrieval of dust optical depth at 10 µm and the coarse-mode dust effective diameter over global oceans. It reveals climatological coarse-mode dust transport patterns and regional differences over the North Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the North Pacific.
Qi Tang, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Luke P. Van Roekel, Mark A. Taylor, Wuyin Lin, Benjamin R. Hillman, Paul A. Ullrich, Andrew M. Bradley, Oksana Guba, Jonathan D. Wolfe, Tian Zhou, Kai Zhang, Xue Zheng, Yunyan Zhang, Meng Zhang, Mingxuan Wu, Hailong Wang, Cheng Tao, Balwinder Singh, Alan M. Rhoades, Yi Qin, Hong-Yi Li, Yan Feng, Yuying Zhang, Chengzhu Zhang, Charles S. Zender, Shaocheng Xie, Erika L. Roesler, Andrew F. Roberts, Azamat Mametjanov, Mathew E. Maltrud, Noel D. Keen, Robert L. Jacob, Christiane Jablonowski, Owen K. Hughes, Ryan M. Forsyth, Alan V. Di Vittorio, Peter M. Caldwell, Gautam Bisht, Renata B. McCoy, L. Ruby Leung, and David C. Bader
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3953–3995, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3953-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3953-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution simulations are superior to low-resolution ones in capturing regional climate changes and climate extremes. However, uniformly reducing the grid size of a global Earth system model is too computationally expensive. We provide an overview of the fully coupled regionally refined model (RRM) of E3SMv2 and document a first-of-its-kind set of climate production simulations using RRM at an economic cost. The key to this success is our innovative hybrid time step method.
Christine Wiedinmyer, Yosuke Kimura, Elena C. McDonald-Buller, Louisa K. Emmons, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Wenfu Tang, Keenan Seto, Maxwell B. Joseph, Kelley C. Barsanti, Annmarie G. Carlton, and Robert Yokelson
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3873–3891, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3873-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3873-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN) provides daily global estimates of emissions from open fires based on satellite detections of hot spots. This version has been updated to apply MODIS and VIIRS satellite fire detection and better represents both large and small fires. FINNv2.5 generates more emissions than FINNv1 and is in general agreement with other fire emissions inventories. The new estimates are consistent with satellite observations, but uncertainties remain regionally and by pollutant.
Duseong S. Jo, Simone Tilmes, Louisa K. Emmons, Siyuan Wang, and Francis Vitt
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3893–3906, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3893-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3893-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new simple secondary organic aerosol (SOA) scheme has been developed for the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) based on the complex SOA scheme in CAM with detailed chemistry (CAM-chem). The CAM with the new SOA scheme shows better agreements with CAM-chem in terms of aerosol concentrations and radiative fluxes, which ensures more consistent results between different compsets in the Community Earth System Model. The new SOA scheme also has technical advantages for future developments.
Cristina González-Flórez, Martina Klose, Andrés Alastuey, Sylvain Dupont, Jerónimo Escribano, Vicken Etyemezian, Adolfo Gonzalez-Romero, Yue Huang, Konrad Kandler, George Nikolich, Agnesh Panta, Xavier Querol, Cristina Reche, Jesús Yus-Díez, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7177–7212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric mineral dust consists of tiny mineral particles that are emitted by wind erosion from arid regions. Its particle size distribution (PSD) affects its impact on the Earth's system. Nowadays, there is an incomplete understanding of the emitted dust PSD and a lot of debate about its variability. Here, we try to address these issues based on the measurements performed during a wind erosion and dust emission field campaign in the Moroccan Sahara within the framework of FRAGMENT project.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Gregory S. Okin, Catherine Prigent, Martina Klose, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Laurent Menut, Natalie M. Mahowald, David M. Lawrence, and Marcelo Chamecki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6487–6523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Desert dust modeling is important for understanding climate change, as dust regulates the atmosphere's greenhouse effect and radiation. This study formulates and proposes a more physical and realistic desert dust emission scheme for global and regional climate models. By considering more aeolian processes in our emission scheme, our simulations match better against dust observations than existing schemes. We believe this work is vital in improving dust representation in climate models.
Aishwarya Raman, Thomas Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Balwinder Singh, Kai Zhang, Po-Lun Ma, Mingxuan Wu, Hailong Wang, Simon P. Alexander, and Susannah M. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5735–5762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5735-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5735-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play an important role in cloud processes and associated precipitation. Yet, INPs are not accurately represented in climate models. This study attempts to uncover these gaps by comparing model-simulated INP concentrations against field campaign measurements in the SO for an entire year, 2017–2018. Differences in INP concentrations and variability between the model and observations have major implications for modeling cloud properties in high latitudes.
Wenfu Tang, Simone Tilmes, David M. Lawrence, Fang Li, Cenlin He, Louisa K. Emmons, Rebecca R. Buchholz, and Lili Xia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5467–5486, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5467-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5467-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Globally, total wildfire burned area is projected to increase over the 21st century under scenarios without geoengineering and decrease under the two geoengineering scenarios. Geoengineering reduces fire by decreasing surface temperature and wind speed and increasing relative humidity and soil water. However, geoengineering also yields reductions in precipitation, which offset some of the fire reduction.
Yue Huang, Jasper F. Kok, Masanori Saito, and Olga Muñoz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2557–2577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global aerosol models and remote sensing retrievals use dust optical models with inconsistent and inaccurate dust shape approximations. Here, we present a new dust optical model constrained by measured dust shape distributions. This new dust optical model is an improvement on the current dust optical models used in models and retrieval algorithms, as quantified by comparisons against laboratory and field observations of dust optics.
Hao Guo, Clare M. Flynn, Michael J. Prather, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, Louisa Emmons, Forrest Lacey, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Arlene M. Fiore, Gus Correa, Lee T. Murray, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Michelle Kim, John Crounse, Glenn Diskin, Joshua DiGangi, Bruce C. Daube, Roisin Commane, Kathryn McKain, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea Thompson, Thomas F. Hanisco, Donald Blake, Nicola J. Blake, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, James W. Elkins, Eric J. Hintsa, Fred L. Moore, and Steven C. Wofsy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 99–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-99-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-99-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have prepared a unique and unusual result from the recent ATom aircraft mission: a measurement-based derivation of the production and loss rates of ozone and methane over the ocean basins. These are the key products of chemistry models used in assessments but have thus far lacked observational metrics. It also shows the scales of variability of atmospheric chemical rates and provides a major challenge to the atmospheric models.
Thibaud M. Fritz, Sebastian D. Eastham, Louisa K. Emmons, Haipeng Lin, Elizabeth W. Lundgren, Steve Goldhaber, Steven R. H. Barrett, and Daniel J. Jacob
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8669–8704, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8669-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8669-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We bring the state-of-the-science chemistry module GEOS-Chem into the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We show that some known differences between results from GEOS-Chem and CESM's CAM-chem chemistry module may be due to the configuration of model meteorology rather than inherent differences in the model chemistry. This is a significant step towards a truly modular Earth system model and allows two strong but currently separate research communities to benefit from each other's advances.
Qianqian Song, Zhibo Zhang, Hongbin Yu, Jasper F. Kok, Claudia Di Biagio, Samuel Albani, Jianyu Zheng, and Jiachen Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13115–13135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a dataset that enables us to efficiently calculate dust direct radiative effect (DRE, i.e., cooling or warming our planet) for any given dust size distribution in addition to three sets of dust mineral components and two dust shapes. We demonstrate and validate the method of using this dataset to calculate dust DRE. Moreover, using this dataset we found that dust mineral composition is a more important factor in determining dust DRE than dust size and shape.
Kai Zhang, Wentao Zhang, Hui Wan, Philip J. Rasch, Steven J. Ghan, Richard C. Easter, Xiangjun Shi, Yong Wang, Hailong Wang, Po-Lun Ma, Shixuan Zhang, Jian Sun, Susannah M. Burrows, Manish Shrivastava, Balwinder Singh, Yun Qian, Xiaohong Liu, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Qi Tang, Xue Zheng, Shaocheng Xie, Wuyin Lin, Yan Feng, Minghuai Wang, Jin-Ho Yoon, and L. Ruby Leung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9129–9160, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze the effective aerosol forcing simulated by E3SM version 1 using both century-long free-running and short nudged simulations. The aerosol forcing in E3SMv1 is relatively large compared to other models, mainly due to the large indirect aerosol effect. Aerosol-induced changes in liquid and ice cloud properties in E3SMv1 have a strong correlation. The aerosol forcing estimates in E3SMv1 are sensitive to the parameterization changes in both liquid and ice cloud processes.
Ye Wang, Natalie Mahowald, Peter Hess, Wenxiu Sun, and Gang Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7575–7592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 is positively related to anticyclonic wave activity (AWA) changes close to the observing sites. Changes between current and future climates in AWA can explain up to 75 % of PM2.5 variability at some stations using a linear regression model. Our analysis indicates that higher PM2.5 concentrations occur when a positive AWA anomaly is prominent, which could be critical for understanding how pollutants respond to changing atmospheric circulation and for developing robust pollution projections.
Susannah M. Burrows, Richard C. Easter, Xiaohong Liu, Po-Lun Ma, Hailong Wang, Scott M. Elliott, Balwinder Singh, Kai Zhang, and Philip J. Rasch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5223–5251, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5223-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5223-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray particles are composed of a mixture of salts and organic substances from oceanic microorganisms. In prior work, our team developed an approach connecting sea spray chemistry to ocean biology, called OCEANFILMS. Here we describe its implementation within an Earth system model, E3SM. We show that simulated sea spray chemistry is consistent with observed seasonal cycles and that sunlight reflected by simulated Southern Ocean clouds increases, consistent with analysis of satellite data.
Po-Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard B. Neale, Andrew Gettelman, Hugh Morrison, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Mark D. Zelinka, Yuying Zhang, Yun Qian, Jin-Ho Yoon, Christopher R. Jones, Meng Huang, Sheng-Lun Tai, Balwinder Singh, Peter A. Bogenschutz, Xue Zheng, Wuyin Lin, Johannes Quaas, Hélène Chepfer, Michael A. Brunke, Xubin Zeng, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Samson Hagos, Zhibo Zhang, Hua Song, Xiaohong Liu, Michael S. Pritchard, Hui Wan, Jingyu Wang, Qi Tang, Peter M. Caldwell, Jiwen Fan, Larry K. Berg, Jerome D. Fast, Mark A. Taylor, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Shaocheng Xie, Philip J. Rasch, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2881–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An alternative set of parameters for E3SM Atmospheric Model version 1 has been developed based on a tuning strategy that focuses on clouds. When clouds in every regime are improved, other aspects of the model are also improved, even though they are not the direct targets for calibration. The recalibrated model shows a lower sensitivity to anthropogenic aerosols and surface warming, suggesting potential improvements to the simulated climate in the past and future.
Antonis Gkikas, Emmanouil Proestakis, Vassilis Amiridis, Stelios Kazadzis, Enza Di Tomaso, Eleni Marinou, Nikos Hatzianastassiou, Jasper F. Kok, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3553–3578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive climatological analysis of dust optical depth (DOD) relying on the MIDAS dataset. MIDAS provides columnar mid-visible (550 nm) DOD at fine spatial resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) over a 15-year period (2003–2017). In the current study, the analysis is performed at various spatial (from regional to global) and temporal (from months to years) scales. More specifically, focus is given to specific regions hosting the major dust sources as well as downwind areas of the planet.
Yang Shi, Xiaohong Liu, Mingxuan Wu, Xi Zhao, Ziming Ke, and Hunter Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2909–2935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2909-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2909-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We perform a modeling study to evaluate the contribution to Arctic dust loading and ice-nucleating particle (INP) population from high-latitude local and low-latitude dust. High-latitude dust has a large contribution in the lower troposphere, while low-latitude dust dominates the upper troposphere. The high-latitude dust INPs result in a net cooling effect on the Arctic surface by glaciating mixed-phase clouds. Our results highlight the contribution of high-latitude dust to the Arctic climate.
Xi Zhao and Xiaohong Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2585–2600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of this study is to investigate the relative importance and interactions of primary and secondary ice production in the Arctic mixed-phase clouds. Our results show that the SIP is not only a result of ice crystals produced from ice nucleation, but also competes with the ice production; conversely, strong ice nucleation also suppresses SIP.
Ka Ming Fung, Colette L. Heald, Jesse H. Kroll, Siyuan Wang, Duseong S. Jo, Andrew Gettelman, Zheng Lu, Xiaohong Liu, Rahul A. Zaveri, Eric C. Apel, Donald R. Blake, Jose-Luis Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Patrick R. Veres, Timothy S. Bates, John E. Shilling, and Maria Zawadowicz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1549–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1549-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1549-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the natural aerosol burden in the preindustrial era is crucial for us to assess how atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's radiative budgets. Our study explores how a detailed description of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation (implemented in the Community Atmospheric Model version 6 with chemistry, CAM6-chem) could help us better estimate the present-day and preindustrial concentrations of sulfate and other relevant chemicals, as well as the resulting aerosol radiative impacts.
Paola Formenti, Claudia Di Biagio, Yue Huang, Jasper Kok, Marc Daniel Mallet, Damien Boulanger, and Mathieu Cazaunau
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-403, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-403, 2021
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides with standardized correction factors for the measurements of the most common instruments used in the atmosphere to measure the concentration per size of aerosol particles. These correction factors are provided to users with supplementary information for their use.
Zhonghua Zheng, Matthew West, Lei Zhao, Po-Lun Ma, Xiaohong Liu, and Nicole Riemer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17727–17741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol mixing state is an important emergent property that affects aerosol radiative forcing and aerosol–cloud interactions, but it has not been easy to constrain this property globally. We present a framework for evaluating the error in aerosol mixing state induced by aerosol representation assumptions, which is one of the important contributors to structural uncertainty in aerosol models. Our study provides insights into potential improvements to model process representation for aerosols.
Akinori Ito, Adeyemi A. Adebiyi, Yue Huang, and Jasper F. Kok
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16869–16891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16869-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We improve the simulated dust properties of size-resolved dust concentration and particle shape. The improved simulation suggests much less atmospheric radiative heating near the major source regions, because of enhanced longwave warming at the surface by the synergy of coarser size and aspherical shape. Less intensified atmospheric heating could substantially modify the vertical temperature profile in Earth system models and thus has important implications for the projection of dust feedback.
Shixian Zhai, Daniel J. Jacob, Jared F. Brewer, Ke Li, Jonathan M. Moch, Jhoon Kim, Seoyoung Lee, Hyunkwang Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Su Keun Kuk, Rokjin J. Park, Jaein I. Jeong, Xuan Wang, Pengfei Liu, Gan Luo, Fangqun Yu, Jun Meng, Randall V. Martin, Katherine R. Travis, Johnathan W. Hair, Bruce E. Anderson, Jack E. Dibb, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Benjamin A. Nault, Jung-Hun Woo, Younha Kim, Qiang Zhang, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16775–16791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16775-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16775-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Geostationary satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) has tremendous potential for monitoring surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Our study explored the physical relationship between AOD and PM2.5 by integrating data from surface networks, aircraft, and satellites with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We quantitatively showed that accurate simulation of aerosol size distributions, boundary layer depths, relative humidity, coarse particles, and diurnal variations in PM2.5 are essential.
Martina Klose, Oriol Jorba, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Jeronimo Escribano, Matthew L. Dawson, Vincenzo Obiso, Enza Di Tomaso, Sara Basart, Gilbert Montané Pinto, Francesca Macchia, Paul Ginoux, Juan Guerschman, Catherine Prigent, Yue Huang, Jasper F. Kok, Ron L. Miller, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6403–6444, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mineral soil dust is a major atmospheric airborne particle type. We present and evaluate MONARCH, a model used for regional and global dust-weather prediction. An important feature of the model is that it allows different approximations to represent dust, ranging from more simplified to more complex treatments. Using these different treatments, MONARCH can help us better understand impacts of dust in the Earth system, such as its interactions with radiation.
Liam Bindle, Randall V. Martin, Matthew J. Cooper, Elizabeth W. Lundgren, Sebastian D. Eastham, Benjamin M. Auer, Thomas L. Clune, Hongjian Weng, Jintai Lin, Lee T. Murray, Jun Meng, Christoph A. Keller, William M. Putman, Steven Pawson, and Daniel J. Jacob
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5977–5997, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric chemistry models like GEOS-Chem are versatile tools widely used in air pollution and climate studies. The simulations used in such studies can be very computationally demanding, and thus it is useful if the model can simulate a specific geographic region at a higher resolution than the rest of the globe. Here, we implement, test, and demonstrate a new variable-resolution capability in GEOS-Chem that is suitable for simulations conducted on supercomputers.
Xinxin Ye, Pargoal Arab, Ravan Ahmadov, Eric James, Georg A. Grell, Bradley Pierce, Aditya Kumar, Paul Makar, Jack Chen, Didier Davignon, Greg R. Carmichael, Gonzalo Ferrada, Jeff McQueen, Jianping Huang, Rajesh Kumar, Louisa Emmons, Farren L. Herron-Thorpe, Mark Parrington, Richard Engelen, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Arlindo da Silva, Amber Soja, Emily Gargulinski, Elizabeth Wiggins, Johnathan W. Hair, Marta Fenn, Taylor Shingler, Shobha Kondragunta, Alexei Lyapustin, Yujie Wang, Brent Holben, David M. Giles, and Pablo E. Saide
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14427–14469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire smoke has crucial impacts on air quality, while uncertainties in the numerical forecasts remain significant. We present an evaluation of 12 real-time forecasting systems. Comparison of predicted smoke emissions suggests a large spread in magnitudes, with temporal patterns deviating from satellite detections. The performance for AOD and surface PM2.5 and their discrepancies highlighted the role of accurately represented spatiotemporal emission profiles in improving smoke forecasts.
Hao Guo, Clare M. Flynn, Michael J. Prather, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, Louisa Emmons, Forrest Lacey, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Arlene M. Fiore, Gus Correa, Lee T. Murray, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Michelle Kim, John Crounse, Glenn Diskin, Joshua DiGangi, Bruce C. Daube, Roisin Commane, Kathryn McKain, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea Thompson, Thomas F. Hanisco, Donald Blake, Nicola J. Blake, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, James W. Elkins, Eric J. Hintsa, Fred L. Moore, and Steven Wofsy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13729–13746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13729-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13729-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission built a climatology of the chemical composition of tropospheric air parcels throughout the middle of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The level of detail allows us to reconstruct the photochemical budgets of O3 and CH4 over these vast, remote regions. We find that most of the chemical heterogeneity is captured at the resolution used in current global chemistry models and that the majority of reactivity occurs in the
hottest20 % of parcels.
Haipeng Lin, Daniel J. Jacob, Elizabeth W. Lundgren, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Christoph A. Keller, Thibaud M. Fritz, Sebastian D. Eastham, Louisa K. Emmons, Patrick C. Campbell, Barry Baker, Rick D. Saylor, and Raffaele Montuoro
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5487–5506, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions are a central component of atmospheric chemistry models. The Harmonized Emissions Component (HEMCO) is a software component for computing emissions from a user-selected ensemble of emission inventories and algorithms. It allows users to select, add, and scale emissions from different sources through a configuration file with no change to the model source code. We demonstrate the implementation of HEMCO in several models, all sharing the same HEMCO core code and database library.
Jun Meng, Randall V. Martin, Paul Ginoux, Melanie Hammer, Melissa P. Sulprizio, David A. Ridley, and Aaron van Donkelaar
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4249–4260, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4249-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4249-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dust emissions in models, for example, GEOS-Chem, have a strong nonlinear dependence on meteorology, which means dust emission strengths calculated from different resolution meteorological fields are different. Offline high-resolution dust emissions with an optimized global dust strength, presented in this work, can be implemented into GEOS-Chem as offline emission inventory so that it could promote model development by harmonizing dust emissions across simulations of different resolutions.
Wenfu Tang, David P. Edwards, Louisa K. Emmons, Helen M. Worden, Laura M. Judd, Lok N. Lamsal, Jassim A. Al-Saadi, Scott J. Janz, James H. Crawford, Merritt N. Deeter, Gabriele Pfister, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Benjamin Gaubert, and Caroline R. Nowlan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4639–4655, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use high-resolution airborne mapping spectrometer measurements to assess sub-grid variability within satellite pixels over urban regions. The sub-grid variability within satellite pixels increases with increasing satellite pixel sizes. Temporal variability within satellite pixels decreases with increasing satellite pixel sizes. This work is particularly relevant and useful for future satellite design, satellite data interpretation, and point-grid data comparisons.
Jasper F. Kok, Adeyemi A. Adebiyi, Samuel Albani, Yves Balkanski, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Douglas S. Hamilton, Yue Huang, Akinori Ito, Martina Klose, Danny M. Leung, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Adriana Rocha-Lima, Jessica S. Wan, and Chloe A. Whicker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8127–8167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Desert dust interacts with virtually every component of the Earth system, including the climate system. We develop a new methodology to represent the global dust cycle that integrates observational constraints on the properties and abundance of desert dust with global atmospheric model simulations. We show that the resulting representation of the global dust cycle is more accurate than what can be obtained from a large number of current climate global atmospheric models.
Jasper F. Kok, Adeyemi A. Adebiyi, Samuel Albani, Yves Balkanski, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Douglas S. Hamilton, Yue Huang, Akinori Ito, Martina Klose, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Adriana Rocha-Lima, and Jessica S. Wan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8169–8193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The many impacts of dust on the Earth system depend on dust mineralogy, which varies between dust source regions. We constrain the contribution of the world’s main dust source regions by integrating dust observations with global model simulations. We find that Asian dust contributes more and that North African dust contributes less than models account for. We obtain a dataset of each source region’s contribution to the dust cycle that can be used to constrain dust impacts on the Earth system.
Yaman Liu, Xinyi Dong, Minghuai Wang, Louisa K. Emmons, Yawen Liu, Yuan Liang, Xiao Li, and Manish Shrivastava
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8003–8021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8003-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8003-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is considered one of the most important uncertainties in climate modeling. We evaluate SOA performance in the Community Earth System Model version 2.1 (CESM2.1) configured with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with chemistry (CAM6-Chem) through a long-term simulation (1988–2019) with observations in the United States, which indicates monoterpene-formed SOA contributes most to the overestimation of SOA at the surface and underestimation in the upper air.
Fernando Chouza, Thierry Leblanc, Mark Brewer, Patrick Wang, Sabino Piazzolla, Gabriele Pfister, Rajesh Kumar, Carl Drews, Simone Tilmes, Louisa Emmons, and Matthew Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6129–6153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6129-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6129-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The tropospheric ozone lidar at the JPL Table Mountain Facility (TMF) was used to investigate the impact of Los Angeles (LA) Basin pollution transport and stratospheric intrusions in the planetary boundary layer on the San Gabriel Mountains. The results of this study indicate a dominant role of the LA Basin pollution on days when high ozone levels were observed at TMF (March–October period).
Xi Zhao, Xiaohong Liu, Vaughan T. J. Phillips, and Sachin Patade
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5685–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5685-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5685-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic mixed-phase clouds significantly influence the energy budget of the Arctic. We show that a climate model considering secondary ice production (SIP) can explain the observed cloud ice number concentrations, vertical distribution pattern, and probability density distribution of ice crystal number concentrations. The mixed-phase cloud occurrence and phase partitioning are also improved.
Paul T. Griffiths, Lee T. Murray, Guang Zeng, Youngsub Matthew Shin, N. Luke Abraham, Alexander T. Archibald, Makoto Deushi, Louisa K. Emmons, Ian E. Galbally, Birgit Hassler, Larry W. Horowitz, James Keeble, Jane Liu, Omid Moeini, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Naga Oshima, David Tarasick, Simone Tilmes, Steven T. Turnock, Oliver Wild, Paul J. Young, and Prodromos Zanis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4187–4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the CMIP6 Historical and future simulations for tropospheric ozone, a species which is important for many aspects of atmospheric chemistry. We show that the current generation of models agrees well with observations, being particularly successful in capturing trends in surface ozone and its vertical distribution in the troposphere. We analyse the factors that control ozone and show that they evolve over the period of the CMIP6 experiments.
Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Martina Klose, Douglas S. Hamilton, Maria Gonçalves Ageitos, Paul Ginoux, Yves Balkanski, Robert O. Green, Olga Kalashnikova, Jasper F. Kok, Vincenzo Obiso, David Paynter, and David R. Thompson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3973–4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, this study quantifies the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to uncertainty in the soil mineral abundance using all currently available information. We show that the majority of the estimated direct radiative effect range is due to uncertainty in the simulated mass fractions of iron oxides and thus their soil abundance, which is independent of the model employed. We therefore prove the necessity of considering mineralogy for understanding dust–climate interactions.
Duseong S. Jo, Alma Hodzic, Louisa K. Emmons, Simone Tilmes, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Michael J. Mills, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Weiwei Hu, Rahul A. Zaveri, Richard C. Easter, Balwinder Singh, Zheng Lu, Christiane Schulz, Johannes Schneider, John E. Shilling, Armin Wisthaler, and Jose L. Jimenez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3395–3425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major component of submicron particulate matter, but there are a lot of uncertainties in the future prediction of SOA. We used CESM 2.1 to investigate future IEPOX SOA concentration changes. The explicit chemistry predicted substantial changes in IEPOX SOA depending on the future scenario, but the parameterization predicted weak changes due to simplified chemistry, which shows the importance of correct physicochemical dependencies in future SOA prediction.
Xi Zhao, Xiaohong Liu, Susannah M. Burrows, and Yang Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2305–2327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organic sea spray particles influence aerosol and cloud processes over the ocean. This study introduces the emission, cloud droplet activation, and ice nucleation (IN) of marine organic aerosol (MOA) into the Community Earth System Model. Our results indicate that MOA IN particles dominate primary ice nucleation below 400 hPa over the Southern Ocean and Arctic boundary layer. MOA enhances cloud forcing over the Southern Ocean in the austral winter and summer.
Ryan Patnaude, Minghui Diao, Xiaohong Liu, and Suqian Chu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1835–1859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive, in situ observation dataset of cirrus clouds was developed based on seven field campaigns, ranging from 87° N–75° S. The observations were compared with a global climate model. Several key factors for cirrus cloud formation were examined, including thermodynamics, dynamics, aerosol indirect effects and geographical locations. Model biases include lower ice mass concentrations, smaller ice crystals and weaker aerosol indirect effects.
Gillian D. Thornhill, William J. Collins, Ryan J. Kramer, Dirk Olivié, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Fiona M. O'Connor, Nathan Luke Abraham, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Susanne E. Bauer, Makoto Deushi, Louisa K. Emmons, Piers M. Forster, Larry W. Horowitz, Ben Johnson, James Keeble, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Martine Michou, Michael J. Mills, Jane P. Mulcahy, Gunnar Myhre, Pierre Nabat, Vaishali Naik, Naga Oshima, Michael Schulz, Christopher J. Smith, Toshihiko Takemura, Simone Tilmes, Tongwen Wu, Guang Zeng, and Jie Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 853–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-853-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-853-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a study of how different constituents in the atmosphere, such as aerosols and gases like methane and ozone, affect the energy balance in the atmosphere. Different climate models were run using the same inputs to allow an easy comparison of the results and to understand where the models differ. We found the effect of aerosols is to reduce warming in the atmosphere, but this effect varies between models. Reactions between gases are also important in affecting climate.
Benjamin Gaubert, Louisa K. Emmons, Kevin Raeder, Simone Tilmes, Kazuyuki Miyazaki, Avelino F. Arellano Jr., Nellie Elguindi, Claire Granier, Wenfu Tang, Jérôme Barré, Helen M. Worden, Rebecca R. Buchholz, David P. Edwards, Philipp Franke, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Marielle Saunois, Jason Schroeder, Jung-Hun Woo, Isobel J. Simpson, Donald R. Blake, Simone Meinardi, Paul O. Wennberg, John Crounse, Alex Teng, Michelle Kim, Russell R. Dickerson, Hao He, Xinrong Ren, Sally E. Pusede, and Glenn S. Diskin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14617–14647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14617-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14617-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates carbon monoxide pollution in East Asia during spring using a numerical model, satellite remote sensing, and aircraft measurements. We found an underestimation of emission sources. Correcting the emission bias can improve air quality forecasting of carbon monoxide and other species including ozone. Results also suggest that controlling VOC and CO emissions, in addition to widespread NOx controls, can improve ozone pollution over East Asia.
Steven T. Turnock, Robert J. Allen, Martin Andrews, Susanne E. Bauer, Makoto Deushi, Louisa Emmons, Peter Good, Larry Horowitz, Jasmin G. John, Martine Michou, Pierre Nabat, Vaishali Naik, David Neubauer, Fiona M. O'Connor, Dirk Olivié, Naga Oshima, Michael Schulz, Alistair Sellar, Sungbo Shim, Toshihiko Takemura, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, Tongwen Wu, and Jie Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14547–14579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A first assessment is made of the historical and future changes in air pollutants from models participating in the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Substantial benefits to future air quality can be achieved in future scenarios that implement measures to mitigate climate and involve reductions in air pollutant emissions, particularly methane. However, important differences are shown between models in the future regional projection of air pollutants under the same scenario.
Mingxuan Wu, Xiaohong Liu, Hongbin Yu, Hailong Wang, Yang Shi, Kang Yang, Anton Darmenov, Chenglai Wu, Zhien Wang, Tao Luo, Yan Feng, and Ziming Ke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13835–13855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The spatiotemporal distributions of dust aerosol simulated by global climate models (GCMs) are highly uncertain. In this study, we evaluate dust extinction profiles, optical depth, and surface concentrations simulated in three GCMs and one reanalysis against multiple satellite retrievals and surface observations to gain process-level understanding. Our results highlight the importance of correctly representing dust emission, dry/wet deposition, and size distribution in GCMs.
David S. Stevenson, Alcide Zhao, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Simone Tilmes, Guang Zeng, Lee T. Murray, William J. Collins, Paul T. Griffiths, Sungbo Shim, Larry W. Horowitz, Lori T. Sentman, and Louisa Emmons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12905–12920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12905-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12905-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present historical trends in atmospheric oxidizing capacity (OC) since 1850 from the latest generation of global climate models and compare these with estimates from measurements. OC controls levels of many key reactive gases, including methane (CH4). We find small model trends up to 1980, then increases of about 9 % up to 2014, disagreeing with (uncertain) measurement-based trends. Major drivers of OC trends are emissions of CH4, NOx, and CO; these will be important for future CH4 trends.
Stefan Rahimi, Xiaohong Liu, Chun Zhao, Zheng Lu, and Zachary J. Lebo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10911–10935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10911-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10911-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dark particles emitted to the atmosphere can absorb sunlight and heat the air. As these particles settle, they may darken the surface, especially over snow-covered regions like the Rocky Mountains. This darkening of the surface may lead to changes in snowpack, affecting the local meteorology and hydrology. We seek to evaluate whether these light-absorbing particles more prominently affect this region through their atmospheric presence or their on-snow presence.
Matthew J. Rowlinson, Alexandru Rap, Douglas S. Hamilton, Richard J. Pope, Stijn Hantson, Steve R. Arnold, Jed O. Kaplan, Almut Arneth, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Piers M. Forster, and Lars Nieradzik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10937–10951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an important greenhouse gas which contributes to anthropogenic climate change; however, the effect of human emissions is uncertain because pre-industrial ozone concentrations are not well understood. We use revised inventories of pre-industrial natural emissions to estimate the human contribution to changes in tropospheric ozone. We find that tropospheric ozone radiative forcing is up to 34 % lower when using improved pre-industrial biomass burning and vegetation emissions.
Chenglai Wu, Zhaohui Lin, and Xiaohong Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10401–10425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10401-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10401-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the global dust cycle in 15 models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We assess the global budget and associated uncertainties. We also quantify the discrepancies in each model. The results highlight the large uncertainties in both the locations and intensities of dust emission. Our study will serve as a useful reference for model communities and help further model improvements.
Cited articles
Adebiyi, A. A. and Kok, J. F.: Climate models miss most of the coarse dust
in the atmosphere, Sci. Adv., 6, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz9507, 2020.
Adebiyi, A. A., Kok, J. F., Wang, Y., Ito, A., Ridley, D. A., Nabat, P., and Zhao, C: Dust Constraints from joint Observational-Modelling-experiMental analysis – DustCOMM Version 1, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2620475, 2019.
Adebiyi, A. A., Kok, J. F., Wang, Y., Ito, A., Ridley, D. A., Nabat, P., and Zhao, C.: Dust Constraints from joint Observational-Modelling-experiMental analysis (DustCOMM): comparison with measurements and model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 829–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-829-2020, 2020.
Albani, S., Mahowald, N. M., Perry, A. T., Scanza, R. A., Zender, C. S.,
Heavens, N. G., Maggi, V., Kok, J. F. and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: Improved dust representation in the Community Atmosphere Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 541–570, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000279, 2014.
Ansmann, A., Petzold, A., Kandler, K., Tegen, I., Wendisch, M., Müller,
D., Weinzierl, B., Müller, T., and Heintzenberg, J.: Saharan Mineral Dust
Experiments SAMUM-1 and SAMUM-2: What have we learned?, Tellus B, 63, 403–429, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00555.x,
2011.
Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Ray, R. J., Unni, C. K., Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A.,
Ray, B., and Umni, C.: Atmospheric trace elements at Enewetak Atoll, 2.
Transport to the ocean by wet and dry deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 90,
2391–2408, 1985.
Arimoto, R., Ray, B. J., Duce, R. A., Hewitt, A. D., Boldi, R., and Hudson,
A.: Concentrations, sources and fluxes of trace elements in the remote
marine atmosphere of New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 22389–22405,
1990.
Ashpole, I. and Washington, R.: A new high-resolution central and western
Saharan summertime dust source map from automated satellite dust plume
tracking, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 6981–6995,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50554, 2013.
Atkinson, J., Murray, B., Woodhouse, M., Whale, T., Baustian, K., Carslaw,
K. S., Doobie, S., O'Sullivan, D., and Malkin, T.: The importance of feldspar
for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds, Nature, 498,
355–358 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12278, 2013.
Bagheri, G. and Bonadonna, C.: On the drag of freely falling non-spherical particles, Powder Technol., 301, 526–544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.06.015, 2016.
Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Claquin, T., and Guibert, S.: Reevaluation of Mineral aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 81–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-81-2007, 2007.
Brindley, H. E. and Russell, J. E.: An assessment of Saharan dust loading
and the corresponding cloud-free longwave direct radiative effect from
geostationary satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114,
1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011635, 2009.
Bullard, J. E.: The distribution and biogeochemical importance of
highlatitude dust in the Arctic and Southern Ocean- Antarctic regions, J.
Geophys. Res., 122, 3098–3103, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026363, 2017.
Bullard, J. E., Baddock, M., Bradwell, T., Crusius, J., Darlington, E.,
Gaiero, D., Gassó, S., Gisladottir, G., Hodgkins, R., McCulloch, R.,
McKenna-Neuman, C., Mockford, T., Stewart, H., and Thorsteinsson, T.:
High-latitude dust in the Earth system, Rev. Geophys., 54, 447–485,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000518, 2016.
Cakmur, R., Miller, R., and Torres, O.: Incorporating the effect of
small-scale circulations upon dust emission in an atmospheric general
circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07201,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004067, 2004.
Christopher, S. A. and Jones, T.: Satellite-based assessment of cloud-free
net radiative effect of dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 34, 4–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027783, 2007.
Claquin, T., Schulz, M., and Balkanski, Y. J.: Modeling the Minerology of
Atmospheric Dust Sources, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22243–22256,
1999.
Cwiertny, D. M., Young, M. A., and Grassian, V. H.: Chemistry and
photochemistry of mineral dust aerosol, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 59, 27–51,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093630, 2008.
Dana, M. T. and Hales, J. M.: Statistical Aspects of the Washout of
Polydisperse Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 10, 45–50, 1976.
Delmonte, B., Baroni, C., Andersson, P. S., Narcisi, B., Salvatore, M. C.,
Petit, J. R., Scarchilli, C., Frezzotti, M., Albani, S., and Maggi, V.:
Modern and Holocene aeolian dust variability from Talos Dome (Northern
Victoria Land) to the interior of the Antarctic ice sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
64, 76–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.033, 2013.
DeMott, P. J., Sassen, K., Poellot, M. R., Baumgardner, D., Rogers, D. C.,
Brooks, S. D., Prenni, A. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: African dust aerosols
as atmospheric ice nuclei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1732,
doi:10/1029/2003GL017410, 2003, 2003.
Di Biagio, C., Di Sarra, A., and Meloni, D.: Large atmospheric shortwave
radiative forcing by Mediterranean aerosols derived from simultaneous
ground-based and spaceborne observations and dependence on the aerosol type
and single scattering albedo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012697, 2010.
Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Eck,
T. F., and Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties
retrieved from Aerososl Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance
measurments, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9791–9806, 2000.
Dufresne, J.-L., Gauier, C., Ricchiazzi, P., and Rouquart, Y.: Longwave
Scattering Effects of Mineral Aerosols, Am. Meteorl. Soc., 59,
1959–1966, 2002.
Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Zhang, Y., Saylor, R. D., Chapman, E. G.,
Laulainen, N. S., Abdul-Razzak, H., Leung, L. R., Bian, X., and Zaveri, R.
A.: MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, 1–46, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004571, 2004.
Emerson, E. W., Hodshire, A. L., Debolt, H. M., Bilsback, K. R. and Pierce,
J. R.: Revisiting particle dry deposition and its role in radiative effect
estimates, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 26076–26082,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014761117, 2020.
Engelstaedter, S. and Washington, R.: Atmospheric controls on the annual
cycle of North African dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007195, 2007.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC: Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2),
FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 2012.
Fécan, F., Marticorena, B., and Bergametti, G.: Parametrization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi-arid areas, Ann. Geophys., 17, 149–157, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0149-7, 1999.
Ghan, S. J. and Zaveri, R. A.: Parameterization of optical properties for
hydrated internally mixed aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007927, 2007.
Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J. M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.-J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20255–20273, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000053, 2001.
Ginoux, P., Prospero, J., Gill, T. E., Hsu, N. C., and Zhao, M.: Global scale
attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission
rates based on MODIS deep blue aerosol products, Rev. Geophys.,
50, RG3005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000388, 2012.
Green, R. O., Mahowald, N., Ung, C., Thompson, D. R., Bator, L., Bennet, M.,
Bernas, M., Blackway, N., Bradley, C., Cha, J., Clark, P., Clark, R., Cloud,
D., Diaz, E., Ben Dor, E., Duren, R., Eastwood, M., Ehlmann, B. L., Fuentes,
L., Ginoux, P., Gross, J., He, Y., Kalashnikova, O., Kert, W., Keymeulen,
D., Klimesh, M., Ku, D., Kwong-Fu, H., Liggett, E., Li, L., Lundeen, S.,
Makowski, M. D., Mazer, A., Miller, R., Mouroulis, P., Oaida, B., Okin, G.
S., Ortega, A., Oyake, A., Nguyen, H., Pace, T., Painter, T. H., Pempejian,
J., Garcia-Pando, C. P., Pham, T., Phillips, B., Pollock, R., Purcell, R.,
Realmuto, V., Schoolcraft, J., Sen, A., Shin, S., Shaw, L., Soriano, M.,
Swayze, G., Thingvold, E., Vaid, A., and Zan, J.: The Earth Surface Mineral
Dust Source Investigation: An Earth Science Imaging Spectroscopy Mission,
IEEE Aerosp. Conf. Proc., https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO47225.2020.9172731, 2020.
Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Grythe, H., Skov, H., and Stohl, A.: Substantial
contribution of northern high-latitude sources to mineral dust in the
Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 13678–13697, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025482,
2016.
Hamilton, D. S., Scanza, R. A., Feng, Y., Guinness, J., Kok, J. F., Li, L., Liu, X., Rathod, S. D., Wan, J. S., Wu, M., and Mahowald, N. M.: Improved methodologies for Earth system modelling of atmospheric soluble iron and observation comparisons using the Mechanism of Intermediate complexity for Modelling Iron (MIMI v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3835–3862, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3835-2019, 2019.
Hamilton, D. S., Moore, J. K., Arneth, A., Bond, T. C., Carslaw, K. S.,
Hantson, S., Ito, A., Kaplan, J. O., Lindsay, K., Nieradzik, L., Rathod, S.
D., Scanza, R. A., and Mahowald, N. M.: Impact of Changes to the Atmospheric
Soluble Iron Deposition Flux on Ocean Biogeochemical Cycles in the
Anthropocene, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, 1–22,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006448, 2020.
Hansell, R. A., Tsay, S. C., Ji, Q., Hsu, N. C., Jeong, M. J., Wang, S. H.,
Reid, J. S., Liou, K. N., and Ou, S. C.: An assessment of the surface
longwave direct radiative effect of airborne Saharan dust during the NAMMA
field campaign, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1048–1065,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3257.1, 2010.
Hansell, R. A., Tsay, S. C., Hsu, N. C., Ji, Q., Bell, S. W., Holben, B. N.,
Welton, E. J., Roush, T. L., Zhang, W., Huang, J., Li, Z., and Chen, H.: An
assessment of the surface longwave direct radiative effect of airborne dust
in Zhangye, China, during the Asian Monsoon Years field experiment (2008),
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017370, 2012.
Hillamo, R. E., Kerminen, V.-M., Maenhaut, W., Jaffrezo, J.-L.,
Balachandran, S., and Davidson, C. I.: Size Distributions of Atmospheric
Trace Elements at Dye 3. Greenland – I. Distribution Characteristics and Dry
Deposition Velocities, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2787–2802, 1993.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer,
A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F.,
Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A Federated Instrument Network and
Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5, 1998.
Huang, K., Zhuang, G., Li, J., Wang, Q., Sun, Y., Lin, Y., and Fu, J. S.:
Mixing of Asian dust with pollution aerosol and the transformation of
aerosol components during the dust storm over China in spring 2007, J.
Geophys. Res., 115, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013145, 2010.
Huang, Y., Kok, J. F., Kandler, K., Lindqvist, H., Nousiainen, T., Sakai, T., Adebiyi, A. and Jokinen, O.: Climate Models and Remote Sensing Retrievals Neglect Substantial Desert Dust Asphericity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086592, 2020.
Huang, Y., Adebiyi, A. A., Formenti, P., and Kok, J. F.: Linking the
Different Diameter Types of Aspherical Desert Dust Indicates That Models
Underestimate Coarse Dust Emission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092054, 2021.
Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., Kinne, S., Bauer, S., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Grini, A., Horowitz, L., Koch, D., Krol, M. C., Landing, W., Liu, X., Mahowald, N., Miller, R., Morcrette, J.-J., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Zender, C. S.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781–7816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical
Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge
University Press, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ (last access: 4 November 2022), 2021.
Jickells, T. D., Dorling, S., Deuser, W. G., Church, T. M., Arimoto, R., and
Prospero, J. M.: Air-borne dust fluxes to a deep water sediment trap in the
Sargasso Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 311–320, 1998.
Johnson, B. T., Heese, B., McFarlane, S. A., Chazette, P., Jones, A., and
Bellouin, N.: Vertical distribution and radiative effects of mineral dust
and biomass burning aerosol over West Africa during DABEX, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009848, 2008.
Jones, A. L., Feldman, D. R., Freidenreich, S., Paynter, D., Ramaswamy, V.,
Collins, W. D., and Pincus, R.: A New Paradigm for Diagnosing Contributions
to Model Aerosol Forcing Error, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12004–12012,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075933, 2017.
Journet, E., Balkanski, Y., and Harrison, S. P.: A new data set of soil mineralogy for dust-cycle modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3801–3816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3801-2014, 2014.
Kandler, K., Benker, N., Bundke, U., Cuevas, E., Ebert, M., Knippertz, P.,
Rodríguez, S., Schütz, L., and Weinbruch, S.: Chemical composition
and complex refractive index of Saharan Mineral Dust at Izaña, Tenerife
(Spain) derived by electron microscopy, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8058–8074,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.047, 2007.
Kandler, K., Lieke, K., Benker, N., Emmel, C., Küpper, M.,
Müller-Ebert, D., Ebert, M., Scheuvens, D., Schladitz, A., Schütz,
L., and Weinbruch, S.: Electron microscopy of particles collected at Praia,
Cape Verde, during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment: Particle chemistry,
shape, mixing state and complex refractive index, TellusB, 63, 475–496, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00550.x, 2011.
Kasimov, N. S., Vlasov, D. V., and Kosheleva, N. E.: Enrichment of road dust
particles and adjacent environments with metals and metalloids in eastern
Moscow, Urban Clim., 32, 100638,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100638, 2020.
Ke, Z., Liu, X., Wu, M., Shan, Y. and Shi, Y.: Improved dust representation and impacts on dust transport and radiative effect in CAM5, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2021MS002845, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002845, 2022.
Kok, J., Parteli, E., Michaels, T., and Karam, D.: The physics of wind blown
sand and dust, Reports Prog. Phys., 75, 106901, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901, 2012.
Kok, J. F.: Does the size distribution of mineral dust aerosols depend on the wind speed at emission?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10149–10156, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10149-2011, 2011b.
Kok, J. F.: A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust
aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust
cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 1016–1021,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014798108, 2011b.
Kok, J. F., Mahowald, N. M., Fratini, G., Gillies, J. A., Ishizuka, M., Leys, J. F., Mikami, M., Park, M.-S., Park, S.-U., Van Pelt, R. S., and Zobeck, T. M.: An improved dust emission model – Part 1: Model description and comparison against measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13023–13041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13023-2014, 2014a.
Kok, J. F., Albani, S., Mahowald, N. M., and Ward, D. S.: An improved dust emission model – Part 2: Evaluation in the Community Earth System Model, with implications for the use of dust source functions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13043–13061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13043-2014, 2014b.
Kok, J. F., Ridley, D. A., Zhou, Q., Miller, R. L., Zhao, C., Heald, C. L.,
Ward, D. S., Albani, S., and Haustein, K.: Smaller desert dust cooling effect
estimated from analysis of dust size and abundance, Nat. Geosci., 10,
274–278, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2912, 2017.
Kok, J. F., Adebiyi, A. A., Albani, S., Balkanski, Y., Checa-Garcia, R., Chin, M., Colarco, P. R., Hamilton, D. S., Huang, Y., Ito, A., Klose, M., Li, L., Mahowald, N. M., Miller, R. L., Obiso, V., Pérez García-Pando, C., Rocha-Lima, A., and Wan, J. S.: Contribution of the world's main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8169–8193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021, 2021a.
Kok, J. F., Adebiyi, A. A., Albani, S., Balkanski, Y., Checa-Garcia, R., Chin, M., Colarco, P. R., Hamilton, D. S., Huang, Y., Ito, A., Klose, M., Leung, D. M., Li, L., Mahowald, N. M., Miller, R. L., Obiso, V., Pérez García-Pando, C., Rocha-Lima, A., Wan, J. S., and Whicker, C. A.: Improved representation of the global dust cycle using observational constraints on dust properties and abundance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8127–8167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8127-2021, 2021b.
Laskin, A., Cowin, J. P., and Iedema, M. J.: Analysis of individual
environmental particles using modern methods of electron microscopy and
X-ray microanalysis, J. Electron Spectros. Relat. Phenomena, 150,
260–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2005.06.008, 2006.
Lawrence, C. R. and Neff, J.: The contemporary physical and chemical flux of Aeolian dust: a synthesis of direct measurements of dust deposition, Chem. Geol., 257, 46–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.02.005, 2009.
Leung, D. M., Kok, J. F., Li, L., Okin, G. S., Prigent, C., Klose, M., Garcia-Pando, C. P., Menut, L., Mahowald, N. M., Lawrence, D. M., and Chamecki, M.: A new process-based and scale-respecting desert dust emission scheme for global climate models – Part I: description and evaluation against inverse modeling emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-719, in review, 2022.
Levy, R. C., Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Mattoo, S., Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., and Eck, T. F.: Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10399–10420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010, 2010.
Li, F., Vogelmann, A. M., and Ramanathan, V.: Saharan dust aerosol radiative
forcing measured from space, J. Climate, 17, 2558–2571,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2558:SDARFM>2.0.CO;2,
2004.
Li, F., Ginoux, P., and Ramaswamy, V.: Distribution, transport, and
deposition of mineral dust in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica:
Contribution of major sources, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10207,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009190, 2008.
Li, L. and Sokolik, I. N.: Analysis of dust aerosol retrievals using
satellite data in Central Asia, Atmos.-Basel, 9, 288,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080288, 2018a.
Li, L. and Sokolik, I. N.: The Dust Direct Radiative Impact and Its
Sensitivity to the Land Surface State and Key Minerals in the WRF-Chem-DuMo
Model: A Case Study of Dust Storms in Central Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
123, 4564–4582, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027667, 2018b.
Li, L., Mahowald, N. M., Miller, R. L., Pérez García-Pando, C., Klose, M., Hamilton, D. S., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Ginoux, P., Balkanski, Y., Green, R. O., Kalashnikova, O., Kok, J. F., Obiso, V., Paynter, D., and Thompson, D. R.: Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3973–4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3973-2021, 2021.
Li, L., Mahowald, N. M., Kok, J. F., Liu, X., Wu, M., Leung, D. M., Hamilton, D. S., Emmons, L. K., Huang, Y., Sexton, N., Meng, J., and Wan, J.: Data and codes for “Importance of different parameterization changes for the updated dust cycle modelling in the Community Atmosphere Model (version 6.1)” (1.0.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6989502, 2022b.
Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols:
sensitivity to key variables, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31637–31645, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200036,
1998.
Liu, X., Ma, P.-L., Wang, H., Tilmes, S., Singh, B., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., and Rasch, P. J.: Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 505–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-505-2016, 2016.
Mahowald, N.: Aerosol indirect effect on biogeochemical cycles and climate,
Science, 334, 6057, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1207374, 2011.
Mahowald, N., Ward, D. S., Kloster, S., Flanner, M. G., Heald, C. L.,
Heavens, N. G., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., and Chuang, P. Y.: Aerosol Impacts on Climate and Biogeochemistry, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 36, 45–74, 2011a.
Mahowald, N., Albani, S., Engelstaedter, S., Winckler, G., and Goman, M.:
Model insight into glacial-interglacial paleodust records, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
30, 832–854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.007, 2011b.
Mahowald, N., Albani, S., Kok, J. F., Engelstaeder, S., Scanza, R., Ward, D.
S., and Flanner, M. G.: The size distribution of desert dust aerosols and its
impact on the Earth system, Aeolian Res., 15, 53–71,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.09.002, 2014.
Mahowald, N. M., Muhs, D., Levis, S., Rasch, P. J., Yoshioka, M., Zender, C.
S., Muhs, D. R., Levis, S., Rasch, P. J., Yoshioka, M., Zender, C. S., and
Luo, C.: Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: last
glacial period, pre-industrial, modern and doubled-carbon dioxide climates,
J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006653,
2006a.
Mahowald, N. M., Yoshioka, M., Collins, W. D., Conley, A. J., Fillmore, D.
W. and Coleman, D. B.: Climate response and radiative forcing from mineral
aerosols during the last glacial maximum, pre-industrial, current and
doubled-carbon dioxide climates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 382–385,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026126, 2006b.
Mahowald, N. M., Engelstaedter, S., Luo, C., Sealy, A., Artaxo, P.,
Benitez-Nelson, C., Bonnet, S., Chen, Y., Chuang, P. Y., Cohen, D. D.,
Dulac, F., Herut, B., Johansen, A. M., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Maenhaut, W.,
Paytan, A., Prospero, J. M., Shank, L. M., and Siefert, R. L.: Atmospheric
iron deposition: Global distribution, variability, and human perturbations,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245–278, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727, 2009.
Mahowald, N. M., Kloster, S., Engelstaedter, S., Moore, J. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., McConnell, J. R., Albani, S., Doney, S. C., Bhattacharya, A., Curran, M. A. J., Flanner, M. G., Hoffman, F. M., Lawrence, D. M., Lindsay, K., Mayewski, P. A., Neff, J., Rothenberg, D., Thomas, E., Thornton, P. E., and Zender, C. S.: Observed 20th century desert dust variability: impact on climate and biogeochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10875–10893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10875-2010, 2010.
Mahowald, N. M., Scanza, R., Brahney, J., Goodale, C. L., Hess, P. G.,
Moore, J. K., and Neff, J.: Aerosol Deposition Impacts on Land and Ocean
Carbon Cycles, Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep., 3, 16–31,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0056-z, 2017.
Marsham, J. H., Knippertz, P., Dixon, N. S., Parker, D. J., and Lister, G. M. S.: The importance of the representation of deep convection for modeled dust-generating winds over West Africa during summer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048368, 2011.
Marsham, J. H., Hobby, M., Allen, C. J. T., Banks, J. R., Bart, M., Brooks,
B. J., Cavazos-Guerra, C., Engelstaedter, S., Gascoyne, M., Lima, A. R.,
Martins, J. V., McQuaid, J. B., O'Leary, A., Ouchene, B., Ouladichir, A.,
Parker, D. J., Saci, A., Salah-Ferroudj, M., Todd, M. C., and Washington, R.:
Meteorology and dust in the central Sahara: Observations from Fennec
supersite-1 during the June 2011 Intensive Observation Period, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 118, 4069–4089, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50211, 2013.
Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1.
Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 100,
16415–16430, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00690, 1995.
Martin, J. H., Fitzwater, S. E., and Gordon, R. M.: Iron deficiency limits
phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
4, 5–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/GB004i001p00005, 1990.
McConnell, C. L., Highwood, E. J., Coe, H., Formenti, P., Anderson, B.,
Osborne, S., Nava, S., Desboeufs, K., Chen, G., and Harrison, M. A. J.:
Seasonal variations of the physical and optical characteristics of saharan
dust: Results from the dust outflow and deposition to the ocean (DODO)
experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009606, 2008.
McCutcheon, J., Lutz, S., Williamson, C., Cook, J. M., Tedstone, A. J., Vanderstraeten, A., Wilson, S. A., Stockdale, A., Bonneville, S., Anesio, A. M., Yallop, M. L., McQuaid, J. B., Tranter, M., and Benning, L. G.: Mineral phosphorus drives glacier algal blooms on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Nat. Commun., 12, 1–11, hhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20627-w, 2021.
Meinander, O., Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., Amosov, P., Aseyeva, E., Atkins, C., Baklanov, A., Baldo, C., Barr, S. L., Barzycka, B., Benning, L. G., Cvetkovic, B., Enchilik, P., Frolov, D., Gassó, S., Kandler, K., Kasimov, N., Kavan, J., King, J., Koroleva, T., Krupskaya, V., Kulmala, M., Kusiak, M., Lappalainen, H. K., Laska, M., Lasne, J., Lewandowski, M., Luks, B., McQuaid, J. B., Moroni, B., Murray, B., Möhler, O., Nawrot, A., Nickovic, S., O’Neill, N. T., Pejanovic, G., Popovicheva, O., Ranjbar, K., Romanias, M., Samonova, O., Sanchez-Marroquin, A., Schepanski, K., Semenkov, I., Sharapova, A., Shevnina, E., Shi, Z., Sofiev, M., Thevenet, F., Thorsteinsson, T., Timofeev, M., Umo, N. S., Uppstu, A., Urupina, D., Varga, G., Werner, T., Arnalds, O., and Vukovic Vimic, A.: Newly identified climatically and environmentally significant high-latitude dust sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11889–11930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11889-2022, 2022.
Meng, J., Huang, Y., Leung, D. M., Li, L., Adebiyi, A. A., Ryder, C. L.,
Mahowald, N. M., and Kok, J. F.: Improved Parameterization for the Size
Distribution of Emitted Dust Aerosols Reduces Model Underestimation of Super
Coarse Dust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097287,
2022.
Miller, R. L. and Tegen, I.: Radiative Forcing of a Tropical Direct
Circulation by Soil Dust Aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2403–2433,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2403:RFOATD>2.0.CO;2,
1999.
Mills, M. J., Schmidt, A., Easter, R., Solomon, S., Kinnison, D. E., Ghan,
S. J., Neely, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Conley, A., Bardeen, C. G., and Gettelman,
A.: Global volcanic aerosol properties derived from emissions, 1990–2014,
using CESM1(WACCM), J. Geophys. Res., 121, 2332–2348,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024290, 2016.
Na, Y., Fu, Q., and Kodama, C.: Precipitation Probability and Its Future Changes From a Global Cloud-Resolving Model and CMIP6 Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031926, 2020.
Neale, R. B., Chen, C., Lauritzen, P. H., Williamson, D. L., Conley, A. J.,
Smith, A. K., Mills, M., and Morrison, H.: Description of the NCAR Community
Atmosphere Model (CAM5.0), Boulder, CO, 2010.
Otto, S., de Reus, M., Trautmann, T., Thomas, A., Wendisch, M., and Borrmann, S.: Atmospheric radiative effects of an in situ measured Saharan dust plume and the role of large particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4887–4903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4887-2007, 2007.
Patadia, F., Yang, E.-S., and Christopher, S.: Does dust change the clear sky
top of atmosphere shortwave flux over high surface reflectance regions?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15825, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039092, 2009.
Pérez, C., Nickovic, S., Pejanovic, G., Baldasano, J. M., and Özsoy,
E.: Interactive dust-radiation modeling: A step to improve weather
forecasts, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, D16206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006717, 2006.
Petroff, A. and Zhang, L.: Development and validation of a size-resolved particle dry deposition scheme for application in aerosol transport models, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 753–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-753-2010, 2010.
Petroff, A., Mailliat, A., Amielh, M., and Anselmet, F.: Aerosol dry
deposition on vegetative canopies. Part I: Review of present knowledge,
Atmos. Environ., 42, 3625–3653, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.043,
2008.
Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
Prospero, J. M.: Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global
atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern
United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3396–3403, 1999.
Prospero, J. M. and Nees, R. T.: Impact of the North African drought and El
Niño on mineral dust in the Barbados trade winds, Nature, 320, 735–738, https://doi.org/10.1038/320735a0, 1986.
Prospero, J. M. and Savoie, D. L.: Effect of continental sources on nitrate
concentrations over the Pacific Ocean, Nature, 339, 687–689,
https://doi.org/10.1038/339687a0, 1989.
Prospero, J. M., Barkley, A. E., Gaston, C. J., Gatineau, A., Campos y
Sansano, A., and Panechou, K.: Characterizing and Quantifying African Dust
Transport and Deposition to South America: Implications for the Phosphorus
Budget in the Amazon Basin, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2020GB006536,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006536, 2020.
Pruppacher, H. R., Klett, J. D., and Wang, P. K.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 28, 381–382, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829808965531, 1998.
Pu, B., Ginoux, P., Guo, H., Hsu, N. C., Kimball, J., Marticorena, B., Malyshev, S., Naik, V., O'Neill, N. T., Pérez García-Pando, C., Paireau, J., Prospero, J. M., Shevliakova, E., and Zhao, M.: Retrieving the global distribution of the threshold of wind erosion from satellite data and implementing it into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory land–atmosphere model (GFDL AM4.0/LM4.0), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 55–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-55-2020, 2020.
Reid, E., Reid, J., Meier, M., Dunlap, M., Cliff, S., Broumas, A., Perry, K.,
and Maring, H.: Characterization of African dust transported to Puerto Rico
by individual particle and size segregated bulk analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
108, 8591, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002935, 2003.
Reid, J. S., Jonsson, H. H., Maring, H. B., Smirnov, A., Savoie, D. L.,
Cliff, S. S., Reid, E. A., Livingston, J. M., Meier, M. M., Dubovik, O., and
Tsay, S. C.: Comparison of size and morphological measurements of coarse
mode dust particles from Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8593,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002485, 2003.
Rice, M. A. and McEwan, I. K.: Crust strength: A wind tunnel study of the
effect of impact by saltating particles on cohesive soil surfaces, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 721–733,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.217, 2001.
Ridley, D. A., Heald, C. L., Kok, J. F., and Zhao, C.: An observationally constrained estimate of global dust aerosol optical depth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15097–15117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15097-2016, 2016.
Rodriguez-Caballero, E., Stanelle, T., Egerer, S., Cheng, Y., Su, H.,
Canton, Y., Belnap, J., Andreae, M. O., Tegen, I., Reick, C. H., Pöschl,
U., and Weber, B.: Global cycling and climate effects of aeolian dust
controlled by biological soil crusts, Nat. Geosci., 15, 458–463,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00942-1, 2022.
Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., and Lahav, R.: Desert dust suppressing
precipitation: a possible desertification feedback loop, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 98, 5975–5980, 2001.
Ryder, C. L., Highwood, E. J., Rosenberg, P. D., Trembath, J., Brooke, J. K., Bart, M., Dean, A., Crosier, J., Dorsey, J., Brindley, H., Banks, J., Marsham, J. H., McQuaid, J. B., Sodemann, H., and Washington, R.: Optical properties of Saharan dust aerosol and contribution from the coarse mode as measured during the Fennec 2011 aircraft campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 303–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-303-2013, 2013.
Ryder, C. L., Marenco, F., Brooke, J. K., Estelles, V., Cotton, R., Formenti, P., McQuaid, J. B., Price, H. C., Liu, D., Ausset, P., Rosenberg, P. D., Taylor, J. W., Choularton, T., Bower, K., Coe, H., Gallagher, M., Crosier, J., Lloyd, G., Highwood, E. J., and Murray, B. J.: Coarse-mode mineral dust size distributions, composition and optical properties from AER-D aircraft measurements over the tropical eastern Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17225–17257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17225-2018, 2018.
Ryder, C. L., Highwood, E. J., Walser, A., Seibert, P., Philipp, A., and Weinzierl, B.: Coarse and giant particles are ubiquitous in Saharan dust export regions and are radiatively significant over the Sahara, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15353–15376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15353-2019, 2019.
Sarangi, C., Qian, Y., Rittger, K., Ruby Leung, L., Chand, D., Bormann, K.
J., and Painter, T. H.: Dust dominates high-altitude snow darkening and melt
over high-mountain Asia, Nat. Clim. Chang, 10, 1045–1051,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00909-3, 2020.
Scanza, R. A., Mahowald, N., Ghan, S., Zender, C. S., Kok, J. F., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., and Albani, S.: Modeling dust as component minerals in the Community Atmosphere Model: development of framework and impact on radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 537–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-537-2015, 2015.
Scanza, R. A., Hamilton, D. S., Perez Garcia-Pando, C., Buck, C., Baker, A., and Mahowald, N. M.: Atmospheric processing of iron in mineral and combustion aerosols: development of an intermediate-complexity mechanism suitable for Earth system models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14175–14196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14175-2018, 2018.
Shao, Y.: Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion, Springer, 34–35, 37, ISBN 1402088957, 9781402088957, 2008.
Shi, Y. and Liu, X.: Dust Radiative Effects on Climate by Glaciating
Mixed-Phase Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6128–6137,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082504, 2019.
Shi, Y., Liu, X., Wu, M., Zhao, X., Ke, Z., and Brown, H.: Relative importance of high-latitude local and long-range-transported dust for Arctic ice-nucleating particles and impacts on Arctic mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2909–2935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2909-2022, 2022.
Shinn, A., Smith, W., and Barber, T.: African Dust and the Demise of
Caribbean Coral Reefs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3029–3032,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011599, 2000.
Skiles, S. M. K., Flanner, M., Cook, J. M., Dumont, M., and Painter, T. H.:
Radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow, Nat. Clim. Change,
8, 964–971, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0296-5, 2018.
Sokolik, I. N. and Toon, O. B.: Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic
airborne mineral aerosols, Nature, 381, 681–683, 1996.
Sokolik, I. N. and Toon, O. B.: Incorporation of mineralogical composition
into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol form UV to IR
wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9423–9444, 1999.
Sokolik, I. N., Winker, D. M., Bergametti, G., Gillette, D. A., Carmichael,
Y. J., Kaufman, Y. J., Gomes, L., Schuetz, L., and Penner, J. E.:
Introduction to special section: Outstanding problems in quantifying the
radiative impacts of mineral dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
18015–18027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900498, 2001.
Song, Q., Zhang, Z., Yu, H., Kato, S., Yang, P., Colarco, P., Remer, L. A., and Ryder, C. L.: Net radiative effects of dust in the tropical North Atlantic based on integrated satellite observations and in situ measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11303–11322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11303-2018, 2018.
Swap, R., Garstang, M., Greco, S., Talbot, R., and Kallberg, P.: Saharan dust
in the Amazon Basin, Tellus, 44B, 133–149, 1992.
Tegen, I., Harrison, S. P., Kohfeld, K., Prentice, C., Coe, M., and Heimann, M.: The impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4576–4597, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000963, 2002.
Thompson, D. R., Braverman, A., Brodrick, P. G., Candela, A., Carmon, N.,
Clark, R. N., Connelly, D., Green, R. O., Kokaly, R. F., Li, L., Mahowald,
N., Miller, R. L., Okin, G. S., Painter, T. H., Swayze, G. A., Turmon, M.,
Susilouto, J., and Wettergreen, D. S.: Quantifying uncertainty for remote
spectroscopy of surface composition, Remote Sens. Environ., 247,
111898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111898, 2020.
Tie, X. and Cao, J.: Aerosol pollution in China: Present and future impact
on environment, Particuology, 7, 426–431,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2009.09.003, 2009.
Uematsu, M., Duce, R. A., and Prospero, J. M.: Deposition of Atmospheric
Mineral Particles in the North Pacific Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 3, 123–138,
1985.
Usher, C. R., Michel, A. E., and Grassian, V. H.: Reactions on Mineral Dust,
Chem. Rev., 103, 4883–4939, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020657y, 2003.
Wagenbach, D., Ducroz, F., Mulvaney, R., Keck, L., Minikin, A., Legrand, M.,
Hall, J. S., and Wolff, E. W.: Sea-salt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions,
J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10961–10974, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01804, 1998.
Wang, P. K., Grover, S. N., and Pruppacher, H. R.: On the Effect of Electric
Charges on the Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by Clouds and Small
Raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1735–1743,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1735:OTEOEC>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Wang, R., Tao, S., Balkanski, Y., Ciais, P., Boucher, O., Liu, J., Piao, S.,
Shen, H., Vuolo, M. R., Valari, M., Chen, H., Chen, Y., Cozic, A., Huang,
Y., Li, B., Li, W., Shen, G., Wang, B., and Zhang, Y.: Exposure to ambient
black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 2459–2463,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318763111, 2014.
Wang, Y., Chakrabarti, A., and Sorensen, C. M.: A light-scattering study of
the scattering matrix elements of Arizona Road Dust, J. Quant. Spectrosc.
Ra., 163, 72–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.05.002, 2015.
Wolff, E., Fischer, H., Fundel, F., Ruth, U., Twarloh, B., Littot, G.,
Mulvaney, R., Rothlistberger, R., DeAngelis, M., Boutron, C., Hasson, M.,
Jonsell, U., Hutterli, M., Lambert, F., Kaufmann, P. R., Stauffer, B.,
Socker, T., Steffensen, J. P., Bigler, M., Siggard-Andersen, Udisti, R.,
Becagli, S., Castellano, E., Severi, M., Wagenbach, D., Barbante, C.,
Gabrielli, P., and Gaspari, V.: Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity
and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles, Nature, 440,
491–496, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04614, 2006.
Wu, C., Lin, Z., and Liu, X.: The global dust cycle and uncertainty in CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10401–10425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10401-2020, 2020.
Wu, M., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Wu, C., Lu, Z., Ma, P. L., Wang, H., Tilmes, S.,
Mahowald, N., Matsui, H., and Easter, R. C.: Impacts of Aerosol Dry
Deposition on Black Carbon Spatial Distributions and Radiative Effects in
the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10,
1150–1171, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017MS001219, 2018.
Wu, M., Liu, X., Yu, H., Wang, H., Shi, Y., Yang, K., Darmenov, A., Wu, C., Wang, Z., Luo, T., Feng, Y., and Ke, Z.: Understanding processes that control dust spatial distributions with global climate models and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13835–13855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, 2020.
Yang, E. S., Gupta, P., and Christopher, S. A.: Net radiative effect of dust
aerosols from satellite measurements over Sahara, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
36, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039801, 2009.
Yuan, H., Zhuang, G., Li, J., Wang, Z., and Li, J.: Mixing of mineral with
pollution aerosols in dust season in Beijing: Revealed by source
apportionment study, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2141–2157,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.048, 2008.
Zender, C., Bian, H., and Newman, D.: Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition
(DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology, J. Geophys. Res.,
108, 4416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002775, 2003a.
Zender, C., Newman, D. and Torres, O.: Spatial Heterogeneity in Aerolian Erodibility: Uniform, Topographic, Geomorphic and Hydrologic Hypotheses, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003039, 2003b.
Zhang, D., Iwasaka, Y., Matsuki, A., Ueno, K., and Matsuzaki, T.: Coarse and
accumulation mode particles associated with Asian dust in southwestern
Japan, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1205–1215,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.037, 2006.
Zhang, J. and Christopher, S.: Long wave radiative forcing of Saharan dust
aerosols estimated from MODIS, MISR and CERES observations on TERRA,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2188, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018479, 2003.
Zhang, L., Gong, S. L., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated dry
depositoin scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35,
549–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00326-5, 2001.
Zuidema, P., Alvarez, C., Kramer, S. J., Custals, L., Izaguirre, M., Sealy,
P., Prospero, J. M., and Blades, E.: Is summer African dust arriving earlier
to Barbados?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 1981–1986,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0083.1, 2019.
Short summary
This study advances mineral dust parameterizations in the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM; version 6.1). Efforts include 1) incorporating a more physically based dust emission scheme; 2) updating the dry deposition scheme; and 3) revising the gravitational settling velocity to account for dust asphericity. Substantial improvements achieved with these updates can help accurately quantify dust–climate interactions using CAM, such as the dust-radiation and dust–cloud interactions.
This study advances mineral dust parameterizations in the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM;...
