Articles | Volume 11, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4359-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4359-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
30 Oct 2018
Model description paper |
| 30 Oct 2018
| 30 Oct 2018
Thetis coastal ocean model: discontinuous Galerkin discretization for the three-dimensional hydrostatic equations
Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
present address: Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Stephan C. Kramer
Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
Lawrence Mitchell
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
present address: Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Durham, UK
David A. Ham
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
Matthew D. Piggott
Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
António M. Baptista
Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Related authors
Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6945–6975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a test case of river plume spreading to evaluate coastal ocean models. Our test case reveals the level of numerical mixing (due to parameterizations used and numerical treatment of processes in the model) and the ability of models to reproduce complex dynamics. The major result of our comparative study is that accuracy in reproducing the analytical solution depends less on the type of applied model architecture or numerical grid than it does on the type of advection scheme.
Tuomas Kärnä, Patrik Ljungemyr, Saeed Falahat, Ida Ringgaard, Lars Axell, Vasily Korabel, Jens Murawski, Ilja Maljutenko, Anja Lindenthal, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Svetlana Verjovkina, Ina Lorkowski, Priidik Lagemaa, Jun She, Laura Tuomi, Adam Nord, and Vibeke Huess
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5731–5749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present Nemo-Nordic 2.0, a novel operational marine model for the Baltic Sea. The model covers the Baltic Sea and the North Sea with approximately 1 nmi resolution. We validate the model's performance against sea level, water temperature, and salinity observations, as well as sea ice charts. The skill analysis demonstrates that Nemo-Nordic 2.0 can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea.
Davor Dundovic, Joseph G. Wallwork, Stephan C. Kramer, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Regine Hock, and Matthew D. Piggott
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2649, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate numerical studies of glaciers often require high-resolution simulations, which often prove too demanding even for modern computers. In this paper we develop a method that identifies whether different parts of a glacier require high or low resolution based on its physical features, such as its thickness and velocity. We show that by doing so we can achieve a more optimal simulation accuracy for the available computing resources compared to uniform resolution simulations.
Reuben W. Nixon-Hill, Daniel Shapero, Colin J. Cotter, and David A. Ham
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5369–5386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5369-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5369-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists often use models to study complex processes, like the movement of ice sheets, and compare them to measurements for estimating quantities that are hard to measure. We highlight an approach that ensures accurate results from point data sources (e.g. height measurements) by evaluating the numerical solution at true point locations. This method improves accuracy, aids communication between scientists, and is well-suited for integration with specialised software that automates processes.
Sia Ghelichkhan, Angus Gibson, D. Rhodri Davies, Stephan C. Kramer, and David A. Ham
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5057–5086, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5057-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5057-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the Geoscientific ADjoint Optimisation PlaTform (G-ADOPT), designed for inverse modelling of Earth system processes, with an initial focus on mantle dynamics. G-ADOPT is built upon Firedrake, Dolfin-Adjoint and the Rapid Optimisation Library, which work together to optimise models using an adjoint method, aligning them with seismic and geologic datasets. We demonstrate G-ADOPT's ability to reconstruct mantle evolution and thus be a powerful tool in geosciences.
Shuaib Rasheed, Simon C. Warder, Yves Plancherel, and Matthew D. Piggott
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 737–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use a high-resolution bathymetry dataset of the Maldives archipelago, as well as corresponding high numerical model resolution, to carry out a scenario-based tsunami hazard assessment for the entire Maldives archipelago to investigate the potential impact of plausible far-field tsunamis across the Indian Ocean at the island scale. The results indicate that several factors contribute to mitigating and amplifying tsunami waves at the island scale.
Jennifer R. Shadrick, Dylan H. Rood, Martin D. Hurst, Matthew D. Piggott, Klaus M. Wilcken, and Alexander J. Seal
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 429–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-429-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-429-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a coastal evolution model to interpret cosmogenic beryllium-10 concentrations and topographic data and, in turn, quantify long-term cliff retreat rates for four chalk sites on the south coast of England. By using a process-based model, clear distinctions between intertidal weathering rates have been recognised between chalk and sandstone rock coast sites, advocating the use of process-based models to interpret the long-term behaviour of rock coasts.
Mariana C. A. Clare, Tim W. B. Leijnse, Robert T. McCall, Ferdinand L. M. Diermanse, Colin J. Cotter, and Matthew D. Piggott
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2491–2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing uncertainty is computationally expensive because it requires multiple runs of expensive models. We take the novel approach of assessing uncertainty from coastal flooding using a multilevel multifidelity (MLMF) method which combines the efficiency of less accurate models with the accuracy of more expensive models at different resolutions. This significantly reduces the computational cost but maintains accuracy, making previously unfeasible real-world studies possible.
D. Rhodri Davies, Stephan C. Kramer, Sia Ghelichkhan, and Angus Gibson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5127–5166, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Firedrake is a state-of-the-art system that automatically generates highly optimised code for simulating finite-element (FE) problems in geophysical fluid dynamics. It creates a separation of concerns between employing the FE method and implementing it. Here, we demonstrate the applicability and benefits of Firedrake for simulating geodynamical flows, with a focus on the slow creeping motion of Earth's mantle over geological timescales, which is ultimately the engine driving our dynamic Earth.
Jennifer R. Shadrick, Martin D. Hurst, Matthew D. Piggott, Bethany G. Hebditch, Alexander J. Seal, Klaus M. Wilcken, and Dylan H. Rood
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1505–1529, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use topographic and 10Be concentration data to optimise a coastal evolution model. Cliff retreat rates are calculated for two UK sites for the past 8000 years and, for the first time, highlight a strong link between the rate of sea level rise and long-term cliff retreat rates. This method enables us to study past cliff response to sea level rise and so to greatly improve forecasts of future responses to accelerations in sea level rise that will result from climate change.
Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6945–6975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a test case of river plume spreading to evaluate coastal ocean models. Our test case reveals the level of numerical mixing (due to parameterizations used and numerical treatment of processes in the model) and the ability of models to reproduce complex dynamics. The major result of our comparative study is that accuracy in reproducing the analytical solution depends less on the type of applied model architecture or numerical grid than it does on the type of advection scheme.
Tuomas Kärnä, Patrik Ljungemyr, Saeed Falahat, Ida Ringgaard, Lars Axell, Vasily Korabel, Jens Murawski, Ilja Maljutenko, Anja Lindenthal, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Svetlana Verjovkina, Ina Lorkowski, Priidik Lagemaa, Jun She, Laura Tuomi, Adam Nord, and Vibeke Huess
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5731–5749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present Nemo-Nordic 2.0, a novel operational marine model for the Baltic Sea. The model covers the Baltic Sea and the North Sea with approximately 1 nmi resolution. We validate the model's performance against sea level, water temperature, and salinity observations, as well as sea ice charts. The skill analysis demonstrates that Nemo-Nordic 2.0 can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea.
Stephan C. Kramer, D. Rhodri Davies, and Cian R. Wilson
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1899–1919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Computational models of Earth's mantle require rigorous verification and validation. Analytical solutions of the underlying Stokes equations provide a method to verify that these equations are accurately solved for. However, their derivation in spherical and cylindrical shell domains with physically relevant boundary conditions is involved. This paper provides a number of solutions. They are provided in a Python package (Assess) and their use is demonstrated in a convergence study with Fluidity.
Shuaib Rasheed, Simon C. Warder, Yves Plancherel, and Matthew D. Piggott
Ocean Sci., 17, 319–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental issues arising due to coastal modification and future sea level scenarios are a major environmental hazard facing the Maldives today. Here, we carry out high-resolution tidal modelling of a Maldivian atoll for the first time and show that coastal modification in the island scale is capable of driving large-scale change in the wider atoll basin in a short time, comparable to that of long-term sea level rise scenarios and on par with observations.
Thomas H. Gibson, Lawrence Mitchell, David A. Ham, and Colin J. Cotter
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 735–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Galerkin finite element discretizations for atmospheric modeling often require the solution of ill-conditioned, saddle point equations which can be efficiently solved using a hybridized method. By extending Firedrake's domain-specific abstraction, we provide a mechanism for the rapid implementation of hybridization methods for a wide class of methods. In this paper, we show that hybridization is an effective alternative to traditional block solvers for simulating geophysical flows.
Samuel D. Parkinson, Simon W. Funke, Jon Hill, Matthew D. Piggott, and Peter A. Allison
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1051–1068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1051-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1051-2017, 2017
Gheorghe-Teodor Bercea, Andrew T. T. McRae, David A. Ham, Lawrence Mitchell, Florian Rathgeber, Luigi Nardi, Fabio Luporini, and Paul H. J. Kelly
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3803–3815, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3803-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3803-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Unstructured meshes offer flexibility but are perceived as slow. Some applications, including atmosphere or ocean simulations, admit an extruded mesh: the horizontal mesh may be unstructured, but the vertical dimension can be traversed in a structured way. By extending the Firedrake automated simulation framework to this case, we show that an extruded mesh can be traversed as fast as a structured mesh. This paves the way for highly efficient unstructured mesh models of the ocean and atmosphere.
C. T. Jacobs and M. D. Piggott
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 533–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-533-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-533-2015, 2015
A. S. Candy, A. Avdis, J. Hill, G. J. Gorman, and M. D. Piggott
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-5993-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-5993-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
S. D. Parkinson, J. Hill, M. D. Piggott, and P. A. Allison
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1945–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1945-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1945-2014, 2014
J. Hill, E. E. Popova, D. A. Ham, M. D. Piggott, and M. Srokosz
Ocean Sci., 10, 323–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-323-2014, 2014
M. E. Rognes, D. A. Ham, C. J. Cotter, and A. T. T. McRae
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 2099–2119, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-2099-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-2099-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Oceanography
A revised ocean mixed layer model for better simulating the diurnal variation in ocean skin temperature
Evaluating an accelerated forcing approach for improving computational efficiency in coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling
An optimal transformation method for inferring ocean tracer sources and sinks
PPCon 1.0: Biogeochemical-Argo profile prediction with 1D convolutional networks
Experimental design for the Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project – phase 2 (MISOMIP2)
Development of a total variation diminishing (TVD) sea ice transport scheme and its application in an ocean (SCHISM v5.11) and sea ice (Icepack v1.3.4) coupled model on unstructured grids
Spurious numerical mixing under strong tidal forcing: a case study in the south-east Asian seas using the Symphonie model (v3.1.2)
Modelling the water isotope distribution in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution oceanic model (NEMO-MED12-watiso v1.0): evaluation of model results against in situ observations
LIGHT-bgcArgo-1.0: using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatiotemporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry
HIDRA3: a robust deep-learning model for multi-point ensemble sea level forecasting
Towards a real-time modeling of global ocean waves by the fully GPU-accelerated spectral wave model WAM6-GPU v1.0
A simple approach to represent precipitation-derived freshwater fluxes into nearshore ocean models: an FVCOM4.1 case study of Quatsino Sound, British Columbia
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnose the ocean carbon budget
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 2: Towards a better representation of total alkalinity when modeling the carbonate system and air–sea CO2 fluxes
DALROMS-NWA12 v1.0, a coupled circulation-ice-biogeochemistry modelling system for the northwest Atlantic Ocean: Development and validation
Development of a novel storm surge inundation model framework for efficient prediction
Skin sea surface temperature schemes in coupled ocean–atmosphere modelling: the impact of chlorophyll-interactive e-folding depth
A wave-resolving 2DV Lagrangian approach to model microplastic transport in the nearshore
DELWAVE 1.0: deep learning surrogate model of surface wave climate in the Adriatic Basin
StraitFlux – precise computations of water strait fluxes on various modeling grids
Comparison of the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) and NCAR-LES in non-hydrostatic simulations
HOTSSea v1: a NEMO-based physical Hindcast of the Salish Sea (1980–2018) supporting ecosystem model development
Intercomparisons of Tracker v1.1 and four other ocean particle-tracking software packages in the Regional Ocean Modeling System
CAR36, a regional high-resolution ocean forecasting system for improving drift and beaching of Sargassum in the Caribbean archipelago
Implementation of additional spectral wave field exchanges in a three-dimensional wave–current coupled WAVEWATCH-III (version 6.07) and CROCO (version 1.2) configuration: assessment of their implications for macro-tidal coastal hydrodynamics
Comparison of 4-dimensional variational and ensemble optimal interpolation data assimilation systems using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (v3.4) configuration of the eddy-dominated East Australian Current system
LOCATE v1.0: numerical modelling of floating marine debris dispersion in coastal regions using Parcels v2.4.2
New insights into the South China Sea throughflow and water budget seasonal cycle: evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution configuration of the ocean model SYMPHONIE version 2.4
MQGeometry-1.0: a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic solver on non-rectangular geometries
Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on El Niño–Southern Oscillation forecasts
Great Lakes wave forecast system on high-resolution unstructured meshes
Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)
A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71)
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 1: Evolution of ecosystem composition under limited light and nutrient conditions
Ocean wave tracing v.1: a numerical solver of the wave ray equations for ocean waves on variable currents at arbitrary depths
Design and evaluation of an efficient high-precision ocean surface wave model with a multiscale grid system (MSG_Wav1.0)
Evaluation of the CMCC global eddying ocean model for the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP2)
Barents-2.5km v2.0: an operational data-assimilative coupled ocean and sea ice ensemble prediction model for the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O, version icon-2.6.6
Using Probability Density Functions to Evaluate Models (PDFEM, v1.0) to compare a biogeochemical model with satellite-derived chlorophyll
Data assimilation sensitivity experiments in the East Auckland Current system using 4D-Var
Using the COAsT Python package to develop a standardised validation workflow for ocean physics models
Improving Antarctic Bottom Water precursors in NEMO for climate applications
Formulation, optimization, and sensitivity of NitrOMZv1.0, a biogeochemical model of the nitrogen cycle in oceanic oxygen minimum zones
Waves in SKRIPS: WAVEWATCH III coupling implementation and a case study of Tropical Cyclone Mekunu
Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact
Enhanced ocean wave modeling by including effect of breaking under both deep- and shallow-water conditions
An internal solitary wave forecasting model in the northern South China Sea (ISWFM-NSCS)
The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish
Eui-Jong Kang, Byung-Ju Sohn, Sang-Woo Kim, Wonho Kim, Young-Cheol Kwon, Seung-Bum Kim, Hyoung-Wook Chun, and Chao Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8553–8568, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea surface temperature (SST) is vital in climate, weather, and ocean sciences because it influences air–sea interactions. Errors in the ECMWF model's scheme for predicting ocean skin temperature prompted a revision of the ocean mixed layer model. Validation against infrared measurements and buoys showed a good correlation with minimal deviations. The revised model accurately simulates SST variations and aligns with solar radiation distributions, showing promise for weather and climate models.
Qin Zhou, Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Tore Hattermann, David Gwyther, and Benjamin Galton-Fenzi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8243–8265, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an accelerated forcing approach to address timescale discrepancies between the ice sheets and ocean components in coupled modelling by reducing the ocean simulation duration. The approach is evaluated using idealized coupled models, and its limitations in real-world applications are discussed. Our results suggest it can be a valuable tool for process-oriented coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling and downscaling climate simulations with such models.
Jan D. Zika and Taimoor Sohail
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8049–8068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method to relate fluxes of heat and freshwater at the sea surface to the resulting distribution of seawater among categories such as warm and salty or cold and salty. The method exploits the laws that govern how heat and salt change when water mixes. The method will allow the climate community to improve estimates of how much heat the ocean is absorbing and how rainfall and evaporation are changing across the globe.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Jan De Rydt, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Mathias van Caspel, Ralph Timmermann, Pierre Mathiot, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Hélène Seroussi, Pierre Dutrieux, Ben Galton-Fenzi, David Holland, and Ronja Reese
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7105–7139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models do not reliably simulate sea-level change due to ice-sheet–ocean interactions. We propose a community modelling effort to conduct a series of well-defined experiments to compare models with observations and study how models respond to a range of perturbations in climate and ice-sheet geometry. The second Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project will continue to lay the groundwork for including ice-sheet–ocean interactions in global-scale IPCC-class models.
Qian Wang, Yang Zhang, Fei Chai, Y. Joseph Zhang, and Lorenzo Zampieri
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7067–7081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled an unstructured hydro-model with an advanced column sea ice model to meet the growing demand for increased resolution and complexity in unstructured sea ice models. Additionally, we present a novel tracer transport scheme for the sea ice coupled model and demonstrate that this scheme fulfills the requirements for conservation, accuracy, efficiency, and monotonicity in an idealized test. Our new coupled model also has good performance in realistic tests.
Adrien Garinet, Marine Herrmann, Patrick Marsaleix, and Juliette Pénicaud
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6967–6986, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6967-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6967-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing is a crucial aspect of the ocean, but its accurate representation in computer simulations is made challenging by errors that result in unwanted mixing, compromising simulation realism. Here we illustrate the spurious effect that tides can have on simulations of south-east Asia. Although they play an important role in determining the state of the ocean, they can increase numerical errors and make simulation outputs less realistic. We also provide insights into how to reduce these errors.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Camille Risi, and Gilles Ramstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6627–6655, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes (δ18O, δD) are one of the most widely used proxies in ocean climate research. Previous studies using water isotope observations and modelling have highlighted the importance of understanding spatial and temporal isotopic variability for a quantitative interpretation of these tracers. Here we present the first results of a high-resolution regional dynamical model (at 1/12° horizontal resolution) developed for the Mediterranean Sea, one of the hotspots of ongoing climate change.
Cara Nissen, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Mathew Maltrud, Alison R. Gray, Yohei Takano, Kristen Falcinelli, Jade Sauvé, and Katherine Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6415–6435, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Autonomous profiling floats have provided unprecedented observational coverage of the global ocean, but uncertainties remain about whether their sampling frequency and density capture the true spatiotemporal variability of physical, biogeochemical, and biological properties. Here, we present the novel synthetic biogeochemical float capabilities of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 and demonstrate their utility as a test bed to address these uncertainties.
Marko Rus, Hrvoje Mihanović, Matjaž Ličer, and Matej Kristan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2068, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2068, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
HIDRA3 is a novel deep-learning model for predicting sea levels and storm surges, offering significant improvements over previous models and numerical simulations. It utilizes data from multiple tide gauges, enhancing predictions even with limited historical data and during sensor outages. With its advanced architecture, HIDRA3 outperforms the current state-of-the-art models by achieving up to 15 % lower mean absolute error, proving effective for coastal flood forecasting in diverse conditions.
Ye Yuan, Fujiang Yu, Zhi Chen, Xueding Li, Fang Hou, Yuanyong Gao, Zhiyi Gao, and Renbo Pang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6123–6136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and timely forecasting of ocean waves is of great importance to the safety of marine transportation and offshore engineering. In this study, GPU-accelerated computing is introduced in WAve Modeling Cycle 6 (WAM6). With this effort, global high-resolution wave simulations can now run on GPUs up to tens of times faster than the currently available models can on a CPU node with results that are just as accurate.
Krysten Rutherford, Laura Bianucci, and William Floyd
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6083–6104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearshore ocean models often lack complete information about freshwater fluxes due to numerous ungauged rivers and streams. We tested a simple rain-based hydrological model as inputs into an ocean model of Quatsino Sound, Canada, with the aim of improving the representation of the land–ocean connection in the nearshore model. Through multiple tests, we found that the performance of the ocean model improved when providing 60 % or more of the freshwater inputs from the simple runoff model.
Neill Mackay, Taimoor Sohail, Jan David Zika, Richard G. Williams, Oliver Andrews, and Andrew James Watson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5987–6005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change, but estimates of the uptake do not always agree. There is a need to reconcile these differing estimates and to improve our understanding of ocean carbon uptake. We present a new method for estimating ocean carbon uptake and test it with model data. The method effectively diagnoses the ocean carbon uptake from limited data and therefore shows promise for reconciling different observational estimates.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5851–5882, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbonate system is typically studied using measurements, but modeling can contribute valuable insights. Using a biogeochemical model, we propose a new representation of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2, and pH in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area, the Bay of Marseille, a useful addition to measurements. Through a detailed analysis of pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes, we show that variations are strongly impacted by the hydrodynamic processes that affect the bay.
Kyoko Ohashi, Arnaud Laurent, Christoph Renkl, Jinyu Sheng, Katja Fennel, and Eric Oliver
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1372, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a modelling system of the northwest Atlantic Ocean that simulates the currents, temperature, salinity, and parts of the biochemical cycle of the ocean, as well as sea ice. The system combines advanced, open-source models and can be used to study, for example, the oceans’ capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide which is a key process in the global climate. The system produces realistic results, and we use it to investigate the roles of tides and sea ice in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Xuanxuan Gao, Shuiqing Li, Dongxue Mo, Yahao Liu, and Po Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5497–5509, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges generate coastal inundation and expose populations and properties to danger. We developed a novel storm surge inundation model for efficient prediction. Estimates compare well with in situ measurements and results from a numerical model. The new model is a significant improvement on existing numerical models, with much higher computational efficiency and stability, which allows timely disaster prevention and mitigation.
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Damien Sous, and Vincent Marieu
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-100, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-100, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel modeling approach for understanding microplastic transport in coastal waters. The model accurately replicates experimental data and reveals key transport mechanisms. The findings enhance our knowledge of how microplastics move in nearshore environments, aiding in coastal management and efforts to combat plastic pollution globally.
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
Susanna Winkelbauer, Michael Mayer, and Leopold Haimberger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4603–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic transports shape the global climate, but the evaluation and validation of this key quantity based on reanalysis and model data are complicated by the distortion of the used modelling grids and the large number of different grid types. We present two new methods that allow the calculation of oceanic fluxes of volume, heat, salinity, and ice through almost arbitrary sections for various models and reanalyses that are independent of the used modelling grids.
Xiaoyu Fan, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Qing Li, Patrick Marchesiello, Peter P. Sullivan, and Paul S. Hall
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4095–4113, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of the oceanic turbulent boundary layer using the nonhydrostatic CROCO ROMS and NCAR-LES models are compared. CROCO and the NCAR-LES are accurate in a similar manner, but CROCO’s additional features (e.g., nesting and realism) and its compressible turbulence formulation carry additional costs.
Greig Oldford, Tereza Jarníková, Villy Christensen, and Michael Dunphy
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-58, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-58, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a physical ocean model called the Hindcast of the Salish Sea (HOTSSea) that recreates conditions throughout the Salish Sea from 1980 to 2018, filling in the gaps in patchy measurements. The model predicts physical ocean properties with sufficient accuracy to be useful for a variety of applications. The model corroborates observed ocean temperature trends and was used to examine areas with few observations. Results indicate that some seasons and areas are warming faster than others.
Jilian Xiong and Parker MacCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new offline particle tracking package, Tracker v1.1, is introduced to the Regional Ocean Modeling System, featuring an efficient nearest-neighbor algorithm to enhance particle-tracking speed. Its performance was evaluated against four other tracking packages and passive dye. Despite unique features, all packages yield comparable results. Running multiple packages within the same circulation model allows comparison of their performance and ease of use.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Gaetano Porcile, Anne-Claire Bennis, Martial Boutet, Sophie Le Bot, Franck Dumas, and Swen Jullien
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2829–2853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here a new method of modelling the interaction between ocean currents and waves is presented. We developed an advanced coupling of two models, one for ocean currents and one for waves. In previous couplings, some wave-related calculations were based on simplified assumptions. Our method uses more complex calculations to better represent wave–current interactions. We tested it in a macro-tidal coastal area and found that it significantly improves the model accuracy, especially during storms.
Colette Gabrielle Kerry, Moninya Roughan, Shane Keating, David Gwyther, Gary Brassington, Adil Siripatana, and Joao Marcos A. C. Souza
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2359–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting relies on the combination of numerical models and ocean observations through data assimilation (DA). Here we assess the performance of two DA systems in a dynamic western boundary current, the East Australian Current, across a common modelling and observational framework. We show that the more advanced, time-dependent method outperforms the time-independent method for forecast horizons of 5 d. This advocates the use of advanced methods for highly variable oceanic regions.
Ivan Hernandez, Leidy M. Castro-Rosero, Manuel Espino, and Jose M. Alsina Torrent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2221–2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The LOCATE numerical model was developed to conduct Lagrangian simulations of the transport and dispersion of marine debris at coastal scales. High-resolution hydrodynamic data and a beaching module that used particle distance to the shore for land–water boundary detection were used on a realistic debris discharge scenario comparing hydrodynamic data at various resolutions. Coastal processes and complex geometric structures were resolved when using nested grids and distance-to-shore beaching.
Ngoc B. Trinh, Marine Herrmann, Caroline Ulses, Patrick Marsaleix, Thomas Duhaut, Thai To Duy, Claude Estournel, and R. Kipp Shearman
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1831–1867, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution model was built to study the South China Sea (SCS) water, heat, and salt budgets. Model performance is demonstrated by comparison with observations and simulations. Important discards are observed if calculating offline, instead of online, lateral inflows and outflows of water, heat, and salt. The SCS mainly receives water from the Luzon Strait and releases it through the Mindoro, Taiwan, and Karimata straits. SCS surface interocean water exchanges are driven by monsoon winds.
Louis Thiry, Long Li, Guillaume Roullet, and Etienne Mémin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1749–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new way of solving the quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, a simple set of equations describing ocean dynamics. Our method is solely based on the numerical methods used to solve the equations and requires no parameter tuning. Moreover, it can handle non-rectangular geometries, opening the way to study QG equations on realistic domains. We release a PyTorch implementation to ease future machine-learning developments on top of the presented method.
Zheqi Shen, Yihao Chen, Xiaojing Li, and Xunshu Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1651–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Parameter estimation is the process that optimizes model parameters using observations, which could reduce model errors and improve forecasting. In this study, we conducted parameter estimation experiments using the CESM and the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The obtained initial conditions and parameters are used to perform ensemble forecast experiments for ENSO forecasting. The results revealed that parameter estimation could reduce analysis errors and improve ENSO forecast skills.
Ali Abdolali, Saeideh Banihashemi, Jose Henrique Alves, Aron Roland, Tyler J. Hesser, Mary Anderson Bryant, and Jane McKee Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an overview of the development and implementation of Great Lake Wave Unstructured (GLWUv2.0), including the core model and workflow design and development. The validation was conducted against in situ data for the re-forecasted duration for summer and wintertime (ice season). The article describes the limitations and challenges encountered in the operational environment and the path forward for the next generation of wave forecast systems in enclosed basins like the GL.
Qiang Wang, Qi Shu, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Andy McC. Hogg, Doroteaciro Iovino, Andrew E. Kiss, Nikolay Koldunov, Julien Le Sommer, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Igor Polyakov, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Shizhu Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 347–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing resolution improves model skills in simulating the Arctic Ocean, but other factors such as parameterizations and numerics are at least of the same importance for obtaining reliable simulations.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Luca Arpaia, Christian Ferrarin, Marco Bajo, and Georg Umgiesser
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a discrete multilayer shallow water model based on z-layers which, thanks to the insertion and removal of surface layers, can deal with an arbitrarily large tidal oscillation independently of the vertical resolution. The algorithm is based on a two-step procedure used in numerical simulations with moving boundaries (grid movement followed by a grid topology change, that is, the insertion/removal of surface layers), which avoids the appearance of very thin surface layers.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, France Van Wambeke, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6701–6739, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While several studies have shown that mixotrophs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, the impact of environmental forcings on their dynamics remains poorly investigated. Using a biogeochemical model that considers mixotrophs, we study the impact of light and nutrient concentration on the ecosystem composition in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille. We show that mixotrophs cope better with oligotrophic conditions compared to strict auto- and heterotrophs.
Trygve Halsne, Kai Håkon Christensen, Gaute Hope, and Øyvind Breivik
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6515–6530, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waves that propagate in oceanic or coastal environments get influenced by their surroundings. Changes in the ambient current or the depth profile affect the wave propagation path, and the change in wave direction is called refraction. Some analytical solutions to the governing equations exist under ideal conditions, but for realistic situations, the equations must be solved numerically. Here we present such a numerical solver under an open-source license.
Jiangyu Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu, Xiaolin Yu, and Zhiwei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6393–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface waves play an important role in the air–sea interface but are rarely activated in high-resolution Earth system simulations due to their expensive computational costs. To alleviate this situation, this paper designs a new wave modeling framework with a multiscale grid system. Evaluations of a series of numerical experiments show that it has good feasibility and applicability in the WAVEWATCH III model, WW3, and can achieve the goals of efficient and high-precision wave simulation.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Johannes Röhrs, Yvonne Gusdal, Edel S. U. Rikardsen, Marina Durán Moro, Jostein Brændshøi, Nils Melsom Kristensen, Sindre Fritzner, Keguang Wang, Ann Kristin Sperrevik, Martina Idžanović, Thomas Lavergne, Jens Boldingh Debernard, and Kai H. Christensen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5401–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A model to predict ocean currents, temperature, and sea ice is presented, covering the Barents Sea and northern Norway. To quantify forecast uncertainties, the model calculates ensemble forecasts with 24 realizations of ocean and ice conditions. Observations from satellites, buoys, and ships are ingested by the model. The model forecasts are compared with observations, and we show that the ocean model has skill in predicting sea surface temperatures.
Jin-Song von Storch, Eileen Hertwig, Veit Lüschow, Nils Brüggemann, Helmuth Haak, Peter Korn, and Vikram Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5179–5196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The new ocean general circulation model ICON-O is developed for running experiments at kilometer scales and beyond. One targeted application is to simulate internal tides crucial for ocean mixing. To ensure their realism, which is difficult to assess, we evaluate the barotropic tides that generate internal tides. We show that ICON-O is able to realistically simulate the major aspects of the observed barotropic tides and discuss the aspects that impact the quality of the simulated tides.
Bror F. Jönsson, Christopher L. Follett, Jacob Bien, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Sangwon Hyun, Gemma Kulk, Gael L. Forget, Christian Müller, Marie-Fanny Racault, Christopher N. Hill, Thomas Jackson, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4639–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While biogeochemical models and satellite-derived ocean color data provide unprecedented information, it is problematic to compare them. Here, we present a new approach based on comparing probability density distributions of model and satellite properties to assess model skills. We also introduce Earth mover's distances as a novel and powerful metric to quantify the misfit between models and observations. We find that how 3D chlorophyll fields are aggregated can be a significant source of error.
Rafael Santana, Helen Macdonald, Joanne O'Callaghan, Brian Powell, Sarah Wakes, and Sutara H. Suanda
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3675–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show the importance of assimilating subsurface temperature and velocity data in a model of the East Auckland Current. Assimilation of velocity increased the representation of large oceanic vortexes. Assimilation of temperature is needed to correctly simulate temperatures around 100 m depth, which is the most difficult region to simulate in ocean models. Our simulations showed improved results in comparison to the US Navy global model and highlight the importance of regional models.
David Byrne, Jeff Polton, Enda O'Dea, and Joanne Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3749–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Validation is a crucial step during the development of models for ocean simulation. The purpose of validation is to assess how accurate a model is. It is most commonly done by comparing output from a model to actual observations. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate usage of the COAsT Python package to standardise the validation process for physical ocean models. We also discuss our five guiding principles for standardised validation.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Daniele Bianchi, Daniel McCoy, and Simon Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3581–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present NitrOMZ, a new model of the oceanic nitrogen cycle that simulates chemical transformations within oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We describe the model formulation and its implementation in a one-dimensional representation of the water column before evaluating its ability to reproduce observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific. We conclude by describing the model sensitivity to parameter choices and environmental factors and its application to nitrogen cycling in the ocean.
Rui Sun, Alison Cobb, Ana B. Villas Bôas, Sabique Langodan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Matthew R. Mazloff, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Arthur J. Miller, Raju Pathak, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3435–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we integrated the WAVEWATCH III model into the regional coupled model SKRIPS. We then performed a case study using the newly implemented model to study Tropical Cyclone Mekunu, which occurred in the Arabian Sea. We found that the coupled model better simulates the cyclone than the uncoupled model, but the impact of waves on the cyclone is not significant. However, the waves change the sea surface temperature and mixed layer, especially in the cold waves produced due to the cyclone.
Pengcheng Wang and Natacha B. Bernier
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3335–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of sea ice are typically neglected in operational flood forecast systems. In this work, we capture these effects via the addition of a parameterized ice–ocean stress. The parameterization takes advantage of forecast fields from an advanced ice–ocean model and features a novel, consistent representation of the tidal relative ice–ocean velocity. The new parameterization leads to improved forecasts of tides and storm surges in polar regions. Associated physical processes are discussed.
Yue Xu and Xiping Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2811–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate description of the wind energy input into ocean waves is crucial to ocean wave modeling, and a physics-based consideration of the effect of wave breaking is absolutely necessary to obtain such an accurate description, particularly under extreme conditions. This study evaluates the performance of a recently improved formula, taking into account not only the effect of breaking but also the effect of airflow separation on the leeside of steep wave crests in a reasonably consistent way.
Yankun Gong, Xueen Chen, Jiexin Xu, Jieshuo Xie, Zhiwu Chen, Yinghui He, and Shuqun Cai
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2851–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) play crucial roles in mass transport and ocean mixing in the northern South China Sea. Massive numerical investigations have been conducted in this region, but there was no systematic evaluation of a three-dimensional model about precisely simulating ISWs. Here, an ISW forecasting model is employed to evaluate the roles of resolution, tidal forcing and stratification in accurately reproducing wave properties via comparison to field and remote-sensing observations.
Johannes Bieser, David J. Amptmeijer, Ute Daewel, Joachim Kuss, Anne L. Soerensen, and Corinna Schrum
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MERCY is a 3D model to study mercury (Hg) cycling in the ocean. Hg is a highly harmful pollutant regulated by the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury due to widespread human emissions. These emissions eventually reach the oceans, where Hg transforms into the even more toxic and bioaccumulative pollutant methylmercury. MERCY predicts the fate of Hg in the ocean and its buildup in the food chain. It is the first model to consider Hg accumulation in fish, a major source of Hg exposure for humans.
Cited articles
Aizinger, V. and Dawson, C.: The local discontinuous Galerkin method for three-dimensional shallow water flow, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 196, 734–746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2006.04.010, 2007.
Alnæs, M. S., Logg, A., Ølgaard, K. B., Rognes, M. E., and Wells, G. N.: Unified Form Language: A Domain-specific Language for Weak Formulations of Partial Differential Equations, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 40, 9:1–9:37, https://doi.org/10.1145/2566630, 2014.
Beckmann, A. and Haidvogel, D. B.: Numerical Simulation of Flow around a Tall Isolated Seamount. Part I: Problem Formulation and Model Accuracy, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1736–1753, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1736:NSOFAA>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Benjamin, T. B.: Gravity currents and related phenomena, J. Fluid Mech., 31, 209–248, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112068000133, 1968.
Bercea, G.-T., McRae, A. T. T., Ham, D. A., Mitchell, L., Rathgeber, F., Nardi, L., Luporini, F., and Kelly, P. H. J.: A structure-exploiting numbering algorithm for finite elements on extruded meshes, and its performance evaluation in Firedrake, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3803–3815, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3803-2016, 2016.
Bernard, P.-E., Deleersnijder, E., Legat, V., and Remacle, J.-F.: Dispersion Analysis of Discontinuous Galerkin Schemes Applied to Poincaré, Kelvin and Rossby Waves, J. Scient. Comput., 34, 26–47, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-007-9156-6, 2008.
Blaise, S., Comblen, R., Legat, V., Remacle, J.-F., Deleersnijder, E., and Lambrechts, J.: A discontinuous finite element baroclinic marine model on unstructured prismatic meshes. Part I: space discretization, Ocean Dynam., 60, 1371–1393, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0358-3, 2010.
Bleck, R.: On the Use of Hybrid Vertical Coordinates in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Mon. Weather Rev., 106, 1233–1244, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<1233:OTUOHV>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Bleck, R.: An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates, Ocean Model., 4, 55–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9, 2002.
Blumberg, A. F. and Mellor, G. L.: A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean model, in: Three Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, chap. 1–16, edited by: Heaps, N. S., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., https://doi.org/10.1029/CO004p0001, 1987.
Burchard, H. and Bolding, K.: GETM – a general estuarine transport model, Scientific documentation, Tech. Rep. EUR 20253 EN, European Commission, Ispra, Italy, 2002.
Burchard, H. and Rennau, H.: Comparative quantification of physically and numerically induced mixing in ocean models, Ocean Model., 20, 293–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.003, 2008.
Casulli, V. and Walters, R. A.: An unstructured grid, three-dimensional model based on the shallow water equations, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 32, 331–348, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(20000215)32:3<331::AID-FLD941>3.0.CO;2-C, 2000.
Chen, C., Liu, H., and Beardsley, R. C.: An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model: Application to Coastal Ocean and Estuaries, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20, 159–186, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0159:AUGFVT>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Cockburn, B. and Shu, C.-W.: Runge–Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for convection-dominated problems, J. Scient. Comput., 16, 173–261, 2001.
Comblen, R., Blaise, S., Legat, V., Remacle, J.-F., Deleersnijder, E., and Lambrechts, J.: A discontinuous finite element baroclinic marine model on unstructured prismatic meshes. Part II: implicit/explicit time discretization, Ocean Dynam., 60, 1395–1414, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0357-4, 2010a.
Comblen, R., Lambrechts, J., Remacle, J.-F., and Legat, V.: Practical evaluation of five partly discontinuous finite element pairs for the non-conservative shallow water equations, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 63, 701–724, https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.2094, 2010b.
Cotter, C. J., Ham, D. A., and Pain, C. C.: A mixed discontinuous/continuous finite element pair for shallow-water ocean modelling, Ocean Model., 26, 86–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.09.002, 2009a.
Cotter, C. J., Ham, D. A., Pain, C. C., and Reich, S.: LBB stability of a mixed Galerkin finite element pair for fluid flow simulations, J. Comput. Phys., 228, 336–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.09.014, 2009b.
Danilov, S.: Two finite-volume unstructured mesh models for large-scale ocean modeling, Ocean Model., 47, 14–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.01.004, 2012.
Danilov, S.: Ocean modeling on unstructured meshes, Ocean Model., 69, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.005, 2013.
Danilov, S., Wang, Q., Losch, M., Sidorenko, D., and Schröter, J.: Modeling ocean circulation on unstructured meshes: comparison of two horizontal discretizations, Ocean Dynam., 58, 365–374, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0138-5, 2008.
Danilov, S., Sidorenko, D., Wang, Q., and Jung, T.: The Finite-volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM2), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 765–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-765-2017, 2017.
Dawson, C. and Aizinger, V.: A discontinuous Galerkin method for three-dimensional shallow water equations, J. Scient. Comput., 22–23, 245–267, 2005.
Deleersnijder, E. and Lermusiaux, P. F. J.: Multi-scale modeling: nested-grid and unstructured-mesh approaches, Ocean Dynam., 58, 335–336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0170-5, 2008.
Donea, J., Huerta, A., Ponthot, J.-P., and Rodríguez-Ferran, A.: Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Methods, in: Encyclopedia of Computational Mechanics, chap. 14, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex, 413–437, https://doi.org/10.1002/0470091355.ecm009, 2004.
Epshteyn, Y. and Rivière, B.: Estimation of penalty parameters for symmetric interior penalty Galerkin methods, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 206, 843–872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2006.08.029, 2007.
Ezer, T. and Mellor, G. L.: A generalized coordinate ocean model and a comparison of the bottom boundary layer dynamics in terrain-following and in z-level grids, Ocean Model., 6, 379–403, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00026-X, 2004.
Farrell, P. E., Ham, D. A., Funke, S. W., and Rognes, M. E.: Automated Derivation of the Adjoint of High-Level Transient Finite Element Programs, SIAM J. Scient. Comput., 35, C369–C393, https://doi.org/10.1137/120873558, 2013.
Fringer, O., Gerritsen, M., and Street, R. L.: An unstructured-grid, finite-volume, nonhydrostatic, parallel coastal ocean simulator, Ocean Model., 14, 139–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.03.006, 2006.
Gottlieb, S.: On high order strong stability preserving runge-kutta and multi step time discretizations, J. Scient. Comput., 25, 105–128, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02728985, 2005.
Gottlieb, S. and Shu, C.-W.: Total Variation Diminishing Runge–Kutta Schemes, Math. Comput., 67, 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-98-00913-2, 1998.
Gottlieb, S., Ketcheson, D. I., and Shu, C.-W.: High Order Strong Stability Preserving Time Discretizations, J. Scient. Comput., 38, 251–289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-008-9239-z, 2009.
Griffies, S. M.: Fundamentals of ocean climate models, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004.
Griffies, S. M. and Hallberg, R.: Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2935–2946, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2935:BFWASL>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Griffies, S. M., Pacanowski, R. C., and Hallberg, R. W.: Spurious Diapycnal Mixing Associated with Advection in a z-Coordinate Ocean Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 538–564, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0538:SDMAWA>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Griffies, S. M., Gnanadesikan, A., Dixon, K. W., Dunne, J. P., Gerdes, R., Harrison, M. J., Rosati, A., Russell, J. L., Samuels, B. L., Spelman, M. J., Winton, M., and Zhang, R.: Formulation of an ocean model for global climate simulations, Ocean Sci., 1, 45–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-1-45-2005, 2005.
Haidvogel, D. and Beckmann, A.: Numerical Ocean Circulation Modeling, in: Environmental Science and Management, 4th Edn., Imperial College Press, London, 1999.
Hanert, E., Legat, V., and Deleersnijder, E.: A comparison of three finite elements to solve the linear shallow water equations, Ocean Model., 5, 17–35, 2003.
Hiester, H., Piggott, M., Farrell, P., and Allison, P.: Assessment of spurious mixing in adaptive mesh simulations of the two-dimensional lock-exchange, Ocean Model., 73, 30–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.10.003, 2014.
Higdon, R. L. and de Szoeke, R. A.: Barotropic-Baroclinic Time Splitting for Ocean Circulation Modeling, J. Comput. Phys., 135, 30–53, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1997.5733, 1997.
Hofmeister, R., Burchard, H., and Beckers, J.-M.: Non-uniform adaptive vertical grids for 3D numerical ocean models, Ocean Model., 33, 70–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.12.003, 2010.
Homolya, M., Mitchell, L., Luporini, F., and Ham, D. A.: TSFC: a structure-preserving form compiler, SIAM J. Scient. Comput., 40, C401–C428, https://doi.org/10.1137/17M1130642, 2018.
Ilıcak, M., Adcroft, A. J., Griffies, S. M., and Hallberg, R. W.: Spurious dianeutral mixing and the role of momentum closure, Ocean Model., 45–46, 37–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.10.003, 2012.
Jackett, D. R., McDougall, T. J., Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., and Griffies, S. M.: Algorithms for Density, Potential Temperature, Conservative Temperature, and the Freezing Temperature of Seawater, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1709–1728, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1946.1, 2006.
Jankowski, J. A.: A non-hydrostatic model for free surface flows, PhD thesis, Institut für Ströungsmechanik und ERiB, Universität Hannover, Hannover, 1999.
Kärnä, T. and Baptista, A. M.: Evaluation of a long-term hindcast simulation for the Columbia River estuary, Ocean Model., 99, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.12.007, 2016.
Kärnä, T., de Brye, B., Gourgue, O., Lambrechts, J., Comblen, R., Legat, V., and Deleersnijder, E.: A fully implicit wetting-drying method for DG-FEM shallow water models, with an application to the Scheldt Estuary, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 200, 509–524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2010.07.001, 2011.
Kärnä, T., Legat, V., Deleersnijder, E., and Burchard, H.: Coupling of a discontinuous Galerkin finite element marine model with a finite difference turbulence closure model, Ocean Model., 47, 55–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.01.001, 2012.
Kärnä, T., Legat, V., and Deleersnijder, E.: A baroclinic discontinuous Galerkin finite element model for coastal flows, Ocean Model., 61, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.09.009, 2013.
Kärnä, T., Baptista, A. M., Lopez, J. ., Turner, P. J., McNeil, C., and Sanford, T. B.: Numerical modeling of circulation in high-energy estuaries: A Columbia River estuary benchmark, Ocean Model., 88, 54–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.01.001, 2015.
Kuzmin, D.: A vertex-based hierarchical slope limiter for hp-adaptive discontinuous Galerkin methods, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 233, 3077–3085, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2009.05.028, 2010.
Legg, S., Hallberg, R. W., and Girton, J. B.: Comparison of entrainment in overflows simulated by z-coordinate, isopycnal and non-hydrostatic models, Ocean Model., 11, 69–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.11.006, 2006.
Luettich, R. A. and Westerink, J. J.: Formulation and numerical implementation of the 2D/3D ADCIRC finite element model version 44. XX, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Illinois, 2004.
Luporini, F., Ham, D. A., and Kelly, P. H. J.: An Algorithm for the Optimization of Finite Element Integration Loops, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 44, 3:1–3:26, https://doi.org/10.1145/3054944, 2017.
Mahadevan, A.: Modeling vertical motion at ocean fronts: Are nonhydrostatic effects relevant at submesoscales?, Ocean Model., 14, 222–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.05.005, 2006.
Marchesiello, P., Debreu, L., and Couvelard, X.: Spurious diapycnal mixing in terrain-following coordinate models: The problem and a solution, Ocean Model., 26, 156–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.09.004, 2009.
Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Heisey, C.: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753–5766, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02775, 1997a.
Marshall, J., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Adcroft, A.: Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733–5752, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02776, 1997b.
McRae, A. T. T. and Cotter, C. J.: Energy- and enstrophy-conserving schemes for the shallow-water equations, based on mimetic finite elements, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 2223–2234, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2291, 2014.
McRae, A. T. T., Bercea, G.-T., Mitchell, L., Ham, D. A., and Cotter, C. J.: Automated generation and symbolic manipulation of tensor product finite elements, SIAM J. Scient. Comput., 38, S25–S47, https://doi.org/10.1137/15M1021167, 2016.
Meurer, A., Smith, C. P., Paprocki, M., Čertík, O., Kirpichev, S. B., Rocklin, M., Kumar, A., Ivanov, S., Moore, J. K., Singh, S., Rathnayake, T., Vig, S., Granger, B. E., Muller, R. P., Bonazzi, F., Gupta, H., Vats, S., Johansson, F., Pedregosa, F., Curry, M. J., Terrel, A. R., Roučka, S., Saboo, A., Fernando, I., Kulal, S., Cimrman, R., and Scopatz, A.: SymPy: symbolic computing in Python, PeerJ Comp. Sci., 3, e103, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.103, 2017.
Pacanowski, R. C. and Philander, S. G. H.: Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443–1451, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1443:POVMIN>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Pestiaux, A., Melchior, S., Remacle, J., Kärnä, T., Fichefet, T., and Lambrechts, J.: Discontinuous Galerkin finite element discretization of a strongly anisotropic diffusion operator, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 75, 365–384, https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.3900, 2014.
Petersen, M. R., Jacobsen, D. W., Ringler, T. D., Hecht, M. W., and Maltrud, M. E.: Evaluation of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian vertical coordinate method in the MPAS-Ocean model, Ocean Model., 86, 93–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.12.004, 2015.
Piggott, M. D., Gorman, G. J., Pain, C. C., Allison, P. A., Candy, A. S., Martin, B. T., and Wells, M. R.: A new computational framework for multi-scale ocean modelling based on adapting unstructured meshes, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 56, 1003–1015, https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.1663, 2008.
Piggott, M. D., Pain, C. C., Gorman, G. J., Marshall, D. P., and Killworth, P. D.: Unstructured Adaptive Meshes for Ocean Modeling, in: Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 383–408, https://doi.org/10.1029/177GM22, 2013.
Ralston, D. K., Cowles, G. W., Geyer, W. R., and Holleman, R. C.: Turbulent and numerical mixing in a salt wedge estuary: Dependence on grid resolution, bottom roughness, and turbulence closure, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 692–712, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011738, 2017.
Rathgeber, F., Ham, D. A., Mitchell, L., Lange, M., Luporini, F., McRae, A. T. T., Bercea, G.-T., Markall, G. R., and Kelly, P. H. J.: Firedrake: automating the finite element method by composing abstractions, ACM Trans. Math. Soft., 43, 24:1–24:27, https://doi.org/10.1145/2998441, 2016.
Rennau, H. and Burchard, H.: Quantitative analysis of numerically induced mixing in a coastal model application, Ocean Dynam., 59, 671–687, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-009-0201-x, 2009.
Ringler, T., Petersen, M., Higdon, R. L., Jacobsen, D., Jones, P. W., and Maltrud, M.: A multi-resolution approach to global ocean modeling, Ocean Model., 69, 211–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.04.010, 2013.
Salari, K. and Knupp, P.: Code Verification by the Method of Manufactured Solutions, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, https://doi.org/10.2172/759450, 2000.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: Quasi-Monotone Advection Schemes Based on Explicit Locally Adaptive Dissipation, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1541–1580, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1541:QMASBO>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic model with a nonaligned vertical coordinate, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 35:1–35:34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001047, 2003.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model, Ocean Model., 9, 347–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002, 2005.
Shi, F., Chickadel, C. C., Hsu, T.-J., Kirby, J. T., Farquharson, G., and Ma, G.: High-Resolution Non-Hydrostatic Modeling of Frontal Features in the Mouth of the Columbia River, Estuar. Coasts, 40, 296–309, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0132-y, 2017.
Shu, C.-W.: Total-Variation-Diminishing Time Discretizations, SIAM J. Scient. Stat. Comput. 9, 1073–1084, https://doi.org/10.1137/0909073, 1988.
Shu, C.-W. and Osher, S.: Efficient implementation of essentially non-oscillatory shock-capturing schemes, J. Comput. Phys., 77, 439–471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(88)90177-5, 1988.
Song, Y. and Haidvogel, D.: A Semi-implicit Ocean Circulation Model Using a Generalized Topography-Following Coordinate System, J. Comput. Phys., 115, 228–244, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1994.1189, 1994.
Wang, D.-P.: Mutual intrusion of a gravity current and density front formation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1191–1199, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<1191:MIOAGC>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Wang, Q., Danilov, S., and Schröter, J.: Finite element ocean circulation model based on triangular prismatic elements, with application in studying the effect of topography representation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004482, 2008a.
Wang, Q., Danilov, S., and Schröer, J.: Comparison of overflow simulations on different vertical grids using the Finite Element Ocean circulation Model, Ocean Model., 20, 313–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.005, 2008b.
Wang, Q., Danilov, S., Sidorenko, D., Timmermann, R., Wekerle, C., Wang, X., Jung, T., and Schröter, J.: The Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) v.1.4: formulation of an ocean general circulation model, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 663–693, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-663-2014, 2014.
White, L., Deleersnijder, E., and Legat, V.: A three-dimensional unstructured mesh finite element shallow-water model, with application to the flows around an island and in a wind-driven, elongated basin, Ocean Model., 22, 26–47, 2008a.
White, L., Legat, V., and Deleersnijder, E.: Tracer Conservation for Three-Dimensional, Finite-Element, Free-Surface, Ocean Modeling on Moving Prismatic Meshes, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 420–442, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2137.1, 2008b.
zenodo/Firedrake: Software used in `Thetis coastal ocean model: discontinuous Galerkin discretization for the three-dimensional hydrostatic equations', https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1407898, 2018.
zenodo/Thetis: The Thetis coastal ocean model, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1407181, 2018.
Zhang, Y. and Baptista, A. M.: SELFE: A semi-implicit Eulerian–Lagrangian finite-element model for cross-scale ocean circulation, Ocean Model., 21, 71–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.11.005, 2008.
Zhang, Y. J., Ye, F., Stanev, E. V., and Grashorn, S.: Seamless cross-scale modeling with SCHISM, Ocean Model., 102, 64–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.05.002, 2016.
Short summary
Unstructured meshes are attractive for coastal ocean modeling, as they allow more accurate representation of complex coastal topography. Unstructured mesh models are, however, often perceived as slow and inaccurate. We present a novel discontinuous Galerkin ocean model: Thetis. We demonstrate that the model is able to simulate baroclinic ocean flows with high accuracy on a triangular prismatic mesh. This work paves the way for highly accurate and efficient three-dimensional coastal ocean models.
Unstructured meshes are attractive for coastal ocean modeling, as they allow more accurate...
Special issue