Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
28 Mar 2023
Model evaluation paper |
| 28 Mar 2023
| 28 Mar 2023
Development and validation of a global 1∕32° surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model: FIO-COM32
Bin Xiao
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling,
Qingdao 266061, China
Fangli Qiao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling,
Qingdao 266061, China
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling,
Qingdao 266061, China
Xunqiang Yin
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling,
Qingdao 266061, China
Guansuo Wang
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling,
Qingdao 266061, China
Shihong Wang
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling,
Qingdao 266061, China
Related authors
Takaya Uchida, Julien Le Sommer, Charles Stern, Ryan P. Abernathey, Chris Holdgraf, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Brodeau, Eric P. Chassignet, Xiaobiao Xu, Jonathan Gula, Guillaume Roullet, Nikolay Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Qiang Wang, Dimitris Menemenlis, Clément Bricaud, Brian K. Arbic, Jay F. Shriver, Fangli Qiao, Bin Xiao, Arne Biastoch, René Schubert, Baylor Fox-Kemper, William K. Dewar, and Alan Wallcraft
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5829–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean and climate scientists have used numerical simulations as a tool to examine the ocean and climate system since the 1970s. Since then, owing to the continuous increase in computational power and advances in numerical methods, we have been able to simulate increasing complex phenomena. However, the fidelity of the simulations in representing the phenomena remains a core issue in the ocean science community. Here we propose a cloud-based framework to inter-compare and assess such simulations.
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-52, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model FIO-COM32 with resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are proved to be important contributors to the significant improvements of FIO-COM32 simulations. It should be the time to merge these separated model components (surface wave, tidal current and ocean circulation) for new generation ocean model development.
Qiang Wang, Qi Shu, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Andy McC. Hogg, Doroteaciro Iovino, Andrew E. Kiss, Nikolay Koldunov, Julien Le Sommer, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Igor Polyakov, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Shizhu Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 347–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing resolution improves model skills in simulating the Arctic Ocean, but other factors such as parameterizations and numerics are at least of the same importance for obtaining reliable simulations.
Meng Sun, Yongzeng Yang, Xunqiang Yin, Jisheng Ding, Tianqi Sun, and Nan Jia
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2905, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2905, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The understanding of wave-current interactions is important for comprehending the dynamics of the ocean. Among them, the mechanisms of vertical shear of background current and topographic fluctuations are two research issues with limited attention. In this study, based on the unified wave theory, an analytical model is proposed to describe the modification of the amplitude of orbital velocities for surface waves in presence of background current and topographic fluctuations.
Qi Shu, Qiang Wang, Chuncheng Guo, Zhenya Song, Shizhu Wang, Yan He, and Fangli Qiao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2539–2563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Takaya Uchida, Julien Le Sommer, Charles Stern, Ryan P. Abernathey, Chris Holdgraf, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Brodeau, Eric P. Chassignet, Xiaobiao Xu, Jonathan Gula, Guillaume Roullet, Nikolay Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Qiang Wang, Dimitris Menemenlis, Clément Bricaud, Brian K. Arbic, Jay F. Shriver, Fangli Qiao, Bin Xiao, Arne Biastoch, René Schubert, Baylor Fox-Kemper, William K. Dewar, and Alan Wallcraft
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5829–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean and climate scientists have used numerical simulations as a tool to examine the ocean and climate system since the 1970s. Since then, owing to the continuous increase in computational power and advances in numerical methods, we have been able to simulate increasing complex phenomena. However, the fidelity of the simulations in representing the phenomena remains a core issue in the ocean science community. Here we propose a cloud-based framework to inter-compare and assess such simulations.
Yuejin Ye, Zhenya Song, Shengchang Zhou, Yao Liu, Qi Shu, Bingzhuo Wang, Weiguo Liu, Fangli Qiao, and Lanning Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5739–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The swNEMO_v4.0 is developed with ultrahigh scalability through the concepts of hardware–software co-design based on the characteristics of the new Sunway supercomputer and NEMO4. Three breakthroughs, including an adaptive four-level parallelization design, many-core optimization and mixed-precision optimization, are designed. The simulations achieve 71.48 %, 83.40 % and 99.29 % parallel efficiency with resolutions of 2 km, 1 km and 500 m using 27 988 480 cores, respectively.
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-52, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model FIO-COM32 with resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are proved to be important contributors to the significant improvements of FIO-COM32 simulations. It should be the time to merge these separated model components (surface wave, tidal current and ocean circulation) for new generation ocean model development.
Tongwen Wu, Rucong Yu, Yixiong Lu, Weihua Jie, Yongjie Fang, Jie Zhang, Li Zhang, Xiaoge Xin, Laurent Li, Zaizhi Wang, Yiming Liu, Fang Zhang, Fanghua Wu, Min Chu, Jianglong Li, Weiping Li, Yanwu Zhang, Xueli Shi, Wenyan Zhou, Junchen Yao, Xiangwen Liu, He Zhao, Jinghui Yan, Min Wei, Wei Xue, Anning Huang, Yaocun Zhang, Yu Zhang, Qi Shu, and Aixue Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2977–3006, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the high-resolution version of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) Climate System Model, BCC-CSM2-HR, and describes its climate simulation performance including the atmospheric temperature and wind; precipitation; and the tropical climate phenomena such as TC, MJO, QBO, and ENSO. BCC-CSM2-HR is our model version contributing to the HighResMIP. We focused on its updates and differential characteristics from its predecessor, the medium-resolution version BCC-CSM2-MR.
Chao Sun, Li Liu, Ruizhe Li, Xinzhu Yu, Hao Yu, Biao Zhao, Guansuo Wang, Juanjuan Liu, Fangli Qiao, and Bin Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2635–2657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Data assimilation (DA) provides better initial states of model runs by combining observations and models. This work focuses on the technical challenges in developing a coupled ensemble-based DA system and proposes a new DA framework DAFCC1 based on C-Coupler2. DAFCC1 enables users to conveniently integrate a DA method into a model with automatic and efficient data exchanges. A sample DA system that combines GSI/EnKF and FIO-AOW demonstrates the effectiveness of DAFCC1.
Claudia Tebaldi, Kevin Debeire, Veronika Eyring, Erich Fischer, John Fyfe, Pierre Friedlingstein, Reto Knutti, Jason Lowe, Brian O'Neill, Benjamin Sanderson, Detlef van Vuuren, Keywan Riahi, Malte Meinshausen, Zebedee Nicholls, Katarzyna B. Tokarska, George Hurtt, Elmar Kriegler, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Gerald Meehl, Richard Moss, Susanne E. Bauer, Olivier Boucher, Victor Brovkin, Young-Hwa Byun, Martin Dix, Silvio Gualdi, Huan Guo, Jasmin G. John, Slava Kharin, YoungHo Kim, Tsuyoshi Koshiro, Libin Ma, Dirk Olivié, Swapna Panickal, Fangli Qiao, Xinyao Rong, Nan Rosenbloom, Martin Schupfner, Roland Séférian, Alistair Sellar, Tido Semmler, Xiaoying Shi, Zhenya Song, Christian Steger, Ronald Stouffer, Neil Swart, Kaoru Tachiiri, Qi Tang, Hiroaki Tatebe, Aurore Voldoire, Evgeny Volodin, Klaus Wyser, Xiaoge Xin, Shuting Yang, Yongqiang Yu, and Tilo Ziehn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 253–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an overview of CMIP6 ScenarioMIP outcomes from up to 38 participating ESMs according to the new SSP-based scenarios. Average temperature and precipitation projections according to a wide range of forcings, spanning a wider range than the CMIP5 projections, are documented as global averages and geographic patterns. Times of crossing various warming levels are computed, together with benefits of mitigation for selected pairs of scenarios. Comparisons with CMIP5 are also discussed.
Alvise Benetazzo, Luigi Cavaleri, Hongyu Ma, Shumin Jiang, Filippo Bergamasco, Wenzheng Jiang, Sheng Chen, and Fangli Qiao
Ocean Sci., 15, 725–743, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-725-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-725-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Inspired by the known virtue of fish oil to still angry seas, a study has been made on the interaction between wind waves, paddle waves, and airflow in a tank containing a thin fish-oil film. It is rather peculiar that in the wind-only condition the wave field does not grow from the rest condition. This equilibrium was altered by paddle waves. We stress the benefit of experiments with surfactants to disentangle relevant mechanisms involved in the air–sea interaction.
Vladislav G. Polnikov, Fangli Qiao, and Yong Teng
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-2018-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-2018-35, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Hasselmann kinetic equation for gravity waves (describing wave turbulence) was solved numerically with the aim of searching for features of the Kolmogorov turbulence. Two versions of the numerical algorithm are used, preserving values of total wave action and energy, because both of them are not preserved. In every case, the solutions result in formation of the same self-similar spectrum shape, with the frequency tail S(ω) ~ ω−4, what contradicts to applicability the Kolmogorov approach.
Gang Wang, Yuanling Zhang, Chang Zhao, Dejun Dai, Min Zhang, and Fangli Qiao
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-2017-57, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-2017-57, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Stephen M. Griffies, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Paul J. Durack, Alistair J. Adcroft, V. Balaji, Claus W. Böning, Eric P. Chassignet, Enrique Curchitser, Julie Deshayes, Helge Drange, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Peter J. Gleckler, Jonathan M. Gregory, Helmuth Haak, Robert W. Hallberg, Patrick Heimbach, Helene T. Hewitt, David M. Holland, Tatiana Ilyina, Johann H. Jungclaus, Yoshiki Komuro, John P. Krasting, William G. Large, Simon J. Marsland, Simona Masina, Trevor J. McDougall, A. J. George Nurser, James C. Orr, Anna Pirani, Fangli Qiao, Ronald J. Stouffer, Karl E. Taylor, Anne Marie Treguier, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Petteri Uotila, Maria Valdivieso, Qiang Wang, Michael Winton, and Stephen G. Yeager
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3231–3296, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) aims to provide a framework for evaluating, understanding, and improving the ocean and sea-ice components of global climate and earth system models contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). This document defines OMIP and details a protocol both for simulating global ocean/sea-ice models and for analysing their output.
Roman Bezhenar, Kyung Tae Jung, Vladimir Maderich, Stefan Willemsen, Govert de With, and Fangli Qiao
Biogeosciences, 13, 3021–3034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3021-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3021-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements after the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident show that elevated concentrations of Cs-137 still remain in sediments, benthic organisms, and demersal fishes in the coastal zone. The dynamic food chain model has been extended to include benthic organisms. We showed that the gradual decrease of activity in the demersal fish after the accident was caused by the transfer of activity from organic matter deposited on the bottom through the deposit-feeding invertebrates.
Q. Shu, Z. Song, and F. Qiao
The Cryosphere, 9, 399–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-399-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-399-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated all CMIP5 sea-ice simulations with more metrics in both the Antarctic and the Arctic, in an attempt to provide the community a useful reference. Generally speaking, our study shows that the performance of an Arctic sea-ice simulation is better than that of an Antarctic sea-ice simulation, that sea-ice extent simulation is better than sea-ice volume simulation, and that mean-state simulation is better than long-term trend simulation.
Z. Y. Song, H. L. Liu, C. Z. Wang, L. P. Zhang, and F. L. Qiao
Ocean Sci., 10, 837–843, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-837-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-837-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Oceanography
Evaluating an accelerated forcing approach for improving computational efficiency in coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling
An optimal transformation method for inferring ocean tracer sources and sinks
PPCon 1.0: Biogeochemical-Argo profile prediction with 1D convolutional networks
Experimental design for the Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project – phase 2 (MISOMIP2)
Development of a total variation diminishing (TVD) sea ice transport scheme and its application in an ocean (SCHISM v5.11) and sea ice (Icepack v1.3.4) coupled model on unstructured grids
Spurious numerical mixing under strong tidal forcing: a case study in the south-east Asian seas using the Symphonie model (v3.1.2)
Modelling the water isotope distribution in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution oceanic model (NEMO-MED12-watiso v1.0): evaluation of model results against in situ observations
LIGHT-bgcArgo-1.0: using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatiotemporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry
Towards a real-time modeling of global ocean waves by the fully GPU-accelerated spectral wave model WAM6-GPU v1.0
A simple approach to represent precipitation-derived freshwater fluxes into nearshore ocean models: an FVCOM4.1 case study of Quatsino Sound, British Columbia
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnose the ocean carbon budget
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 2: Towards a better representation of total alkalinity when modeling the carbonate system and air–sea CO2 fluxes
DALROMS-NWA12 v1.0, a coupled circulation-ice-biogeochemistry modelling system for the northwest Atlantic Ocean: Development and validation
Development of a novel storm surge inundation model framework for efficient prediction
Skin sea surface temperature schemes in coupled ocean–atmosphere modelling: the impact of chlorophyll-interactive e-folding depth
A wave-resolving 2DV Lagrangian approach to model microplastic transport in the nearshore
DELWAVE 1.0: deep learning surrogate model of surface wave climate in the Adriatic Basin
StraitFlux – precise computations of water strait fluxes on various modeling grids
Comparison of the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) and NCAR-LES in non-hydrostatic simulations
HOTSSea v1: a NEMO-based physical Hindcast of the Salish Sea (1980–2018) supporting ecosystem model development
Intercomparisons of Tracker v1.1 and four other ocean particle-tracking software packages in the Regional Ocean Modeling System
CAR36, a regional high-resolution ocean forecasting system for improving drift and beaching of Sargassum in the Caribbean archipelago
Implementation of additional spectral wave field exchanges in a three-dimensional wave–current coupled WAVEWATCH-III (version 6.07) and CROCO (version 1.2) configuration: assessment of their implications for macro-tidal coastal hydrodynamics
Comparison of 4-dimensional variational and ensemble optimal interpolation data assimilation systems using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (v3.4) configuration of the eddy-dominated East Australian Current system
LOCATE v1.0: numerical modelling of floating marine debris dispersion in coastal regions using Parcels v2.4.2
New insights into the South China Sea throughflow and water budget seasonal cycle: evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution configuration of the ocean model SYMPHONIE version 2.4
MQGeometry-1.0: a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic solver on non-rectangular geometries
Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on El Niño–Southern Oscillation forecasts
A revised ocean mixed layer model for better simulating the diurnal variation of ocean skin temperature
Great Lakes wave forecast system on high-resolution unstructured meshes
Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)
A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71)
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 1: Evolution of ecosystem composition under limited light and nutrient conditions
Ocean wave tracing v.1: a numerical solver of the wave ray equations for ocean waves on variable currents at arbitrary depths
Design and evaluation of an efficient high-precision ocean surface wave model with a multiscale grid system (MSG_Wav1.0)
Evaluation of the CMCC global eddying ocean model for the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP2)
Barents-2.5km v2.0: an operational data-assimilative coupled ocean and sea ice ensemble prediction model for the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O, version icon-2.6.6
Using Probability Density Functions to Evaluate Models (PDFEM, v1.0) to compare a biogeochemical model with satellite-derived chlorophyll
Data assimilation sensitivity experiments in the East Auckland Current system using 4D-Var
Using the COAsT Python package to develop a standardised validation workflow for ocean physics models
Improving Antarctic Bottom Water precursors in NEMO for climate applications
Formulation, optimization, and sensitivity of NitrOMZv1.0, a biogeochemical model of the nitrogen cycle in oceanic oxygen minimum zones
Waves in SKRIPS: WAVEWATCH III coupling implementation and a case study of Tropical Cyclone Mekunu
Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact
Enhanced ocean wave modeling by including effect of breaking under both deep- and shallow-water conditions
An internal solitary wave forecasting model in the northern South China Sea (ISWFM-NSCS)
The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish
Global seamless tidal simulation using a 3D unstructured-grid model (SCHISM v5.10.0)
Qin Zhou, Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Tore Hattermann, David Gwyther, and Benjamin Galton-Fenzi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8243–8265, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an accelerated forcing approach to address timescale discrepancies between the ice sheets and ocean components in coupled modelling by reducing the ocean simulation duration. The approach is evaluated using idealized coupled models, and its limitations in real-world applications are discussed. Our results suggest it can be a valuable tool for process-oriented coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling and downscaling climate simulations with such models.
Jan D. Zika and Taimoor Sohail
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8049–8068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method to relate fluxes of heat and freshwater at the sea surface to the resulting distribution of seawater among categories such as warm and salty or cold and salty. The method exploits the laws that govern how heat and salt change when water mixes. The method will allow the climate community to improve estimates of how much heat the ocean is absorbing and how rainfall and evaporation are changing across the globe.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Jan De Rydt, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Mathias van Caspel, Ralph Timmermann, Pierre Mathiot, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Hélène Seroussi, Pierre Dutrieux, Ben Galton-Fenzi, David Holland, and Ronja Reese
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7105–7139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models do not reliably simulate sea-level change due to ice-sheet–ocean interactions. We propose a community modelling effort to conduct a series of well-defined experiments to compare models with observations and study how models respond to a range of perturbations in climate and ice-sheet geometry. The second Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project will continue to lay the groundwork for including ice-sheet–ocean interactions in global-scale IPCC-class models.
Qian Wang, Yang Zhang, Fei Chai, Y. Joseph Zhang, and Lorenzo Zampieri
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7067–7081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled an unstructured hydro-model with an advanced column sea ice model to meet the growing demand for increased resolution and complexity in unstructured sea ice models. Additionally, we present a novel tracer transport scheme for the sea ice coupled model and demonstrate that this scheme fulfills the requirements for conservation, accuracy, efficiency, and monotonicity in an idealized test. Our new coupled model also has good performance in realistic tests.
Adrien Garinet, Marine Herrmann, Patrick Marsaleix, and Juliette Pénicaud
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6967–6986, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6967-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6967-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing is a crucial aspect of the ocean, but its accurate representation in computer simulations is made challenging by errors that result in unwanted mixing, compromising simulation realism. Here we illustrate the spurious effect that tides can have on simulations of south-east Asia. Although they play an important role in determining the state of the ocean, they can increase numerical errors and make simulation outputs less realistic. We also provide insights into how to reduce these errors.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Camille Risi, and Gilles Ramstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6627–6655, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes (δ18O, δD) are one of the most widely used proxies in ocean climate research. Previous studies using water isotope observations and modelling have highlighted the importance of understanding spatial and temporal isotopic variability for a quantitative interpretation of these tracers. Here we present the first results of a high-resolution regional dynamical model (at 1/12° horizontal resolution) developed for the Mediterranean Sea, one of the hotspots of ongoing climate change.
Cara Nissen, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Mathew Maltrud, Alison R. Gray, Yohei Takano, Kristen Falcinelli, Jade Sauvé, and Katherine Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6415–6435, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Autonomous profiling floats have provided unprecedented observational coverage of the global ocean, but uncertainties remain about whether their sampling frequency and density capture the true spatiotemporal variability of physical, biogeochemical, and biological properties. Here, we present the novel synthetic biogeochemical float capabilities of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 and demonstrate their utility as a test bed to address these uncertainties.
Ye Yuan, Fujiang Yu, Zhi Chen, Xueding Li, Fang Hou, Yuanyong Gao, Zhiyi Gao, and Renbo Pang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6123–6136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and timely forecasting of ocean waves is of great importance to the safety of marine transportation and offshore engineering. In this study, GPU-accelerated computing is introduced in WAve Modeling Cycle 6 (WAM6). With this effort, global high-resolution wave simulations can now run on GPUs up to tens of times faster than the currently available models can on a CPU node with results that are just as accurate.
Krysten Rutherford, Laura Bianucci, and William Floyd
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6083–6104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearshore ocean models often lack complete information about freshwater fluxes due to numerous ungauged rivers and streams. We tested a simple rain-based hydrological model as inputs into an ocean model of Quatsino Sound, Canada, with the aim of improving the representation of the land–ocean connection in the nearshore model. Through multiple tests, we found that the performance of the ocean model improved when providing 60 % or more of the freshwater inputs from the simple runoff model.
Neill Mackay, Taimoor Sohail, Jan David Zika, Richard G. Williams, Oliver Andrews, and Andrew James Watson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5987–6005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change, but estimates of the uptake do not always agree. There is a need to reconcile these differing estimates and to improve our understanding of ocean carbon uptake. We present a new method for estimating ocean carbon uptake and test it with model data. The method effectively diagnoses the ocean carbon uptake from limited data and therefore shows promise for reconciling different observational estimates.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5851–5882, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbonate system is typically studied using measurements, but modeling can contribute valuable insights. Using a biogeochemical model, we propose a new representation of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2, and pH in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area, the Bay of Marseille, a useful addition to measurements. Through a detailed analysis of pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes, we show that variations are strongly impacted by the hydrodynamic processes that affect the bay.
Kyoko Ohashi, Arnaud Laurent, Christoph Renkl, Jinyu Sheng, Katja Fennel, and Eric Oliver
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1372, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a modelling system of the northwest Atlantic Ocean that simulates the currents, temperature, salinity, and parts of the biochemical cycle of the ocean, as well as sea ice. The system combines advanced, open-source models and can be used to study, for example, the oceans’ capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide which is a key process in the global climate. The system produces realistic results, and we use it to investigate the roles of tides and sea ice in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Xuanxuan Gao, Shuiqing Li, Dongxue Mo, Yahao Liu, and Po Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5497–5509, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges generate coastal inundation and expose populations and properties to danger. We developed a novel storm surge inundation model for efficient prediction. Estimates compare well with in situ measurements and results from a numerical model. The new model is a significant improvement on existing numerical models, with much higher computational efficiency and stability, which allows timely disaster prevention and mitigation.
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Damien Sous, and Vincent Marieu
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-100, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-100, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel modeling approach for understanding microplastic transport in coastal waters. The model accurately replicates experimental data and reveals key transport mechanisms. The findings enhance our knowledge of how microplastics move in nearshore environments, aiding in coastal management and efforts to combat plastic pollution globally.
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
Susanna Winkelbauer, Michael Mayer, and Leopold Haimberger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4603–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic transports shape the global climate, but the evaluation and validation of this key quantity based on reanalysis and model data are complicated by the distortion of the used modelling grids and the large number of different grid types. We present two new methods that allow the calculation of oceanic fluxes of volume, heat, salinity, and ice through almost arbitrary sections for various models and reanalyses that are independent of the used modelling grids.
Xiaoyu Fan, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Qing Li, Patrick Marchesiello, Peter P. Sullivan, and Paul S. Hall
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4095–4113, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of the oceanic turbulent boundary layer using the nonhydrostatic CROCO ROMS and NCAR-LES models are compared. CROCO and the NCAR-LES are accurate in a similar manner, but CROCO’s additional features (e.g., nesting and realism) and its compressible turbulence formulation carry additional costs.
Greig Oldford, Tereza Jarníková, Villy Christensen, and Michael Dunphy
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-58, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-58, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a physical ocean model called the Hindcast of the Salish Sea (HOTSSea) that recreates conditions throughout the Salish Sea from 1980 to 2018, filling in the gaps in patchy measurements. The model predicts physical ocean properties with sufficient accuracy to be useful for a variety of applications. The model corroborates observed ocean temperature trends and was used to examine areas with few observations. Results indicate that some seasons and areas are warming faster than others.
Jilian Xiong and Parker MacCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new offline particle tracking package, Tracker v1.1, is introduced to the Regional Ocean Modeling System, featuring an efficient nearest-neighbor algorithm to enhance particle-tracking speed. Its performance was evaluated against four other tracking packages and passive dye. Despite unique features, all packages yield comparable results. Running multiple packages within the same circulation model allows comparison of their performance and ease of use.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Gaetano Porcile, Anne-Claire Bennis, Martial Boutet, Sophie Le Bot, Franck Dumas, and Swen Jullien
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2829–2853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here a new method of modelling the interaction between ocean currents and waves is presented. We developed an advanced coupling of two models, one for ocean currents and one for waves. In previous couplings, some wave-related calculations were based on simplified assumptions. Our method uses more complex calculations to better represent wave–current interactions. We tested it in a macro-tidal coastal area and found that it significantly improves the model accuracy, especially during storms.
Colette Gabrielle Kerry, Moninya Roughan, Shane Keating, David Gwyther, Gary Brassington, Adil Siripatana, and Joao Marcos A. C. Souza
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2359–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting relies on the combination of numerical models and ocean observations through data assimilation (DA). Here we assess the performance of two DA systems in a dynamic western boundary current, the East Australian Current, across a common modelling and observational framework. We show that the more advanced, time-dependent method outperforms the time-independent method for forecast horizons of 5 d. This advocates the use of advanced methods for highly variable oceanic regions.
Ivan Hernandez, Leidy M. Castro-Rosero, Manuel Espino, and Jose M. Alsina Torrent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2221–2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The LOCATE numerical model was developed to conduct Lagrangian simulations of the transport and dispersion of marine debris at coastal scales. High-resolution hydrodynamic data and a beaching module that used particle distance to the shore for land–water boundary detection were used on a realistic debris discharge scenario comparing hydrodynamic data at various resolutions. Coastal processes and complex geometric structures were resolved when using nested grids and distance-to-shore beaching.
Ngoc B. Trinh, Marine Herrmann, Caroline Ulses, Patrick Marsaleix, Thomas Duhaut, Thai To Duy, Claude Estournel, and R. Kipp Shearman
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1831–1867, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution model was built to study the South China Sea (SCS) water, heat, and salt budgets. Model performance is demonstrated by comparison with observations and simulations. Important discards are observed if calculating offline, instead of online, lateral inflows and outflows of water, heat, and salt. The SCS mainly receives water from the Luzon Strait and releases it through the Mindoro, Taiwan, and Karimata straits. SCS surface interocean water exchanges are driven by monsoon winds.
Louis Thiry, Long Li, Guillaume Roullet, and Etienne Mémin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1749–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new way of solving the quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, a simple set of equations describing ocean dynamics. Our method is solely based on the numerical methods used to solve the equations and requires no parameter tuning. Moreover, it can handle non-rectangular geometries, opening the way to study QG equations on realistic domains. We release a PyTorch implementation to ease future machine-learning developments on top of the presented method.
Zheqi Shen, Yihao Chen, Xiaojing Li, and Xunshu Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1651–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Parameter estimation is the process that optimizes model parameters using observations, which could reduce model errors and improve forecasting. In this study, we conducted parameter estimation experiments using the CESM and the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The obtained initial conditions and parameters are used to perform ensemble forecast experiments for ENSO forecasting. The results revealed that parameter estimation could reduce analysis errors and improve ENSO forecast skills.
Eui-Jong Kang, Byung-Ju Sohn, Sang-Woo Kim, Wonho Kim, Young-Cheol Kwon, Seung-Bum Kim, Hyoung-Wook Chun, and Chao Liu
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-23, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
The recently available ERA5 hourly ocean skin temperature (Tint) data is expected to be valuable for various science studies. However, when analyzing the hourly variations of Tint, questions arise about its reliability, the deficiency of which may be related to errors in the ocean mixed layer (OML) model. To address this, we reexamined and corrected significant errors in the OML model. Validation of the simulated SST using the revised OML model against observations demonstrated good agreement.
Ali Abdolali, Saeideh Banihashemi, Jose Henrique Alves, Aron Roland, Tyler J. Hesser, Mary Anderson Bryant, and Jane McKee Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an overview of the development and implementation of Great Lake Wave Unstructured (GLWUv2.0), including the core model and workflow design and development. The validation was conducted against in situ data for the re-forecasted duration for summer and wintertime (ice season). The article describes the limitations and challenges encountered in the operational environment and the path forward for the next generation of wave forecast systems in enclosed basins like the GL.
Qiang Wang, Qi Shu, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Andy McC. Hogg, Doroteaciro Iovino, Andrew E. Kiss, Nikolay Koldunov, Julien Le Sommer, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Igor Polyakov, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Shizhu Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 347–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing resolution improves model skills in simulating the Arctic Ocean, but other factors such as parameterizations and numerics are at least of the same importance for obtaining reliable simulations.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Luca Arpaia, Christian Ferrarin, Marco Bajo, and Georg Umgiesser
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a discrete multilayer shallow water model based on z-layers which, thanks to the insertion and removal of surface layers, can deal with an arbitrarily large tidal oscillation independently of the vertical resolution. The algorithm is based on a two-step procedure used in numerical simulations with moving boundaries (grid movement followed by a grid topology change, that is, the insertion/removal of surface layers), which avoids the appearance of very thin surface layers.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, France Van Wambeke, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6701–6739, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While several studies have shown that mixotrophs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, the impact of environmental forcings on their dynamics remains poorly investigated. Using a biogeochemical model that considers mixotrophs, we study the impact of light and nutrient concentration on the ecosystem composition in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille. We show that mixotrophs cope better with oligotrophic conditions compared to strict auto- and heterotrophs.
Trygve Halsne, Kai Håkon Christensen, Gaute Hope, and Øyvind Breivik
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6515–6530, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waves that propagate in oceanic or coastal environments get influenced by their surroundings. Changes in the ambient current or the depth profile affect the wave propagation path, and the change in wave direction is called refraction. Some analytical solutions to the governing equations exist under ideal conditions, but for realistic situations, the equations must be solved numerically. Here we present such a numerical solver under an open-source license.
Jiangyu Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu, Xiaolin Yu, and Zhiwei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6393–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface waves play an important role in the air–sea interface but are rarely activated in high-resolution Earth system simulations due to their expensive computational costs. To alleviate this situation, this paper designs a new wave modeling framework with a multiscale grid system. Evaluations of a series of numerical experiments show that it has good feasibility and applicability in the WAVEWATCH III model, WW3, and can achieve the goals of efficient and high-precision wave simulation.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Johannes Röhrs, Yvonne Gusdal, Edel S. U. Rikardsen, Marina Durán Moro, Jostein Brændshøi, Nils Melsom Kristensen, Sindre Fritzner, Keguang Wang, Ann Kristin Sperrevik, Martina Idžanović, Thomas Lavergne, Jens Boldingh Debernard, and Kai H. Christensen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5401–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A model to predict ocean currents, temperature, and sea ice is presented, covering the Barents Sea and northern Norway. To quantify forecast uncertainties, the model calculates ensemble forecasts with 24 realizations of ocean and ice conditions. Observations from satellites, buoys, and ships are ingested by the model. The model forecasts are compared with observations, and we show that the ocean model has skill in predicting sea surface temperatures.
Jin-Song von Storch, Eileen Hertwig, Veit Lüschow, Nils Brüggemann, Helmuth Haak, Peter Korn, and Vikram Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5179–5196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The new ocean general circulation model ICON-O is developed for running experiments at kilometer scales and beyond. One targeted application is to simulate internal tides crucial for ocean mixing. To ensure their realism, which is difficult to assess, we evaluate the barotropic tides that generate internal tides. We show that ICON-O is able to realistically simulate the major aspects of the observed barotropic tides and discuss the aspects that impact the quality of the simulated tides.
Bror F. Jönsson, Christopher L. Follett, Jacob Bien, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Sangwon Hyun, Gemma Kulk, Gael L. Forget, Christian Müller, Marie-Fanny Racault, Christopher N. Hill, Thomas Jackson, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4639–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While biogeochemical models and satellite-derived ocean color data provide unprecedented information, it is problematic to compare them. Here, we present a new approach based on comparing probability density distributions of model and satellite properties to assess model skills. We also introduce Earth mover's distances as a novel and powerful metric to quantify the misfit between models and observations. We find that how 3D chlorophyll fields are aggregated can be a significant source of error.
Rafael Santana, Helen Macdonald, Joanne O'Callaghan, Brian Powell, Sarah Wakes, and Sutara H. Suanda
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3675–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show the importance of assimilating subsurface temperature and velocity data in a model of the East Auckland Current. Assimilation of velocity increased the representation of large oceanic vortexes. Assimilation of temperature is needed to correctly simulate temperatures around 100 m depth, which is the most difficult region to simulate in ocean models. Our simulations showed improved results in comparison to the US Navy global model and highlight the importance of regional models.
David Byrne, Jeff Polton, Enda O'Dea, and Joanne Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3749–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Validation is a crucial step during the development of models for ocean simulation. The purpose of validation is to assess how accurate a model is. It is most commonly done by comparing output from a model to actual observations. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate usage of the COAsT Python package to standardise the validation process for physical ocean models. We also discuss our five guiding principles for standardised validation.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Daniele Bianchi, Daniel McCoy, and Simon Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3581–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present NitrOMZ, a new model of the oceanic nitrogen cycle that simulates chemical transformations within oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We describe the model formulation and its implementation in a one-dimensional representation of the water column before evaluating its ability to reproduce observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific. We conclude by describing the model sensitivity to parameter choices and environmental factors and its application to nitrogen cycling in the ocean.
Rui Sun, Alison Cobb, Ana B. Villas Bôas, Sabique Langodan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Matthew R. Mazloff, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Arthur J. Miller, Raju Pathak, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3435–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we integrated the WAVEWATCH III model into the regional coupled model SKRIPS. We then performed a case study using the newly implemented model to study Tropical Cyclone Mekunu, which occurred in the Arabian Sea. We found that the coupled model better simulates the cyclone than the uncoupled model, but the impact of waves on the cyclone is not significant. However, the waves change the sea surface temperature and mixed layer, especially in the cold waves produced due to the cyclone.
Pengcheng Wang and Natacha B. Bernier
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3335–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of sea ice are typically neglected in operational flood forecast systems. In this work, we capture these effects via the addition of a parameterized ice–ocean stress. The parameterization takes advantage of forecast fields from an advanced ice–ocean model and features a novel, consistent representation of the tidal relative ice–ocean velocity. The new parameterization leads to improved forecasts of tides and storm surges in polar regions. Associated physical processes are discussed.
Yue Xu and Xiping Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2811–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate description of the wind energy input into ocean waves is crucial to ocean wave modeling, and a physics-based consideration of the effect of wave breaking is absolutely necessary to obtain such an accurate description, particularly under extreme conditions. This study evaluates the performance of a recently improved formula, taking into account not only the effect of breaking but also the effect of airflow separation on the leeside of steep wave crests in a reasonably consistent way.
Yankun Gong, Xueen Chen, Jiexin Xu, Jieshuo Xie, Zhiwu Chen, Yinghui He, and Shuqun Cai
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2851–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) play crucial roles in mass transport and ocean mixing in the northern South China Sea. Massive numerical investigations have been conducted in this region, but there was no systematic evaluation of a three-dimensional model about precisely simulating ISWs. Here, an ISW forecasting model is employed to evaluate the roles of resolution, tidal forcing and stratification in accurately reproducing wave properties via comparison to field and remote-sensing observations.
Johannes Bieser, David J. Amptmeijer, Ute Daewel, Joachim Kuss, Anne L. Soerensen, and Corinna Schrum
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MERCY is a 3D model to study mercury (Hg) cycling in the ocean. Hg is a highly harmful pollutant regulated by the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury due to widespread human emissions. These emissions eventually reach the oceans, where Hg transforms into the even more toxic and bioaccumulative pollutant methylmercury. MERCY predicts the fate of Hg in the ocean and its buildup in the food chain. It is the first model to consider Hg accumulation in fish, a major source of Hg exposure for humans.
Y. Joseph Zhang, Tomas Fernandez-Montblanc, William Pringle, Hao-Cheng Yu, Linlin Cui, and Saeed Moghimi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2565–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating global ocean from deep basins to coastal areas is a daunting task but is important for disaster mitigation efforts. We present a new 3D global ocean model on flexible mesh to study both tidal and nontidal processes and total water prediction. We demonstrate the potential for
seamlesssimulation, on a single mesh, from the global ocean to a few estuaries along the US West Coast. The model can serve as the backbone of a global tide surge and compound flooding forecasting framework.
Cited articles
Adcroft, A., Hill, C., and Marshall, J.: Representation of topography by
shaved cells in a height coordinate ocean model, Mon. Weather Rev., 125,
2293–2315, 1997.
Adcroft, A. J. and Campin, J. M.: Rescaled height coordinates for accurate
representation of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models, Ocean
Model., 7, 269–284, 2004.
Ajayi, A., Le Sommer, J., Chassignet, E., Molines, J.-M., Xu, X., Albert,
A., and Cosme, E.: Spatial and temporal variability of the north Atlantic
eddy field from two kilometric-resolution ocean models, J. Geophys. Res.,
125, e2019JC015827, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015827, 2020.
Amores, A., Jordà, G., Arsouze, T., and Le Sommer, J.: Up to what extent
can we characterize ocean eddies using present-day gridded altimetric
products?, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 7220-7236,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014140, 2018.
Ansong, J. K., Arbic, B. K., Simmons, H. L., Alford, M. H., Buijsman, M. C.,
Timko, P. G., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., and Wallcraft, A. J.:
Geographical Distribution of diurnal and semidiurnal parametric subharmonic
instability in a Global Ocean Circulation Model, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 48, 1409–1431, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0164.1, 2018.
Arbic, B. K., Garner, S. T., Hallberg, R. W., and Simmons, H. L.: The
accuracy of surface elevations in forward global barotropic and baroclinic
tide models, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 3069–3101, 2004.
Arbic, B. K., Wallcraft, A. J., and Metzger, E. J.: Concurrent simulation of
the eddying general circulation and tides in a global ocean model, Ocean
Model., 32, 175–187, 2010.
Arbic, B. K., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Timko, P. G., Metzger, E. J.,
and Wallcraft, A. J.: Global modeling of internal tides within an eddying
Ocean General Circulation Model, Oceanography, 25, 20–29, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.38, 2012.
Arbic, B., Alford, M., Ansong, J., Buijsman, M., Ciotti, R., Farrar, J.,
Hallberg, R., Henze, C., Hill, C., Luecke, C., Menemenlis, D., Metzger, E.,
Müeller, M., Nelson, A., Nelson, B., Ngodock, H., Ponte, R., Richman,
J., Savage, A., and Zhao, Z.: A primer on global internal tide and internal
gravity wave continuum modeling in HYCOM and MITgcm, in: New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography, GODAE OceanView, 307–392,
https://doi.org/10.17125/gov2018.ch13, 2018.
Ardhuin, F., Gille, S. T., Menemenlis, D., Rocha, C. B., Rascle, N.,
Chapron, B., Gula, J., and Molemaker, J.: Small-scale open ocean currents
have large effects on wind wave heights, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 4500–4517, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012413, 2017.
Biri, S., Serra, N., Scharffenberg, M. G., and Stammer, D.: Atlantic sea
surface height and velocity spectra inferred from satellite altimetry and a
hierarchy of numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 4157–4177,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011503, 2016.
Bryan, K. and Cox, M. D.: A numerical investigation of the oceanic general
circulation, Tellus A, 19, 54–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01459.x, 1967.
Buijsman, M. C., Arbic, B. K., Green, J. A. M., Helber, R. W., Richman, J.
G., Shriver, J. F., Timko, P. G., and Wallcraft, A.: Optimizing internal
wave drag in a forward barotropic model with semidiurnal tides, Ocean
Model., 85, 42–55, 2015.
Capet, X., Roullet, G., Klein, P., and Maze, G.: Intensification of
Upper-Ocean Submesoscale Turbulence through Charney Baroclinic Instability,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3365–3384, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0050.1, 2016.
Chassignet, E. P. and Xu, X.: Impact of horizontal resolution
(1/12∘ to
Chassignet, E. P. and Xu, X.: On the importance of high-resolution in
large-scale ocean models, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1621–1634,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0385-7, 2021.
Chen, S., Qiao, F., Huang, C., and Song, Z.: Effects of the non-breaking
surface wave-induced vertical mixing on winter mixed layer depth in
subtropical regions, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 2934–2944,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013038, 2018.
Chereskin, T. K., Rocha, C. B., Gille, S. T., Menemenlis, D., and Passaro, M.: Characterizing thetransition from balanced to unbalanced motions in the southern California Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 2088–2109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014583, 2019.
Dong, J., Fox-Kemper, B., Zhang, H., and Dong, C.: The seasonality of
submesoscale energy production, content, and cascade, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
47, e2020GL087388, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087388, 2020a.
Dong, J., Fox-Kemper, B., Zhang, H., and Dong, C.: The scale of submesoscale
baroclinic instability globally, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 2649–2667,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0043.1, 2020b.
Egbert, G. D., Ray, R. D., and Bills, B. G.: Numerical modeling of the
global semidiurnal tide in the present day and in the last glacial maximum,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001973, 2004.
Fan, Y. and Griffies, S. M.: Impacts of parameterized Langmuir turbulence
and nonbreaking wave mixing in global climate simulations, J. Climate,
27, 4752–4775, 2014.
Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013.
Garrett, C. J. R., Loder, J. W., Swallow, J. C., Currie, R. I., Gill, A. E.,
and Simpson, J. H.: Dynamical aspects of shallow sea fronts, Philos. T. Roy.
Soc. A, 302, 563–581, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1981.0183, 1981.
GFDL: The Modular Ocean Model version 5, GitHub [code], https://github.com/mom-ocean/MOM5, last access: 17 March 2023.
Griffies, S. M.: Elements of the Modular Ocean Model (MOM), NOAA Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NJ, USA, 614–627, 2012.
Hallberg, R.: Using a resolution function to regulate parameterizations of
oceanic mesoscale eddy effects, Ocean Model., 72, 92–103,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEMOD.2013.08.007, 2013.
Huang, P. Q., Lu Y. Z., and Zhou S. Q.: An objective method for determining
ocean mixed layer depth with applications to WOCE Data, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 35.3, 441–458,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0104.1, 2018.
Holt, J. and Umlauf, L.: Modelling the tidal mixing fronts and seasonal
stratification of the Northwest European Continental shelf, Cont. Shelf
Res., 28, 887–903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.01.012, 2008.
International Hydrographic Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IHO-IOC): The IHO-IOC GEBCO Cook Book, IHO Publication B-11, Monaco, 416 pp., 2018.
Jayne, S. R. and St Laurent, L. C.: Parameterizing tidal dissipation over
rough topography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 811–814, 2001.
Large, W. G. and Yeager, S.: Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies (No. NCAR/TN-460+STR), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6KK98Q6, 2004.
Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., and Doney, S. C.: Oceanic vertical mixing:
A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev.
Geophys., 32, 363–403, 1994.
Lévy, M., Klein, P., Tréguier, A. M., Iovino, D., Madec, G., Masson,
S., and Takahashi, K.: Modifications of gyre circulation by sub-mesoscale
physics, Ocean Model., 34, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.001, 2010.
Lin, L., Liu, D., Guo, X., Luo, C., and Cheng, Y.: Tidal effect on water
export rate in the eastern Shelf Seas of China, J. Geophys. Res., 125,
e2019JC015863, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015863, 2020.
Lü, X., Qiao, F., Xia, C., Zhu, J., and Yuan, Y.: Upwelling off Yangtze
River estuary in summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, C11S08,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003250, 2006.
Lü, X., Qiao, F., Wang, G., Xia, C., and Yuan, Y.: Upwelling off the
west coast of Hainan Island in summer: Its detection and mechanisms,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032440, 2008.
Lü, X., Qiao, F., Xia, C., Wang, G., and Yuan, Y.: Upwelling and surface
cold patches in the Yellow Sea in summer: Effects of tidal mixing on the
vertical circulation, Cont. Shelf Res., 30, 620–632, 2010.
McWilliams, J. C. and Fox-Kemper, B.: Oceanic wave-balanced surface fronts and
filaments, J. Fluid Mech., 730, 464–490, 2013.
Mellor, G. and Blumberg, A.: Wave breaking and ocean surface layer thermal
response, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 693–698, 2004.
Murray, R. J.: Explicit generation of orthogonal grids for ocean models, J.
Comput. Phys., 126, 251–273, 1996.
NCEP: The Global Forecast System (GFS), NCEP [data set], https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/products/gfs/, last access: 17 March 2023.
Qiao, F. and Huang, C. J.: Comparison between vertical shear mixing and surface wave-induced mixing in the extratropical ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C00J16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007930, 2012.
Qiao, F., Yuan, Y., Yang, Y., Zheng, Q., Xia, C., and Ma, J.: Wave-induced
mixing in the upper ocean: Distribution and application to a global ocean
circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019824, 2004.
Qiao, F., Yuan, Y., Deng, J., Dai, D., and Song, Z.: Wave–turbulence
interaction-induced vertical mixing and its effects in ocean and climate
models. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 374, 20150201,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0201, 2016.
Qiao, F., Zhao, W., Yin, X., Huang, X., Liu, X., Shu, Q., Wang, G., Song,
Z., Li, X., Liu, H., Yang, G., and Yuan, Y.: A highly effective global
surface wave numerical simulation with ultra-high resolution, International
Conference For High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage And Analysis,
Sc.345 E 47th St, New York, Ny 10017 Usa.Ieee.2017-03-13, 46–56, ISBN
978-1-4673-8815-3, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3014904.3014911 (last access: 17 March 2023), 2017.
Qiao, F., Wang, G., Yin, L., Zeng, K., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Xiao, B.,
Jiang, S., Chen, H., and Chen, G.: Modelling oil trajectories and
potentially contaminated areas from the Sanchi oil spill, Sci. Total.
Environ., 685, 856–866, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.255, 2019.
Qiu, B., Chen, S., Klein, P., Wang, J., Torres, H., Fu, L.-L., and Menemenlis, D.: Seasonality in Transition Scale from Balanced to Unbalanced Motions in the World Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 591–605, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0169.1, 2018.
Richman, J. G., Arbic, B. K., Shriver, J. F., Metzger, E. J., and Wallcraft,
A. J.: Inferring dynamics from the wavenumber spectra of an eddying global
ocean model with embedded tides, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C12012,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008364, 2012.
Rocha, C. B., Chereskin, T. K., Gille, S. T., and Menemenlis, D.: Mesoscale
to submesoscale wavenumber spectra in Drake Passage, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
46, 601–620, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0087.1, 2016.
Sasaki, H. and Klein, P.: SSH wavenumber spectra in the North Pacific from
a high-resolution realistic simulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1233–1241,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0180.1, 2012.
Sasaki, H., Klein, P., Sasai, Y., and Qiu, B.: Regionality and seasonality of
submesoscale and mesoscale turbulence in the North Pacific Ocean, Ocean
Dynam., 67, 1195–1216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-017-1083-y, 2017.
Savage, A. C., Arbic, B. K., Alford, M. H., Ansong, J. K., Farrar, J. T.,
Menemenlis, D., O'Rourke, A. K., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Voet, G.,
Wallcraft, A. J., and Zamudio, L.: Spectral decomposition of internal
gravity wave sea surface height in global models, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 122, 7803–7821, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013009,
2017a.
Savage, A. C., Arbic, B. K., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Alford, M. H.,
Buijsman, M. C., Thomas Farrar, J., Sharma, H., Voet, G., Wallcraft, A. J.,
and Zamudio, L.: Frequency content of sea surface height variability from
internal gravity waves to mesoscale eddies, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 2519–2538, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012331, 2017b.
Schiller, A. and Fiedler, R.: Explicit tidal forcing in an ocean general
circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03611, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028363, 2007.
Shi, J., Yin, X., Shu, Q., Xiao, B., and Qiao, F.: Evaluation on data
assimilation of a global high resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model
using the tropical Pacific TAO buoy observations, Acta Oceanol. Sin.,
37, 8–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1196-2, 2018.
Shriver, J., Arbic, B. K., Richman, J., Ray, R., Metzger, E., Wallcraft, A.,
and Timko, P.: An evaluation of the barotropic and internal tides in a
high-resolution global ocean circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C10024,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008170, 2012.
Shu, Q., Qiao, F., Song, Z., Xia, C., and Yang, Y.: Improvement of MOM4 by
including surface wave-induced vertical mixing, Ocean Model., 40, 42–51,
2011.
Simpson, J. H. and Hunter, J. R.: Fronts in the Irish Sea, Nature,
250, 404–406, https://doi.org/10.1038/250404a0, 1974.
Song, Z., Qiao, F., and Song, Y.: Response of the equatorial basin-wide SST
to non-breaking surface wave-induced mixing in a climate model: An amendment
to tropical bias, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00J26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007931, 2012.
Su, Z., Wang, J., Klein, P., Thompson, A. F., and Menemenlis, D.: Ocean
submesoscales as a key component of the global heat budget, Nat. Commun.,
9, 775, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02983-w, 2018.
Sun, Y., Perrie, W., Qiao, F., and Wang, G.: Intercomparisons of
highresolution global ocean analyses: Evaluation of a new synthesis in
tropical oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2020JC016118,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016118, 2020.
Suzuki, N., Fox-Kemper, B., Hamlington, P. E., and Roekel, L.: Surface waves
affect frontogenesis, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 3597–3624, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011563, 2016.
Teixeira, M. and Belcher, S. E.: On the distortion of turbulence by a progressive surface wave, J. Fluid Mech., 458, 229–267, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002007838, 2002.
Thoppil, P. G., Richman, J. G., and Hogan, P. J.: Energetics of a Global
Ocean Circulation Model compared to observations, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
38, L15607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048347, 2011.
Timko, P. G., Arbic, B. K., Hyder, P., Richman, J. G., Zamudio, L., O'Dea,
E., Wallcraft, A. J., and Shriver, J. F.: Assessment of shelf sea tides and
tidal mixing fronts in a global ocean model, Ocean Model., 136, 66–84,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.02.008, 2019.
Ubelmann, C., Carrere, L., Durand, C., Dibarboure, G., Faugère, Y., Ballarotta, M., Briol, F., and Lyard, F.: Simultaneous estimation of ocean mesoscale and coherent internal tide sea surface height signatures from the global altimetry record, Ocean Sci., 18, 469–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, 2022.
Uchida, T., Le Sommer, J., Stern, C., Abernathey, R. P., Holdgraf, C., Albert, A., Brodeau, L., Chassignet, E. P., Xu, X., Gula, J., Roullet, G., Koldunov, N., Danilov, S., Wang, Q., Menemenlis, D., Bricaud, C., Arbic, B. K., Shriver, J. F., Qiao, F., Xiao, B., Biastoch, A., Schubert, R., Fox-Kemper, B., Dewar, W. K., and Wallcraft, A.: Cloud-based framework for inter-comparing submesoscale-permitting realistic ocean models, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5829–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, 2022.
Wang, G., Zhao, C., Xu, J., Qiao, F., and Xia, C.: Verification of an
operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for
the China's seas, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 35, 19–28,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0810-4, 2016.
Wang, P., Jiang, J., Lin, P., Ding, M., Wei, J., Zhang, F., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Yu, Z., Zheng, W., Yu, Y., Chi, X., and Liu, H.: The GPU version of LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model version 3 (LICOM3) under the heterogeneous-compute interface for portability (HIP) framework and its large-scale application , Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2781–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2781-2021, 2021.
Wang, S., Wang, Q., Shu, Q., Scholz, P., Lohmann, G., and Qiao, F.:
Improving the upper-ocean temperature in an Ocean Climate Model (FESOM 1.4):
Shortwave Penetration Versus Mixing Induced by Nonbreaking Surface Waves, J.
Adv. Model. Earth. Sy., 11, 545–557,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001494, 2019.
Wang, Y., Qiao, F., Fang, G., and Wei, Z.: Application of wave-induced
vertical mixing to the K profile parameterization scheme, J. Geophys. Res.,
115, C09014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005856, 2010.
Winton, M.: A reformulated three-layer sea ice model, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.,
17, 525–531, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0525:artlsi>2.0.co;2, 2000.
Xia, C., Qiao, F., Yang, Y., Ma, J., and Yuan, Y.: Three-dimensional
structure of the summertime circulation in the Yellow Sea from a
wave-tide-circulation coupled model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003218, 2006.
Xiao, B., Qiao, F., and Shu, Q.: The performance of a z-level ocean model in
modeling the global tide, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 35, 35–43,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0884-z, 2016.
Xiao, B., Qiao, F., Shu, Q., Yin, X., Wang, G., and Wang, S.: The development and validation of a global
Xu, Y. and Fu, L.-L.: The effects of altimeter instrument noise on the
estimation of the wavenumber spectrum of Sea Surface Height, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 2229–2233, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0106.1, 2012.
Yang, Y., Qiao, F., Zhao, W., Teng, Y., and Yuan, Y.: MASNUM ocean wave
numerical model in spherical coordinates and its application, Acta Oceanol.
Sin., 27, 0253-4193(2005)02-0001-07, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-4193.2005.02.001, 2005 (in Chinese).
Short summary
A new global surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model (FIO-COM32) with a resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are shown to be important contributors to the significant improvements in FIO-COM32 simulations. It is time to merge these separated model components (surface waves, tidal currents and ocean circulation) and start a new generation of ocean model development.
A new global surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model (FIO-COM32) with a resolution of...
