Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-109-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-109-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
04 Jan 2023
Model description paper |
| 04 Jan 2023
| 04 Jan 2023
A nonhydrostatic oceanic regional model, ORCTM v1, for internal solitary wave simulation
Hao Huang
Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System
(FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China,
Qingdao, 266100, China
Pengyang Song
Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System
(FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China,
Qingdao, 266100, China
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
Shi Qiu
Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System
(FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China,
Qingdao, 266100, China
Jiaqi Guo
Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System
(FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China,
Qingdao, 266100, China
Xueen Chen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System
(FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China,
Qingdao, 266100, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Yugeng Chen, Pengyang Song, Xianyao Chen, and Gerrit Lohmann
Clim. Past, 20, 2001–2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a period with higher tidal dissipation. Despite increased tidal mixing, our model simulations show that the AMOC remained relatively shallow, consistent with paleoproxy data and resolving previous inconsistencies between proxy data and model simulations. This research highlights the importance of strong ocean stratification during the LGM and its interaction with tidal mixing.
Yankun Gong, Xueen Chen, Jiexin Xu, Jieshuo Xie, Zhiwu Chen, Yinghui He, and Shuqun Cai
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2851–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) play crucial roles in mass transport and ocean mixing in the northern South China Sea. Massive numerical investigations have been conducted in this region, but there was no systematic evaluation of a three-dimensional model about precisely simulating ISWs. Here, an ISW forecasting model is employed to evaluate the roles of resolution, tidal forcing and stratification in accurately reproducing wave properties via comparison to field and remote-sensing observations.
Pengyang Song, Dmitry Sidorenko, Patrick Scholz, Maik Thomas, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 383–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tides have essential effects on the ocean and climate. Most previous research applies parameterised tidal mixing to discuss their effects in models. By comparing the effect of a tidal mixing parameterisation and tidal forcing on the ocean state, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Our results show that tidal mixing in the North Pacific Ocean strongly affects the global thermohaline circulation. We also list some effects that are not considered in the parameterisation.
Zheen Zhang, Thomas Pohlmann, and Xueen Chen
Ocean Sci., 17, 393–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that the interannual subsurface temperature and salinity variability of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) shows a remarkable delayed correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole mode. We employed a regional model and determined the contributions of the coastal Kelvin waves and the westward-moving Rossby waves to this correlation. An analysis of the salinity budget revealed that the advection terms dominate the subsurface salinity changes in the BoB.
Related subject area
Oceanography
Modelling the water isotope distribution in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution oceanic model (NEMO-MED12-watiso v1.0): evaluation of model results against in situ observations
LIGHT-bgcArgo-1.0: using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatiotemporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry
Towards a real-time modeling of global ocean waves by the fully GPU-accelerated spectral wave model WAM6-GPU v1.0
A simple approach to represent precipitation-derived freshwater fluxes into nearshore ocean models: an FVCOM4.1 case study of Quatsino Sound, British Columbia
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnose the ocean carbon budget
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 2: Towards a better representation of total alkalinity when modeling the carbonate system and air–sea CO2 fluxes
Development of a novel storm surge inundation model framework for efficient prediction
Skin sea surface temperature schemes in coupled ocean–atmosphere modelling: the impact of chlorophyll-interactive e-folding depth
DELWAVE 1.0: deep learning surrogate model of surface wave climate in the Adriatic Basin
StraitFlux – precise computations of water strait fluxes on various modeling grids
Comparison of the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) and NCAR-LES in non-hydrostatic simulations
Intercomparisons of Tracker v1.1 and four other ocean particle-tracking software packages in the Regional Ocean Modeling System
CAR36, a regional high-resolution ocean forecasting system for improving drift and beaching of Sargassum in the Caribbean archipelago
Implementation of additional spectral wave field exchanges in a three-dimensional wave–current coupled WAVEWATCH-III (version 6.07) and CROCO (version 1.2) configuration: assessment of their implications for macro-tidal coastal hydrodynamics
Comparison of 4-dimensional variational and ensemble optimal interpolation data assimilation systems using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (v3.4) configuration of the eddy-dominated East Australian Current system
LOCATE v1.0: numerical modelling of floating marine debris dispersion in coastal regions using Parcels v2.4.2
Spurious numerical mixing under strong tidal forcing: a case study in the South East Asian Seas using the Symphonie model (v3.1.2)
New insights into the South China Sea throughflow and water budget seasonal cycle: evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution configuration of the ocean model SYMPHONIE version 2.4
MQGeometry-1.0: a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic solver on non-rectangular geometries
Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on El Niño–Southern Oscillation forecasts
Great Lakes wave forecast system on high-resolution unstructured meshes
Experimental design for the marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison project – phase 2 (MISOMIP2)
Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
Development of a total variation diminishing (TVD) Sea ice transport scheme and its application in an ocean (SCHISM v5.11) and sea ice (Icepack v1.3.4) coupled model on unstructured grids
A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)
A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71)
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 1: Evolution of ecosystem composition under limited light and nutrient conditions
Ocean wave tracing v.1: a numerical solver of the wave ray equations for ocean waves on variable currents at arbitrary depths
Design and evaluation of an efficient high-precision ocean surface wave model with a multiscale grid system (MSG_Wav1.0)
Evaluation of the CMCC global eddying ocean model for the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP2)
PPCon 1.0: Biogeochemical Argo Profile Prediction with 1D Convolutional Networks
Barents-2.5km v2.0: an operational data-assimilative coupled ocean and sea ice ensemble prediction model for the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O, version icon-2.6.6
Using Probability Density Functions to Evaluate Models (PDFEM, v1.0) to compare a biogeochemical model with satellite-derived chlorophyll
An optimal transformation method for inferring ocean tracer sources and sinks
Data assimilation sensitivity experiments in the East Auckland Current system using 4D-Var
Using the COAsT Python package to develop a standardised validation workflow for ocean physics models
Improving Antarctic Bottom Water precursors in NEMO for climate applications
Formulation, optimization, and sensitivity of NitrOMZv1.0, a biogeochemical model of the nitrogen cycle in oceanic oxygen minimum zones
Waves in SKRIPS: WAVEWATCH III coupling implementation and a case study of Tropical Cyclone Mekunu
Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact
Enhanced ocean wave modeling by including effect of breaking under both deep- and shallow-water conditions
An internal solitary wave forecasting model in the northern South China Sea (ISWFM-NSCS)
The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish
Global seamless tidal simulation using a 3D unstructured-grid model (SCHISM v5.10.0)
Arctic Ocean simulations in the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)
ChemicalDrift 1.0: an open-source Lagrangian chemical-fate and transport model for organic aquatic pollutants
The Met Office operational wave forecasting system: the evolution of the regional and global models
4DVarNet-SSH: end-to-end learning of variational interpolation schemes for nadir and wide-swath satellite altimetry
Development and validation of a global 1∕32° surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model: FIO-COM32
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Camille Risi, and Gilles Ramstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6627–6655, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes (δ18O, δD) are one of the most widely used proxies in ocean climate research. Previous studies using water isotope observations and modelling have highlighted the importance of understanding spatial and temporal isotopic variability for a quantitative interpretation of these tracers. Here we present the first results of a high-resolution regional dynamical model (at 1/12° horizontal resolution) developed for the Mediterranean Sea, one of the hotspots of ongoing climate change.
Cara Nissen, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Mathew Maltrud, Alison R. Gray, Yohei Takano, Kristen Falcinelli, Jade Sauvé, and Katherine Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6415–6435, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Autonomous profiling floats have provided unprecedented observational coverage of the global ocean, but uncertainties remain about whether their sampling frequency and density capture the true spatiotemporal variability of physical, biogeochemical, and biological properties. Here, we present the novel synthetic biogeochemical float capabilities of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 and demonstrate their utility as a test bed to address these uncertainties.
Ye Yuan, Fujiang Yu, Zhi Chen, Xueding Li, Fang Hou, Yuanyong Gao, Zhiyi Gao, and Renbo Pang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6123–6136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and timely forecasting of ocean waves is of great importance to the safety of marine transportation and offshore engineering. In this study, GPU-accelerated computing is introduced in WAve Modeling Cycle 6 (WAM6). With this effort, global high-resolution wave simulations can now run on GPUs up to tens of times faster than the currently available models can on a CPU node with results that are just as accurate.
Krysten Rutherford, Laura Bianucci, and William Floyd
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6083–6104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearshore ocean models often lack complete information about freshwater fluxes due to numerous ungauged rivers and streams. We tested a simple rain-based hydrological model as inputs into an ocean model of Quatsino Sound, Canada, with the aim of improving the representation of the land–ocean connection in the nearshore model. Through multiple tests, we found that the performance of the ocean model improved when providing 60 % or more of the freshwater inputs from the simple runoff model.
Neill Mackay, Taimoor Sohail, Jan David Zika, Richard G. Williams, Oliver Andrews, and Andrew James Watson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5987–6005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change, but estimates of the uptake do not always agree. There is a need to reconcile these differing estimates and to improve our understanding of ocean carbon uptake. We present a new method for estimating ocean carbon uptake and test it with model data. The method effectively diagnoses the ocean carbon uptake from limited data and therefore shows promise for reconciling different observational estimates.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5851–5882, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbonate system is typically studied using measurements, but modeling can contribute valuable insights. Using a biogeochemical model, we propose a new representation of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2, and pH in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area, the Bay of Marseille, a useful addition to measurements. Through a detailed analysis of pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes, we show that variations are strongly impacted by the hydrodynamic processes that affect the bay.
Xuanxuan Gao, Shuiqing Li, Dongxue Mo, Yahao Liu, and Po Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5497–5509, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges generate coastal inundation and expose populations and properties to danger. We developed a novel storm surge inundation model for efficient prediction. Estimates compare well with in situ measurements and results from a numerical model. The new model is a significant improvement on existing numerical models, with much higher computational efficiency and stability, which allows timely disaster prevention and mitigation.
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
Susanna Winkelbauer, Michael Mayer, and Leopold Haimberger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4603–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic transports shape the global climate, but the evaluation and validation of this key quantity based on reanalysis and model data are complicated by the distortion of the used modelling grids and the large number of different grid types. We present two new methods that allow the calculation of oceanic fluxes of volume, heat, salinity, and ice through almost arbitrary sections for various models and reanalyses that are independent of the used modelling grids.
Xiaoyu Fan, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Qing Li, Patrick Marchesiello, Peter P. Sullivan, and Paul S. Hall
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4095–4113, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of the oceanic turbulent boundary layer using the nonhydrostatic CROCO ROMS and NCAR-LES models are compared. CROCO and the NCAR-LES are accurate in a similar manner, but CROCO’s additional features (e.g., nesting and realism) and its compressible turbulence formulation carry additional costs.
Jilian Xiong and Parker MacCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new offline particle tracking package, Tracker v1.1, is introduced to the Regional Ocean Modeling System, featuring an efficient nearest-neighbor algorithm to enhance particle-tracking speed. Its performance was evaluated against four other tracking packages and passive dye. Despite unique features, all packages yield comparable results. Running multiple packages within the same circulation model allows comparison of their performance and ease of use.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Gaetano Porcile, Anne-Claire Bennis, Martial Boutet, Sophie Le Bot, Franck Dumas, and Swen Jullien
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2829–2853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here a new method of modelling the interaction between ocean currents and waves is presented. We developed an advanced coupling of two models, one for ocean currents and one for waves. In previous couplings, some wave-related calculations were based on simplified assumptions. Our method uses more complex calculations to better represent wave–current interactions. We tested it in a macro-tidal coastal area and found that it significantly improves the model accuracy, especially during storms.
Colette Gabrielle Kerry, Moninya Roughan, Shane Keating, David Gwyther, Gary Brassington, Adil Siripatana, and Joao Marcos A. C. Souza
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2359–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting relies on the combination of numerical models and ocean observations through data assimilation (DA). Here we assess the performance of two DA systems in a dynamic western boundary current, the East Australian Current, across a common modelling and observational framework. We show that the more advanced, time-dependent method outperforms the time-independent method for forecast horizons of 5 d. This advocates the use of advanced methods for highly variable oceanic regions.
Ivan Hernandez, Leidy M. Castro-Rosero, Manuel Espino, and Jose M. Alsina Torrent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2221–2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The LOCATE numerical model was developed to conduct Lagrangian simulations of the transport and dispersion of marine debris at coastal scales. High-resolution hydrodynamic data and a beaching module that used particle distance to the shore for land–water boundary detection were used on a realistic debris discharge scenario comparing hydrodynamic data at various resolutions. Coastal processes and complex geometric structures were resolved when using nested grids and distance-to-shore beaching.
Adrien Garinet, Marine Herrmann, Patrick Marsaleix, and Juliette Pénicaud
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-613, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-613, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing is a crucial aspect of the ocean, but its accurate representation in computer simulations is made challenging by errors that result in unwanted mixing and compromise their realism. We illustrate here the spurious effect that tides can have on simulations of South East Asia. Although they play an important role in setting the state of the ocean, they can increase numerical errors and make simulation outputs less realistic. The paper also provides insights on how to reduce these errors.
Ngoc B. Trinh, Marine Herrmann, Caroline Ulses, Patrick Marsaleix, Thomas Duhaut, Thai To Duy, Claude Estournel, and R. Kipp Shearman
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1831–1867, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution model was built to study the South China Sea (SCS) water, heat, and salt budgets. Model performance is demonstrated by comparison with observations and simulations. Important discards are observed if calculating offline, instead of online, lateral inflows and outflows of water, heat, and salt. The SCS mainly receives water from the Luzon Strait and releases it through the Mindoro, Taiwan, and Karimata straits. SCS surface interocean water exchanges are driven by monsoon winds.
Louis Thiry, Long Li, Guillaume Roullet, and Etienne Mémin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1749–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new way of solving the quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, a simple set of equations describing ocean dynamics. Our method is solely based on the numerical methods used to solve the equations and requires no parameter tuning. Moreover, it can handle non-rectangular geometries, opening the way to study QG equations on realistic domains. We release a PyTorch implementation to ease future machine-learning developments on top of the presented method.
Zheqi Shen, Yihao Chen, Xiaojing Li, and Xunshu Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1651–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Parameter estimation is the process that optimizes model parameters using observations, which could reduce model errors and improve forecasting. In this study, we conducted parameter estimation experiments using the CESM and the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The obtained initial conditions and parameters are used to perform ensemble forecast experiments for ENSO forecasting. The results revealed that parameter estimation could reduce analysis errors and improve ENSO forecast skills.
Ali Abdolali, Saeideh Banihashemi, Jose Henrique Alves, Aron Roland, Tyler J. Hesser, Mary Anderson Bryant, and Jane McKee Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an overview of the development and implementation of Great Lake Wave Unstructured (GLWUv2.0), including the core model and workflow design and development. The validation was conducted against in situ data for the re-forecasted duration for summer and wintertime (ice season). The article describes the limitations and challenges encountered in the operational environment and the path forward for the next generation of wave forecast systems in enclosed basins like the GL.
Jan De Rydt, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Mathias van Caspel, Ralph Timmermann, Pierre Mathiot, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Hélène Seroussi, Pierre Dutrieux, Ben Galton-Fenzi, David Holland, and Ronja Reese
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-95, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models do not reliably simulate sea-level change arising from ice sheet-ocean interactions. We propose a community modelling effort to conduct a series of well-defined experiments to compare models with observations, and study how models respond to a range of perturbations in climate and ice-sheet geometry. The 2nd Marine Ice Sheet Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, will continue to lay the groundwork for including ice sheet-ocean interactions in global scale, IPCC class models.
Qiang Wang, Qi Shu, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Andy McC. Hogg, Doroteaciro Iovino, Andrew E. Kiss, Nikolay Koldunov, Julien Le Sommer, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Igor Polyakov, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Shizhu Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 347–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing resolution improves model skills in simulating the Arctic Ocean, but other factors such as parameterizations and numerics are at least of the same importance for obtaining reliable simulations.
Qian Wang, Fei Chai, Yang Zhang, Yinglong Joseph Zhang, and Lorenzo Zampieri
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-236, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-236, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled an unstructured hydro model with an advanced column sea ice model to meet the growing demand for increased resolution and complexity in unstructured sea ice models. Additionally, we present a novel tracer transport scheme for the sea ice coupled model, and demonstrate that this scheme fulfills the requirements for conservation, accuracy, efficiency, and monotonicity in an idealized test. Our new coupled model also has good performance in realistic tests.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Luca Arpaia, Christian Ferrarin, Marco Bajo, and Georg Umgiesser
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a discrete multilayer shallow water model based on z-layers which, thanks to the insertion and removal of surface layers, can deal with an arbitrarily large tidal oscillation independently of the vertical resolution. The algorithm is based on a two-step procedure used in numerical simulations with moving boundaries (grid movement followed by a grid topology change, that is, the insertion/removal of surface layers), which avoids the appearance of very thin surface layers.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, France Van Wambeke, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6701–6739, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While several studies have shown that mixotrophs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, the impact of environmental forcings on their dynamics remains poorly investigated. Using a biogeochemical model that considers mixotrophs, we study the impact of light and nutrient concentration on the ecosystem composition in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille. We show that mixotrophs cope better with oligotrophic conditions compared to strict auto- and heterotrophs.
Trygve Halsne, Kai Håkon Christensen, Gaute Hope, and Øyvind Breivik
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6515–6530, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waves that propagate in oceanic or coastal environments get influenced by their surroundings. Changes in the ambient current or the depth profile affect the wave propagation path, and the change in wave direction is called refraction. Some analytical solutions to the governing equations exist under ideal conditions, but for realistic situations, the equations must be solved numerically. Here we present such a numerical solver under an open-source license.
Jiangyu Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu, Xiaolin Yu, and Zhiwei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6393–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface waves play an important role in the air–sea interface but are rarely activated in high-resolution Earth system simulations due to their expensive computational costs. To alleviate this situation, this paper designs a new wave modeling framework with a multiscale grid system. Evaluations of a series of numerical experiments show that it has good feasibility and applicability in the WAVEWATCH III model, WW3, and can achieve the goals of efficient and high-precision wave simulation.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1876, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1876, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Harness AI for better ocean insights. BGC-Argo floats collect deep ocean data, yet forecasting vital nutrient levels is a challenge. Our novel AI approach, PPCon, learns from Argo float measurements and provides improved nutrient predictions. This enhances our understanding of ocean dynamics and nutrient distribution.
Johannes Röhrs, Yvonne Gusdal, Edel S. U. Rikardsen, Marina Durán Moro, Jostein Brændshøi, Nils Melsom Kristensen, Sindre Fritzner, Keguang Wang, Ann Kristin Sperrevik, Martina Idžanović, Thomas Lavergne, Jens Boldingh Debernard, and Kai H. Christensen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5401–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A model to predict ocean currents, temperature, and sea ice is presented, covering the Barents Sea and northern Norway. To quantify forecast uncertainties, the model calculates ensemble forecasts with 24 realizations of ocean and ice conditions. Observations from satellites, buoys, and ships are ingested by the model. The model forecasts are compared with observations, and we show that the ocean model has skill in predicting sea surface temperatures.
Jin-Song von Storch, Eileen Hertwig, Veit Lüschow, Nils Brüggemann, Helmuth Haak, Peter Korn, and Vikram Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5179–5196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The new ocean general circulation model ICON-O is developed for running experiments at kilometer scales and beyond. One targeted application is to simulate internal tides crucial for ocean mixing. To ensure their realism, which is difficult to assess, we evaluate the barotropic tides that generate internal tides. We show that ICON-O is able to realistically simulate the major aspects of the observed barotropic tides and discuss the aspects that impact the quality of the simulated tides.
Bror F. Jönsson, Christopher L. Follett, Jacob Bien, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Sangwon Hyun, Gemma Kulk, Gael L. Forget, Christian Müller, Marie-Fanny Racault, Christopher N. Hill, Thomas Jackson, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4639–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While biogeochemical models and satellite-derived ocean color data provide unprecedented information, it is problematic to compare them. Here, we present a new approach based on comparing probability density distributions of model and satellite properties to assess model skills. We also introduce Earth mover's distances as a novel and powerful metric to quantify the misfit between models and observations. We find that how 3D chlorophyll fields are aggregated can be a significant source of error.
Jan David Zika and Sohail Taimoor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1220, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method to relate the fluxes of heat and fresh water at the sea surface, to the resulting distribution of sea water among categories such as warm and salty, cold and salty, etc. The method exploits the laws that govern how heat and salt change when water mixes. The method will allow the climate community to improve estimates of how much heat the ocean is absorbing and how rainfall and evaporation are changing across the globe.
Rafael Santana, Helen Macdonald, Joanne O'Callaghan, Brian Powell, Sarah Wakes, and Sutara H. Suanda
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3675–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show the importance of assimilating subsurface temperature and velocity data in a model of the East Auckland Current. Assimilation of velocity increased the representation of large oceanic vortexes. Assimilation of temperature is needed to correctly simulate temperatures around 100 m depth, which is the most difficult region to simulate in ocean models. Our simulations showed improved results in comparison to the US Navy global model and highlight the importance of regional models.
David Byrne, Jeff Polton, Enda O'Dea, and Joanne Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3749–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Validation is a crucial step during the development of models for ocean simulation. The purpose of validation is to assess how accurate a model is. It is most commonly done by comparing output from a model to actual observations. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate usage of the COAsT Python package to standardise the validation process for physical ocean models. We also discuss our five guiding principles for standardised validation.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Daniele Bianchi, Daniel McCoy, and Simon Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3581–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present NitrOMZ, a new model of the oceanic nitrogen cycle that simulates chemical transformations within oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We describe the model formulation and its implementation in a one-dimensional representation of the water column before evaluating its ability to reproduce observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific. We conclude by describing the model sensitivity to parameter choices and environmental factors and its application to nitrogen cycling in the ocean.
Rui Sun, Alison Cobb, Ana B. Villas Bôas, Sabique Langodan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Matthew R. Mazloff, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Arthur J. Miller, Raju Pathak, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3435–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we integrated the WAVEWATCH III model into the regional coupled model SKRIPS. We then performed a case study using the newly implemented model to study Tropical Cyclone Mekunu, which occurred in the Arabian Sea. We found that the coupled model better simulates the cyclone than the uncoupled model, but the impact of waves on the cyclone is not significant. However, the waves change the sea surface temperature and mixed layer, especially in the cold waves produced due to the cyclone.
Pengcheng Wang and Natacha B. Bernier
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3335–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of sea ice are typically neglected in operational flood forecast systems. In this work, we capture these effects via the addition of a parameterized ice–ocean stress. The parameterization takes advantage of forecast fields from an advanced ice–ocean model and features a novel, consistent representation of the tidal relative ice–ocean velocity. The new parameterization leads to improved forecasts of tides and storm surges in polar regions. Associated physical processes are discussed.
Yue Xu and Xiping Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2811–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate description of the wind energy input into ocean waves is crucial to ocean wave modeling, and a physics-based consideration of the effect of wave breaking is absolutely necessary to obtain such an accurate description, particularly under extreme conditions. This study evaluates the performance of a recently improved formula, taking into account not only the effect of breaking but also the effect of airflow separation on the leeside of steep wave crests in a reasonably consistent way.
Yankun Gong, Xueen Chen, Jiexin Xu, Jieshuo Xie, Zhiwu Chen, Yinghui He, and Shuqun Cai
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2851–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) play crucial roles in mass transport and ocean mixing in the northern South China Sea. Massive numerical investigations have been conducted in this region, but there was no systematic evaluation of a three-dimensional model about precisely simulating ISWs. Here, an ISW forecasting model is employed to evaluate the roles of resolution, tidal forcing and stratification in accurately reproducing wave properties via comparison to field and remote-sensing observations.
Johannes Bieser, David J. Amptmeijer, Ute Daewel, Joachim Kuss, Anne L. Soerensen, and Corinna Schrum
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MERCY is a 3D model to study mercury (Hg) cycling in the ocean. Hg is a highly harmful pollutant regulated by the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury due to widespread human emissions. These emissions eventually reach the oceans, where Hg transforms into the even more toxic and bioaccumulative pollutant methylmercury. MERCY predicts the fate of Hg in the ocean and its buildup in the food chain. It is the first model to consider Hg accumulation in fish, a major source of Hg exposure for humans.
Y. Joseph Zhang, Tomas Fernandez-Montblanc, William Pringle, Hao-Cheng Yu, Linlin Cui, and Saeed Moghimi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2565–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating global ocean from deep basins to coastal areas is a daunting task but is important for disaster mitigation efforts. We present a new 3D global ocean model on flexible mesh to study both tidal and nontidal processes and total water prediction. We demonstrate the potential for
seamlesssimulation, on a single mesh, from the global ocean to a few estuaries along the US West Coast. The model can serve as the backbone of a global tide surge and compound flooding forecasting framework.
Qi Shu, Qiang Wang, Chuncheng Guo, Zhenya Song, Shizhu Wang, Yan He, and Fangli Qiao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2539–2563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Manuel Aghito, Loris Calgaro, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Christian Ferrarin, Antonio Marcomini, Øyvind Breivik, and Lars Robert Hole
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2477–2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed ChemicalDrift model can simulate the transport and fate of chemicals in the ocean and in coastal regions. The model combines ocean physics, including transport due to currents, turbulence due to surface winds and the sinking of particles to the sea floor, with ocean chemistry, such as the partitioning, the degradation and the evaporation of chemicals. The model will be utilized for risk assessment of ocean and sea-floor contamination from pollutants emitted from shipping.
Nieves G. Valiente, Andrew Saulter, Breogan Gomez, Christopher Bunney, Jian-Guo Li, Tamzin Palmer, and Christine Pequignet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2515–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We document the Met Office operational global and regional wave models which provide wave forecasts up to 7 d ahead. Our models present coarser resolution offshore to higher resolution near the coastline. The increased resolution led to replication of the extremes but to some overestimation during modal conditions. If currents are included, wave directions and long period swells near the coast are significantly improved. New developments focus on the optimisation of the models with resolution.
Maxime Beauchamp, Quentin Febvre, Hugo Georgenthum, and Ronan Fablet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2119–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
4DVarNet is a learning-based method based on traditional data assimilation (DA). This new class of algorithms can be used to provide efficient reconstructions of a dynamical system based on single observations. We provide a 4DVarNet application to sea surface height reconstructions based on nadir and future Surface Water and Ocean and Topography data. It outperforms other methods, from optimal interpolation to sophisticated DA algorithms. This work is part of on-going AI Chair Oceanix projects.
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1755–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model (FIO-COM32) with a resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are shown to be important contributors to the significant improvements in FIO-COM32 simulations. It is time to merge these separated model components (surface waves, tidal currents and ocean circulation) and start a new generation of ocean model development.
Cited articles
Ai, C., and Ding, W.: A 3D unstructured non-hydrostatic ocean model for
internal waves, Ocean Dyn., 66, 1253–1270, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0980-9, 2016.
Ai, C., Ma, Y., Yuan, C., and Dong, G.: Non-hydrostatic model for internal
wave generations and propagations using immersed boundary method, Ocean.
Eng., 225, 108801, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108801, 2021.
Apel, J. R., Ostrovsky, L. A., Stepanyants, Y. A., and Lynch, J. F.:
Internal solitons in the ocean and their effect on underwater sound, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 121, 695–722, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2395914, 2007.
Arakawa, A., and Lamb, V. R.: Computational design of the basic dynamical
processes of the UCLA general circulation model, Methods. Comput. Phys., 17,
173–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-460817-7.50009-4, 1977.
Arbic, B. K. and Scott, R. B.: On quadratic bottom drag, geostrophic
turbulence, and oceanic mesoscale eddies, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 84–103,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3653.1, 2008.
Armfield, S. and Street, R.: An analysis and comparison of the time accuracy
of fractional-step methods for the Navier–Stokes equations on staggered
grids, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fl., 38, 255–282,
https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.217, 2002.
Baines, P. G.: On internal tide generation models, Deep Sea. Res., 29,
307–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90098-X, 1982.
Balay, S., Abhyankar, S., Adams, Mark F., Brown, J., Brune, P., Buschelman,
K., Dalcin, L., Dener, A., Eijkhout, V., Gropp, W., Karpeyev, D., Kaushik,
D., Knepley, M., May, D., McInnes, L. Curfman, Mills, R., Munson, T., Rupp,
K., Sanan, P., Smith, B., Zampini, S., Zhang, H., and Zhang, H.: PETSc Users
Manual, Argonne National Laboratory, Tech. Rep. ANL-95/11-Revision 3.13,
https://doi.org/10.2172/1614847, 2020.
Benjamin, T. B.: Internal waves of finite amplitude and permanent form, J.
Fluid. Mech., 25, 241–270, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112066001630, 1966.
Berntsen, J., Xing, J., and Alendal, G.: Assessment of non-hydrostatic ocean
models using laboratory scale problems, Cont. Shelf. Res., 26, 1433–1447,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.02.014, 2006.
Bourgault, D. and Kelley, D. E.: A laterally averaged nonhydrostatic ocean
model, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 1910–1924,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-1674.1, 2004.
Buijsman, M. C., Kanarska, Y., and McWilliams, J. C.: On the generation and
evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the South China Sea, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 115, C02012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005275, 2010a.
Buijsman, M. C., McWilliams, J. C., and Jackson, C. R.: East-west asymmetry
in nonlinear internal waves from Luzon Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115,
C10057, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006004, 2010b.
Chen, C., Liu, H., and Beardsley, R. C.: An unstructured grid,
finite-volume, three-dimensional, primitive equations ocean model:
application to coastal ocean and estuaries, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20,
159–186, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0159:AUGFVT>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Chen, X., Jungclaus, J., Thomas, M., Maier-Reimer, E., Haak, H., and Suendermann, J.: An oceanic general circulation and tide model in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Amer. Geophys. Union., Fall Meeting 2005, San Francisco, CA, December 2005, Abstract OS41B-0600, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMOS41B0600C/abstract (last access: 25 December 2022), 2005.
Chen, Z., Nie, Y., Xie, J., Xu, J., He, Y., and Cai, S.: Generation of
internal solitary waves over a large sill: From Knight Inlet to Luzon
Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 1555–1573.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012206, 2017.
Chorin, A. J.: Numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, Math.
Comput., 22, 745–762, https://doi.org/10.2307/2004575, 1968.
Cushman-Roisin, B.: Kelvin–Helmholtz instability as a boundary-value
problem, Environ. Fluid. Mech., 5, 507–525,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-005-2234-0, 2005.
Duda, T. F., Morozov, A. K., Howe, B. M., Brown, M. G., Speer, K., Lazarevich, P., Worcester, P. F., and Cornuelle, B. D.: Evaluation of a long-range joint acoustic navigation/thermometry system, Oceans 2006 IEEE, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2006.306999, 2006.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Information: Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis: GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030, Copernicus.eu [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021, 2022.
Fofonoff, N. P. and Millard Jr., R. C.: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, Paris, France, UNESCO, 53 pp., https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1450, 1983.
Fringer, O. B., Gerritsen, M., and Street, R. L.: An unstructured-grid,
finite-volume, nonhydrostatic, parallel coastal ocean simulator, Ocean.
Model., 14, 139–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.03.006, 2006.
Garrett, C. and Kunze, E.: Internal tide generation in the deep ocean,
Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 39, 57–87,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110227, 2007.
Gerkema, T., and Zimmerman, J. T. F.: Generation of nonlinear internal tides and solitary waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1081–1094, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1081:GONITA>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Gilbert, D., and Garrett, C.: Implications for ocean mixing of internal wave
scattering off irregular topography, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1716–1729,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<1716:IFOMOI>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Grimshaw, R., Pelinovsky, E., and Poloukhina, O.: Higher-order Korteweg-de Vries models for internal solitary waves in a stratified shear flow with a free surface, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 9, 221–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-9-221-2002, 2002.
Grimshaw, R., Pelinovsky, E., Talipova, T., and Kurkin, A.: Simulation of
the transformation of internal solitary waves on oceanic shelves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2774–2791,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2652.1, 2004.
Grue, J., Jensen, A., Rusås, P. O., and Sveen, J. K.: Breaking
and broadening of internal solitary waves, J. Fluid. Mech., 413, 181–217,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112000008648, 2000.
Härtel, C., Meiburg, E., and Necker, F.: Analysis and direct numerical
simulation of the flow at a gravity-current head. Part 1. Flow topology and
front speed for slip and no-slip boundaries, J. Fluid. Mech., 418, 189–212,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112000001221, 2000.
Huang, H.: HuangOCEAN02/ORCTM: ORCTM v1.1.1 (ORCTMv1.1.1), Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6683597, 2022.
Helfrich, K. R. and Melville, W. K.: On long nonlinear internal waves over
slope-shelf topography, J. Fluid. Mech., 167, 285–308,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112086002823, 1986.
Huang, X., Chen, Z., Zhao, W., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Yang, Q., and Tian, J.:
An extreme internal solitary wave event observed in the northern South China
Sea, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30041, 2016.
Kanarska, Y., Shchepetkin, A., and McWilliams, J. C.: Algorithm for
non-hydrostatic dynamics in the regional oceanic modeling system, Ocean.
Model., 18, 143–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.04.001, 2007.
Ko, D. S., Martin, P. J., Rowley, C. D., and Preller, R. H.: A real-time
coastal ocean prediction experiment for MREA04, J. Marine. Syst., 69, 17–28,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.02.022, 2008.
Lai, Z., Chen, C., Cowles, G. W., and Beardsley, R. C.: A nonhydrostatic
version of FVCOM: 1. Validation experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115,
C11010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005525, 2010.
Lawrence, G. A., Browand, F. K., and Redekopp, L. G.: The stability of a
sheared density interface, Phys. Fluids. A-Fluid., 3, 2360–2370,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858175, 1991.
Legg, S., and Adcroft, A.: Internal wave breaking at concave and convex
continental slopes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2224–2246,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2224:IWBACA>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Legg, S. and Klymak, J.: Internal hydraulic jumps and overturning generated
by tidal flow over a tall steep ridge, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1949–1964,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3777.1, 2008.
Li, Q.: Numerical assessment of factors affecting nonlinear internal waves
in the South China Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 121, 24–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.03.006, 2014.
Li, J., Zhang, Q., and Chen, T.: ISWFoam: a numerical model for internal solitary wave simulation in continuously stratified fluids, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 105–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-105-2022, 2022.
Liu, Z.: Instability of baroclinic tidal flow in a stratified fjord, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 139–154, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4154.1, 2010.
Liu, Z., Lin, L., Xie, L., and Gao, H.: Partially implicit finite difference
scheme for calculating dynamic pressure in a terrain-following coordinate
non-hydrostatic ocean model, Ocean. Model., 106, 44–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.09.004, 2016.
Ma, Q., Yuan, C., Lin, X., and Chen, X.: The investigation of internal
solitary waves over a continental shelf-slope, J. Oceanol. Limnol., 38,
695–706, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-9123-8, 2020.
Marshall, J., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Adcroft, A.: Hydrostatic,
quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 102, 5733–5752, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02776, 1997a.
Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman L., and Heisey, C.: A
finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean
on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 5753–5766,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02775, 1997b.
Marshall, J., Jones, H., and Hill, C.: Efficient ocean modeling using
non-hydrostatic algorithms, J. Marine. Syst., 18, 115–134,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00008-6, 1998.
Marsland, S. J., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J. H., Latif, M. and Röske, F.:
The Max-Planck-Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates, Ocean. Model., 5, 91–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00015-X, 2003.
Michallet, H. and Barthélemy, E.: Experimental study of interfacial
solitary waves, J. Fluid. Mech., 366, 159–177,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211209800127X, 1998.
Michallet, H. and Ivey, G. N.: Experiments on mixing due to internal
solitary waves breaking on uniform slopes, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104,
13467–13477, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900037, 1999.
Miles, J. W.: On the stability of heterogeneous shear flows, J. Fluid.
Mech., 10, 496–508, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000305, 1961.
Mtfller, P.: On the diffusion of momentum and mass by internal gravity
waves, J. Fluid. Mech., 77, 789–823,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112076002899, 1976.
Ono, H.: Algebraic solitary waves in stratified fluids, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.,
39, 1082–1091, https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.39.1082, 1975.
Osborne, A. R., Burch, T. L., and Scarlet, R. I.: The influence of internal
waves on deep-water drilling, J. Pet. Technol., 30, 1497–1504,
https://doi.org/10.2118/6913-PA, 1978.
Pacanowski, R. C., and Philander, S. G. H.: Parameterization of vertical
mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans, J. Phys Oceanogr., 11,
1443-1451, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1443:POVMIN>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T.: Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 0-521-35465-X, 1988.
Ramp, S. R., Tang, T. Y., Duda, T. F., Lynch, J. F., Liu, A. K., Chiu, C. S., Bahr, F. L., Kim, H. R., and Yang, Y. J.: Internal solitons in the northeastern South China Sea. Part I: Sources and deep water propagation, IEEE. J. Oceanic. Eng., 29, 1157–1181, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2004.840839, 2004.
Ramp, S. R., Park, J. -H., Yang, Y. J., Bahr, F. L., and Jeon, C.:
Latitudinal Structure of Solitons in the South China Sea, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 49, 1747–1767, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0071.1, 2019.
Saad Y.: A flexible inner-outer preconditioned GMRES algorithm, SIAM J. Sci.
Comput., 14, 461–469, https://doi.org/10.1137/0914028, 1993.
Shaw, P. T., Ko, D. S., and Chao, S. Y.: Internal solitary waves induced by
flow over a ridge: With applications to the northern South China Sea, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, C02019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005007,
2009.
Shchepetkin, A. F., and McWilliams, J. C.: The regional oceanic modeling
system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface,
topography-following-coordinate oceanic model, Ocean. Model., 9, 347–404,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002, 2005.
Smith, B., Bjørstad, P., and Gropp, W.: Domain Decomposition: Parallel Multilevel Methods for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-1221(97)90035-3, 1996.
Stansby, P. K. and Zhou, J. G.: Shallow‐water flow solver with non‐hydrostatic pressure: 2D vertical plane problems, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 28, 541–563, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(19980915)28:3<541::AID-FLD738>3.0.CO;2-0, 1998.
Vlasenko, V. and Hutter, K.: Numerical experiments on the breaking of solitary
internal waves over a slope–shelf topography, J. Phys. Oceannogr., 32,
1779–1793, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1779:NEOTBO>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Vlasenko, V., Stashchuk, N., and Hutter, K.: Baroclinic tides: theoretical modeling and observational evidence, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 978-0-521-84395-9, 2005.
Vlasenko, V., Stashchuk, N., Guo, C., and Chen, X.: Multimodal structure of baroclinic tides in the South China Sea, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-529-2010, 2010.
Wang, Y. H., Dai, C. F., and Chen, Y. Y.: Physical and ecological processes
of internal waves on an isolated reef ecosystem in the South China Sea,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 312–321, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030658,
2007.
Wessels, F. and Hutter, K.: Interaction of internal waves with a
topographic sill in a two-layered fluid, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 5–20,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0005:IOIWWA>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Wolff, J. -O., Maier-Reimer, E., and Legutke, S.: The Hamburg ocean primitive equation model, Tech. Rep. No. 13, German Climate Computer Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany, ISSN: 0940-9327, https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0009-1487-8 (last access: 25 December 2022), 1997.
Zhang, Z., Fringer, O. B., and Ramp, S. R.: Three-dimensional,
nonhydrostatic numerical simulation of nonlinear internal wave generation
and propagation in the South China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C05022,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006424, 2011.
Zhao, Z. and Alford, M. H.: Source and propagation of internal solitary
waves in the northeastern South China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111,
C11012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003644, 2006.
Zeng, Z., Chen, X., Yuan, C., Tang, S., and Chi, L.: A numerical study of
generation and propagation of type-a and type-b internal solitary waves in
the northern South China Sea, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 38, 20–30,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-019-1495-2, 2019.
Zheng, Q., Susanto, R. D., Ho, C. R., Song, Y. T., and Xu, Q.: Statistical
and dynamical analyses of generation mechanisms of solitary internal waves
in the northern South China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C0302,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003551, 2007.
Short summary
The Oceanic Regional Circulation and Tide Model (ORCTM) is developed to reproduce internal solitary wave dynamics. The three-dimensional nonlinear momentum equations are involved with the nonhydrostatic pressure obtained via solving the Poisson equation. The validation experimental results agree with the internal wave theories and observations, demonstrating that the ORCTM can successfully describe the life cycle of nonlinear internal solitary waves under different oceanic environments.
The Oceanic Regional Circulation and Tide Model (ORCTM) is developed to reproduce internal...
