Articles | Volume 14, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
11 Jan 2021
Development and technical paper |
| 11 Jan 2021
| 11 Jan 2021
Calibration of temperature-dependent ocean microbial processes in the cGENIE.muffin (v0.9.13) Earth system model
Katherine A. Crichton
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
now at: School of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
Jamie D. Wilson
BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
Andy Ridgwell
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Paul N. Pearson
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
Related authors
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Amy Jones, Tom Dunkley Jones, Katherine A. Crichton, Bridget S. Wade, and Paul N. Pearson
Biogeosciences, 19, 743–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-living organisms are a major yet poorly known component of ocean biomass. Here we reconstruct the evolution of deep-living zooplankton and phytoplankton. Deep-dwelling zooplankton and phytoplankton did not occur 15 Myr ago, when the ocean was several degrees warmer than today. Deep-dwelling species first evolve around 7.5 Myr ago, following global climate cooling. Their evolution was driven by colder ocean temperatures allowing more food, oxygen, and light at depth.
Katherine A. Crichton, Andy Ridgwell, Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, and Paul N. Pearson
Clim. Past, 17, 2223–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The middle Miocene (15 Ma) was a period of global warmth up to 8 °C warmer than present. We investigate changes in ocean circulation and heat distribution since the middle Miocene and the cooling to the present using the cGENIE Earth system model. We create seven time slices at ~2.5 Myr intervals, constrained with paleo-proxy data, showing a progressive reduction in atmospheric CO2 and a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Alessio Fabbrini, Paul N. Pearson, Anieke Brombacher, Francesco Iacoviello, Thomas H. G. Ezard, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 44, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-213-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-213-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Pulleniatina is a genus of planktonic foraminifera used in biostratigraphy. Here, we illustrate typical specimens of Pulleniatina and the likely ancestor Neogloboquadrina acostaensis from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1488. We present a novel integration of high-definition light microscopy images, X-ray microcomputed tomography data, and scanning electron microscope images to compare the six Pulleniatina species, supporting an evolutionary model with two diverging lineages.
Marco Puglia, Thomas Bibby, Jamie Wilson, and Ben Ward
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3050, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Mixotrophs use both photosynthesis and predation as source of nutrition. Simulations show they can increase ocean carbon storage, but long-term effects are not yet understood. Using a low-resolution ocean-ecology model that ran for 10,000 years, we compared simulations with and without mixotrophs. Mixotrophs increased global carbon storage by trapping more organic carbon in the ocean interior, although interactions with the ocean circulation offset these effects in the North Atlantic.
Mara Y. McPartland, Tomas Lovato, Charles D. Koven, Jamie D. Wilson, Briony Turner, Colleen M. Petrik, José Licón-Saláiz, Fang Li, Fanny Lhardy, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Michio Kawamiya, Birgit Hassler, Nathan P. Gillett, Cheikh Modou Noreyni Fall, Christopher Danek, Chris M. Brierley, Ana Bastos, and Oliver Andrews
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3246, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is an international consortium of climate modeling groups that produce coordinated experiments in order to evaluate human influence on the climate and test knowledge of Earth systems. This paper describes the data requested for Earth systems research in CMIP7. We detail the request for model output of the carbon cycle, the flows of energy among the atmosphere, land and the oceans, and interactions between these and the global climate.
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, David Evans, Elaine M. Mawbey, William R. Gray, Paul N. Pearson, and Bridget S. Wade
Biogeosciences, 22, 1095–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1095-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1095-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here we compare the Mg / Ca and oxygen isotope signatures for 57 recent to fossil species of planktonic foraminifera for the last 15 Myr. We find the occurrence of lineage-specific offsets in Mg / Ca conservative between ancestor-descendent species. Taking into account species kinship significantly improves temperature reconstructions, and we suggest that the occurrence of Mg / Ca offsets in modern species results from their evolution when ocean properties were different from today's.
David A. Stappard, Jamie D. Wilson, Andrew Yool, and Toby Tyrrell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-436, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-436, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This research explores nutrient limitations in oceanic primary production. While traditional experiments identify the immediate limiting nutrient at specific locations, this study aims to identify the ultimate limiting nutrient (ULN), which governs long-term productivity. A mathematical model incorporating nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron nutrient cycles is used. The model's results are compared with ocean observational data to assess its effectiveness in investigating the ULN.
Tirza Maria Weitkamp, Mohammad Javad Razmjooei, Paul Nicholas Pearson, and Helen Katherine Coxall
J. Micropalaeontol., 44, 1–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 407, near Iceland, offers a valuable 25-million-year record of planktonic foraminifera evolution from the Late Cenozoic. Species counts and ranges, assemblage changes, and biostratigraphic zones were identified. Key findings include the shifts in species dominance and diversity. Challenges include sediment gaps and missing biozone markers. We aim to enhance the Neogene–Quaternary Middle Atlas and improve the North Atlantic palaeoceanography and biostratigraphy.
Keyi Cheng, Andy Ridgwell, and Dalton S. Hardisty
Biogeosciences, 21, 4927–4949, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbonate paleoredox proxy, I / Ca, has shown its potential to quantify the redox change in the past ocean, which is of broad importance for understanding climate change and evolution. Here, we tuned and optimized the marine iodine cycling embedded in an Earth system model, “cGENIE”, against modern ocean observations and then tested its ability to estimate I / Ca in the Cretaceous ocean. Our study implies cGENIE’s potential to quantify redox change in the past using the I / Ca proxy.
Aaron A. Naidoo-Bagwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Katharine R. Hendry, Scott Burgan, Jamie D. Wilson, Ben A. Ward, Andy Ridgwell, and Daniel J. Conley
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1729–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As an extension to the EcoGEnIE 1.0 Earth system model that features a diverse plankton community, EcoGEnIE 1.1 includes siliceous plankton diatoms and also considers their impact on biogeochemical cycles. With updates to existing nutrient cycles and the introduction of the silicon cycle, we see improved model performance relative to observational data. Through a more functionally diverse plankton community, the new model enables more comprehensive future study of ocean ecology.
Paul N. Pearson, Jeremy Young, David J. King, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 211–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera are marine plankton that have a long and continuous fossil record. They are used for correlating and dating ocean sediments and studying evolution and past climates. This paper presents new information about Pulleniatina, one of the most widespread and abundant groups, from an important site in the Pacific Ocean. It also brings together a very large amount of information on the fossil record from other sites globally.
Marcin Latas, Paul N. Pearson, Christopher R. Poole, Alessio Fabbrini, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-57-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-57-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera are microscopic single-celled organisms populating world oceans. They have one of the most complete fossil records; thanks to their great abundance, they are widely used to study past marine environments. We analysed and measured series of foraminifera shells from Indo-Pacific sites, which led to the description of a new species of fossil planktonic foraminifera. Part of its population exhibits pink pigmentation, which is only the third such case among known species.
Rui Ying, Fanny M. Monteiro, Jamie D. Wilson, and Daniela N. Schmidt
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 813–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktic foraminifera are marine-calcifying zooplankton; their shells are widely used to measure past temperature and productivity. We developed ForamEcoGEnIE 2.0 to simulate the four subgroups of this organism. We found that the relative abundance distribution agrees with marine sediment core-top data and that carbon export and biomass are close to sediment trap and plankton net observations respectively. This model provides the opportunity to study foraminiferal ecology in any geological era.
Paul N. Pearson, Eleanor John, Bridget S. Wade, Simon D'haenens, and Caroline H. Lear
J. Micropalaeontol., 41, 107–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The microscopic shells of planktonic foraminifera accumulate on the sea floor over millions of years, providing a rich archive for understanding the history of the oceans. We examined an extinct group that flourished between about 63 and 32 million years ago using scanning electron microscopy and show that they were covered with needle-like spines in life. This has implications for analytical methods that we use to determine past seawater temperature and acidity.
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Amy Jones, Tom Dunkley Jones, Katherine A. Crichton, Bridget S. Wade, and Paul N. Pearson
Biogeosciences, 19, 743–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-living organisms are a major yet poorly known component of ocean biomass. Here we reconstruct the evolution of deep-living zooplankton and phytoplankton. Deep-dwelling zooplankton and phytoplankton did not occur 15 Myr ago, when the ocean was several degrees warmer than today. Deep-dwelling species first evolve around 7.5 Myr ago, following global climate cooling. Their evolution was driven by colder ocean temperatures allowing more food, oxygen, and light at depth.
Katherine A. Crichton, Andy Ridgwell, Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, and Paul N. Pearson
Clim. Past, 17, 2223–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The middle Miocene (15 Ma) was a period of global warmth up to 8 °C warmer than present. We investigate changes in ocean circulation and heat distribution since the middle Miocene and the cooling to the present using the cGENIE Earth system model. We create seven time slices at ~2.5 Myr intervals, constrained with paleo-proxy data, showing a progressive reduction in atmospheric CO2 and a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Yoshiki Kanzaki, Dominik Hülse, Sandra Kirtland Turner, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5999–6023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sedimentary carbonate plays a central role in regulating Earth’s carbon cycle and climate, and also serves as an archive of paleoenvironments, hosting various trace elements/isotopes. To help obtain
trueenvironmental changes from carbonate records over diagenetic distortion, IMP has been newly developed and has the capability to simulate the diagenesis of multiple carbonate particles and implement different styles of particle mixing by benthos using an adapted transition matrix method.
Jun Shao, Lowell D. Stott, Laurie Menviel, Andy Ridgwell, Malin Ödalen, and Mayhar Mohtadi
Clim. Past, 17, 1507–1521, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Planktic and shallow benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope
(δ13C) data show a rapid decline during the last deglaciation. This widespread signal was linked to respired carbon released from the deep ocean and its transport through the upper-ocean circulation. Using numerical simulations in which a stronger flux of respired carbon upwells and outcrops in the Southern Ocean, we find that the depleted δ13C signal is transmitted to the rest of the upper ocean through air–sea gas exchange.
Markus Adloff, Andy Ridgwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Ian J. Parkinson, Alexander J. Dickson, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, Matthew S. Fantle, and Sarah E. Greene
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4187–4223, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first representation of the trace metals Sr, Os, Li and Ca in a 3D Earth system model (cGENIE). The simulation of marine metal sources (weathering, hydrothermal input) and sinks (deposition) reproduces the observed concentrations and isotopic homogeneity of these metals in the modern ocean. With these new tracers, cGENIE can be used to test hypotheses linking these metal cycles and the cycling of other elements like O and C and simulate their dynamic response to external forcing.
Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Dominik Hülse, Christopher T. Reinhard, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2713–2745, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2713-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2713-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogeochemical interactions between iron and sulfur are central to the long-term biogeochemical evolution of Earth’s oceans. Here, we introduce an iron–sulphur cycle in a model of Earth's oceans. Our analyses show that the results of the model are robust towards parameter choices and that simulated concentrations and reactions are comparable to those observed in ancient ocean analogues (anoxic lakes). Our model represents an important step forward in the study of iron–sulfur cycling.
David K. Hutchinson, Helen K. Coxall, Daniel J. Lunt, Margret Steinthorsdottir, Agatha M. de Boer, Michiel Baatsen, Anna von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Caroline H. Lear, Karolin Moraweck, Paul N. Pearson, Emanuela Piga, Matthew J. Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Howie D. Scher, Willem P. Sijp, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Paul A. Wilson, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a major climate cooling event from a largely ice-free world to the first major glaciation of Antarctica, approximately 34 million years ago. This paper reviews observed changes in temperature, CO2 and ice sheets from marine and land-based records at this time. We present a new model–data comparison of this transition and find that CO2-forced cooling provides the best explanation of the observed global temperature changes.
Christopher T. Reinhard, Stephanie L. Olson, Sandra Kirtland Turner, Cecily Pälike, Yoshiki Kanzaki, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5687–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We provide documentation and testing of new developments for the oceanic and atmospheric methane cycles in the cGENIE Earth system model. The model is designed to explore Earth's methane cycle across a wide range of timescales and scenarios, in particular assessing the mean climate state and climate perturbations in Earth's deep past. We further document the impact of atmospheric oxygen levels and ocean chemistry on fluxes of methane to the atmosphere from the ocean biosphere.
Cited articles
Arndt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., LaRowe, D. E., Middelburg, J. J., Pancost, R. D., and Regnier, P.: Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine
sediments: a review and synthesis, Earth-Sci. Rev., 123, 53-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.008, 2013.
Aumont, O., van Hulten, M., Roy-Barman, M., Dutay, J.-C., Éthé, C., and Gehlen, M.: Variable reactivity of particulate organic matter in a global ocean biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, 14, 2321–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, 2017
Bach, L. T., Boxhammer, T., Larsen, A., Hildebrandt, N., Schulz, K. G., and
Riebesell, U.: Influence of plankton community structure on the sinking
velocity of marine aggregates, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1145–1165, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005372, 2016.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Boss, E. S., Westberry, T. K., Graff, J. R., Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J., Siegel, D. A., and Brown, M. B.: Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2838, 2016.
Bendtsen, J., Hilligsøe, K. M., Hansen, J. L., and Richardson, K.: Analysis of remineralisation, lability, temperature sensitivity and structural composition of organic matter from the upper ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 130, 125–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.009, 2015.
Bissinger, J. E., Montagnes, D. J., harples, J., and Atkinson, D.: Predicting
marine phytoplankton maximum growth rates from temperature: Improving on the
Eppley curve using quantile regression, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 487–493, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0487, 2008.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Vichi, M.: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013.
Boscolo-Galazzo, F., Crichton, K. A., Barker, S., and Pearson, P. N.:
Temperature dependency of metabolic rates in the upper ocean: A positive
feedback to global climate change?, Global Planet. Change, 170, 201–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.08.017, 2018.
Boyd, P. W., Claustre, H., Levy, M., Siegel, D. A., and Weber, T.:
Multi-faceted particle pumps drive carbon sequestration in the ocean,
Nature, 568, 327–335, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2, 2019.
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M., and West, G. B.:
Toward a metabolic theory of ecology, Ecology, 85, 1771–1789, 2004.
Burd, A. B., Frey, S., Cabre, A., Ito, T., Levine, N. M., Lønborg, C.,
Long, M., Mauritz, M., Thomas, R. Q., Stephens, B. M., and Vanwalleghem, T.:
Terrestrial and marine perspectives on modeling organic matter degradation
pathways, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 121–136, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12987, 2016.
Cao, L., Eby, M., Ridgwell, A., Caldeira, K., Archer, D., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Matsumoto, K., Mikolajewicz, U., Mouchet, A., Orr, J. C., Plattner, G.-K., Schlitzer, R., Tokos, K., Totterdell, I., Tschumi, T., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: The role of ocean transport in the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, Biogeosciences, 6, 375–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-375-2009, 2009.
Cao, L. and Zhang, H.: The role of biological rates in the simulated warming
effect on oceanic CO2 uptake, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 1098–1106,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003756, 2017.
Cavan, E. L., Trimmer, M., Shelley, F., and Sanders, R.: Remineralization of
particulate organic carbon in an ocean oxygen minimum zone, Nature Commun.,
8, 14847, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14847, 2017.
Chikamoto, M. O., Abe-Ouchi, A., Oka, A., and Smith, S. L.: Temperature-induced marine export production during glacial period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, G03017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053828, 2012.
Chikamoto, M. O., Matsumoto, K., and Ridgwell, A.: Response of deep-sea CaCO3 sedimentation to Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shutdown, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeo., 113, G03017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000669, 2008.
Cram, J. A., Weber, T., Leung, S. W., McDonnell, A. M., Liang, J. H., and
Deutsch, C.: The role of particle size, ballast, temperature, and oxygen in
the sinking flux to the deep sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 858–876,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GB005710, 2018.
Cross, W. F., Hood, J. M., Benstead, J. P., Huryn, A. D., and Nelson, D.:
Interactions between temperature and nutrients across levels of ecological
organization, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 1025–1040, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12809, 2015.
Dunne, J. P., Armstrong, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., and Sarmiento, J. L.:
Empirical and mechanistic models for the
particle export ratio, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4026,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002390. 2005.
Eppley, R. W.: Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull.,
70, 1063–1085, 1972.
Edwards, N. R. and Marsh, R.: Uncertainties due to transport-parameter
sensitivity in an efficient 3-D ocean-climate model, Clim. Dynam., 24, 415–433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0508-8, 2005.
Francey, R. J., Allison, C. E., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Enting,
I. G., Leuenberger, M., Langenfelds, R. L., Michel, E., and Steele, L. P.: A
1000-year high precision record of δ13C in atmospheric CO2, Tellus B, 51, 170–193, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v51i2.16269, 1999
Heinze, C., Hoogakker, B. A. A., and Winguth, A.: Ocean carbon cycling during the past 130 000 years – a pilot study on inverse palaeoclimate record modelling, Clim. Past, 12, 1949–1978, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1949-2016, 2016.
Heinze, C., Meyer, S., Goris, N., Anderson, L., Steinfeldt, R., Chang, N., Le Quéré, C., and Bakker, D. C. E.: The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges, Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 327–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-327-2015, 2015.
Henson, S. A., Sanders, R., and Madsen, E.: Global patterns in efficiency of
particulate organic carbon export and transfer to the deep ocean, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004099, 2012.
Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., Fraedrich, K., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., and Zhu, X.: PLASIM–GENIE v1.0: a new intermediate complexity AOGCM, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3347–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3347-2016, 2016.
Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Wilson, J. D., Munhoven, G., and Ridgwell, A.:
Understanding the causes and consequences of past marine carbon cycling
variability through models, Earth-Sci. Rev., 171, 349–382,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.004, 2017.
John, E. H., Wilson, J. D., Pearson, P. N., and Ridgwell, A.:
Temperature-dependent remineralization and carbon cycling in the warm Eocene
oceans, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 413, 158–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.019, 2014.
Keeling, C. D.: The Suess effect: 13Carbon-14Carbon interrelations, Environ.
Int., 2, 229–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(79)90005-9, 1979.
Kirtland Turner, S. and Ridgwell, A.: Development of a novel empirical
framework for interpreting geological carbon isotope excursions, with
implications for the rate of carbon injection across the PETM, Earth Planet.
Sc. Lett., 435, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.027, 2016.
Klaas, C. and Archer, D. E.: Association of sinking organic matter with
various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: Implications for the rain
ratio, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001765, 2002.
Kvale, K. F., Meissner, K. J., and Keller, D. P.: Potential increasing dominance of heterotrophy in the global ocean, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 074009, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074009, 2015.
Kvale, K. F., Turner, K. E., Landolfi, A., and Meissner, K. J.: Phytoplankton calcifiers control nitrate cycling and the pace of transition in warming icehouse and cooling greenhouse climates, Biogeosciences, 16, 1019–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1019-2019, 2019.
Kwiatkowski, L., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Ciais, P., Cox, P. M., Laufkötter,
C., Li, Y., and Séférian, R.: Emergent constraints on projections of
declining primary production in the tropical oceans, Nat. Clim. Change,
7, 355–358, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3265, 2017.
Laufkötter, C., John, J. G., Stock, C. A., and Dunne, J. P.: Temperature and
oxygen dependence of the remineralization of organic matter, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 1038–1050, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005643, 2017.
Laufkötter, C., Vogt, M., Gruber, N., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Hauck, J., John, J. G., Lima, I. D., Seferian, R., and Völker, C.: Projected decreases in future marine export production: the role of the carbon flux through the upper ocean ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 13, 4023–4047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4023-2016, 2016.
Legendre, L., Rivkin, R. B., Weinbauer, M. G., Guidi, L., and Uitz, J.: The
microbial carbon pump concept: Potential biogeochemical significance in the
globally changing ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 432–450,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.008, 2015.
Levitus, S., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Mishonov, A. V., Antonov, J. I.,
Garcia, H. E., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Johnson, D. R., and Seidov, D.:
World ocean atlas 2009, National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.), Ocean
Climate Laboratory, United States, National Environmental Satellite, Data,
and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, USA, 2010.
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Reciprocal bias compensation and ensuing uncertainties in model-based climate projections: pelagic biogeochemistry versus ocean mixing, Biogeosciences, 16, 1865–1881, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1865-2019, 2019.
Lynch-Stieglitz, J.: Tracers of past ocean circulation, Treatise on
Geochemistry, 6, 433–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06117-X, 2003.
Ma, W. and Tian, J.: Modeling the contribution of dissolved organic
carbon to carbon sequestration during the last glacial maximum, Geo-Marine
Letters, 34, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-014-0378-y, 2014.
Mari, X., Passow, U., Migon, C., Burd, A. B., and Legendre, L.: Transparent
exopolymer particles: Effects on carbon cycling in the ocean, Prog.
Oceanogr., 151, 13–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.11.002, 2017.
Marsay, C. M., Sanders, R. J., Henson, S. A., Pabortsava, K., Achterberg, E. P., and Lampitt, R. S.: Attenuation of sinking particulate organic carbon flux through the mesopelagic ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 1089–1094,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415311112, 2015.
Marsh, R., Müller, S. A., Yool, A., and Edwards, N. R.: Incorporation of the C-GOLDSTEIN efficient climate model into the GENIE framework: “eb_go_gs” configurations of GENIE, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 957–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-957-2011, 2011.
McDonnell, A. M., Boyd, P. W., and Buesseler, K. O.: Effects of sinking
velocities and microbial respiration rates on the attenuation of particulate
carbon fluxes through the mesopelagic zone, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29,
175–193, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004935, 2015.
Meyer, K. M., Ridgwell, A., and Payne, J. L.: The influence of the biological
pump on ocean chemistry: implications for long-term trends in marine redox
chemistry, the global carbon cycle, and marine animal ecosystems,
Geobiology, 14, 207–219, https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12176, 2016.
Maier-Reimer, E.: Geochemical cycles in an ocean general circulation model.
Preindustrial tracer distributions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 645–677, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB01355, 1993.
Monteiro, F. M., Pancost, R. D., Ridgwell, A., and Donnadieu, Y.: Nutrients as the dominant control on the spread of anoxia and euxinia across the
Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE2): Model-data comparison, Paleoceanography, 27, PA4209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002351, 2012.
Moore, J. K., Doney, S. C., Kleypas, J. A., Glover, D. M., and Fung, I. Y.: An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 403–462, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00108-4, 2002.
Mouw, C. B., Barnett, A., McKinley, G. A., Gloege, L., and Pilcher, D.: Global ocean particulate organic carbon flux merged with satellite parameters, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 531–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-531-2016, 2016a.
Mouw, C. B., Barnett, A., McKinley, G.A., Gloege, L., and Pilcher, D.:
Phytoplankton size impact on export flux in the global ocean, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1542–1562, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005355, 2016b.
Najjar, R. G., Jin, X., Louanchi, F., Aumont, O., Caldeira, K., Doney, S. C.,
Dutay, J. C., Follows, M., Gruber, N., Joos, F., and Lindsay, K.: Impact of
circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved
oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model
Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002857, 2007.
Parekh, P., Follows, M. J., and Boyle, E. A.: Decoupling of iron and phosphate in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2020,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002280, 2005.
Paul, C., Matthiessen, B., and Sommer, U.: Warming, but not enhanced CO2 concentration, quantitatively and qualitatively affects phytoplankton biomass, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 528, 39–51, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11264, 2015.
Pörtner, H. O., Karl, D. M., Boyd, P. W., Cheung, W., Lluch-Cota, S. E.,
Nojiri, Y., Schmidt, D. N., Zavialov, P. O., Alheit, J., Aristegui, J., and
Armstrong, C.: Ocean systems. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation,
and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. contribution of
working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental
panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 411–484, 2014.
Rau, G. H., Riebesell, U., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: A model of photosynthetic 13C fractionation by marine phytoplankton based on diffusive molecular CO2 uptake, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 133, 275–285, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps133275, 1996.
Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.: The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water, in: The composition of seawater: Comparative and descriptive oceanography, edited by: Hill, M. N., The sea: ideas and observations on progress in the study of the seas, 2, 26–77, 1963.
Reusch, T. B. and Boyd, P. W.: Experimental evolution meets marine
phytoplankton, Evolution, 67, 1849–1859, https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12035, 2013.
Ridgwell, A. J.: Glacial-interglacial perturbations in the global carbon
cycle, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 2001.
Ridgwell, A. and Schmidt, D. N.: Past constraints on the vulnerability of
marine calcifiers to massive carbon dioxide release, Nat. Geosci., 3, 196–200, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo755, 2010.
Ridgwell, A., Hargreaves, J. C., Edwards, N. R., Annan, J. D., Lenton, T. M., Marsh, R., Yool, A., and Watson, A.: Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth System Model of global biogeochemical cycling, Biogeosciences, 4, 87–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-87-2007, 2007.
Ridgwell, A., Reinhard, C., van de Velde, S., Adloff, M., DomHu, Wilson, J., Ward, B., Monteiro, F., and Vervoort, P.: derpycode/cgenie.muffin: Crichton et al. [revised for GMD], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999080, 2020a.
Ridgwell, A., DomHu, Peterson, C., Ward, B., sjszas, evansmn, and Jones, R.: derpycode/muffindoc: Crichton et al. [2020] (GMD) (version v0.9.13), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305997, 2020b.
Rosengard, S. Z., Lam, P. J., Balch, W. M., Auro, M. E., Pike, S., Drapeau, D., and Bowler, B.: Carbon export and transfer to depth across the Southern Ocean Great Calcite Belt, Biogeosciences, 12, 3953–3971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3953-2015, 2015.
Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Allison, C. E., Battle, M. O., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Curran, M., Bender, M., White, J. W. C., and Jenk, T. M.: A revised 1000 year atmospheric δ13C−CO2 record from Law Dome and South Pole, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 8482–8499, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50668, 2013.
Sarmiento, J. L. and Gruber, N. N.: Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics,
Princeton University Press Princeton, US, ISBN: 9780691017075, 2006.
Schmittner, A., Gruber, N., Mix, A. C., Key, R. M., Tagliabue, A., and Westberry, T. K.: Biology and air–sea gas exchange controls on the distribution of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 10, 5793–5816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5793-2013, 2013.
Segschneider, J. and Bendtsen, J.: Temperature-dependent remineralization in
a warming ocean increases surface pCO2 through changes in marine ecosystem
composition, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 1214–1225, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004684, 2013.
Steinberg, D. K. and Landry, M. R.: Zooplankton and the ocean carbon cycle,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 9, 413–444, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924, 2017.
Taucher, J. and Oschlies, A.: Can we predict the direction of marine primary
production change under global warming?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045934, 2011.
Turner, J. T.: Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the
ocean's biological pump, Prog. Oceanogr., 130, 205–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.005, 2015.
U.S. DOE.: Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration: Report from the March 2008
Workshop, DOE/SC-108, U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, p. 81, 2008.
Ward, B. A., Wilson, J. D., Death, R. M., Monteiro, F. M., Yool, A., and Ridgwell, A.: EcoGEnIE 1.0: plankton ecology in the cGEnIE Earth system model, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4241–4267, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4241-2018, 2018.
Weber, T., Cram, J. A., Leung, S. W., DeVries, T., and Deutsch, C.: Deep ocean nutrients imply large latitudinal variation in particle transfer efficiency, P. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 113, 8606–9611, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604414113, 2016.
Wilson, J. D., Barker, S., and Ridgwell, A.: Assessment of the spatial
variability in particulate organic matter and mineral sinking fluxes in the
ocean interior: Implications for the ballast hypothesis, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 26, GB4011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GB004398, 2012.
Yamamoto, A., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Yamanaka, Y.: Long-term response of oceanic carbon uptake to global warming via physical and biological pumps, Biogeosciences, 15, 4163–4180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4163-2018, 2018.
Short summary
Temperature is a controller of metabolic processes and therefore also a controller of the ocean's biological carbon pump (BCP). We calibrate a temperature-dependent version of the BCP in the cGENIE Earth system model. Since the pre-industrial period, warming has intensified near-surface nutrient recycling, supporting production and largely offsetting stratification-induced surface nutrient limitation. But at the same time less carbon that sinks out of the surface then reaches the deep ocean.
Temperature is a controller of metabolic processes and therefore also a controller of the...
