Articles | Volume 12, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
25 Jul 2019
Model experiment description paper |
| 25 Jul 2019
| 25 Jul 2019
The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: methodologies for selection, compilation and analysis of latest Paleocene and early Eocene climate proxy data, incorporating version 0.1 of the DeepMIP database
Christopher J. Hollis
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Tom Dunkley Jones
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Eleni Anagnostou
Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Peter K. Bijl
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Marlow J. Cramwinckel
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Ying Cui
Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
Gerald R. Dickens
Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice
University, Houston, Texas, USA
Kirsty M. Edgar
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Yvette Eley
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
David Evans
Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am
Main, Frankfurt, Germany
Gavin L. Foster
Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Joost Frieling
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Gordon N. Inglis
School of Chemistry & School of Earth Sciences, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK
Elizabeth M. Kennedy
GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Reinhard Kozdon
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Pallisades, New York, USA
Vittoria Lauretano
School of Chemistry & School of Earth Sciences, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK
Caroline H. Lear
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Kate Littler
Camborne School of Mines & Environment and Sustainability
Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Lucas Lourens
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
A. Nele Meckler
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth
Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
B. David A. Naafs
School of Chemistry & School of Earth Sciences, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK
Heiko Pälike
MARUM – Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, University
of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Richard D. Pancost
School of Chemistry & School of Earth Sciences, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul N. Pearson
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Ursula Röhl
MARUM – Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, University
of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Dana L. Royer
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan
University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
Ulrich Salzmann
Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
Brian A. Schubert
School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette,
Louisiana, Lafayette, USA
Hannu Seebeck
GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Appy Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Robert P. Speijer
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Peter Stassen
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Jessica Tierney
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Aradhna Tripati
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Institute of the
Environment and Sustainability, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic
Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of
California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Bridget Wade
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
Thomas Westerhold
MARUM – Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, University
of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Caitlyn Witkowski
Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den
Burg, the Netherlands
James C. Zachos
Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of California,
Santa Cruz, California, USA
Yi Ge Zhang
Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Matthew Huber
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Daniel J. Lunt
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Related authors
Daniel J. Lunt, Fran Bragg, Wing-Le Chan, David K. Hutchinson, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Polina Morozova, Igor Niezgodzki, Sebastian Steinig, Zhongshi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Helen K. Coxall, Yannick Donnadieu, Gavin Foster, Gordon N. Inglis, Gregor Knorr, Petra M. Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Gerrit Lohmann, Christopher J. Poulsen, Pierre Sepulchre, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny M. Volodin, Tom Dunkley Jones, Christopher J. Hollis, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
Clim. Past, 17, 203–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first modelling results from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP), in which we focus on the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO, 50 million years ago). We show that, in contrast to previous work, at least three models (CESM, GFDL, and NorESM) produce climate states that are consistent with proxy indicators of global mean temperature and polar amplification, and they achieve this at a CO2 concentration that is consistent with the CO2 proxy record.
Gordon N. Inglis, Fran Bragg, Natalie J. Burls, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Matthew Huber, Daniel J. Lunt, Nicholas Siler, Sebastian Steinig, Jessica E. Tierney, Richard Wilkinson, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Tom Dunkley Jones, Kirsty M. Edgar, Christopher J. Hollis, David K. Hutchinson, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 16, 1953–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents estimates of global mean surface temperatures and climate sensitivity during the early Paleogene (∼57–48 Ma). We employ a multi-method experimental approach and show that i) global mean surface temperatures range between 27 and 32°C and that ii) estimates of
bulkequilibrium climate sensitivity (∼3 to 4.5°C) fall within the range predicted by the IPCC AR5 Report. This work improves our understanding of two key climate metrics during the early Paleogene.
Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, Eleni Anagnostou, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Rodrigo Caballero, Rob DeConto, Henk A. Dijkstra, Yannick Donnadieu, David Evans, Ran Feng, Gavin L. Foster, Ed Gasson, Anna S. von der Heydt, Chris J. Hollis, Gordon N. Inglis, Stephen M. Jones, Jeff Kiehl, Sandy Kirtland Turner, Robert L. Korty, Reinhardt Kozdon, Srinath Krishnan, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Petra Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Allegra N. LeGrande, Kate Littler, Paul Markwick, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Paul Pearson, Christopher J. Poulsen, Ulrich Salzmann, Christine Shields, Kathryn Snell, Michael Stärz, James Super, Clay Tabor, Jessica E. Tierney, Gregory J. L. Tourte, Aradhna Tripati, Garland R. Upchurch, Bridget S. Wade, Scott L. Wing, Arne M. E. Winguth, Nicky M. Wright, James C. Zachos, and Richard E. Zeebe
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 889–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the experimental design for a set of simulations which will be carried out by a range of climate models, all investigating the climate of the Eocene, about 50 million years ago. The intercomparison of model results is called 'DeepMIP', and we anticipate that we will contribute to the next IPCC report through an analysis of these simulations and the geological data to which we will compare them.
K. M. Pascher, C. J. Hollis, S. M. Bohaty, G. Cortese, R. M. McKay, H. Seebeck, N. Suzuki, and K. Chiba
Clim. Past, 11, 1599–1620, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1599-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1599-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Radiolarian taxa with high-latitude affinities are present from at least the middle Eocene in the SW Pacific and become very abundant in the late Eocene at all investigated sites. A short incursion of low-latitude taxa is observed during the MECO and late Eocene warming event at Site 277. Radiolarian abundance, diversity and taxa with high-latitude affinities increase at Site 277 in two steps in the latest Eocene due to climatic cooling and expansion of cold water masses.
C. J. Hollis, B. R. Hines, K. Littler, V. Villasante-Marcos, D. K. Kulhanek, C. P. Strong, J. C. Zachos, S. M. Eggins, L. Northcote, and A. Phillips
Clim. Past, 11, 1009–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1009-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1009-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Re-examination of a Deep Sea Drilling Project sediment core (DSDP Site 277) from the western Campbell Plateau has identified the initial phase of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) within nannofossil chalk, the first record of the PETM in an oceanic setting in the southern Pacific Ocean (paleolatitude of ~65°S). Geochemical proxies indicate that intermediate and surface waters warmed by ~6° at the onset of the PETM prior to the full development of the negative δ13C excursion.
S. J. Gallagher, N. Exon, M. Seton, M. Ikehara, C. J. Hollis, R. Arculus, S. D'Hondt, C. Foster, M. Gurnis, J. P. Kennett, R. McKay, A. Malakoff, J. Mori, K. Takai, and L. Wallace
Sci. Dril., 17, 45–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, 2014
Dominique K. L. L. Jenny, Tammo Reichgelt, Charlotte L. O'Brien, Xiaoqing Liu, Peter K. Bijl, Matthew Huber, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1627–1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the Oligocene
icehouseclimate. We extend an existing marine climate proxy data compilation and present a new compilation and analysis of terrestrial plant assemblages to assess long-term climate trends and variability. Our data–climate model comparison reinforces the notion that models underestimate polar amplification of Oligocene climates, and we identify potential future research directions.
Mark Vinz Elbertsen, Erik van Sebille, and Peter Kristian Bijl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1596, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
This work verifies the remarkable finds of late Eocene Antarctic-sourced iceberg-rafted debris found on South Orkney. We find that these icebergs must have been on the larger end of the size scale compared to today’s icebergs due to faster melting in the warmer Eocene climate. The study was performed using a high-resolution model in which individual icebergs were followed through time.
Alice Paine, Joost Frieling, Timothy Shanahan, Tamsin Mather, Nicholas McKay, Stuart Robinson, David Pyle, Isabel Fendley, Ruth Kiely, and William Gosling
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2123, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2123, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Few tropical Hg records extend beyond ~12 ka, meaning our current understanding of Hg behaviour may not fully account for the impact of long-term hydroclimate changes on the Hg cycle in these environments. Here, we present a ~96,000-year Hg record from Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. A coupled response is observed between Hg flux and shifts in sediment composition reflective of changes in lake level, and suggesting that hydroclimate may be a key driver of tropical Hg cycling over millennial-timescales.
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, David Evans, Elaine Mawbey, William Gray, Paul Pearson, and Bridget Wade
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1608, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1608, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a comparison of results from the Mg/Ca and oxygen stable isotopes paleothermometers obtained from 57 modern to fossil species of planktonic foraminifera from the last 15 million of years. We find that the occurrence (or not) of species-species offsets in Mg/Ca is conservative between ancestor-descendent species, and that taking into account species kinship can significantly improve temperature reconstructions by several degrees.
Jack T. R. Wilkin, Sev Kender, Rowan Dejardin, Claire S. Allen, Victoria L. Peck, George E. A. Swann, Erin L. McClymont, James D. Scourse, Kate Littler, and Melanie J. Leng
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 165–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia has a dynamic glacial history and is sensitive to climate change. Using benthic foraminifera and various geochemical proxies, we reconstruct inner–middle shelf productivity and infer glacial evolution since the late deglacial, identifying new mid–late-Holocene glacial readvances. Fursenkoina fusiformis acts as a good proxy for productivity.
Chris D. Fokkema, Tobias Agterhuis, Danielle Gerritsma, Myrthe de Goeij, Xiaoqing Liu, Pauline de Regt, Addison Rice, Laurens Vennema, Claudia Agnini, Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Matthew Huber, Francien Peterse, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1303–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Polar amplification (PA) is a key uncertainty in climate projections. The factors that dominantly control PA are difficult to separate. Here we provide an estimate for the non-ice-related PA by reconstructing tropical ocean temperature variability from the ice-free early Eocene, which we compare to deep-ocean-derived high-latitude temperature variability across short-lived warming periods. We find a PA factor of 1.7–2.3 on 20 kyr timescales, which is somewhat larger than model estimates.
Alessio Fabbrini, Maria Rose Petrizzo, Isabella Premoli Silva, Luca M. Foresi, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 121–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We report on the rediscovery of Globigerina bollii, a planktonic foraminifer described by Cita and Premoli Silva (1960) in the Mediterranean Basin. We redescribe G. bollii as a valid species belonging to the genus Globoturborotalita. We report and summarise all the recordings of the taxon in the scientific literature. Then we discuss how the taxon might be a palaeogeographical indicator of the intermittent gateways between the Mediterranean Sea, Paratethys, and Indian Ocean.
Suning Hou, Leonie Toebrock, Mart van der Linden, Fleur Rothstegge, Martin Ziegler, Lucas J. Lourens, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-33, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblage and sea surface temperature record west offshore Tasmania, we find a northward migration and freshening of the subtropical front, not at the M2 glacial maximum but at its deglaciation phase. This oceanographic change aligns well with the trends in pCO2. We propose that iceberg discharge from the M2 deglaciation freshened the subtropical front, which together with the other oceanographic changes, affected atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange in the Southern Ocean.
Marci M. Robinson, Kenneth G. Miller, Tali L. Babila, Timothy J. Bralower, James V. Browning, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Monika Doubrawa, Gavin L. Foster, Megan K. Fung, Sean Kinney, Maria Makarova, Peter P. McLaughlin, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Morgan F. Schaller, Jean M. Self-Trail, Appy Sluijs, Thomas Westerhold, James D. Wright, and James C. Zachos
Sci. Dril., 33, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the closest geological analog to modern anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but its causes and the responses remain enigmatic. Coastal plain sediments can resolve this uncertainty, but their discontinuous nature requires numerous sites to constrain events. Workshop participants identified 10 drill sites that target the PETM and other interesting intervals. Our post-drilling research will provide valuable insights into Earth system responses.
Yixuan Xie, Daniel J. Lunt, and Paul J. Valdes
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-22, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-22, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Dust plays a crucial role in the climate system; while it is relatively well studied for the present day, we still lack how it was in the past and the underlying mechanism in the multi-million-year time scale of Earth’s history. Here, for the first time, we simulate dust emissions with the newly developed DUSTY model over the past 540 million years with a temporal resolution of ~5 million years and identify palaeogeography as the primary control of these variations.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1447–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.1, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), a microfossil group, to the latest Geologic Time Scale. In this release I present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the Middle Triassic to the modern period.
Frances A. Procter, Sandra Piazolo, Eleanor H. John, Richard Walshaw, Paul N. Pearson, Caroline H. Lear, and Tracy Aze
Biogeosciences, 21, 1213–1233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1213-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses novel techniques to look at the microstructure of planktonic foraminifera (single-celled marine organisms) fossils, to further our understanding of how they form their hard exterior shells and how the microstructure and chemistry of these shells can change as a result of processes that occur after deposition on the seafloor. Understanding these processes is of critical importance for using planktonic foraminifera for robust climate and environmental reconstructions of the past.
Johan Vellekoop, Daan Vanhove, Inge Jelu, Philippe Claeys, Linda C. Ivany, Niels J. de Winter, Robert P. Speijer, and Etienne Steurbaut
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-298, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-298, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of fossil bivalves, gastropods and fish ear bones (otoliths) is frequently used for seasonality reconstructions of past climates. We measured stable isotope compositions in multiple specimens of two bivalve species, a gastropod species, and two species of otoliths, from two early Eocene (49.2 million year old) shell layers. Our study demonstrates considerable variability between different taxa, which has implications for seasonality reconstructions.
Alice R. Paine, Isabel M. Fendley, Joost Frieling, Tamsin A. Mather, Jack H. Lacey, Bernd Wagner, Stuart A. Robinson, David M. Pyle, Alexander Francke, Theodore R. Them II, and Konstantinos Panagiotopoulos
Biogeosciences, 21, 531–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many important processes within the global mercury (Hg) cycle operate over thousands of years. Here, we explore the timing, magnitude, and expression of Hg signals retained in sediments of lakes Prespa and Ohrid over the past ∼90 000 years. Divergent signals suggest that local differences in sediment composition, lake structure, and water balance influence the local Hg cycle and determine the extent to which sedimentary Hg signals reflect local- or global-scale environmental changes.
Nico Wunderling, Anna S. von der Heydt, Yevgeny Aksenov, Stephen Barker, Robbin Bastiaansen, Victor Brovkin, Maura Brunetti, Victor Couplet, Thomas Kleinen, Caroline H. Lear, Johannes Lohmann, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, Sacha Sinet, Didier Swingedouw, Ricarda Winkelmann, Pallavi Anand, Jonathan Barichivich, Sebastian Bathiany, Mara Baudena, John T. Bruun, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Helen K. Coxall, David Docquier, Jonathan F. Donges, Swinda K. J. Falkena, Ann Kristin Klose, David Obura, Juan Rocha, Stefanie Rynders, Norman Julius Steinert, and Matteo Willeit
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 41–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-41-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-41-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper maps out the state-of-the-art literature on interactions between tipping elements relevant for current global warming pathways. We find indications that many of the interactions between tipping elements are destabilizing. This means that tipping cascades cannot be ruled out on centennial to millennial timescales at global warming levels between 1.5 and 2.0 °C or on shorter timescales if global warming surpasses 2.0 °C.
Michiel Baatsen, Peter Bijl, Anna von der Heydt, Appy Sluijs, and Henk Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces the possibility and consequences of monsoons on Antarctica in the warm Eocene climate. We suggest that such a monsoonal climate can be important to understand conditions in Antarctica prior to large-scale glaciation. We can explain seemingly contradictory indications of ice and vegetation on the continent through regional variability. In addition, we provide a new mechanism through which most of Antarctica remained ice-free through a wide range of global climatic changes.
Heather M. Stoll, Leopoldo D. Pena, Ivan Hernandez-Almeida, José Guitián, Thomas Tanner, and Heiko Pälike
Clim. Past, 20, 25–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Oligocene and early Miocene periods featured dynamic glacial cycles on Antarctica. In this paper, we use Sr isotopes in marine carbonate sediments to document a change in the location and intensity of continental weathering during short periods of very intense Antarctic glaciation. Potentially, the weathering intensity of old continental rocks on Antarctica was reduced during glaciation. We also show improved age models for correlation of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic sediments.
Madeleine L. Vickers, Morgan T. Jones, Jack Longman, David Evans, Clemens V. Ullmann, Ella Wulfsberg Stokke, Martin Vickers, Joost Frieling, Dustin T. Harper, Vincent J. Clementi, and IODP Expedition 396 Scientists
Clim. Past, 20, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The discovery of cold-water glendonite pseudomorphs in sediments deposited during the hottest part of the Cenozoic poses an apparent climate paradox. This study examines their occurrence, association with volcanic sediments, and speculates on the timing and extent of cooling, fitting this with current understanding of global climate during this period. We propose that volcanic activity was key to both physical and chemical conditions that enabled the formation of glendonites in these sediments.
Mohd Al Farid Abraham, Bernhard David A. Naafs, Vittoria Lauretano, Fotis Sgouridis, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 19, 2569–2580, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2569-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2569-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2), about 93.5 million years ago, is characterized by widespread deoxygenated ocean and massive burial of organic-rich sediments. Our results show that the marine deoxygenation at the equatorial Atlantic that predates the OAE 2 interval was driven by global warming and associated with the nutrient status of the site, with factors like temperature-modulated upwelling and hydrology-induced weathering contributing to enhanced nutrient delivery over various timescales.
Peter K. Bijl and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 309–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an online, open-access database for taxonomic descriptions, stratigraphic information and images of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst species. With this new resource for applied and academic research, teaching and training, we open up organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts for the academic era of open science. We expect that palsys.org represents a starting point to improve taxonomic concepts, and we invite the community to contribute.
Elwyn de la Vega, Thomas B. Chalk, Mathis P. Hain, Megan R. Wilding, Daniel Casey, Robin Gledhill, Chongguang Luo, Paul A. Wilson, and Gavin L. Foster
Clim. Past, 19, 2493–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2493-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2493-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate how faithfully the boron isotope composition of foraminifera records atmospheric CO2 by comparing it to the high-fidelity CO2 record from the Antarctic ice cores. We evaluate potential factors and find that partial dissolution of foraminifera shells, assumptions of seawater chemistry, and the biology of foraminifera all have a negligible effect on reconstructed CO2. This gives confidence in the use of boron isotopes beyond the interval when ice core CO2 is available.
Joost Frieling, Linda van Roij, Iris Kleij, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 20, 4651–4668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first species-specific evaluation of marine core-top dinoflagellate cyst carbon isotope fractionation (εp) to assess natural pCO2 dependency on εp and explore its geological deep-time paleo-pCO2 proxy potential. We find that εp differs between genera and species and that in Operculodinium centrocarpum, εp is controlled by pCO2 and nutrients. Our results highlight the added value of δ13C analyses of individual micrometer-scale sedimentary organic carbon particles.
Paul N. Pearson, Jeremy Young, David J. King, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 211–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera are marine plankton that have a long and continuous fossil record. They are used for correlating and dating ocean sediments and studying evolution and past climates. This paper presents new information about Pulleniatina, one of the most widespread and abundant groups, from an important site in the Pacific Ocean. It also brings together a very large amount of information on the fossil record from other sites globally.
Anna Hauge Braaten, Kim A. Jakob, Sze Ling Ho, Oliver Friedrich, Eirik Vinje Galaasen, Stijn De Schepper, Paul A. Wilson, and Anna Nele Meckler
Clim. Past, 19, 2109–2125, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2109-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2109-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of understanding current global warming, the middle Pliocene (3.3–3.0 million years ago) is an important interval in Earth's history because atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were similar to levels today. We have reconstructed deep-sea temperatures at two different locations for this period, and find that a very different mode of ocean circulation or mixing existed, with important implications for how heat was transported in the deep ocean.
Xin Ren, Daniel J. Lunt, Erica Hendy, Anna von der Heydt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Charles J. R. Williams, Christian Stepanek, Chuncheng Guo, Deepak Chandan, Gerrit Lohmann, Julia C. Tindall, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Masa Kageyama, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Ning Tan, Qiong Zhang, Ran Feng, Stephen Hunter, Wing-Le Chan, W. Richard Peltier, Xiangyu Li, Youichi Kamae, Zhongshi Zhang, and Alan M. Haywood
Clim. Past, 19, 2053–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the Maritime Continent climate in the mid-Piacenzian warm period and find it is warmer and wetter and the sea surface salinity is lower compared with preindustrial period. Besides, the fresh and warm water transfer through the Maritime Continent was stronger. In order to avoid undue influence from closely related models in the multimodel results, we introduce a new metric, the multi-cluster mean, which could reveal spatial signals that are not captured by the multimodel mean.
Stephen P. Hesselbo, Aisha Al-Suwaidi, Sarah J. Baker, Giorgia Ballabio, Claire M. Belcher, Andrew Bond, Ian Boomer, Remco Bos, Christian J. Bjerrum, Kara Bogus, Richard Boyle, James V. Browning, Alan R. Butcher, Daniel J. Condon, Philip Copestake, Stuart Daines, Christopher Dalby, Magret Damaschke, Susana E. Damborenea, Jean-Francois Deconinck, Alexander J. Dickson, Isabel M. Fendley, Calum P. Fox, Angela Fraguas, Joost Frieling, Thomas A. Gibson, Tianchen He, Kat Hickey, Linda A. Hinnov, Teuntje P. Hollaar, Chunju Huang, Alexander J. L. Hudson, Hugh C. Jenkyns, Erdem Idiz, Mengjie Jiang, Wout Krijgsman, Christoph Korte, Melanie J. Leng, Timothy M. Lenton, Katharina Leu, Crispin T. S. Little, Conall MacNiocaill, Miguel O. Manceñido, Tamsin A. Mather, Emanuela Mattioli, Kenneth G. Miller, Robert J. Newton, Kevin N. Page, József Pálfy, Gregory Pieńkowski, Richard J. Porter, Simon W. Poulton, Alberto C. Riccardi, James B. Riding, Ailsa Roper, Micha Ruhl, Ricardo L. Silva, Marisa S. Storm, Guillaume Suan, Dominika Szűcs, Nicolas Thibault, Alfred Uchman, James N. Stanley, Clemens V. Ullmann, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Madeleine L. Vickers, Sonja Wadas, Jessica H. Whiteside, Paul B. Wignall, Thomas Wonik, Weimu Xu, Christian Zeeden, and Ke Zhao
Sci. Dril., 32, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present initial results from a 650 m long core of Late Triasssic to Early Jurassic (190–202 Myr) sedimentary strata from the Cheshire Basin, UK, which is shown to be an exceptional record of Earth evolution for the time of break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea. Further work will determine periodic changes in depositional environments caused by solar system dynamics and used to reconstruct orbital history.
Frida S. Hoem, Adrián López-Quirós, Suzanna van de Lagemaat, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Carlota Escutia, Henk Brinkhuis, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 1931–1949, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present two new sea surface temperature (SST) records in comparison with available SST records to reconstruct South Atlantic paleoceanographic evolution. Our results show a low SST gradient in the Eocene–early Oligocene due to the persistent gyral circulation. A higher SST gradient in the Middle–Late Miocene infers a stronger circumpolar current. The southern South Atlantic was the coldest region in the Southern Ocean and likely the main deep-water formation location in the Middle Miocene.
Jenny Maccali, Anna Nele Meckler, Stein-Erik Lauritzen, Torill Brekken, Helen Aase Rokkan, Alvaro Fernandez, Yves Krüger, Jane Adigun, Stéphane Affolter, and Markus Leuenberger
Clim. Past, 19, 1847–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The southern coast of South Africa hosts some key archeological sites for the study of early human evolution. Here we present a short but high-resolution record of past changes in the hydroclimate and temperature on the southern coast of South Africa based on the study of a speleothem collected from Bloukrantz Cave. Overall, the paleoclimate indicators suggest stable temperature from 48.3 to 45.2 ka, whereas precipitation was variable, with marked short drier episodes.
William Rush, Jean Self-Trail, Yang Zhang, Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis, James Zachos, James G. Ogg, and Marci Robinson
Clim. Past, 19, 1677–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene contains several brief warming periods referred to as hyperthermals. Studying these events and how they varied between locations can help provide insight into our future warmer world. This study provides a characterization of two of these events in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The records of climate that we measured demonstrate significant changes during this time period, but the type and timing of these changes highlight the complexity of climatic changes.
Morgan T. Jones, Ella W. Stokke, Alan D. Rooney, Joost Frieling, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, David J. Wilson, Henrik H. Svensen, Sverre Planke, Thierry Adatte, Nicolas Thibault, Madeleine L. Vickers, Tamsin A. Mather, Christian Tegner, Valentin Zuchuat, and Bo P. Schultz
Clim. Past, 19, 1623–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are periods in Earth’s history when huge volumes of magma are erupted at the Earth’s surface. The gases released from volcanic eruptions and from sediments heated by the magma are believed to have caused severe climate changes in the geological past. We use a variety of volcanic and climatic tracers to assess how the North Atlantic Igneous Province (56–54 Ma) affected the oceans and atmosphere during a period of extreme global warming.
Marcin Latas, Paul N. Pearson, Christopher R. Poole, Alessio Fabbrini, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-57-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-57-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera are microscopic single-celled organisms populating world oceans. They have one of the most complete fossil records; thanks to their great abundance, they are widely used to study past marine environments. We analysed and measured series of foraminifera shells from Indo-Pacific sites, which led to the description of a new species of fossil planktonic foraminifera. Part of its population exhibits pink pigmentation, which is only the third such case among known species.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, 2023
Publication in ESSD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.0, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts, a microfossil group, to the Geologic Time Scale. In this release we present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the mid-Triassic to the modern.
Lena Mareike Thöle, Peter Dirk Nooteboom, Suning Hou, Rujian Wang, Senyan Nie, Elisabeth Michel, Isabel Sauermilch, Fabienne Marret, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter Kristian Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 35–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dinoflagellate cysts can be used to infer past oceanographic conditions in the Southern Ocean. This requires knowledge of their present-day ecologic affinities. We add 66 Antarctic-proximal surface sediment samples to the Southern Ocean data and derive oceanographic conditions at those stations. Dinoflagellate cysts are clearly biogeographically separated along latitudinal gradients of temperature, sea ice, nutrients, and salinity, which allows us to reconstruct these parameters for the past.
Bjørg Risebrobakken, Mari F. Jensen, Helene R. Langehaug, Tor Eldevik, Anne Britt Sandø, Camille Li, Andreas Born, Erin Louise McClymont, Ulrich Salzmann, and Stijn De Schepper
Clim. Past, 19, 1101–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the observational period, spatially coherent sea surface temperatures characterize the northern North Atlantic at multidecadal timescales. We show that spatially non-coherent temperature patterns are seen both in further projections and a past warm climate period with a CO2 level comparable to the future low-emission scenario. Buoyancy forcing is shown to be important for northern North Atlantic temperature patterns.
Suning Hou, Foteini Lamprou, Frida S. Hoem, Mohammad Rizky Nanda Hadju, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 787–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Neogene climate cooling is thought to be accompanied by increased Equator-to-pole temperature gradients, but mid-latitudes are poorly represented. We use biomarkers to reconstruct a 23 Myr continuous sea surface temperature record of the mid-latitude Southern Ocean. We note a profound mid-latitude cooling which narrowed the latitudinal temperature gradient with the northward expansion of subpolar conditions. We surmise that this reflects the strengthening of the ACC and the expansion of sea ice.
Caitlyn R. Witkowski, Vittoria Lauretano, Alex Farnsworth, Shufeng Li, Shi-Hu Li, Jan Peter Mayser, B. David A. Naafs, Robert A. Spicer, Tao Su, He Tang, Zhe-Kun Zhou, Paul J. Valdes, and Richard D. Pancost
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-373, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-373, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Untangling the complex tectonic evolution in the Tibetan region can help us understand its impacts on climate, the Asian monsoon system, and the development of major biodiversity hotspots. We show that this “missing link” site between high elevation Tibet and low elevation coastal China had a dynamic environment but no temperature change, meaning its been at its current-day elevation for the past 34 million years.
David A. Hodell, Simon J. Crowhurst, Lucas Lourens, Vasiliki Margari, John Nicolson, James E. Rolfe, Luke C. Skinner, Nicola C. Thomas, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Maryline J. Mleneck-Vautravers, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 19, 607–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We produced a 1.5-million-year-long history of climate change at International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1385 of the Iberian margin, a well-known location for rapidly accumulating sediments on the seafloor. Our record demonstrates that longer-term orbital changes in Earth's climate were persistently overprinted by abrupt millennial-to-centennial climate variability. The occurrence of abrupt climate change is modulated by the slower variations in Earth's orbit and climate background state.
Yord W. Yedema, Francesca Sangiorgi, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 20, 663–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM) is transported to the ocean by rivers, where its burial can potentially form a long-term carbon sink. This burial is dependent on the type and characteristics of the TerrOM. We used bulk sediment properties, biomarkers, and palynology to identify the dispersal patterns of plant-derived, soil–microbial, and marine OM in the northern Gulf of Mexico and show that plant-derived OM is transported further into the coastal zone than soil and marine-produced TerrOM.
Pauline Cornuault, Thomas Westerhold, Heiko Pälike, Torsten Bickert, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 20, 597–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We generated high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate from the Miocene to the Quaternary in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to characterize the variability in pelagic carbonate production during warm climates. It follows orbital cycles, responding to local changes in tropical conditions, as well as to long-term shifts in climate and ocean chemistry. These changes were sufficiently large to play a role in the carbon cycle and global climate evolution.
Julia E. Weiffenbach, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Henk A. Dijkstra, Anna S. von der Heydt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Esther C. Brady, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Mark A. Chandler, Camille Contoux, Ran Feng, Chuncheng Guo, Zixuan Han, Alan M. Haywood, Qiang Li, Xiangyu Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Daniel J. Lunt, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Gilles Ramstein, Linda E. Sohl, Christian Stepanek, Ning Tan, Julia C. Tindall, Charles J. R. Williams, Qiong Zhang, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 61–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-61-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-61-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the behavior of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the mid-Pliocene. The mid-Pliocene was about 3 million years ago and had a similar CO2 concentration to today. We show that the stronger AMOC during this period relates to changes in geography and that this has a significant influence on ocean temperatures and heat transported northwards by the Atlantic Ocean. Understanding the behavior of the mid-Pliocene AMOC can help us to learn more about our future climate.
Ji-Eun Kim, Thomas Westerhold, Laia Alegret, Anna Joy Drury, Ursula Röhl, and Elizabeth M. Griffith
Clim. Past, 18, 2631–2641, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts to gain a better understanding of the marine biological carbon pump and ecosystem functioning under warmer-than-today conditions. Our records from marine sediments show the Pacific tropical marine biological carbon pump was driven by variations in seasonal insolation in the tropics during the Late Cretaceous and may play a key role in modulating climate and the carbon cycle globally in the future.
Rick Hennekam, Katharine M. Grant, Eelco J. Rohling, Rik Tjallingii, David Heslop, Andrew P. Roberts, Lucas J. Lourens, and Gert-Jan Reichart
Clim. Past, 18, 2509–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2509-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2509-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ratio of titanium to aluminum (Ti/Al) is an established way to reconstruct North African climate in eastern Mediterranean Sea sediments. We demonstrate here how to obtain reliable Ti/Al data using an efficient scanning method that allows rapid acquisition of long climate records at low expense. Using this method, we reconstruct a 3-million-year North African climate record. African environmental variability was paced predominantly by low-latitude insolation from 3–1.2 million years ago.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Koen J. van der Laan, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, Stefan Schouten, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 1947–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures. However, the origin of the TEX86 signal in marine sediments has been debated since the proxy was first proposed. In our paper, we show that TEX86 carries a mixed sea-surface and subsurface temperature signal and should be calibrated accordingly. Using our 15-million-year record, we subsequently show how a TEX86 subsurface temperature record can be used to inform us on past sea-surface temperatures.
Paul N. Pearson, Eleanor John, Bridget S. Wade, Simon D'haenens, and Caroline H. Lear
J. Micropalaeontol., 41, 107–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The microscopic shells of planktonic foraminifera accumulate on the sea floor over millions of years, providing a rich archive for understanding the history of the oceans. We examined an extinct group that flourished between about 63 and 32 million years ago using scanning electron microscopy and show that they were covered with needle-like spines in life. This has implications for analytical methods that we use to determine past seawater temperature and acidity.
Karen M. Brandenburg, Björn Rost, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Mirja Hoins, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 19, 3305–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of past CO2 concentrations rely on proxy estimates, with one line of proxies relying on the CO2-dependence of stable carbon isotope fractionation in marine phytoplankton. Culturing experiments provide insights into which processes may impact this. We found, however, that the methods with which these culturing experiments are performed also influence 13C fractionation. Caution should therefore be taken when extrapolating results from these experiments to proxy applications.
Julia C. Tindall, Alan M. Haywood, Ulrich Salzmann, Aisling M. Dolan, and Tamara Fletcher
Clim. Past, 18, 1385–1405, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1385-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1385-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene (MP; ∼3.0 Ma) had CO2 levels similar to today and average temperatures ∼3°C warmer. At terrestrial high latitudes, MP temperatures from climate models are much lower than those reconstructed from data. This mismatch occurs in the winter but not the summer. The winter model–data mismatch likely has multiple causes. One novel cause is that the MP climate may be outside the modern sample, and errors could occur when using information from the modern era to reconstruct climate.
Christopher J. Hollis, Sebastian Naeher, Christopher D. Clowes, B. David A. Naafs, Richard D. Pancost, Kyle W. R. Taylor, Jenny Dahl, Xun Li, G. Todd Ventura, and Richard Sykes
Clim. Past, 18, 1295–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies of Paleogene greenhouse climates identified short-lived global warming events, termed hyperthermals, that provide insights into global warming scenarios. Within the same time period, we have identified a short-lived cooling event in the late Paleocene, which we term a hypothermal, that has potential to provide novel insights into the feedback mechanisms at work in a greenhouse climate.
David De Vleeschouwer, Marion Peral, Marta Marchegiano, Angelina Füllberg, Niklas Meinicke, Heiko Pälike, Gerald Auer, Benjamin Petrick, Christophe Snoeck, Steven Goderis, and Philippe Claeys
Clim. Past, 18, 1231–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1231-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Leeuwin Current transports warm water along the western coast of Australia: from the tropics to the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes. Therewith, the current influences climate in two ways: first, as a moisture source for precipitation in southwestern Australia; second, as a vehicle for Equator-to-pole heat transport. In this study, we study sediment cores along the Leeuwin Current pathway to understand its ocean–climate interactions between 4 and 2 Ma.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Wesley de Nooijer, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 961–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A hypothesized link between Pliocene (5.3–2.5 million years ago) global climate and tropical thermocline depth is currently only backed up by data from the Pacific Ocean. In our paper, we present temperature, salinity, and thermocline records from the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Surprisingly, the Pliocene thermocline evolution was remarkably different in the Atlantic and Pacific. We need to reevaluate the mechanisms that drive thermocline depth, and how these are tied to global climate change.
Michael Amoo, Ulrich Salzmann, Matthew J. Pound, Nick Thompson, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 18, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene (37.97–33.06 Ma) climate and vegetation dynamics around the Tasmanian Gateway region reveal that changes in ocean circulation due to accelerated deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway may not have been solely responsible for the changes in terrestrial climate and vegetation; a series of regional and global events, including a change in stratification of water masses and changes in pCO2, may have played significant roles.
Stephen C. Phillips and Kate Littler
Sci. Dril., 30, 59–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-59-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-59-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Smear slides are a method of estimating sediment composition that is widely used as part of scientific drilling expeditions. These estimates are frequently used to classify sediments but are often not used in further analysis. We show that smear slide estimates, even if not highly accurate, track well with downcore physical property and elemental analyses. This work gives confidence in smear slide estimates in characterizing trends and cycles in sediment composition.
Henry Hooghiemstra, Gustavo Sarmiento Pérez, Vladimir Torres Torres, Juan-Carlos Berrío, Lucas Lourens, and Suzette G. A. Flantua
Sci. Dril., 30, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a brief overview of long continental fossil pollen records globally in relationship with marine records. Specifically, the Northern Andes is a key area in developing and testing hypotheses in the fields of ecology, paleobiogeography, and climate change in tropical regions. We review 60 years of deep drilling experience in this region that have led to landmark records. We also highlight the early development of long continental pollen records from unique, deep, sediment-filled basins.
Peter D. Nooteboom, Peter K. Bijl, Christian Kehl, Erik van Sebille, Martin Ziegler, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having descended through the water column, microplankton in ocean sediments represents the ocean surface environment and is used as an archive of past and present surface oceanographic conditions. However, this microplankton is advected by turbulent ocean currents during its sinking journey. We use simulations of sinking particles to define ocean bottom provinces and detect these provinces in datasets of sedimentary microplankton, which has implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 579–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using microfossils to gauge the age of rocks and sediments requires an accurate age of their first (origination) and last (extinction) appearances. But how do you know such ages can then be applied worldwide? And what causes regional differences? This paper investigates the regional consistency of ranges of species of a specific microfossil group, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. This overview helps in identifying regional differences in the stratigraphic ranges of species and their causes.
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Amy Jones, Tom Dunkley Jones, Katherine A. Crichton, Bridget S. Wade, and Paul N. Pearson
Biogeosciences, 19, 743–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-living organisms are a major yet poorly known component of ocean biomass. Here we reconstruct the evolution of deep-living zooplankton and phytoplankton. Deep-dwelling zooplankton and phytoplankton did not occur 15 Myr ago, when the ocean was several degrees warmer than today. Deep-dwelling species first evolve around 7.5 Myr ago, following global climate cooling. Their evolution was driven by colder ocean temperatures allowing more food, oxygen, and light at depth.
Nick Thompson, Ulrich Salzmann, Adrián López-Quirós, Peter K. Bijl, Frida S. Hoem, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabine Roignant, Emma Hocking, Michael Amoo, and Carlota Escutia
Clim. Past, 18, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New pollen and spore data from the Antarctic Peninsula region reveal temperate rainforests that changed and adapted in response to Eocene climatic cooling, roughly 35.5 Myr ago, and glacially related disturbance in the early Oligocene, approximately 33.5 Myr ago. The timing of these events indicates that the opening of ocean gateways alone did not trigger Antarctic glaciation, although ocean gateways may have played a role in climate cooling.
Maxence Guillermic, Sambuddha Misra, Robert Eagle, and Aradhna Tripati
Clim. Past, 18, 183–207, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we reconstruct atmospheric CO2 values across major climate transitions over the past 16 million years (Myr) from two sites in the West Pacific Warm Pool using a pH proxy on surface-dwelling foraminifera. We are able to reproduce pCO2 data from ice cores; therefore we apply the same framework to older samples to create a long-term pH and pCO2 reconstruction. We give quantitative constraints on pH and pCO2 changes over the main climate transitions of the last 16 Myr.
Zixuan Han, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Ran Feng, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Stephen J. Hunter, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, Nan Rosenbloom, Zhongshi Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Ning Tan, Gilles Ramstein, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Charles J. R. Williams, Daniel J. Lunt, Jianbo Cheng, Qin Wen, and Natalie J. Burls
Clim. Past, 17, 2537–2558, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2537-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2537-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the potential processes responsible for large-scale hydrological cycle changes in a warmer climate is of great importance. Our study implies that an imbalance in interhemispheric atmospheric energy during the mid-Pliocene could have led to changes in the dynamic effect, offsetting the thermodynamic effect and, hence, altering mid-Pliocene hydroclimate cycling. Moreover, a robust westward shift in the Pacific Walker circulation can moisten the northern Indian Ocean.
Arthur M. Oldeman, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Julia C. Tindall, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Alice R. Booth, Esther C. Brady, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Mark A. Chandler, Camille Contoux, Ran Feng, Chuncheng Guo, Alan M. Haywood, Stephen J. Hunter, Youichi Kamae, Qiang Li, Xiangyu Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Daniel J. Lunt, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Gabriel M. Pontes, Gilles Ramstein, Linda E. Sohl, Christian Stepanek, Ning Tan, Qiong Zhang, Zhongshi Zhang, Ilana Wainer, and Charles J. R. Williams
Clim. Past, 17, 2427–2450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we have studied the behaviour of El Niño events in the mid-Pliocene, a period of around 3 million years ago, using a collection of 17 climate models. It is an interesting period to study, as it saw similar atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to the present day. We find that the El Niño events were less strong in the mid-Pliocene simulations, when compared to pre-industrial climate. Our results could help to interpret El Niño behaviour in future climate projections.
Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Christine Boschman, Appy Sluijs, and Francien Peterse
Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use the latest insights for GDGT and dinocyst-based paleotemperature and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in late Cretaceous–early Oligocene sediments from ODP Site 1172 (East Tasman Plateau, Australia). We reconstruct strong river runoff during the Paleocene–early Eocene, a progressive decline thereafter with increased wet/dry seasonality in the northward-drifting hinterland. Our critical review leaves the anomalous warmth of the Eocene SW Pacific Ocean unexplained.
Frida S. Hoem, Isabel Sauermilch, Suning Hou, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 40, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use marine microfossil (dinocyst) assemblage data as well as seismic and tectonic investigations to reconstruct the oceanographic history south of Australia 37–20 Ma as the Tasmanian Gateway widens and deepens. Our results show stable conditions with typically warmer dinocysts south of Australia, which contrasts with the colder dinocysts closer to Antarctica, indicating the establishment of modern oceanographic conditions with a strong Southern Ocean temperature gradient and frontal systems.
Thomas J. Leutert, Sevasti Modestou, Stefano M. Bernasconi, and A. Nele Meckler
Clim. Past, 17, 2255–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Miocene climatic optimum associated with high atmospheric CO2 levels (~17–14 Ma) was followed by a period of dramatic climate change. We present a clumped isotope-based bottom-water temperature record from the Southern Ocean covering this key climate transition. Our record reveals warm conditions and a substantial cooling preceding the main ice volume increase, possibly caused by thresholds involved in ice growth and/or regional effects at our study site.
Katherine A. Crichton, Andy Ridgwell, Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, and Paul N. Pearson
Clim. Past, 17, 2223–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The middle Miocene (15 Ma) was a period of global warmth up to 8 °C warmer than present. We investigate changes in ocean circulation and heat distribution since the middle Miocene and the cooling to the present using the cGENIE Earth system model. We create seven time slices at ~2.5 Myr intervals, constrained with paleo-proxy data, showing a progressive reduction in atmospheric CO2 and a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Charles J. R. Williams, Alistair A. Sellar, Xin Ren, Alan M. Haywood, Peter Hopcroft, Stephen J. Hunter, William H. G. Roberts, Robin S. Smith, Emma J. Stone, Julia C. Tindall, and Daniel J. Lunt
Clim. Past, 17, 2139–2163, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2139-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2139-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Computer simulations of the geological past are an important tool to improve our understanding of climate change. We present results from a simulation of the mid-Pliocene (approximately 3 million years ago) using the latest version of the UK’s climate model. The simulation reproduces temperatures as expected and shows some improvement relative to previous versions of the same model. The simulation is, however, arguably too warm when compared to other models and available observations.
Anna Joy Drury, Diederik Liebrand, Thomas Westerhold, Helen M. Beddow, David A. Hodell, Nina Rohlfs, Roy H. Wilkens, Mitchell Lyle, David B. Bell, Dick Kroon, Heiko Pälike, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 17, 2091–2117, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2091-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2091-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use the first high-resolution southeast Atlantic carbonate record to see how climate dynamics evolved since 30 million years ago (Ma). During ~ 30–13 Ma, eccentricity (orbital circularity) paced carbonate deposition. After the mid-Miocene Climate Transition (~ 14 Ma), precession (Earth's tilt direction) increasingly drove carbonate variability. In the latest Miocene (~ 8 Ma), obliquity (Earth's tilt) pacing appeared, signalling increasing high-latitude influence.
Kate E. Ashley, Xavier Crosta, Johan Etourneau, Philippine Campagne, Harry Gilchrist, Uthmaan Ibraheem, Sarah E. Greene, Sabine Schmidt, Yvette Eley, Guillaume Massé, and James Bendle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5555–5571, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5555-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5555-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the potential for the use of carbon isotopes of algal fatty acid as a new proxy for past primary productivity in Antarctic coastal zones. Coastal polynyas are hotspots of primary productivity and are known to draw down CO2 from the atmosphere. Reconstructions of past productivity changes could provide a baseline for the role of these areas as sinks for atmospheric CO2.
Jakub Witkowski, Karolina Bryłka, Steven M. Bohaty, Elżbieta Mydłowska, Donald E. Penman, and Bridget S. Wade
Clim. Past, 17, 1937–1954, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the history of biogenic opal accumulation through the early to middle Paleogene in the western North Atlantic. Biogenic opal accumulation was controlled by deepwater temperatures, atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, and continental weathering intensity. Overturning circulation in the Atlantic was established at the end of the extreme early Eocene greenhouse warmth period. We also show that the strength of the link between climate and continental weathering varies through time.
Bridget S. Wade, Mohammed H. Aljahdali, Yahya A. Mufrreh, Abdullah M. Memesh, Salih A. AlSoubhi, and Iyad S. Zalmout
J. Micropalaeontol., 40, 145–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the planktonic foraminifera (calcareous zooplankton) from a section in northern Saudi Arabia. We found the assemblages to be diverse, well-preserved and of late Eocene age. Our study provides new insights into the stratigraphic ranges of many species and indicates that the late Eocene had a higher tropical/subtropical diversity of planktonic foraminifera than previously reported.
Ellen Berntell, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Stephen J. Hunter, Zhongshi Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Deepak Chandan, William Richard Peltier, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Wing-Le Chan, Youichi Kamae, Charles J. R. Williams, Daniel J. Lunt, Ran Feng, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, and Esther C. Brady
Clim. Past, 17, 1777–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (~ 3.2 Ma) is often considered an analogue for near-future climate projections, and model results from the PlioMIP2 ensemble show an increase of rainfall over West Africa and the Sahara region compared to pre-industrial conditions. Though previous studies of future projections show a west–east drying–wetting contrast over the Sahel, these results indicate a uniform rainfall increase over the Sahel in warm climates characterized by increased greenhouse gas forcing.
Nicolai Schleinkofer, David Evans, Max Wisshak, Janina Vanessa Büscher, Jens Fiebig, André Freiwald, Sven Härter, Horst R. Marschall, Silke Voigt, and Jacek Raddatz
Biogeosciences, 18, 4733–4753, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4733-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4733-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have measured the chemical composition of the carbonate shells of the parasitic foraminifera Hyrrokkin sarcophaga in order to test if it is influenced by the host organism (bivalve or coral). We find that both the chemical and isotopic composition is influenced by the host organism. For example strontium is enriched in foraminifera that grew on corals, whose skeleton is built from aragonite, which is naturally enriched in strontium compared to the bivalves' calcite shell.
Felipe S. Freitas, Philip A. Pika, Sabine Kasten, Bo B. Jørgensen, Jens Rassmann, Christophe Rabouille, Shaun Thomas, Henrik Sass, Richard D. Pancost, and Sandra Arndt
Biogeosciences, 18, 4651–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It remains challenging to fully understand what controls carbon burial in marine sediments globally. Thus, we use a model–data approach to identify patterns of organic matter reactivity at the seafloor across distinct environmental conditions. Our findings support the notion that organic matter reactivity is a dynamic ecosystem property and strongly influences biogeochemical cycling and exchange. Our results are essential to improve predictions of future changes in carbon cycling and climate.
Gerrit Müller, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3565–3575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are major freshwater resources, connectors and transporters on Earth. As the composition of river waters and particles results from processes in their catchment, such as erosion, weathering, environmental pollution, nutrient and carbon cycling, Earth-spanning databases of river composition are needed for studies of these processes on a global scale. While extensive resources on water and nutrient composition exist, we provide a database of river particle composition.
Paul J. Valdes, Christopher R. Scotese, and Daniel J. Lunt
Clim. Past, 17, 1483–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Deep ocean temperatures are widely used as a proxy for global mean surface temperature in the past, but the underlying assumptions have not been tested. We use two unique sets of 109 climate model simulations for the last 545 million years to show that the relationship is valid for approximately the last 100 million years but breaks down for older time periods when the continents (and hence ocean circulation) are in very different positions.
Daniel J. Lunt, Deepak Chandan, Alan M. Haywood, George M. Lunt, Jonathan C. Rougier, Ulrich Salzmann, Gavin A. Schmidt, and Paul J. Valdes
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4307–4317, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Often in science we carry out experiments with computers in which several factors are explored, for example, in the field of climate science, how the factors of greenhouse gases, ice, and vegetation affect temperature. We can explore the relative importance of these factors by
swapping in and outdifferent values of these factors, and can also carry out experiments with many different combinations of these factors. This paper discusses how best to analyse the results from such experiments.
Frida S. Hoem, Luis Valero, Dimitris Evangelinos, Carlota Escutia, Bella Duncan, Robert M. McKay, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 17, 1423–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present new offshore palaeoceanographic reconstructions for the Oligocene (33.7–24.4 Ma) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our study of dinoflagellate cysts and lipid biomarkers indicates warm-temperate sea surface conditions. We posit that warm surface-ocean conditions near the continental shelf during the Oligocene promoted increased precipitation and heat delivery towards Antarctica that led to dynamic terrestrial ice sheet volumes in the warmer climate state of the Oligocene.
Masa Kageyama, Sandy P. Harrison, Marie-L. Kapsch, Marcus Lofverstrom, Juan M. Lora, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Tristan Vadsaria, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Nathaelle Bouttes, Deepak Chandan, Lauren J. Gregoire, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Kenji Izumi, Allegra N. LeGrande, Fanny Lhardy, Gerrit Lohmann, Polina A. Morozova, Rumi Ohgaito, André Paul, W. Richard Peltier, Christopher J. Poulsen, Aurélien Quiquet, Didier M. Roche, Xiaoxu Shi, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny Volodin, and Jiang Zhu
Clim. Past, 17, 1065–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 000 years ago) is a major focus for evaluating how well climate models simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the future. Here, we compare the latest climate model (CMIP6-PMIP4) to the previous one (CMIP5-PMIP3) and to reconstructions. Large-scale climate features (e.g. land–sea contrast, polar amplification) are well captured by all models, while regional changes (e.g. winter extratropical cooling, precipitations) are still poorly represented.
Zhongshi Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Odd Helge Otterå, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Ran Feng, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther Brady, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Julia E. Weiffenbach, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Mark A. Chandler, Linda E. Sohl, Alan M. Haywood, Stephen J. Hunter, Julia C. Tindall, Charles Williams, Daniel J. Lunt, Wing-Le Chan, and Ayako Abe-Ouchi
Clim. Past, 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an important topic in the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. Previous studies have suggested a much stronger AMOC during the Pliocene than today. However, our current multi-model intercomparison shows large model spreads and model–data discrepancies, which can not support the previous hypothesis. Our study shows good consistency with future projections of the AMOC.
Bas de Boer, Marit Peters, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 17, 331–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-331-2021, 2021
David K. Hutchinson, Helen K. Coxall, Daniel J. Lunt, Margret Steinthorsdottir, Agatha M. de Boer, Michiel Baatsen, Anna von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Caroline H. Lear, Karolin Moraweck, Paul N. Pearson, Emanuela Piga, Matthew J. Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Howie D. Scher, Willem P. Sijp, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Paul A. Wilson, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a major climate cooling event from a largely ice-free world to the first major glaciation of Antarctica, approximately 34 million years ago. This paper reviews observed changes in temperature, CO2 and ice sheets from marine and land-based records at this time. We present a new model–data comparison of this transition and find that CO2-forced cooling provides the best explanation of the observed global temperature changes.
Annique van der Boon, Klaudia F. Kuiper, Robin van der Ploeg, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Maryam Honarmand, Appy Sluijs, and Wout Krijgsman
Clim. Past, 17, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
40.5 million years ago, Earth's climate warmed, but it is unknown why. Enhanced volcanism has been suggested, but this has not yet been tied to a specific region. We explore an increase in volcanism in Iran. We dated igneous rocks and compiled ages from the literature. We estimated the volume of igneous rocks in Iran in order to calculate the amount of CO2 that could have been released due to enhanced volcanism. We conclude that an increase in volcanism in Iran is a plausible cause of warming.
Daniel J. Lunt, Fran Bragg, Wing-Le Chan, David K. Hutchinson, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Polina Morozova, Igor Niezgodzki, Sebastian Steinig, Zhongshi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Helen K. Coxall, Yannick Donnadieu, Gavin Foster, Gordon N. Inglis, Gregor Knorr, Petra M. Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Gerrit Lohmann, Christopher J. Poulsen, Pierre Sepulchre, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny M. Volodin, Tom Dunkley Jones, Christopher J. Hollis, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
Clim. Past, 17, 203–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first modelling results from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP), in which we focus on the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO, 50 million years ago). We show that, in contrast to previous work, at least three models (CESM, GFDL, and NorESM) produce climate states that are consistent with proxy indicators of global mean temperature and polar amplification, and they achieve this at a CO2 concentration that is consistent with the CO2 proxy record.
Katherine A. Crichton, Jamie D. Wilson, Andy Ridgwell, and Paul N. Pearson
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 125–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temperature is a controller of metabolic processes and therefore also a controller of the ocean's biological carbon pump (BCP). We calibrate a temperature-dependent version of the BCP in the cGENIE Earth system model. Since the pre-industrial period, warming has intensified near-surface nutrient recycling, supporting production and largely offsetting stratification-induced surface nutrient limitation. But at the same time less carbon that sinks out of the surface then reaches the deep ocean.
Tom Dunkley Jones, Yvette L. Eley, William Thomson, Sarah E. Greene, Ilya Mandel, Kirsty Edgar, and James A. Bendle
Clim. Past, 16, 2599–2617, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the utiliity of the composition of fossil lipid biomarkers, which are commonly preserved in ancient marine sediments, in providing estimates of past ocean temperatures. The group of lipids concerned show compositional changes across the modern oceans that are correlated, to some extent, with local surface ocean temperatures. Here we present new machine learning approaches to improve our understanding of this temperature sensitivity and its application to reconstructing past climates.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 16, 2573–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same numerical models used for future predictions. We present results of CESM simulations for the middle to late Eocene (∼ 38 Ma), in which we managed to match the available indications of temperature well. With these results we can now look into regional features and the response to external changes to ultimately better understand the climate when it is in such a warm state.
Appy Sluijs, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Klaas G. J. Nierop, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Stefan Schouten
Clim. Past, 16, 2381–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We revisit 15-year-old reconstructions of sea surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean for the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (∼ 57–53 million years ago) based on the distribution of fossil membrane lipids of archaea preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments. We find that improvements in the methods over the past 15 years do not lead to different results. However, data quality is now higher and potential biases better characterized. Results confirm remarkable Arctic warmth during this time.
Eric Salomon, Atle Rotevatn, Thomas Berg Kristensen, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Gijs Allard Henstra, Anna Nele Meckler, Richard Albert, and Axel Gerdes
Solid Earth, 11, 1987–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1987-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1987-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of major rift border faults on fluid circulation and hanging wall sediment diagenesis by investigating a well-exposed example in NE Greenland using field observations, U–Pb calcite dating, clumped isotope, and minor element analyses. We show that fault-proximal sediments became calcite cemented quickly after deposition to form a near-impermeable barrier along the fault, which has important implications for border fault zone evolution and reservoir assessments.
Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Harry J. Dowsett, Aisling M. Dolan, Kevin M. Foley, Stephen J. Hunter, Daniel J. Hill, Wing-Le Chan, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Xiangyu Li, Zhongshi Zhang, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Youichi Kamae, Mark A. Chandler, Linda E. Sohl, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Ran Feng, Esther C. Brady, Anna S. von der Heydt, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, and Daniel J. Lunt
Clim. Past, 16, 2095–2123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2095-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2095-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The large-scale features of middle Pliocene climate from the 16 models of PlioMIP Phase 2 are presented. The PlioMIP2 ensemble average was ~ 3.2 °C warmer and experienced ~ 7 % more precipitation than the pre-industrial era, although there are large regional variations. PlioMIP2 broadly agrees with a new proxy dataset of Pliocene sea surface temperatures. Combining PlioMIP2 and proxy data suggests that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 would increase globally averaged temperature by 2.6–4.8 °C.
Gordon N. Inglis, Fran Bragg, Natalie J. Burls, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Matthew Huber, Daniel J. Lunt, Nicholas Siler, Sebastian Steinig, Jessica E. Tierney, Richard Wilkinson, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Tom Dunkley Jones, Kirsty M. Edgar, Christopher J. Hollis, David K. Hutchinson, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 16, 1953–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents estimates of global mean surface temperatures and climate sensitivity during the early Paleogene (∼57–48 Ma). We employ a multi-method experimental approach and show that i) global mean surface temperatures range between 27 and 32°C and that ii) estimates of
bulkequilibrium climate sensitivity (∼3 to 4.5°C) fall within the range predicted by the IPCC AR5 Report. This work improves our understanding of two key climate metrics during the early Paleogene.
Charlotte Beasley, Daniel B. Parvaz, Laura Cotton, and Kate Littler
J. Micropalaeontol., 39, 169–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared three methods of breaking apart well-cemented carbonate rocks in order to obtain liberated fossiliferous material. The first two methods are
traditionaland the third is novel to this field. The novel technique (fragmentation using electric pulses, SELFRAG) proved to be the most efficient and effective at liberating microfossil material from surrounding rock. We suggest best practice for using this technique and further materials in which it could prove successful in future.
Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Lineke Woelders, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Francien Peterse, Stephen J. Gallagher, Jörg Pross, Catherine E. Burgess, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 16, 1667–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Phases of past transient warming can be used as a test bed to study the environmental response to climate change independent of tectonic change. Using fossil plankton and organic molecules, here we reconstruct surface ocean temperature and circulation in and around the Tasman Gateway during a warming phase 40 million years ago termed the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. We find that plankton assemblages track ocean circulation patterns, with superimposed variability being related to temperature.
Erin L. McClymont, Heather L. Ford, Sze Ling Ho, Julia C. Tindall, Alan M. Haywood, Montserrat Alonso-Garcia, Ian Bailey, Melissa A. Berke, Kate Littler, Molly O. Patterson, Benjamin Petrick, Francien Peterse, A. Christina Ravelo, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Stijn De Schepper, George E. A. Swann, Kaustubh Thirumalai, Jessica E. Tierney, Carolien van der Weijst, Sarah White, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Esther C. Brady, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Ran Feng, Chuncheng Guo, Anna S. von der Heydt, Stephen Hunter, Xiangyi Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Christian Stepanek, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 16, 1599–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1599-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1599-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the sea-surface temperature response to an interval of climate ~ 3.2 million years ago, when CO2 concentrations were similar to today and the near future. Our geological data and climate models show that global mean sea-surface temperatures were 2.3 to 3.2 ºC warmer than pre-industrial climate, that the mid-latitudes and high latitudes warmed more than the tropics, and that the warming was particularly enhanced in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Carolien Maria Hendrina van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Charles J. R. Williams, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Emilie Capron, Irene Malmierca-Vallet, Joy S. Singarayer, Louise C. Sime, Daniel J. Lunt, and Paul J. Valdes
Clim. Past, 16, 1429–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Computer simulations of the geological past are an important tool to improve our understanding of climate change. We present results from two simulations using the latest version of the UK's climate model, the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) and Last Interglacial (127 000 years ago). The simulations reproduce temperatures consistent with the pattern of incoming radiation. Model–data comparisons indicate that some regions (and some seasons) produce better matches to the data than others.
Kirsty M. Edgar, Steven M. Bohaty, Helen K. Coxall, Paul R. Bown, Sietske J. Batenburg, Caroline H. Lear, and Paul N. Pearson
J. Micropalaeontol., 39, 117–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We identify the first continuous carbonate-bearing sediment record from the tropical ocean that spans the entirety of the global warming event, the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, ca. 40 Ma. We determine significant mismatches between middle Eocene calcareous microfossil datums from the tropical Pacific Ocean and established low-latitude zonation schemes. We highlight the potential of ODP Site 865 for future investigations into environmental and biotic changes throughout the early Paleogene.
Maxence Guillermic, Sambuddha Misra, Robert Eagle, Alexandra Villa, Fengming Chang, and Aradhna Tripati
Biogeosciences, 17, 3487–3510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3487-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Boron isotope ratios (δ11B) of foraminifera are a promising proxy for seawater pH and can be used to constrain pCO2. In this study, we derived calibrations for new foraminiferal taxa which extend the application of the boron isotope proxy. We discuss the origin of different δ11B signatures in species and also discuss the potential of using multispecies δ11B analyses to constrain vertical pH and pCO2 gradients in ancient water columns to shed light on biogeochemical carbon cycling in the past.
Hannah K. Donald, Gavin L. Foster, Nico Fröhberg, George E. A. Swann, Alex J. Poulton, C. Mark Moore, and Matthew P. Humphreys
Biogeosciences, 17, 2825–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2825-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The boron isotope pH proxy is increasingly being used to reconstruct ocean pH in the past. Here we detail a novel analytical methodology for measuring the boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of diatom opal and apply this to the study of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii grown in culture over a range of pH. To our knowledge this is the first study of its kind and provides unique insights into the way in which diatoms incorporate boron and their potential as archives of palaeoclimate records.
Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul J. Valdes, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Joost Frieling, and Vittoria Lauretano
Clim. Past, 16, 555–573, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-555-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-555-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global cooling and a major expansion of ice over Antarctica occurred ~ 34 million years ago at the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT). A large secondary proxy dataset for high-latitude Southern Hemisphere temperature before, after and across the EOT is compiled and compared to simulations from two coupled climate models. Although there are inconsistencies between the models and data, the comparison shows amongst other things that changes in the Drake Passage were unlikely the cause of the EOT.
Emily Dearing Crampton-Flood, Lars J. Noorbergen, Damian Smits, R. Christine Boschman, Timme H. Donders, Dirk K. Munsterman, Johan ten Veen, Francien Peterse, Lucas Lourens, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Clim. Past, 16, 523–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP; 3.3–3.0 million years ago) is thought to be the last geological interval with similar atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as the present day. Further, the mPWP was 2–3 °C warmer than present, making it a good analogue for estimating the effects of future climate change. Here, we construct a new precise age model for the North Sea during the mPWP, and provide a detailed reconstruction of terrestrial and marine climate using a multi-proxy approach.
Gabriel J. Bowen, Brenden Fischer-Femal, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Caroline H. Lear
Clim. Past, 16, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate conditions are reconstructed using indirect and incomplete geological, biological, and geochemical proxy data. We propose that such reconstructions are best obtained by statistical inversion of hierarchical models that represent how multi–proxy observations and calibration data are produced by variation of environmental conditions in time and/or space. These methods extract new information from traditional proxies and provide robust, comprehensive estimates of uncertainty.
Marcelo Augusto De Lira Mota, Guy Harrington, and Tom Dunkley Jones
J. Micropalaeontol., 39, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
New high-resolution microfossil record from a clay succession in the US Gulf Coastal Plain reveal more accurate age estimates for the critical Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT), a global climate event marked by the rapid expansion of the first permanent Antarctic ice sheet 34 million years ago. These data suggest a coeval major increase in sedimentation rate. Future isotopic and palaeoecological work on this core can be more precisely integrated with other global records of the EOT.
Dana Ridha, Ian Boomer, and Kirsty M. Edgar
J. Micropalaeontol., 38, 189–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper records the spatial and temporal distribution of deep-sea benthic microfossils (Foraminifera, single-celled organisms) from the latest Oligocene to earliest Pliocene (about 28 to 4 million years ago) from Ocean Drilling Program cores in the southern Indian Ocean. Key taxa are illustrated and their stratigraphic distribution is presented as they respond to a period of marked global climatic changes, with a pronounced warm period in the mid-Miocene followed by subsequent cooling.
Christian Berndt, Sverre Planke, Damon Teagle, Ritske Huismans, Trond Torsvik, Joost Frieling, Morgan T. Jones, Dougal A. Jerram, Christian Tegner, Jan Inge Faleide, Helen Coxall, and Wei-Li Hong
Sci. Dril., 26, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The northeast Atlantic encompasses archetypal examples of volcanic rifted margins. Twenty-five years after the last ODP leg on these volcanic margins, the reasons for excess melting are still disputed with at least three competing hypotheses being discussed. We are proposing a new drilling campaign that will constrain the timing, rates of volcanism, and vertical movements of rifted margins.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Appy Sluijs, Kenneth G. Miller, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 16, 4201–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our micropaleontological analyses on three cores from New Jersey (USA) show that the late Maastrichtian warming event (66.4–66.1 Ma), characterized by a ~ 4.0 °C warming of sea waters on the New Jersey paleoshelf, resulted in a disruption of phytoplankton communities and a stressed benthic ecosystem. This increased ecosystem stress during the latest Maastrichtian potentially primed global ecosystems for the subsequent mass extinction following the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary impact.
Nicolai Schleinkofer, Jacek Raddatz, André Freiwald, David Evans, Lydia Beuck, Andres Rüggeberg, and Volker Liebetrau
Biogeosciences, 16, 3565–3582, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3565-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3565-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we tried to correlate Na / Ca ratios from cold-water corals with environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature and pH. We do not observe a correlation between Na / Ca ratios and seawater salinity, but we do observe a strong correlation with temperature. Na / Ca data from warm-water corals (Porites spp.) and bivalves (Mytilus edulis) support this correlation, indicating that similar controls on the incorporation of sodium exist in these aragonitic organisms.
Mitchell Lyle, Anna Joy Drury, Jun Tian, Roy Wilkens, and Thomas Westerhold
Clim. Past, 15, 1715–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1715-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1715-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean sediment records document changes in Earth’s carbon cycle and ocean productivity. We present 8 Myr CaCO3 and bulk sediment records from seven eastern Pacific scientific drill sites to identify intervals of excess CaCO3 dissolution (high carbon storage in the oceans) and excess burial of plankton hard parts indicating high productivity. We define the regional extent of production intervals and explore the impact of the closure of the Atlantic–Pacific Panama connection on CaCO3 burial.
Anna Mikis, Katharine R. Hendry, Jennifer Pike, Daniela N. Schmidt, Kirsty M. Edgar, Victoria Peck, Frank J. C. Peeters, Melanie J. Leng, Michael P. Meredith, Chloe L. C. Jones, Sharon Stammerjohn, and Hugh Ducklow
Biogeosciences, 16, 3267–3282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3267-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3267-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic marine calcifying organisms are threatened by regional climate change and ocean acidification. Future projections of regional carbonate production are challenging due to the lack of historical data combined with complex climate variability. We present a 6-year record of flux, morphology and geochemistry of an Antarctic planktonic foraminifera, which shows that their growth is most sensitive to sea ice dynamics and is linked with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Yama Dixit, Samuel Toucanne, Juan M. Lora, Christophe Fontanier, Virgil Pasquier, Lea Bonnin, Gwenael Jouet, and Aradhna Tripati
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-75, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Dana L. Royer, Kylen M. Moynihan, Melissa L. McKee, Liliana Londoño, and Peter J. Franks
Clim. Past, 15, 795–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-795-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-795-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Plant-based proxies for estimating atmospheric CO2 in the geologic past are becoming more popular. Here we test the reliability of a method based on leaf gas-exchange principles in a wide range of living plants. Overall, the average error rate (~28 %) is broadly similar to other paleo-CO2 proxies. Our results should increase confidence in using this recently developed method.
David J. Wilton, Marcus P. S. Badger, Euripides P. Kantzas, Richard D. Pancost, Paul J. Valdes, and David J. Beerling
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1351–1364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1351-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important greenhouse gas naturally produced in wetlands (areas of land inundated with water). Models of the Earth's past climate need estimates of the amounts of methane wetlands produce; and in order to calculate those we need to model wetlands. In this work we develop a method for modelling the fraction of an area of the Earth that is wetland, repeat this over all the Earth's land surface and apply this to a study of the Earth as it was around 50 million years ago.
Marcus P. S. Badger, Thomas B. Chalk, Gavin L. Foster, Paul R. Bown, Samantha J. Gibbs, Philip F. Sexton, Daniela N. Schmidt, Heiko Pälike, Andreas Mackensen, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 15, 539–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-539-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-539-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how atmospheric CO2 has affected the climate of the past is an important way of furthering our understanding of how CO2 may affect our climate in the future. There are several ways of determining CO2 in the past; in this paper, we ground-truth one method (based on preserved organic matter from alga) against the record of CO2 preserved as bubbles in ice cores over a glacial–interglacial cycle. We find that there is a discrepancy between the two.
Zainab Al Rawahi and Tom Dunkley Jones
J. Micropalaeontol., 38, 25–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-25-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-25-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This research studies nannofossils (microscopic fossil remains of unicellular marine planktonic algae) recovered from the Late Cretaceous, pelagic shale Fiqa Formation of Oman. The study emphasises taxonomy and assemblage change application to understand changes in the past climate and environment during the time of deposition. This has been achieved by analysing rock samples under the microscope. The analysis of these fossils could be applied in future work for age determination.
Morgan T. Jones, Lawrence M. E. Percival, Ella W. Stokke, Joost Frieling, Tamsin A. Mather, Lars Riber, Brian A. Schubert, Bo Schultz, Christian Tegner, Sverre Planke, and Henrik H. Svensen
Clim. Past, 15, 217–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-217-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-217-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury anomalies in sedimentary rocks are used to assess whether there were periods of elevated volcanism in the geological record. We focus on five sites that cover the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an extreme global warming event that occurred 55.8 million years ago. We find that sites close to the eruptions from the North Atlantic Igneous Province display significant mercury anomalies across this time interval, suggesting that magmatism played a role in the global warming event.
Ilja J. Kocken, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Richard E. Zeebe, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 15, 91–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Marine organic carbon burial could link the 405 thousand year eccentricity cycle in the long-term carbon cycle to that observed in climate records. Here, we simulate the response of the carbon cycle to astronomical forcing. We find a strong 2.4 million year cycle in the model output, which is present as an amplitude modulator of the 405 and 100 thousand year eccentricity cycles in a newly assembled composite record.
Janet E. Burke, Willem Renema, Michael J. Henehan, Leanne E. Elder, Catherine V. Davis, Amy E. Maas, Gavin L. Foster, Ralf Schiebel, and Pincelli M. Hull
Biogeosciences, 15, 6607–6619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6607-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6607-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Metabolic rates are sensitive to environmental conditions and can skew geochemical measurements. However, there is no way to track these rates through time. Here we investigate the controls of test porosity in planktonic foraminifera (organisms commonly used in paleoclimate studies) as a potential proxy for metabolic rate. We found that the porosity varies with body size and temperature, two key controls on metabolic rate, and that it can respond to rapid changes in ambient temperature.
Robert McKay, Neville Exon, Dietmar Müller, Karsten Gohl, Michael Gurnis, Amelia Shevenell, Stuart Henrys, Fumio Inagaki, Dhananjai Pandey, Jessica Whiteside, Tina van de Flierdt, Tim Naish, Verena Heuer, Yuki Morono, Millard Coffin, Marguerite Godard, Laura Wallace, Shuichi Kodaira, Peter Bijl, Julien Collot, Gerald Dickens, Brandon Dugan, Ann G. Dunlea, Ron Hackney, Minoru Ikehara, Martin Jutzeler, Lisa McNeill, Sushant Naik, Taryn Noble, Bradley Opdyke, Ingo Pecher, Lowell Stott, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath, and Ulrich G. Wortmann
Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, 2018
Florence Sylvestre, Mathieu Schuster, Hendrik Vogel, Moussa Abdheramane, Daniel Ariztegui, Ulrich Salzmann, Antje Schwalb, Nicolas Waldmann, and the ICDP CHADRILL Consortium
Sci. Dril., 24, 71–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-71-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-71-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
CHADRILL aims to recover a sedimentary core spanning the Miocene–Pleistocene sediment succession of Lake Chad through deep drilling. This record will provide significant insights into the modulation of orbitally forced changes in northern African hydroclimate under different climate boundary conditions and the most continuous climatic and environmental record to be compared with hominid migrations across northern Africa and the implications for understanding human evolution.
Julian D. Hartman, Peter K. Bijl, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 445–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-445-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-445-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present an extensive overview of the organic microfossil remains found at Site U1357, Adélie Basin, East Antarctica. The organic microfossil remains are exceptionally well preserved and are derived from unicellular as well as higher organisms. We provide a morphological description, photographic images, and a discussion of the ecological preferences of the biological species from which the organic remains were derived.
Isabel S. Fenton, Ulrike Baranowski, Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Hannah Cheales, Lyndsey Fox, David J. King, Christina Larkin, Marcin Latas, Diederik Liebrand, C. Giles Miller, Katrina Nilsson-Kerr, Emanuela Piga, Hazel Pugh, Serginio Remmelzwaal, Zoe A. Roseby, Yvonne M. Smith, Stephen Stukins, Ben Taylor, Adam Woodhouse, Savannah Worne, Paul N. Pearson, Christopher R. Poole, Bridget S. Wade, and Andy Purvis
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 431–443, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-431-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-431-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigate consistency in species-level identifications and whether disagreements are predictable. Twenty-three scientists identified a set of 100 planktonic foraminifera, noting their confidence in each identification. The median accuracy of students was 57 %; 79 % for experienced researchers. Where they were confident in the identifications, the values are 75 % and 93 %, respectively. Accuracy was significantly higher if the students had been taught how to identify species.
Julian D. Hartman, Francesca Sangiorgi, Ariadna Salabarnada, Francien Peterse, Alexander J. P. Houben, Stefan Schouten, Henk Brinkhuis, Carlota Escutia, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 14, 1275–1297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the Oligocene and Miocene periods (34–11 Ma) based on archaeal lipids from a site close to the Wilkes Land coast, Antarctica. Our record suggests generally warm to temperate surface waters: on average 17 °C. Based on the lithology, glacial and interglacial temperatures could be distinguished, showing an average 3 °C offset. The long-term temperature trend resembles the benthic δ18O stack, which may have implications for ice volume reconstructions.
Tom Dunkley Jones, Hayley R. Manners, Murray Hoggett, Sandra Kirtland Turner, Thomas Westerhold, Melanie J. Leng, Richard D. Pancost, Andy Ridgwell, Laia Alegret, Rob Duller, and Stephen T. Grimes
Clim. Past, 14, 1035–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1035-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1035-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is a transient global warming event associated with a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Here we document a major increase in sediment accumulation rates on a subtropical continental margin during the PETM, likely due to marked changes in hydro-climates and sediment transport. These high sedimentation rates persist through the event and may play a key role in the removal of carbon from the atmosphere by the burial of organic carbon.
Peter K. Bijl, Alexander J. P. Houben, Julian D. Hartman, Jörg Pross, Ariadna Salabarnada, Carlota Escutia, and Francesca Sangiorgi
Clim. Past, 14, 1015–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We document Southern Ocean surface ocean conditions and changes therein during the Oligocene and Miocene (34–10 Myr ago). We infer profound long-term and short-term changes in ice-proximal oceanographic conditions: sea surface temperature, nutrient conditions and sea ice. Our results point to warm-temperate, oligotrophic, ice-proximal oceanographic conditions. These distinct oceanographic conditions may explain the high amplitude in inferred Oligocene–Miocene Antarctic ice volume changes.
Ariadna Salabarnada, Carlota Escutia, Ursula Röhl, C. Hans Nelson, Robert McKay, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Peter K. Bijl, Julian D. Hartman, Stephanie L. Strother, Ulrich Salzmann, Dimitris Evangelinos, Adrián López-Quirós, José Abel Flores, Francesca Sangiorgi, Minoru Ikehara, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 991–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-991-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-991-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we reconstruct ice sheet and paleoceanographic configurations in the East Antarctic Wilkes Land margin based on a multi-proxy study conducted in late Oligocene (26–25 Ma) sediments from IODP Site U1356. The new obliquity-forced glacial–interglacial sedimentary model shows that, under the high CO2 values of the late Oligocene, ice sheets had mostly retreated to their terrestrial margins and the ocean was very dynamic with shifting positions of the polar fronts and associated water masses.
Niels J. de Winter, Johan Vellekoop, Robin Vorsselmans, Asefeh Golreihan, Jeroen Soete, Sierra V. Petersen, Kyle W. Meyer, Silvio Casadio, Robert P. Speijer, and Philippe Claeys
Clim. Past, 14, 725–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-725-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-725-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we apply a range of methods to measure the geochemical composition of the calcite from fossil shells of Pycnodonte vesicularis (so-called honeycomb oysters). The goal is to investigate how the composition of these shells reflect the environment in which the animals grew. Ultimately, we propose a methodology to check whether the shells of pycnodonte oysters are well-preserved and to reconstruct meaningful information about the seasonal changes in the past climate and environment.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene marks a period where the climate was in a hothouse state, without any continental-scale ice sheets. Such climates have proven difficult to reproduce in models, especially their low temperature difference between equator and poles. Here, we present high resolution CESM simulations using a new geographic reconstruction of the middle-to-late Eocene. The results provide new insights into a period for which knowledge is limited, leading up to a transition into the present icehouse state.
Timme H. Donders, Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Roel Verreussel, Dirk Munsterman, Johan ten Veen, Robert P. Speijer, Johan W. H. Weijers, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Lucas Lourens, Gesa Kuhlmann, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The buildup and melting of ice during the early glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, around 2.5 million years ago, were far shorter in duration than during the last million years. Based on molecular compounds and microfossils from sediments dating back to the early glaciations we show that the temperature on land and in the sea changed simultaneously and was a major factor in the ice buildup in the Northern Hemisphere. These data provide key insights into the dynamics of early glaciations.
Masa Kageyama, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Alan M. Haywood, Johann H. Jungclaus, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Samuel Albani, Patrick J. Bartlein, Chris Brierley, Michel Crucifix, Aisling Dolan, Laura Fernandez-Donado, Hubertus Fischer, Peter O. Hopcroft, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Fabrice Lambert, Daniel J. Lunt, Natalie M. Mahowald, W. Richard Peltier, Steven J. Phipps, Didier M. Roche, Gavin A. Schmidt, Lev Tarasov, Paul J. Valdes, Qiong Zhang, and Tianjun Zhou
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1033–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1033-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1033-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) takes advantage of the existence of past climate states radically different from the recent past to test climate models used for climate projections and to better understand these climates. This paper describes the PMIP contribution to CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, 6th phase) and possible analyses based on PMIP results, as well as on other CMIP6 projects.
Thomas Westerhold, Ursula Röhl, Roy H. Wilkens, Philip D. Gingerich, William C. Clyde, Scott L. Wing, Gabriel J. Bowen, and Mary J. Kraus
Clim. Past, 14, 303–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-303-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-303-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a high-resolution timescale synchronization of continental and marine deposits for one of the most pronounced global warming events, the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, which occurred 56 million years ago. New high-resolution age models for the Bighorn Basin Coring Project (BBCP) drill cores help to improve age models for climate records from deep-sea drill cores and for the first time point to a concurrent major change in marine and terrestrial biota 54.25 million years ago.
Anna Joy Drury, Thomas Westerhold, David Hodell, and Ursula Röhl
Clim. Past, 14, 321–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-321-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-321-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
North Atlantic Site 982 is key to our understanding of climate evolution over the past 12 million years. However, the stratigraphy and age model are unverified. We verify the composite splice using XRF core scanning data and establish a revised benthic foraminiferal stable isotope astrochronology from 8.0–4.5 million years ago. Our new stratigraphy accurately correlates the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and suggests a connection between late Miocene cooling and dynamic ice sheet expansion.
Helen M. Beddow, Diederik Liebrand, Douglas S. Wilson, Frits J. Hilgen, Appy Sluijs, Bridget S. Wade, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 14, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present two astronomy-based timescales for climate records from the Pacific Ocean. These records range from 24 to 22 million years ago, a time period when Earth was warmer than today and the only land ice was located on Antarctica. We use tectonic plate-pair spreading rates to test the two timescales, which shows that the carbonate record yields the best timescale. In turn, this implies that Earth’s climate system and carbon cycle responded slowly to changes in incoming solar radiation.
Joost Frieling, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Charlotte C. M. Rem, Timme H. Donders, Jörg Pross, Steven M. Bohaty, Guy R. Holdgate, Stephen J. Gallagher, Brian McGowran, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 317–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The hothouse climate of the early Paleogene and the associated violent carbon cycle perturbations are of particular interest to understanding current and future global climate change. Using dinoflagellate cysts and stable carbon isotope analyses, we identify several significant events, e.g., the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in sedimentary deposits from the Otway Basin, SE Australia. We anticipate that this study will facilitate detailed climate reconstructions west of the Tasmanian Gateway.
Joost Frieling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jack J. Middelburg, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Steven M. Bohaty, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Past periods of rapid global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are used to study biotic response to climate change. We show that very high peak PETM temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (~ 37 ºC) caused heat stress in several marine plankton groups. However, only slightly cooler temperatures afterwards allowed highly diverse plankton communities to bloom. This shows that tropical plankton communities may be susceptible to extreme warming, but may also recover rapidly.
Peter K. Bijl, Alexander J. P. Houben, Anja Bruls, Jörg Pross, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 105–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-105-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-105-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In order to use ocean sediments as a recorder of past oceanographic changes, a critical first step is to stratigraphically date the sediments. The absence of microfossils with known stratigraphic ranges has always hindered dating of Southern Ocean sediments. Here we tie dinocyst ranges to the international timescale in a well-dated sediment core from offshore Antarctica. With this, we can now use dinocysts as a biostratigraphic tool in otherwise stratigraphically poorly dated sediments.
Paul N. Pearson and IODP Expedition 363 Shipboard Scientific
Party
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-97-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-97-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We describe an unusual millimetre-long tube that was discovered in sediment from the deep sea floor. The tube was made by a single-celled organism by cementing together sedimentary grains from its environment. The specimen is unusual because it implies that the organism used a very high degree of discrimination in selecting its grains, as they are all of one type and most are oriented the same way. It raises intriguing questions of how the organism accomplished this activity.
PAGES Hydro2k Consortium
Clim. Past, 13, 1851–1900, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1851-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1851-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Water availability is fundamental to societies and ecosystems, but our understanding of variations in hydroclimate (including extreme events, flooding, and decadal periods of drought) is limited due to a paucity of modern instrumental observations. We review how proxy records of past climate and climate model simulations can be used in tandem to understand hydroclimate variability over the last 2000 years and how these tools can also inform risk assessments of future hydroclimatic extremes.
Natalie S. Lord, Michel Crucifix, Dan J. Lunt, Mike C. Thorne, Nabila Bounceur, Harry Dowsett, Charlotte L. O'Brien, and Andy Ridgwell
Clim. Past, 13, 1539–1571, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1539-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1539-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present projections of long-term changes in climate, produced using a statistical emulator based on climate data from a state-of-the-art climate model. We use the emulator to model changes in temperature and precipitation over the late Pliocene (3.3–2.8 million years before present) and the next 200 thousand years. The impact of the Earth's orbit and the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on climate is assessed, and the data for the late Pliocene are compared to proxy temperature data.
Gary Shaffer, Esteban Fernández Villanueva, Roberto Rondanelli, Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen, Steffen Malskær Olsen, and Matthew Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4081–4103, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4081-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4081-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We include methane cycling in the simplified but well-tested Danish Center for Earth System Science model. We now can deal with very large methane inputs to the Earth system that can lead to more methane in the atmosphere, extreme warming and ocean dead zones. We can now study ancient global warming events, probably forced by methane inputs. Some such events were accompanied by mass extinctions. We wish to understand such events, both for learning about the past and for looking into the future.
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Daniel J. Lunt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Samuel Albani, Patrick J. Bartlein, Emilie Capron, Anders E. Carlson, Andrea Dutton, Hubertus Fischer, Heiko Goelzer, Aline Govin, Alan Haywood, Fortunat Joos, Allegra N. LeGrande, William H. Lipscomb, Gerrit Lohmann, Natalie Mahowald, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Steven J. Phipps, Hans Renssen, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3979–4003, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The PMIP4 and CMIP6 mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations provide an opportunity to examine the impact of two different changes in insolation forcing on climate at times when other forcings were relatively similar to present. This will allow exploration of the role of feedbacks relevant to future projections. Evaluating these simulations using paleoenvironmental data will provide direct out-of-sample tests of the reliability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes.
Masa Kageyama, Samuel Albani, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Peter O. Hopcroft, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Fabrice Lambert, Olivier Marti, W. Richard Peltier, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Didier M. Roche, Lev Tarasov, Xu Zhang, Esther C. Brady, Alan M. Haywood, Allegra N. LeGrande, Daniel J. Lunt, Natalie M. Mahowald, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Hans Renssen, Robert A. Tomas, Qiong Zhang, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Patrick J. Bartlein, Jian Cao, Qiang Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Rumi Ohgaito, Xiaoxu Shi, Evgeny Volodin, Kohei Yoshida, Xiao Zhang, and Weipeng Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4035–4055, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21000 years ago) is an interval when global ice volume was at a maximum, eustatic sea level close to a minimum, greenhouse gas concentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than today, and vegetation and land-surface characteristics were different from today. This paper describes the implementation of the LGM numerical experiment for the PMIP4-CMIP6 modelling intercomparison projects and the associated sensitivity experiments.
Paul J. Valdes, Edward Armstrong, Marcus P. S. Badger, Catherine D. Bradshaw, Fran Bragg, Michel Crucifix, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Jonathan J. Day, Alex Farnsworth, Chris Gordon, Peter O. Hopcroft, Alan T. Kennedy, Natalie S. Lord, Dan J. Lunt, Alice Marzocchi, Louise M. Parry, Vicky Pope, William H. G. Roberts, Emma J. Stone, Gregory J. L. Tourte, and Jonny H. T. Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3715–3743, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the family of climate models used by the BRIDGE research group at the University of Bristol as well as by various other institutions. These models are based on the UK Met Office HadCM3 models and here we describe the various modifications which have been made as well as the key features of a number of configurations in use.
Lennert B. Stap, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Bas de Boer, Richard Bintanja, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 13, 1243–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1243-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1243-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We show the results of transient simulations with a coupled climate–ice sheet model over the past 38 million years. The CO2 forcing of the model is inversely obtained from a benthic δ18O stack. These simulations enable us to study the influence of ice sheet variability on climate change on long timescales. We find that ice sheet–climate interaction strongly enhances Earth system sensitivity and polar amplification.
Thomas Westerhold, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Frederichs, Claudia Agnini, Isabella Raffi, James C. Zachos, and Roy H. Wilkens
Clim. Past, 13, 1129–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1129-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1129-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We assembled a very accurate geological timescale from the interval 47.8 to 56.0 million years ago, also known as the Ypresian stage. We used cyclic variations in the data caused by periodic changes in Earthäs orbit around the sun as a metronome for timescale construction. Our new data compilation provides the first geological evidence for chaos in the long-term behavior of planetary orbits in the solar system, as postulated almost 30 years ago, and a possible link to plate tectonics events.
Stefanie Kaboth, Patrick Grunert, and Lucas Lourens
Clim. Past, 13, 1023–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1023-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1023-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study is devoted to reconstructing Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) variability and the interplay between the Mediterranean and North Atlantic climate systems during the Early Pleistocene. We find indication that the increasing production of MOW aligns with the intensification of the North Atlantic overturning circulation, highlighting the potential of MOW to modulate the North Atlantic salt budget. Our results are based on new stable isotope and grain-size data from IODP 339 Site U1389.
Jack Longman, Daniel Veres, Vasile Ersek, Ulrich Salzmann, Katalin Hubay, Marc Bormann, Volker Wennrich, and Frank Schäbitz
Clim. Past, 13, 897–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-897-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-897-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first record of dust input into an eastern European bog over the past 10 800 years. We find significant changes in past dust deposition, with large inputs related to both natural and human influences. We show evidence that Saharan desertification has had a significant impact on dust deposition in eastern Europe for the past 6100 years.
Michael J. Henehan, David Evans, Madison Shankle, Janet E. Burke, Gavin L. Foster, Eleni Anagnostou, Thomas B. Chalk, Joseph A. Stewart, Claudia H. S. Alt, Joseph Durrant, and Pincelli M. Hull
Biogeosciences, 14, 3287–3308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3287-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3287-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
It is still unclear whether foraminifera (calcifying plankton that play an important role in cycling carbon) will have difficulty in making their shells in more acidic oceans, with different studies often reporting apparently conflicting results. We used live lab cultures, mathematical models, and fossil measurements to test this question, and found low pH does reduce calcification. However, we find this response is likely size-dependent, which may have obscured this response in other studies.
Roy H. Wilkens, Thomas Westerhold, Anna J. Drury, Mitchell Lyle, Thomas Gorgas, and Jun Tian
Clim. Past, 13, 779–793, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-779-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-779-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Here we introduce the Code for Ocean Drilling Data (CODD), a unified and consistent system for integrating disparate data streams such as micropaleontology, physical properties, core images, geochemistry, and borehole logging. As a test case, data from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 154 (Ceara Rise – western equatorial Atlantic) were assembled into a new regional composite benthic stable isotope record covering the last 5 million years.
Clint M. Miller, Gerald R. Dickens, Martin Jakobsson, Carina Johansson, Andrey Koshurnikov, Matt O'Regan, Francesco Muschitiello, Christian Stranne, and Carl-Magnus Mörth
Biogeosciences, 14, 2929–2953, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea are assumed to hold large amounts of methane. We present pore water chemistry from the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition. These are among the first results generated from this vast climatically sensitive region, and they imply that abundant methane, including gas hydrates, do not characterize the East Siberian Sea slope or rise. This contradicts previous modeling and discussions, which due to the lack of data are almost entirely based assumption.
Stephanie L. Strother, Ulrich Salzmann, Francesca Sangiorgi, Peter K. Bijl, Jörg Pross, Carlota Escutia, Ariadna Salabarnada, Matthew J. Pound, Jochen Voss, and John Woodward
Biogeosciences, 14, 2089–2100, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main challenges in Antarctic vegetation reconstructions is the uncertainty in unambiguously identifying reworked pollen and spore assemblages in marine sedimentary records influenced by waxing and waning ice sheets. This study uses red fluorescence and digital imaging as a new tool to identify reworking in a marine sediment core from circum-Antarctic waters to reconstruct Cenozoic climate change and vegetation with high confidence.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Sanem Açikalin, Jan Smit, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Ismail Ö. Yilmaz, Henk Brinkhuis, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 14, 885–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-885-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-885-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, ~ 66 Ma, is characterized by a mass extinction. We studied groups of both surface-dwelling and bottom-dwelling organisms to unravel the oceanographic consequences of these extinctions. Our integrated records indicate that a reduction of the transport of organic matter to the sea floor resulted in enhanced recycling of nutrients in the upper water column and decreased food supply at the sea floor in the first tens of thousands of years after the extinctions.
Rosanna Greenop, Mathis P. Hain, Sindia M. Sosdian, Kevin I. C. Oliver, Philip Goodwin, Thomas B. Chalk, Caroline H. Lear, Paul A. Wilson, and Gavin L. Foster
Clim. Past, 13, 149–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-149-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-149-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the boron isotopic composition of seawater (δ11Bsw) is key to calculating absolute estimates of CO2 using the boron isotope pH proxy. Here we use the boron isotope gradient, along with an estimate of pH gradient, between the surface and deep ocean to show that the δ11Bsw varies by ~ 2 ‰ over the past 23 million years. This new record has implications for both δ11Bsw and CO2 records and understanding changes in the ocean isotope composition of a number of ions through time.
Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, Eleni Anagnostou, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Rodrigo Caballero, Rob DeConto, Henk A. Dijkstra, Yannick Donnadieu, David Evans, Ran Feng, Gavin L. Foster, Ed Gasson, Anna S. von der Heydt, Chris J. Hollis, Gordon N. Inglis, Stephen M. Jones, Jeff Kiehl, Sandy Kirtland Turner, Robert L. Korty, Reinhardt Kozdon, Srinath Krishnan, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Petra Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Allegra N. LeGrande, Kate Littler, Paul Markwick, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Paul Pearson, Christopher J. Poulsen, Ulrich Salzmann, Christine Shields, Kathryn Snell, Michael Stärz, James Super, Clay Tabor, Jessica E. Tierney, Gregory J. L. Tourte, Aradhna Tripati, Garland R. Upchurch, Bridget S. Wade, Scott L. Wing, Arne M. E. Winguth, Nicky M. Wright, James C. Zachos, and Richard E. Zeebe
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 889–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the experimental design for a set of simulations which will be carried out by a range of climate models, all investigating the climate of the Eocene, about 50 million years ago. The intercomparison of model results is called 'DeepMIP', and we anticipate that we will contribute to the next IPCC report through an analysis of these simulations and the geological data to which we will compare them.
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Daniel J. Lunt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Samuel Albani, Patrick J. Bartlein, Emilie Capron, Anders E. Carlson, Andrea Dutton, Hubertus Fischer, Heiko Goelzer, Aline Govin, Alan Haywood, Fortunat Joos, Allegra N. Legrande, William H. Lipscomb, Gerrit Lohmann, Natalie Mahowald, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Jean-Yves Peterschmidt, Francesco S.-R. Pausata, Steven Phipps, and Hans Renssen
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-106, 2016
Preprint retracted
Emma J. Stone, Emilie Capron, Daniel J. Lunt, Antony J. Payne, Joy S. Singarayer, Paul J. Valdes, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 12, 1919–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1919-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1919-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models forced only with greenhouse gas concentrations and orbital parameters representative of the early Last Interglacial are unable to reproduce the observed colder-than-present temperatures in the North Atlantic and the warmer-than-present temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere. Using a climate model forced also with a freshwater amount derived from data representing melting from the remnant Northern Hemisphere ice sheets accounts for this response via the bipolar seesaw mechanism.
Mathieu Martinez, Sergey Kotov, David De Vleeschouwer, Damien Pas, and Heiko Pälike
Clim. Past, 12, 1765–1783, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1765-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1765-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Identification of Milankovitch cycles within the sedimentary record depends on spectral analyses, but these can be biased because there are always slight uncertainties in the sample position within a sedimentary column. Here, we simulate uncertainties in the sample position and show that a tight control on the inter-sample distance together with a density of 6–12 samples per precession cycle are needed to accurately reconstruct the contribution of the orbital forcing on past climate changes.
Michiel Baatsen, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Appy Sluijs, Hemmo A. Abels, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
One of the major difficulties in modelling palaeoclimate is constricting the boundary conditions, causing significant discrepancies between different studies. Here, a new method is presented to automate much of the process of generating the necessary geographical reconstructions. The latter can be made using various rotational frameworks and topography/bathymetry input, allowing for easy inter-comparisons and the incorporation of the latest insights from geoscientific research.
Pedro Alejandro Ruiz-Ortiz, José Manuel Castro, Ginés Alfonso de Gea, Ian Jarvis, José Miguel Molina, Luis Miguel Nieto, Richard David Pancost, María Luisa Quijano, Matías Reolid, Peter William Skelton, and Helmut Jürg Weissert
Sci. Dril., 21, 41–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-21-41-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-21-41-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Cretaceous was punctuated by several episodes of accelerated global change, defined as Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAE), that reflect abrupt changes in global carbon cycling. In this progress report, we present a new drill core recovering an Aptian section spanning OAE1a in southern Spain. The Cau section is located in the easternmost part of the Prebetic Zone (Betic Cordillera). All the studies performed reveal that the Cau section represents an excellent site to further investigate OAE1a.
Harry Dowsett, Aisling Dolan, David Rowley, Robert Moucha, Alessandro M. Forte, Jerry X. Mitrovica, Matthew Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Marci Robinson, Mark Chandler, Kevin Foley, and Alan Haywood
Clim. Past, 12, 1519–1538, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1519-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1519-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Past intervals in Earth history provide unique windows into conditions much different than those observed today. We investigated the paleoenvironments of a past warm interval (~ 3 million years ago). Our reconstruction includes data sets for surface temperature, vegetation, soils, lakes, ice sheets, topography, and bathymetry. These data are being used along with global climate models to expand our understanding of the climate system and to help us prepare for future changes.
Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, Claire Loptson, Gavin L. Foster, Paul Markwick, Charlotte L. O'Brien, Richard D. Pancost, Stuart A. Robinson, and Neil Wrobel
Clim. Past, 12, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1181-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1181-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the influence of changing geography from the period ~ 150 million years ago to ~ 35 million years ago, using a set of 19 climate model simulations. We find that without any CO2 change, the global mean temperature is remarkably constant, but that regionally there are significant changes in temperature which we link back to changes in ocean circulation. Finally, we explore the implications of our findings for the interpretation of geological indicators of past temperatures.
Oliver Friedrich, Sietske J. Batenburg, Kazuyoshi Moriya, Silke Voigt, Cécile Cournède, Iris Möbius, Peter Blum, André Bornemann, Jens Fiebig, Takashi Hasegawa, Pincelli M. Hull, Richard D. Norris, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Paul A. Wilson, and IODP Expedition
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-51, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
A lack of knowledge on the timing of Late Cretaceous climatic change inhibits our understanding of underlying causal mechanisms. Therefore, we used an expanded deep ocean record from the North Atlantic that shows distinct sedimentary cyclicity suggesting orbital forcing. A high-resolution carbon-isotope record from bulk carbonates allows to identify global trends in the carbon cycle. Our new carbon isotope record and the established cyclostratigraphy may serve as a future reference site.
Hemmo A. Abels, Vittoria Lauretano, Anna E. van Yperen, Tarek Hopman, James C. Zachos, Lucas J. Lourens, Philip D. Gingerich, and Gabriel J. Bowen
Clim. Past, 12, 1151–1163, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1151-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1151-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient greenhouse warming episodes are studied in river floodplain sediments in the western interior of the USA. Paleohydrological changes of four smaller warming episodes are revealed to be the opposite of those of the largest, most-studied event. Carbon cycle tracers are used to ascertain whether the largest event was a similar event but proportional to the smaller ones or whether this event was distinct in size as well as in carbon sourcing, a question the current work cannot answer.
Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Appy Sluijs, Nina M. Papadomanolaki, A. Guy Plint, Darren R. Gröcke, Martin A. Pearce, James S. Eldrett, João Trabucho-Alexandre, Ireneusz Walaszczyk, Bas van de Schootbrugge, and Henk Brinkhuis
Biogeosciences, 13, 2859–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades large changes have been observed in the biogeographical dispersion of marine life resulting from climate change. To better understand present and future trends it is important to document and fully understand the biogeographical response of marine life during episodes of environmental change in the geological past.
Here we investigate the response of phytoplankton, the base of the marine food web, to a rapid cold spell, interrupting greenhouse conditions during the Cretaceous.
Kimberley L. Davies, Richard D. Pancost, Mary E. Edwards, Katey M. Walter Anthony, Peter G. Langdon, and Lidia Chaves Torres
Biogeosciences, 13, 2611–2621, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2611-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2611-2016, 2016
Sina Panitz, Ulrich Salzmann, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Stijn De Schepper, and Matthew J. Pound
Clim. Past, 12, 1043–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1043-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1043-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first late Pliocene high-resolution pollen record for the Norwegian Arctic, covering the time period 3.60 to 3.14 million years ago (Ma). The climate of the late Pliocene has been widely regarded as relatively stable. Our results suggest a high climate variability with alternating cool temperate forests during warmer-than-presen periods and boreal forests similar to today during cooler intervals. A spread of peatlands at the expense of forest indicates long-term cooling.
Valeria Luciani, Gerald R. Dickens, Jan Backman, Eliana Fornaciari, Luca Giusberti, Claudia Agnini, and Roberta D'Onofrio
Clim. Past, 12, 981–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The symbiont-bearing planktic foraminiferal genera Morozovella and Acarinina were among the most important calcifiers of the early Paleogene tropical and subtropical oceans. However, a remarkable and permanent switch in the relative abundance of these genera happened in the early Eocene. We show that this switch occurred at low-latitude sites near the start of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), a multi-million-year interval when Earth surface temperatures reached their Cenozoic maximum.
Claudia Agnini, David J. A. Spofforth, Gerald R. Dickens, Domenico Rio, Heiko Pälike, Jan Backman, Giovanni Muttoni, and Edoardo Dallanave
Clim. Past, 12, 883–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-883-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-883-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present records of stable C and O isotopes, CaCO3 content, and changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages in a upper Paleocene-lower Eocene rocks now exposed in northeast Italy. Modifications of nannoplankton assemblages and carbon isotopes are strictly linked one to each other and always display the same ranking and spacing. The integration of this two data sets represents a significative improvement in our capacity to correlate different sections at a very high resolution.
David Evans, Bridget S. Wade, Michael Henehan, Jonathan Erez, and Wolfgang Müller
Clim. Past, 12, 819–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-819-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-819-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We show that seawater pH exerts a substantial control on planktic foraminifera Mg / Ca, a widely applied palaeothermometer. As a result, temperature reconstructions based on this proxy are likely inaccurate over climatic events associated with a significant change in pH. We examine the implications of our findings for hydrological and temperature shifts over the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and for the degree of surface ocean precursor cooling before the Eocene-Oligocene transition.
Willem P. Sijp, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 807–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The timing and role in ocean circulation and climate of the opening of Southern Ocean gateways is as yet elusive. Here, we present the first model results specific to the early-to-middle Eocene where, in agreement with the field evidence, a southerly shallow opening of the Tasman Gateway does indeed cause a westward flow across the Tasman Gateway, in agreement with recent micropalaeontological studies.
Alan M. Haywood, Harry J. Dowsett, Aisling M. Dolan, David Rowley, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Mark A. Chandler, Stephen J. Hunter, Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Pound, and Ulrich Salzmann
Clim. Past, 12, 663–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-663-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-663-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper presents the experimental design for the second phase of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). We outline the way in which climate models should be set up in order to study the Pliocene – a period of global warmth in Earth's history which is relevant for our understanding of future climate change. By conducting a model intercomparison we hope to understand the uncertainty associated with model predictions of a warmer climate.
Matthew J. Carmichael, Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, Malte Heinemann, Jeffrey Kiehl, Allegra LeGrande, Claire A. Loptson, Chris D. Roberts, Navjit Sagoo, Christine Shields, Paul J. Valdes, Arne Winguth, Cornelia Winguth, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 12, 455–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-455-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-455-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we assess how well model-simulated precipitation rates compare to those indicated by geological data for the early Eocene, a warm interval 56–49 million years ago. Our results show that a number of models struggle to produce sufficient precipitation at high latitudes, which likely relates to cool simulated temperatures in these regions. However, calculating precipitation rates from plant fossils is highly uncertain, and further data are now required.
K. M. Pascher, C. J. Hollis, S. M. Bohaty, G. Cortese, R. M. McKay, H. Seebeck, N. Suzuki, and K. Chiba
Clim. Past, 11, 1599–1620, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1599-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1599-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Radiolarian taxa with high-latitude affinities are present from at least the middle Eocene in the SW Pacific and become very abundant in the late Eocene at all investigated sites. A short incursion of low-latitude taxa is observed during the MECO and late Eocene warming event at Site 277. Radiolarian abundance, diversity and taxa with high-latitude affinities increase at Site 277 in two steps in the latest Eocene due to climatic cooling and expansion of cold water masses.
J. H. C. Bosmans, F. J. Hilgen, E. Tuenter, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 1335–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1335-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1335-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the influence of obliquity (the tilt of Earth's rotational axis) can be explained through changes in the insolation gradient across the tropics. This explanation is fundamentally different from high-latitude mechanisms that were previously often inferred to explain obliquity signals in low-latitude paleoclimate records, for instance glacial fluctuations. Our study is based on state-of-the-art climate model experiments.
V. Lauretano, K. Littler, M. Polling, J. C. Zachos, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 1313–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Several episodes of global warming took place during greenhouse conditions in the early Eocene and are recorded in deep-sea sediments. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope records are used to investigate the magnitude of six of these events describing their effects on the global carbon cycle and the associated temperature response. Findings indicate that these events share a common nature and hint to the presence of multiple sources of carbon release.
A. Marzocchi, D. J. Lunt, R. Flecker, C. D. Bradshaw, A. Farnsworth, and F. J. Hilgen
Clim. Past, 11, 1271–1295, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the climatic response to orbital forcing through the analysis of an ensemble of simulations covering a late Miocene precession cycle. Including orbital variability in our model–data comparison reduces the mismatch between the proxy record and model output. Our results indicate that ignoring orbital variability could lead to miscorrelations in proxy reconstructions. The North African summer monsoon's sensitivity is high to orbits, moderate to paleogeography and low to CO2.
T. Westerhold, U. Röhl, T. Frederichs, S. M. Bohaty, and J. C. Zachos
Clim. Past, 11, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Testing hypotheses for mechanisms and dynamics of past climate change relies on the accuracy of geological dating. Development of a highly accurate geological timescale for the Cenozoic Era has previously been hampered by discrepancies between radioisotopic and astronomical dating methods, as well as a stratigraphic gap in the middle Eocene. We close this gap and provide a fundamental advance in establishing a reliable and highly accurate geological timescale for the last 66 million years.
C. J. Hollis, B. R. Hines, K. Littler, V. Villasante-Marcos, D. K. Kulhanek, C. P. Strong, J. C. Zachos, S. M. Eggins, L. Northcote, and A. Phillips
Clim. Past, 11, 1009–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1009-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1009-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Re-examination of a Deep Sea Drilling Project sediment core (DSDP Site 277) from the western Campbell Plateau has identified the initial phase of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) within nannofossil chalk, the first record of the PETM in an oceanic setting in the southern Pacific Ocean (paleolatitude of ~65°S). Geochemical proxies indicate that intermediate and surface waters warmed by ~6° at the onset of the PETM prior to the full development of the negative δ13C excursion.
N. A. G. M. van Helmond, A. Sluijs, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G.-J. Reichart, S. Voigt, J. Erbacher, J. Pross, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 11, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the chemistry and microfossils preserved in sediments deposited in a shallow sea, in the current Lower Saxony region (NW Germany), we conclude that changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun led to enhanced rainfall and organic matter production. The additional supply of organic matter, depleting oxygen upon degradation, and freshwater, inhibiting the mixing of oxygen-rich surface waters with deeper waters, caused the development of oxygen-poor waters about 94 million years ago.
B. S. Slotnick, V. Lauretano, J. Backman, G. R. Dickens, A. Sluijs, and L. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015, 2015
S. J. Koenig, A. M. Dolan, B. de Boer, E. J. Stone, D. J. Hill, R. M. DeConto, A. Abe-Ouchi, D. J. Lunt, D. Pollard, A. Quiquet, F. Saito, J. Savage, and R. van de Wal
Clim. Past, 11, 369–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-369-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-369-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The paper assess the Greenland Ice Sheet’s sensitivity to a warm period in the past, a time when atmospheric CO2 concentrations were comparable to current levels. We quantify ice sheet volume and locations in Greenland and find that the ice sheets are less sensitive to differences in ice sheet model configurations than to changes in imposed climate forcing. We conclude that Pliocene ice was most likely to be limited to highest elevations in eastern and southern Greenland.
A. M. Dolan, S. J. Hunter, D. J. Hill, A. M. Haywood, S. J. Koenig, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, A. Abe-Ouchi, F. Bragg, W.-L. Chan, M. A. Chandler, C. Contoux, A. Jost, Y. Kamae, G. Lohmann, D. J. Lunt, G. Ramstein, N. A. Rosenbloom, L. Sohl, C. Stepanek, H. Ueda, Q. Yan, and Z. Zhang
Clim. Past, 11, 403–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-403-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-403-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Climate and ice sheet models are often used to predict the nature of ice sheets in Earth history. It is important to understand whether such predictions are consistent among different models, especially in warm periods of relevance to the future. We use input from 15 different climate models to run one ice sheet model and compare the predictions over Greenland. We find that there are large differences between the predicted ice sheets for the warm Pliocene (c. 3 million years ago).
J. R. Buzan, K. Oleson, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 151–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-151-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-151-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented the HumanIndexMod, which calculates 13 diagnostic heat stress metrics, into the Community Land Model (CLM4.5). The goal of this module is to have a common predictive framework for measuring heat stress globally. These metrics are in operational use by weather forecasters, industry, and agriculture. We show metric-dependent results of regional partitioning of extreme moisture and temperature levels in a 1901-2010 simulation.
P. N. Pearson and E. Thomas
Clim. Past, 11, 95–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-95-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-95-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene-to-Eocene thermal maximum was a period of extreme global warming caused by perturbation to the global carbon cycle 56Mya. Evidence from marine sediment cores has been used to suggest that the onset of the event was very rapid, over just 11 years of annually resolved sedimentation. However, we argue that the supposed annual layers are an artifact caused by drilling disturbance, and that the microfossil content of the cores shows the onset took in the order of thousands of years.
Paul N. Pearson, Sam L. Evans, and James Evans
J. Micropalaeontol., 34, 59–64, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2013-032, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2013-032, 2015
P. N. Pearson and W. Hudson
Sci. Dril., 18, 13–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-13-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-13-2014, 2014
L. B. Stap, R. S. W. van de Wal, B. de Boer, R. Bintanja, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 10, 2135–2152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2135-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2135-2014, 2014
N. Herold, J. Buzan, M. Seton, A. Goldner, J. A. M. Green, R. D. Müller, P. Markwick, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014
A. Sluijs, L. van Roij, G. J. Harrington, S. Schouten, J. A. Sessa, L. J. LeVay, G.-J. Reichart, and C. P. Slomp
Clim. Past, 10, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, 2014
L. Contreras, J. Pross, P. K. Bijl, R. B. O'Hara, J. I. Raine, A. Sluijs, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 10, 1401–1420, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, 2014
T. Westerhold, U. Röhl, H. Pälike, R. Wilkens, P. A. Wilson, and G. Acton
Clim. Past, 10, 955–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-955-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-955-2014, 2014
S. J. Gallagher, N. Exon, M. Seton, M. Ikehara, C. J. Hollis, R. Arculus, S. D'Hondt, C. Foster, M. Gurnis, J. P. Kennett, R. McKay, A. Malakoff, J. Mori, K. Takai, and L. Wallace
Sci. Dril., 17, 45–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, 2014
J. S. Eldrett, D. R. Greenwood, M. Polling, H. Brinkhuis, and A. Sluijs
Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014
A. Goldner, N. Herold, and M. Huber
Clim. Past, 10, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-523-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-523-2014, 2014
E. Gasson, D. J. Lunt, R. DeConto, A. Goldner, M. Heinemann, M. Huber, A. N. LeGrande, D. Pollard, N. Sagoo, M. Siddall, A. Winguth, and P. J. Valdes
Clim. Past, 10, 451–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-451-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-451-2014, 2014
C. A. Loptson, D. J. Lunt, and J. E. Francis
Clim. Past, 10, 419–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-419-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-419-2014, 2014
M. J. Pound, J. Tindall, S. J. Pickering, A. M. Haywood, H. J. Dowsett, and U. Salzmann
Clim. Past, 10, 167–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-167-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-167-2014, 2014
D. J. Hill, A. M. Haywood, D. J. Lunt, S. J. Hunter, F. J. Bragg, C. Contoux, C. Stepanek, L. Sohl, N. A. Rosenbloom, W.-L. Chan, Y. Kamae, Z. Zhang, A. Abe-Ouchi, M. A. Chandler, A. Jost, G. Lohmann, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, G. Ramstein, and H. Ueda
Clim. Past, 10, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-79-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-79-2014, 2014
W. C. Clyde, P. D. Gingerich, S. L. Wing, U. Röhl, T. Westerhold, G. Bowen, K. Johnson, A. A. Baczynski, A. Diefendorf, F. McInerney, D. Schnurrenberger, A. Noren, K. Brady, and the BBCP Science Team
Sci. Dril., 16, 21–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-21-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-21-2013, 2013
D. A. Hodell, L. Lourens, D. A. V. Stow, J. Hernández-Molina, C. A. Alvarez Zarikian, and the Shackleton Site Project Members
Sci. Dril., 16, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-13-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-13-2013, 2013
P. J. Irvine, L. J. Gregoire, D. J. Lunt, and P. J. Valdes
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1447–1462, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1447-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1447-2013, 2013
Z.-S. Zhang, K. H. Nisancioglu, M. A. Chandler, A. M. Haywood, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, G. Ramstein, C. Stepanek, A. Abe-Ouchi, W.-L. Chan, F. J. Bragg, C. Contoux, A. M. Dolan, D. J. Hill, A. Jost, Y. Kamae, G. Lohmann, D. J. Lunt, N. A. Rosenbloom, L. E. Sohl, and H. Ueda
Clim. Past, 9, 1495–1504, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1495-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1495-2013, 2013
J. A. Collins, A. Govin, S. Mulitza, D. Heslop, M. Zabel, J. Hartmann, U. Röhl, and G. Wefer
Clim. Past, 9, 1181–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1181-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1181-2013, 2013
D. J. Lunt, A. Abe-Ouchi, P. Bakker, A. Berger, P. Braconnot, S. Charbit, N. Fischer, N. Herold, J. H. Jungclaus, V. C. Khon, U. Krebs-Kanzow, P. M. Langebroek, G. Lohmann, K. H. Nisancioglu, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Park, M. Pfeiffer, S. J. Phipps, M. Prange, R. Rachmayani, H. Renssen, N. Rosenbloom, B. Schneider, E. J. Stone, K. Takahashi, W. Wei, Q. Yin, and Z. S. Zhang
Clim. Past, 9, 699–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-699-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-699-2013, 2013
E. J. Stone, D. J. Lunt, J. D. Annan, and J. C. Hargreaves
Clim. Past, 9, 621–639, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-621-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-621-2013, 2013
P. Bakker, E. J. Stone, S. Charbit, M. Gröger, U. Krebs-Kanzow, S. P. Ritz, V. Varma, V. Khon, D. J. Lunt, U. Mikolajewicz, M. Prange, H. Renssen, B. Schneider, and M. Schulz
Clim. Past, 9, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-605-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-605-2013, 2013
A. Goldner, M. Huber, and R. Caballero
Clim. Past, 9, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-173-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-173-2013, 2013
R. L. Sriver, M. Huber, and L. Chafik
Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-1-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-1-2013, 2013
R. S. W. van de Wal, B. de Boer, L. J. Lourens, P. Köhler, and R. Bintanja
Clim. Past, 7, 1459–1469, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1459-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1459-2011, 2011
D. Liebrand, L. J. Lourens, D. A. Hodell, B. de Boer, R. S. W. van de Wal, and H. Pälike
Clim. Past, 7, 869–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-869-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-869-2011, 2011
I. G. M. Wientjes, R. S. W. Van de Wal, G. J. Reichart, A. Sluijs, and J. Oerlemans
The Cryosphere, 5, 589–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, 2011
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
Reduced floating-point precision in regional climate simulations: an ensemble-based statistical verification
TorchClim v1.0: a deep-learning plugin for climate model physics
Linking global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry with process-based, coupled freshwater algae–nutrient–solid dynamics in LM3-FANSY v1.0
Validating a microphysical prognostic stratospheric aerosol implementation in E3SMv2 using observations after the Mount Pinatubo eruption
Implementing detailed nucleation predictions in the Earth system model EC-Earth3.3.4: sulfuric acid–ammonia nucleation
Modeling biochar effects on soil organic carbon on croplands in a microbial decomposition model (MIMICS-BC_v1.0)
Hector V3.2.0: functionality and performance of a reduced-complexity climate model
Evaluation of CMIP6 model simulations of PM2.5 and its components over China
Assessment of a tiling energy budget approach in a land surface model, ORCHIDEE-MICT (r8205)
Multivariate adjustment of drizzle bias using machine learning in European climate projections
Development and evaluation of the interactive Model for Air Pollution and Land Ecosystems (iMAPLE) version 1.0
A perspective on the next generation of Earth system model scenarios: towards representative emission pathways (REPs)
Parallel SnowModel (v1.0): a parallel implementation of a distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel)
LB-SCAM: a learning-based method for efficient large-scale sensitivity analysis and tuning of the Single Column Atmosphere Model (SCAM)
Quantifying the impact of SST feedback frequency on Madden–Julian oscillation simulations
Systematic and objective evaluation of Earth system models: PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP) version 3
A revised model of global silicate weathering considering the influence of vegetation cover on erosion rate
A radiative–convective model computing precipitation with the maximum entropy production hypothesis
Leveraging regional mesh refinement to simulate future climate projections for California using the Simplified Convection-Permitting E3SM Atmosphere Model Version 0
Machine learning parameterization of the multi-scale Kain–Fritsch (MSKF) convection scheme and stable simulation coupled in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using WRF–ML v1.0
Impacts of spatial heterogeneity of anthropogenic aerosol emissions in a regionally refined global aerosol–climate model
cfr (v2024.1.26): a Python package for climate field reconstruction
NEWTS1.0: Numerical model of coastal Erosion by Waves and Transgressive Scarps
Evaluation of isoprene emissions from the coupled model SURFEX–MEGANv2.1
A comprehensive Earth system model (AWI-ESM2.1) with interactive icebergs: effects on surface and deep-ocean characteristics
The regional climate–chemistry–ecology coupling model RegCM-Chem (v4.6)–YIBs (v1.0): development and application
An overview of cloud–radiation denial experiments for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1
The computational and energy cost of simulation and storage for climate science: lessons from CMIP6
Subgrid-scale variability of cloud ice in the ICON-AES 1.3.00
INFERNO-peat v1.0.0: a representation of northern high-latitude peat fires in the JULES-INFERNO global fire model
The 4DEnVar-based weakly coupled land data assimilation system for E3SM version 2
Continental-scale bias-corrected climate and hydrological projections for Australia
G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies
Modeling the effects of tropospheric ozone on the growth and yield of global staple crops with DSSAT v4.8.0
A one-dimensional urban flow model with an eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) scheme and refined turbulent transport (MLUCM v3.0)
DCMIP2016: the tropical cyclone test case
Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change – progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP
Applying double-cropping and interactive irrigation in the North China Plain using WRF4.5
CD-type discretization for sea ice dynamics in FESOM version 2
Dynamic MJO forecasts using an ensemble subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast system of IAP-CAS model
CSDMS Data Components: data–model integration tools for Earth surface processes modeling
A generic algorithm to automatically classify urban fabric according to the local climate zone system: implementation in GeoClimate 0.0.1 and application to French cities
Modelling water isotopologues (1H2H16O, 1H217O) in the coupled numerical climate model iLOVECLIM (version 1.1.5)
Localized injections of interactive volcanic aerosols and their climate impacts in a simple general circulation model
CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool
Accurate assessment of land–atmosphere coupling in climate models requires high-frequency data output
Towards variance-conserving reconstructions of climate indices with Gaussian process regression in an embedding space
A diatom extension to the cGEnIE Earth system model – EcoGEnIE 1.1
Carbon isotopes in the marine biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1-REcoM3
Flux coupling approach on an exchange grid for the IOW Earth System Model (version 1.04.00) of the Baltic Sea region
Hugo Banderier, Christian Zeman, David Leutwyler, Stefan Rüdisühli, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5573–5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of reduced-precision arithmetic in a state-of-the-art regional climate model by studying the results of 10-year-long simulations. After this time, the results of the reduced precision and the standard implementation are hardly different. This should encourage the use of reduced precision in climate models to exploit the speedup and memory savings it brings. The methodology used in this work can help researchers verify reduced-precision implementations of their model.
David Fuchs, Steven C. Sherwood, Abhnil Prasad, Kirill Trapeznikov, and Jim Gimlett
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5459–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) of unresolved processes offers many new possibilities for improving weather and climate models, but integrating ML into the models has been an engineering challenge, and there are performance issues. We present a new software plugin for this integration, TorchClim, that is scalable and flexible and thereby allows a new level of experimentation with the ML approach. We also provide guidance on ML training and demonstrate a skillful hybrid ML atmosphere model.
Minjin Lee, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5191–5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative for understanding emerging eutrophication problems. Such efforts, however, have been challenged by the difficulty of balancing details of freshwater biogeochemical processes with limited knowledge, input, and validation datasets. Here we develop a global freshwater model that resolves intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics and provide performance assessment against measurement-based estimates.
Hunter York Brown, Benjamin Wagman, Diana Bull, Kara Peterson, Benjamin Hillman, Xiaohong Liu, Ziming Ke, and Lin Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5087–5121, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Explosive volcanic eruptions lead to long-lived, microscopic particles in the upper atmosphere which act to cool the Earth's surface by reflecting the Sun's light back to space. We include and test this process in a global climate model, E3SM. E3SM is tested against satellite and balloon observations of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, showing that with these particles in the model we reasonably recreate Pinatubo and its global effects. We also explore how particle size leads to these effects.
Carl Svenhag, Moa K. Sporre, Tinja Olenius, Daniel Yazgi, Sara M. Blichner, Lars P. Nieradzik, and Pontus Roldin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4923–4942, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research shows the importance of modeling new particle formation (NPF) and growth of particles in the atmosphere on a global scale, as they influence the outcomes of clouds and our climate. With the global model EC-Earth3 we show that using a new method for NPF modeling, which includes new detailed processes with NH3 and H2SO4, significantly impacts the number of particles in the air and clouds and changes the radiation balance of the same magnitude as anthropogenic greenhouse emissions.
Mengjie Han, Qing Zhao, Xili Wang, Ying-Ping Wang, Philippe Ciais, Haicheng Zhang, Daniel S. Goll, Lei Zhu, Zhe Zhao, Zhixuan Guo, Chen Wang, Wei Zhuang, Fengchang Wu, and Wei Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4871–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of biochar (BC) on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is not represented in most land carbon models used for assessing land-based climate change mitigation. Our study develops a BC model that incorporates our current understanding of BC effects on SOC based on a soil carbon model (MIMICS). The BC model can reproduce the SOC changes after adding BC, providing a useful tool to couple dynamic land models to evaluate the effectiveness of BC application for CO2 removal from the atmosphere.
Kalyn Dorheim, Skylar Gering, Robert Gieseke, Corinne Hartin, Leeya Pressburger, Alexey N. Shiklomanov, Steven J. Smith, Claudia Tebaldi, Dawn L. Woodard, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4855–4869, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4855-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4855-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hector is an easy-to-use, global climate–carbon cycle model. With its quick run time, Hector can provide climate information from a run in a fraction of a second. Hector models on a global and annual basis. Here, we present an updated version of the model, Hector V3. In this paper, we document Hector’s new features. Hector V3 is capable of reproducing historical observations, and its future temperature projections are consistent with those of more complex models.
Fangxuan Ren, Jintai Lin, Chenghao Xu, Jamiu A. Adeniran, Jingxu Wang, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie S. Hammer, Larry W. Horowitz, Steven T. Turnock, Naga Oshima, Jie Zhang, Susanne Bauer, Kostas Tsigaridis, Øyvind Seland, Pierre Nabat, David Neubauer, Gary Strand, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4821–4836, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the performance of 14 CMIP6 ESMs in simulating total PM2.5 and its 5 components over China during 2000–2014. PM2.5 and its components are underestimated in almost all models, except that black carbon (BC) and sulfate are overestimated in two models, respectively. The underestimation is the largest for organic carbon (OC) and the smallest for BC. Models reproduce the observed spatial pattern for OC, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium well, yet the agreement is poorer for BC.
Yi Xi, Chunjing Qiu, Yuan Zhang, Dan Zhu, Shushi Peng, Gustaf Hugelius, Jinfeng Chang, Elodie Salmon, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4727–4754, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ORCHIDEE-MICT model can simulate the carbon cycle and hydrology at a sub-grid scale but energy budgets only at a grid scale. This paper assessed the implementation of a multi-tiling energy budget approach in ORCHIDEE-MICT and found warmer surface and soil temperatures, higher soil moisture, and more soil organic carbon across the Northern Hemisphere compared with the original version.
Georgia Lazoglou, Theo Economou, Christina Anagnostopoulou, George Zittis, Anna Tzyrkalli, Pantelis Georgiades, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4689–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the important issue of the drizzle bias effect in regional climate models, described by an over-prediction of the number of rainy days while underestimating associated precipitation amounts. For this purpose, two distinct methodologies are applied and rigorously evaluated. These results are encouraging for using the multivariate machine learning method random forest to increase the accuracy of climate models concerning the projection of the number of wet days.
Xu Yue, Hao Zhou, Chenguang Tian, Yimian Ma, Yihan Hu, Cheng Gong, Hui Zheng, and Hong Liao
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4621–4642, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the interactive Model for Air Pollution and Land Ecosystems (iMAPLE). The model considers the full coupling between carbon and water cycles, dynamic fire emissions, wetland methane emissions, biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, and trait-based ozone vegetation damage. Evaluations show that iMAPLE is a useful tool for the study of the interactions among climate, chemistry, and ecosystems.
Malte Meinshausen, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Kathleen Beyer, Greg Bodeker, Olivier Boucher, Josep G. Canadell, John S. Daniel, Aïda Diongue-Niang, Fatima Driouech, Erich Fischer, Piers Forster, Michael Grose, Gerrit Hansen, Zeke Hausfather, Tatiana Ilyina, Jarmo S. Kikstra, Joyce Kimutai, Andrew D. King, June-Yi Lee, Chris Lennard, Tabea Lissner, Alexander Nauels, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Hans Pörtner, Joeri Rogelj, Maisa Rojas, Joyashree Roy, Bjørn H. Samset, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Sonia Seneviratne, Christopher J. Smith, Sophie Szopa, Adelle Thomas, Diana Urge-Vorsatz, Guus J. M. Velders, Tokuta Yokohata, Tilo Ziehn, and Zebedee Nicholls
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4533–4559, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The scientific community is considering new scenarios to succeed RCPs and SSPs for the next generation of Earth system model runs to project future climate change. To contribute to that effort, we reflect on relevant policy and scientific research questions and suggest categories for representative emission pathways. These categories are tailored to the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal, high-risk outcomes in the absence of further climate policy and worlds “that could have been”.
Ross Mower, Ethan D. Gutmann, Glen E. Liston, Jessica Lundquist, and Soren Rasmussen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4135–4154, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Higher-resolution model simulations are better at capturing winter snowpack changes across space and time. However, increasing resolution also increases the computational requirements. This work provides an overview of changes made to a distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel) to allow it to leverage high-performance computing resources. Continental simulations that were previously estimated to take 120 d can now be performed in 5 h.
Jiaxu Guo, Juepeng Zheng, Yidan Xu, Haohuan Fu, Wei Xue, Lanning Wang, Lin Gan, Ping Gao, Wubing Wan, Xianwei Wu, Zhitao Zhang, Liang Hu, Gaochao Xu, and Xilong Che
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3975–3992, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To enhance the efficiency of experiments using SCAM, we train a learning-based surrogate model to facilitate large-scale sensitivity analysis and tuning of combinations of multiple parameters. Employing a hybrid method, we investigate the joint sensitivity of multi-parameter combinations across typical cases, identifying the most sensitive three-parameter combination out of 11. Subsequently, we conduct a tuning process aimed at reducing output errors in these cases.
Yung-Yao Lan, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, and Wan-Ling Tseng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3897–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3897-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3897-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses the CAM5–SIT coupled model to investigate the effects of SST feedback frequency on the MJO simulations with intervals at 30 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 d. The simulations become increasingly unrealistic as the frequency of the SST feedback decreases. Our results suggest that more spontaneous air--sea interaction (e.g., ocean response within 3 d in this study) with high vertical resolution in the ocean model is key to the realistic simulation of the MJO.
Jiwoo Lee, Peter J. Gleckler, Min-Seop Ahn, Ana Ordonez, Paul A. Ullrich, Kenneth R. Sperber, Karl E. Taylor, Yann Y. Planton, Eric Guilyardi, Paul Durack, Celine Bonfils, Mark D. Zelinka, Li-Wei Chao, Bo Dong, Charles Doutriaux, Chengzhu Zhang, Tom Vo, Jason Boutte, Michael F. Wehner, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Daehyun Kim, Zeyu Xue, Andrew T. Wittenberg, and John Krasting
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3919–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3919-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3919-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an open-source software, the PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP), developed for a comprehensive comparison of Earth system models (ESMs) with real-world observations. Using diverse metrics evaluating climatology, variability, and extremes simulated in thousands of simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), PMP aids in benchmarking model improvements across generations. PMP also enables efficient tracking of performance evolutions during ESM developments.
Haoyue Zuo, Yonggang Liu, Gaojun Li, Zhifang Xu, Liang Zhao, Zhengtang Guo, and Yongyun Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3949–3974, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Compared to the silicate weathering fluxes measured at large river basins, the current models tend to systematically overestimate the fluxes over the tropical region, which leads to an overestimation of the global total weathering flux. The most possible cause of such bias is found to be the overestimation of tropical surface erosion, which indicates that the tropical vegetation likely slows down physical erosion significantly. We propose a way of taking this effect into account in models.
Quentin Pikeroen, Didier Paillard, and Karine Watrin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3801–3814, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
All accurate climate models use equations with poorly defined parameters, where knobs for the parameters are turned to fit the observations. This process is called tuning. In this article, we use another paradigm. We use a thermodynamic hypothesis, the maximum entropy production, to compute temperatures, energy fluxes, and precipitation, where tuning is impossible. For now, the 1D vertical model is used for a tropical atmosphere. The correct order of magnitude of precipitation is computed.
Jishi Zhang, Peter Bogenschutz, Qi Tang, Philip Cameron-smith, and Chengzhu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3687–3731, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a regionally refined climate model that allows resolved convection and performed a 20-year projection to the end of the century. The model has a resolution of 3.25 km in California, which allows us to predict climate with unprecedented accuracy, and a resolution of 100 km for the rest of the globe to achieve efficient, self-consistent simulations. The model produces superior results in reproducing climate patterns over California that typical modern climate models cannot resolve.
Xiaohui Zhong, Xing Yu, and Hao Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3667–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to forecast localized warm-sector rainfall in the south China region, numerical weather prediction models are being run with finer grid spacing. The conventional convection parameterization (CP) performs poorly in the gray zone, necessitating the development of a scale-aware scheme. We propose a machine learning (ML) model to replace the scale-aware CP scheme. Evaluation against the original CP scheme has shown that the ML-based CP scheme can provide accurate and reliable predictions.
Taufiq Hassan, Kai Zhang, Jianfeng Li, Balwinder Singh, Shixuan Zhang, Hailong Wang, and Po-Lun Ma
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3507–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3507-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3507-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic aerosol emissions are an essential part of global aerosol models. Significant errors can exist from the loss of emission heterogeneity. We introduced an emission treatment that significantly improved aerosol emission heterogeneity in high-resolution model simulations, with improvements in simulated aerosol surface concentrations. The emission treatment will provide a more accurate representation of aerosol emissions and their effects on climate.
Feng Zhu, Julien Emile-Geay, Gregory J. Hakim, Dominique Guillot, Deborah Khider, Robert Tardif, and Walter A. Perkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3409–3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate field reconstruction encompasses methods that estimate the evolution of climate in space and time based on natural archives. It is useful to investigate climate variations and validate climate models, but its implementation and use can be difficult for non-experts. This paper introduces a user-friendly Python package called cfr to make these methods more accessible, thanks to the computational and visualization tools that facilitate efficient and reproducible research on past climates.
Rose V. Palermo, J. Taylor Perron, Jason M. Soderblom, Samuel P. D. Birch, Alexander G. Hayes, and Andrew D. Ashton
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3433–3445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Models of rocky coastal erosion help us understand the controls on coastal morphology and evolution. In this paper, we present a simplified model of coastline erosion driven by either uniform erosion where coastline erosion is constant or wave-driven erosion where coastline erosion is a function of the wave power. This model can be used to evaluate how coastline changes reflect climate, sea-level history, material properties, and the relative influence of different erosional processes.
Safae Oumami, Joaquim Arteta, Vincent Guidard, Pierre Tulet, and Paul David Hamer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3385–3408, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we coupled the SURFEX and MEGAN models. The aim of this coupling is to improve the estimation of biogenic fluxes by using the SURFEX canopy environment model. The coupled model results were validated and several sensitivity tests were performed. The coupled-model total annual isoprene flux is 442 Tg; this value is within the range of other isoprene estimates reported. The ultimate aim of this coupling is to predict the impact of climate change on biogenic emissions.
Lars Ackermann, Thomas Rackow, Kai Himstedt, Paul Gierz, Gregor Knorr, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3279–3301, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present long-term simulations with interactive icebergs in the Southern Ocean. By melting, icebergs reduce the temperature and salinity of the surrounding ocean. In our simulations, we find that this cooling effect of iceberg melting is not limited to the surface ocean but also reaches the deep ocean and propagates northward into all ocean basins. Additionally, the formation of deep-water masses in the Southern Ocean is enhanced.
Nanhong Xie, Tijian Wang, Xiaodong Xie, Xu Yue, Filippo Giorgi, Qian Zhang, Danyang Ma, Rong Song, Beiyao Xu, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang, Mengmeng Li, Min Xie, Natalya Andreeva Kilifarska, Georgi Gadzhev, and Reneta Dimitrova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3259–3277, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we coupled a regional climate chemistry model, RegCM-Chem, with a dynamic vegetation model, YIBs, to create a regional climate–chemistry–ecology model, RegCM-Chem–YIBs. We applied it to simulate climatic, chemical, and ecological parameters in East Asia and fully validated it on a variety of observational data. Results show that RegCM-Chem–YIBs model is a valuable tool for studying the terrestrial carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change on a regional scale.
Bryce E. Harrop, Jian Lu, L. Ruby Leung, William K. M. Lau, Kyu-Myong Kim, Brian Medeiros, Brian J. Soden, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Bosong Zhang, and Balwinder Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3111–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3111-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3111-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seven new experimental setups designed to interfere with cloud radiative heating have been added to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). These experiments include both those that test the mean impact of cloud radiative heating and those examining its covariance with circulations. This paper documents the code changes and steps needed to run these experiments. Results corroborate prior findings for how cloud radiative heating impacts circulations and rainfall patterns.
Mario C. Acosta, Sergi Palomas, Stella V. Paronuzzi Ticco, Gladys Utrera, Joachim Biercamp, Pierre-Antoine Bretonniere, Reinhard Budich, Miguel Castrillo, Arnaud Caubel, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Italo Epicoco, Uwe Fladrich, Sylvie Joussaume, Alok Kumar Gupta, Bryan Lawrence, Philippe Le Sager, Grenville Lister, Marie-Pierre Moine, Jean-Christophe Rioual, Sophie Valcke, Niki Zadeh, and Venkatramani Balaji
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3081–3098, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a collection of performance metrics gathered during the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), a worldwide initiative to study climate change. We analyse the metrics that resulted from collaboration efforts among many partners and models and describe our findings to demonstrate the utility of our study for the scientific community. The research contributes to understanding climate modelling performance on the current high-performance computing (HPC) architectures.
Sabine Doktorowski, Jan Kretzschmar, Johannes Quaas, Marc Salzmann, and Odran Sourdeval
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3099–3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Especially over the midlatitudes, precipitation is mainly formed via the ice phase. In this study we focus on the initial snow formation process in the ICON-AES, the aggregation process. We use a stochastical approach for the aggregation parameterization and investigate the influence in the ICON-AES. Therefore, a distribution function of cloud ice is created, which is evaluated with satellite data. The new approach leads to cloud ice loss and an improvement in the process rate bias.
Katie R. Blackford, Matthew Kasoar, Chantelle Burton, Eleanor Burke, Iain Colin Prentice, and Apostolos Voulgarakis
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3063–3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands are globally important stores of carbon which are being increasingly threatened by wildfires with knock-on effects on the climate system. Here we introduce a novel peat fire parameterization in the northern high latitudes to the INFERNO global fire model. Representing peat fires increases annual burnt area across the high latitudes, alongside improvements in how we capture year-to-year variation in burning and emissions.
Pengfei Shi, L. Ruby Leung, Bin Wang, Kai Zhang, Samson M. Hagos, and Shixuan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3025–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Improving climate predictions have profound socio-economic impacts. This study introduces a new weakly coupled land data assimilation (WCLDA) system for a coupled climate model. We demonstrate improved simulation of soil moisture and temperature in many global regions and throughout the soil layers. Furthermore, significant improvements are also found in reproducing the time evolution of the 2012 US Midwest drought. The WCLDA system provides the groundwork for future predictability studies.
Justin Peter, Elisabeth Vogel, Wendy Sharples, Ulrike Bende-Michl, Louise Wilson, Pandora Hope, Andrew Dowdy, Greg Kociuba, Sri Srikanthan, Vi Co Duong, Jake Roussis, Vjekoslav Matic, Zaved Khan, Alison Oke, Margot Turner, Stuart Baron-Hay, Fiona Johnson, Raj Mehrotra, Ashish Sharma, Marcus Thatcher, Ali Azarvinand, Steven Thomas, Ghyslaine Boschat, Chantal Donnelly, and Robert Argent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2755–2781, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the production of datasets and communication to end users of high-resolution projections of rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture for the entire Australian continent. This is important as previous projections for Australia were for small regions and used differing techniques for their projections, making comparisons difficult across Australia's varied climate zones. The data will be beneficial for research purposes and to aid adaptation to climate change.
Daniele Visioni, Alan Robock, Jim Haywood, Matthew Henry, Simone Tilmes, Douglas G. MacMartin, Ben Kravitz, Sarah J. Doherty, John Moore, Chris Lennard, Shingo Watanabe, Helene Muri, Ulrike Niemeier, Olivier Boucher, Abu Syed, Temitope S. Egbebiyi, Roland Séférian, and Ilaria Quaglia
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2583–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new experimental protocol for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). In it, we describe the details of a new simulation of sunlight reflection using the stratospheric aerosols that climate models are supposed to run, and we explain the reasons behind each choice we made when defining the protocol.
Jose Rafael Guarin, Jonas Jägermeyr, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Fabio A. A. Oliveira, Senthold Asseng, Kenneth Boote, Joshua Elliott, Lisa Emberson, Ian Foster, Gerrit Hoogenboom, David Kelly, Alex C. Ruane, and Katrina Sharps
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2547–2567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of ozone (O3) stress on crop photosynthesis and leaf senescence were added to maize, rice, soybean, and wheat crop models. The modified models reproduced growth and yields under different O3 levels measured in field experiments and reported in the literature. The combined interactions between O3 and additional stresses were reproduced with the new models. These updated crop models can be used to simulate impacts of O3 stress under future climate change and air pollution scenarios.
Jiachen Lu, Negin Nazarian, Melissa Anne Hart, E. Scott Krayenhoff, and Alberto Martilli
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2525–2545, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study enhances urban canopy models by refining key assumptions. Simulations for various urban scenarios indicate discrepancies in turbulent transport efficiency for flow properties. We propose two modifications that involve characterizing diffusion coefficients for momentum and turbulent kinetic energy separately and introducing a physics-based
mass-fluxterm. These adjustments enhance the model's performance, offering more reliable temperature and surface flux estimates.
Justin L. Willson, Kevin A. Reed, Christiane Jablonowski, James Kent, Peter H. Lauritzen, Ramachandran Nair, Mark A. Taylor, Paul A. Ullrich, Colin M. Zarzycki, David M. Hall, Don Dazlich, Ross Heikes, Celal Konor, David Randall, Thomas Dubos, Yann Meurdesoif, Xi Chen, Lucas Harris, Christian Kühnlein, Vivian Lee, Abdessamad Qaddouri, Claude Girard, Marco Giorgetta, Daniel Reinert, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoki Ohno, and Ryuji Yoshida
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential to understanding their behavior in a changing climate. One way this is accomplished is through model intercomparison projects, where results from multiple climate models are analyzed to provide benchmark solutions for the wider climate modeling community. This study describes and analyzes the previously developed TC test case for nine climate models in an intercomparison project, providing solutions that aid in model development.
Stephanie Fiedler, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Christopher J. Smith, Paul Griffiths, Ryan J. Kramer, Toshihiko Takemura, Robert J. Allen, Ulas Im, Matthew Kasoar, Angshuman Modak, Steven Turnock, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Duncan Watson-Parris, Daniel M. Westervelt, Laura J. Wilcox, Alcide Zhao, William J. Collins, Michael Schulz, Gunnar Myhre, and Piers M. Forster
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2387–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate scientists want to better understand modern climate change. Thus, climate model experiments are performed and compared. The results of climate model experiments differ, as assessed in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. This article gives insights into the challenges and outlines opportunities for further improving the understanding of climate change. It is based on views of a group of experts in atmospheric composition–climate interactions.
Yuwen Fan, Zhao Yang, Min-Hui Lo, Jina Hur, and Eun-Soon Im
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-38, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigated agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP) has a significant impact on the local climate. To better understand this impact, we developed a specialized model specifically for the NCP region. This model allows us to simulate the double-cropping vegetation and the dynamic irrigation practices that are commonly employed in the NCP. This model shows improved performance in capturing the general crop growth, such as crop stages, biomass, crop yield, and vegetation greenness.
Sergey Danilov, Carolin Mehlmann, Dmitry Sidorenko, and Qiang Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2287–2297, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models are a necessary component of climate models. At very high resolution they are capable of simulating linear kinematic features, such as leads, which are important for better prediction of heat exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Two new discretizations are described which improve the sea ice component of the Finite volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM version 2) by allowing simulations of finer scales.
Yangke Liu, Qing Bao, Bian He, Xiaofei Wu, Jing Yang, Yimin Liu, Guoxiong Wu, Tao Zhu, Siyuan Zhou, Yao Tang, Ankang Qu, Yalan Fan, Anling Liu, Dandan Chen, Zhaoming Luo, Xing Hu, and Tongwen Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article gives an overview introduction of the IAP-CAS S2S (sub-seasonal to seasonal) ensemble forecasting system and MJO forecast evaluation of the system. Compared to other S2S models, the IAP-CAS model has its advantages but also exhibits some biases, including underdispersive ensemble, overestimated amplitude and faster propagation speed when forecasting MJO. We also provide the explanation towards these biases and prospects for further improvement of this system in the future.
Tian Gan, Gregory E. Tucker, Eric W. H. Hutton, Mark D. Piper, Irina Overeem, Albert J. Kettner, Benjamin Campforts, Julia M. Moriarty, Brianna Undzis, Ethan Pierce, and Lynn McCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2165–2185, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the design, implementation, and application of the CSDMS Data Components. The case studies demonstrate that the Data Components provide a consistent way to access heterogeneous datasets from multiple sources, and to seamlessly integrate them with various models for Earth surface process modeling. The Data Components support the creation of open data–model integration workflows to improve the research transparency and reproducibility.
Jérémy Bernard, Erwan Bocher, Matthieu Gousseff, François Leconte, and Elisabeth Le Saux Wiederhold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2077–2116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geographical features may have a considerable effect on local climate. The local climate zone (LCZ) system proposed by Stewart and Oke (2012) is seen as a standard approach for classifying any zone according to a set of geographic indicators. While many methods already exist to map the LCZ, only a few tools are openly and freely available. We present the algorithm implemented in GeoClimate software to identify the LCZ of any place in the world using OpenStreetMap data.
Thomas Extier, Thibaut Caley, and Didier M. Roche
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2117–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes are used to infer changes in the hydrological cycle for different time periods in climatic archive and climate models. We present the implementation of the δ2H and δ17O water isotopes in the coupled climate model iLOVECLIM and calculate the d- and 17O-excess. Results of a simulation under preindustrial conditions show that the model correctly reproduces the water isotope distribution in the atmosphere and ocean in comparison to data and other global circulation models.
Joseph P. Hollowed, Christiane Jablonowski, Hunter Y. Brown, Benjamin R. Hillman, Diana L. Bull, and Joseph L. Hart
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-335, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-335, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large volcanic eruptions deposit material into the upper-atmosphere, which is capable of altering temperature and wind patterns of the Earth's atmosphere for years following. This research describes a new method of simulating these effects in an idealized, efficient atmospheric model. A volcanic eruption of sulfur dioxide is described with a simplified set of physical rules, which eventually cools the planetary surface. This model has been designed as a testbed for climate attribution studies.
Marit Sandstad, Borgar Aamaas, Ane Nordlie Johansen, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Glen Peters, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Benjamin M. Sanderson, and Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-196, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-196, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CICERO-SCM has existed as a FORTRAN model since 1999 and consists of a part that calculates radiative forcing and concentrations from emissions, and an upwelling diffusion energy balance model of the ocean that calculates temperature change. In this paper we describe an updated version ported to python and publicly available at https://github.com/ciceroOslo/ciceroscm (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10548720). This version contains functionality for parallel runs and automatic calibration.
Kirsten L. Findell, Zun Yin, Eunkyo Seo, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Nathan P. Arnold, Nathaniel Chaney, Megan D. Fowler, Meng Huang, David M. Lawrence, Po-Lun Ma, and Joseph A. Santanello Jr.
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1869–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a request for sub-daily data to accurately capture the process-level connections between land states, surface fluxes, and the boundary layer response. This high-frequency model output will allow for more direct comparison with observational field campaigns on process-relevant timescales, enable demonstration of inter-model spread in land–atmosphere coupling processes, and aid in targeted identification of sources of deficiencies and opportunities for improvement of the models.
Marlene Klockmann, Udo von Toussaint, and Eduardo Zorita
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1765–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of climate variability before the observational period rely on climate proxies and sophisticated statistical models to link the proxy information and climate variability. Existing models tend to underestimate the true magnitude of variability, especially if the proxies contain non-climatic noise. We present and test a promising new framework for climate-index reconstructions, based on Gaussian processes, which reconstructs robust variability estimates from noisy and sparse data.
Aaron A. Naidoo-Bagwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Katharine R. Hendry, Scott Burgan, Jamie D. Wilson, Ben A. Ward, Andy Ridgwell, and Daniel J. Conley
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1729–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As an extension to the EcoGEnIE 1.0 Earth system model that features a diverse plankton community, EcoGEnIE 1.1 includes siliceous plankton diatoms and also considers their impact on biogeochemical cycles. With updates to existing nutrient cycles and the introduction of the silicon cycle, we see improved model performance relative to observational data. Through a more functionally diverse plankton community, the new model enables more comprehensive future study of ocean ecology.
Martin Butzin, Ying Ye, Christoph Völker, Özgür Gürses, Judith Hauck, and Peter Köhler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1709–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the implementation of the carbon isotopes 13C and 14C into the marine biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1-REcoM3 and present results of long-term test simulations. Our model results are largely consistent with marine carbon isotope reconstructions for the pre-anthropogenic period, but also exhibit some discrepancies.
Sven Karsten, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Gröger, Ha T. M. Ho-Hagemann, Hossein Mashayekh, Thomas Neumann, and H. E. Markus Meier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the development of a regional Earth System Model for the Baltic Sea region. In contrast to conventional coupling approaches, the presented model includes a flux calculator operating on a common exchange grid. This approach automatically ensures a locally consistent treatment of fluxes and simplifies the exchange of model components. The presented model can be used for various scientific questions, such as studies of natural variability and ocean–atmosphere interactions.
Cited articles
Affek, H. P. and Zaarur, S.: Kinetic isotope effect in CO2 degassing:
insight from clumped and oxygen isotopes in laboratory precipitation
experiments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 143, 319–330, 2014.
Allen, K. A., Hönisch, B., Eggins, S. M., Haynes, L. L., Rosenthal, Y.,
and Yu, J.: Trace element proxies for surface ocean conditions: A synthesis
of culture calibrations with planktic foraminifera, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 193, 197–221, 2016.
Anagnostou, E., John, E. H., Edgar, K. M., Foster, G. L., Ridgwell, A.,
Inglis, G. N., Pancost, R. D., Lunt, D. J., and Pearson, P. N.: Changing
atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic
climate, Nature, 533, 380–384, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17423, 2016.
Anand, P. and Elderfield, H.: Variability of Mg∕Ca and Sr∕Ca between and
within the planktonic foraminifers Globigerina bulloides and Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosyst., 6, Q11d15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000811, 2005.
Anand, P., Elderfield, H., and Conte, M. H.: Calibration of Mg∕Ca thermometry in planktonic foraminifera from a sediment trap time series,
Paleoceanography, 18, 1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000846, 2003.
Aze, T., Ezard, T. H. G., Purvis, A., Coxall, H. K., Stewart, D. R. M.,
Wade, B. S., and Pearson, P. N.: A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate
planktonic foraminifera from fossil data, Biol. Rev., 86, 900–927,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00178.x, 2011.
Aze, T., Pearson, P. N., Dickson, A. J., Badger, M. P. S., Bown, P. R.,
Pancost, R. D., Gibbs, S. J., Huber, B. T., Leng, M. J., Coe, A. L., Cohen,
A. S., and Foster, G. L.: Extreme warming of tropical waters during the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Geology, 42, 739–742,
https://doi.org/10.1130/g35637.1, 2014.
Bailey, I. W. and Sinnott, E. W.: A botanical index of Cretaceous and
Tertiary climates, Science, 41, 831–834, 1915.
Bailey, I. W. and Sinnott, E. W.: The climatic distribution of certain
types of angiosperm leaves, Am. J. Botany, 3, 24–39, 1916.
Bains, S., Corfield, R. M., and Norris, R. D.: Mechanisms of climate warming
at the end of the Paleocene, Science, 285, 724–727, 1999.
Baker, P. A., Gieskes, J. M., and Elderfield, H.: Diagenesis of carbonates
in deep-sea sediments; evidence from Sr/Ca ratios and interstitial dissolved
Sr2+ data, J. Sedi. Res., 52, 71–82, 1982.
Ballantyne, A. P., Greenwood, D. R., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Csank, A.
Z., Eberle, J. J., and Rybczynski, N.: Significantly warmer Arctic surface
temperatures during the Pliocene indicated by multiple independent proxies,
Geology, 38, 603–606, https://doi.org/10.1130/g30815.1, 2010.
Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H.: A study of cleaning procedures
used for foraminiferal Mg∕Ca paleothermometry, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosys., 7, Q01p08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gc000559, 2003.
Barnet, J. S. K., Littler, K., Westerhold, T., Kroon, D., Leng, M. J.,
Bailey, I., Röhl, U., and Zachos, J. C.: A high-fidelity benthic stable
isotope record of Late Cretaceous–early Eocene climate change and
carbon-cycling, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 34, 672–691,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019pa003556, 2019.
Barral, A., Gomez, B., Fourel, F., Daviero-Gomez, V., and Lécuyer, C.:
CO2 and temperature decoupling at the million-year scale during the
Cretaceous Greenhouse, Sci. Rep., 7, 8310,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08234-0, 2017.
Bartlein, P. J., Harrison, S. P., Brewer, S., Connor, S., Davis, B. A. S.,
Gajewski, K., Guiot, J., Harrison-Prentice, T. I., Henderson, A., Peyron,
O., Prentice, I. C., Scholze, M., Seppä, H., Shuman, B., Sugita, S.,
Thompson, R. S., Viau, A. E., Williams, J., and Wu, H.: Pollen-based
continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis,
Clim. Dynam., 37, 775–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1, 2011.
Beerling, D. J. and Royer, D. L.: Convergent Cenozoic CO2 history,
Nat. Geosci., 4, 418–420, 2011.
Beerling, D. J., Lake, J. A., Berner, R. A., Hickey, L. J., Taylor, D. W.,
and Royer, D. L.: Carbon isotope evidence implying high O2/CO2
ratios in the Permo-Carboniferous atmosphere, Geochim. Cosmoch.
Acta, 66, 3757–3767, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00901-8, 2002.
Beerling, D. J., Fox, A., and Anderson, C. W.: Quantitative uncertainty
analyses of ancient atmospheric CO2 estimates from fossil leaves,
Am. J. Sci., 309, 775–787, https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2009.01, 2009.
Bemis, B. E., Spero, H. J., Bijma, J., and Lea, D. W.: Reevaluation of the
oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results
and revised paleotemperature equations, Paleoceanography, 13, 150–160,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA00070, 1998.
Bendle, J. A., Weijers, J. W. H., Maslin, M. A., Sinninghe Damsté, J.
S., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Boot, C. S., and Pancost, R. D.: Major
changes in glacial and Holocene terrestrial temperatures and sources of
organic carbon recorded in the Amazon fan by tetraether lipids,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, Q12007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gc003308,
2010.
Benthien, A., Zondervan, I., Engel, A., Hefter, J., Terbrüggen, A., and
Riebesell, U.: Carbon isotopic fractionation during a mesocosm bloom
experiment dominated by Emiliania huxleyi: Effects of CO2 concentration and primary
production, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 1528–1541,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.12.015, 2007.
Bentov, S. and Erez, J.: Impact of biomineralization processes on the Mg
content of foraminiferal shells: A biological perspective, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q01p08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001015, 2006.
Bernasconi, S. M., Hu, B., Wacker, U., Fiebig, J., Breitenbach, S. F. M.,
and Rutz, T.: Background effects on Faraday collectors in gas-source mass
spectrometry and implications for clumped isotope measurements, Rapid
Commun. Mass Spectrom., 27, 603–612, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6490,
2013.
Bernasconi, S. M., Müller, I. A., Bergmann, K. D., Breitenbach, S. F.
M., Fernandez, A., Hodell, D. A., Jaggi, M., Meckler, A. N., Millan, I., and
Ziegler, M.: Reducing uncertainties in carbonate clumped isotope analysis
through consistent carbonate-based standardization, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 19, 2895–2914, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GC007385, 2018.
Berner, R. A., Petsch, S. T., Lake, J. A., Beerling, D. J., Popp, B. N.,
Lane, R. S., Laws, E. A., Westley, M. B., Cassar, N., Woodward, F. I., and
Quick, W. P.: Isotope fractionation and atmospheric oxygen: Implications for
Phanerozoic O2 evolution, Science, 287, 1630–1633, 2000.
Bice, K. L., Birgel, D., Meyers, P. A., Dahl, K. A., Hinrichs, K.-U., and
Norris, R. D.: A multiple proxy and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean
temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001203, 2006.
Bidigare, R. R., Fluegge, A., Freeman, K. H., Hanson, K. L., Hayes, J. M.,
Hollander, D., Jasper, J. P., King, L. L., Laws, E. A., Milder, J., Millero,
F. J., Pancost, R., Popp, B. N., Steinberg, P. A., and Wakeham, S. G.:
Consistent fractionation of 13C in nature and in the laboratory:
Growth-rate effects in some haptophyte algae, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
11, 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GB03939, 1997.
Bijl, P. K., Schouten, S., Sluijs, A., Reichart, G.-J., Zachos, J. C., and
Brinkhuis, H.: Early Palaeogene temperature evolution of the southwest
Pacific Ocean, Nature, 461, 776–779, 2009.
Bijl, P. K., Houben, A. J. P., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sluijs, A.,
Reichart, G.-J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Transient
middle Eocene atmospheric CO2 and temperature variations, Science, 330,
819–821, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193654, 2010.
Bijl, P. K., Bendle, J. A. P., Bohaty, S. M., Pross, J., Schouten, S.,
Tauxe, L., Stickley, C. E., McKay, R. M., Röhl, U., Olney, M., Sluijs,
A., Escutia, C., Brinkhuis, H., and Expedition 318 scientists: Eocene
cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9645–9650,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220872110, 2013.
Bijma, J., Spero, H. J., and Lea, D. W.: Reassessing foraminiferal stable
isotope geochemistry: Impact of the oceanic carbonate system (experimental
results), in: Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography, edited by: Fischer, G.
and Wefer, G., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 489–512, 1999.
Birch, H., Coxall, H. K., Pearson, P. N., Kroon, D., and O'Regan, M.:
Planktonic foraminifera stable isotopes and water column structure:
Disentangling ecological signals, Mar. Micropaleontol., 101, 127–145,
2013.
Blaga, C. I., Reichart, G.-J., Heiri, O., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.:
Tetraether membrane lipid distributions in water-column particulate matter
and sediments: a study of 47 European lakes along a north–south transect,
J. Paleolimnol., 41, 523–540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9242-2, 2009.
Boller, A. J., Thomas, P. J., Cavanaugh, C. M., and Scott, K. M.: Low stable
carbon isotope fractionation by coccolithophore RubisCO, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 7200–7207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.031, 2011.
Bolton, C. T. and Stoll, H. M.: Late Miocene threshold response of marine
algae to carbon dioxide limitation, Nature, 500, 558–562, 2013.
Bolton, C. T., Hernandez-Sanchez, M. T., Fuertes, M.-A., Gonzalez-Lemos, S.,
Abrevaya, L., Mendez-Vicente, A., Flores, J.-A., Probert, I., Giosan, L.,
Johnson, J., and Stoll, H. M.: Decrease in coccolithophore calcification and
CO2 since the middle Miocene, Nat. Commun., 7, 10284,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10284, 2016.
Bonifacie, M., Calmels, D., Eiler, J. M., Horita, J., Chaduteau, C.,
Vasconcelos, C., Agrinier, P., Katz, A., Passey, B. H., Ferry, J. M., and
Bourrand, J.-J.: Calibration of the dolomite clumped isotope thermometer
from 25 to 350 ∘C, and implications for a universal calibration
for all (Ca, Mg, Fe)CO3 carbonates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
200, 255–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.028, 2017.
Bornemann, A., D'Haenens, S., Norris, R. D., and Speijer, R. P.: The demise
of the early Eocene greenhouse – Decoupled deep and surface water cooling
in the eastern North Atlantic, Global Planet. Change, 145, 130–140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.08.010, 2016.
Bougeois, L., de Rafélis, M., Reichart, G.-J., de Nooijer, L. J.,
Nicollin, F., and Dupont-Nivet, G.: A high resolution study of trace
elements and stable isotopes in oyster shells to estimate Central Asian
Middle Eocene seasonality, Chem. Geol., 363, 200–212,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.10.037, 2014.
Bowen, G. J., Beerling, D. J., Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., and Quattlebaum,
T.: A humid climate state during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum,
Nature, 432, 495–499, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03115, 2004.
Bowen, G. J., Maibauer, B. J., Kraus, M. J., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T.,
Steimke, A., Gingerich, P. D., Wing, S. L., and Clyde, W. C.: Two massive,
rapid releases of carbon during the onset of the Palaeocene – Eocene
thermal maximum, Nat. Geosci., 8, 44–47, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2316, 2014.
Boyle, E. A.: Manganese carbonate overgrowths on foraminifera tests,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1815–1819,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90029-7, 1983.
Boyle, E. A. and Keigwin, L. D.: Comparison of Atlantic and Pacific
paleochemical records for the last 215,000 years: changes in deep ocean
circulation and chemical inventories, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
76, 135–150, 1985.
Brassell, S. C.: Climatic influences on the Paleogene evolution of
alkenones, Paleoceanography, 29, 255–272, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002576, 2014.
Brassell, S. C., Eglinton, G., Marlowe, I. T., Pflaumann, U., and Sarnthein,
M.: Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment, Nature, 320,
129–133, https://doi.org/10.1038/320129a0, 1986.
Breecker, D. O.: Quantifying and understanding the uncertainty of
atmospheric CO2 concentrations determined from calcic paleosols,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 3210–3220, 2013.
Breecker, D. O. and Retallack, G. J.: Refining the pedogenic carbonate
atmospheric CO2 proxy and application to Miocene CO2,
Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol., 406, 1–8, 2014.
Breecker, D. O., Sharp, Z. D., and McFadden, L. D.: Seasonal bias in the
formation and stable isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate in modern
soils from central New Mexico, USA, GSA Bull., 121, 630–640, 2009.
Breecker, D. O., Sharp, Z. D., and McFadden, L. D.: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations during ancient greenhouse climates were similar to those predicted for A.D. 2100, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 576–580, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902323106, 2010.
Brinkhuis, H., Schouten, S., Collinson, M. E., Sluijs, A., Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S., Dickens, G. R., Huber, M., Cronin, T. M., Onodera, J.,
Takahashi, K., Bujak, J. P., Stein, R., van der Burgh, J., Eldrett, J. S.,
Harding, I. C., Lotter, A. F., Sangiorgi, F., van Konijnenburg-van Cittert,
H.., de Leeuw, J. W., Matthiessen, J., Backman, J., Moran, K., and the
Expedition 302 Scientists: Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene
Arctic Ocean, Nature, 441, 606–609, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04692, 2006
Broecker, W. S.: The salinity contrast between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans during glacial time, Paleoceanography, 4, 207–212,
https://doi.org/10.1029/PA004i002p00207, 1989.
Broecker, W. and Yu, J.: What do we know about the evolution of Mg to Ca
ratios in seawater?, Paleoceanography, 26, PA3203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011pa002120,
2011.
Brown, S. J. and Elderfield, H.: Variations in Mg∕Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of
planktonic foraminifera caused by postdepositional dissolution: Evidence of
shallow Mg-dependent dissolution, Paleoceanography, 11, 543–551,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA01491, 1996.
Bryan, S. P. and Marchitto, T. M.: Mg/Ca–temperature proxy in benthic
foraminifera: New calibrations from the Florida Straits and a hypothesis
regarding Mg/Li, Paleoceanography, 23, Pa2220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001553, 2008.
Burke, K. D., Williams, J. W., Chandler, M. A., Haywood, A. M., Lunt, D. J.,
and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for
near-future climates, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 13288–13293,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809600115, 2018.
Caballero, R. and Huber, M.: State-dependent climate sensitivity in past
warm climates and its implications for future climate projections,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 35, 14162–14167,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1303365110, 2013.
Came, R. E., Eiler, J. M., Veizer, J., Azmy, K., Brand, U., and Weidman, C.
R.: Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations
during the Palaeozoic Era, Nature, 449, 198–201, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06085,
2007.
Carmichael, M. J., Inglis, G. N., Badger, M. P. S., Naafs, B. D. A.,
Behrooz, L., Remmelzwaal, S., Monteiro, F. M., Rohrssen, M., Farnsworth, A.,
Buss, H. L., Dickson, A. J., Valdes, P. J., Lunt, D. J., and Pancost, R. D.:
Hydrological and associated biogeochemical consequences of rapid global
warming during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Global Planet.
Change, 157, 114–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.07.014, 2017.
Carpenter, R. J., Jordan, G. J., Macphail, M. K., and Hill, R. S.:
Near-tropical Early Eocene terrestrial temperatures at the
Australo-Antarctic margin, western Tasmania, Geology, 40, 267–270,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G32584.1, 2012.
Casson, S. and Gray, J. E.: Influence of environmental factors on stomatal
development, New Phytol., 178, 9–23, 2008.
Cerling, T. E.: Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: evidence from Cenozoic and
Mesozoic paleosols, Am. J. Sci., 291, 377–400, 1991.
Cerling, T. E.: Stable carbon isotopes in palaeosol carbonates, in:
Palaeoweathering, palaeosurfaces and related continental deposits, edited
by: Thiry, M. and Simon-Coincon, S., Special Publications of the
International Association of Sedimentologists, 27, Wiley-Blackwell, 43–60,
1999.
Chevalier, M.: Enabling possibilities to quantify past climate from fossil
assemblages at a global scale, Global Planet.Change, 175, 27–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.01.016, 2019.
Chevalier, M., Cheddadi, R., and Chase, B. M.: CREST (Climate REconstruction SofTware): a probability density function (PDF)-based quantitative climate reconstruction method, Clim. Past, 10, 2081–2098, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2081-2014, 2014.
Church, M. J., Wai, B., Karl, D. M., and DeLong, E. F.: Abundances of
crenarchaeal amoA genes and transcripts in the Pacific Ocean, Environ.
Microbiol., 12, 679–688, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02108.x, 2010.
Coggon, R. M., Teagle, D. A. H., Smith-Duque, C. E., Alt, J. C., and Cooper,
M. J.: Reconstructing past seawater Mg∕Ca and Sr/Ca from mid-ocean ridge
flank calcium carbonate veins, Science, 327, 1114–1117,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182252, 2010.
Conte, M. H. and Eglinton, G.: Alkenone and alkenoate distributions within
the euphotic zone of the eastern North Atlantic: correlation with production
temperature, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 40,
1935–1961, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90040-A, 1993.
Conte, M. H., Thompson, A., Lesley, D., and Harris, R. P.: Genetic and
physiological influences on the alkenone/alkenoate versus growth temperature
relationship in Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 51–68,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00327-X, 1998.
Conte, M. H., Sicre, M.-A., Rühlemann, C., Weber, J. C., Schulte, S.,
Schulz-Bull, D., and Blanz, T.: Global temperature calibration of the
alkenone unsaturation index (UK'37) in surface waters and comparison
with surface sediments, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, Q02005,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001054, 2006.
Costa, K. B., Toledo, F. A., Pivel, M. A., Moura, C. A., and Chemale Jr, F.:
Evaluation of two genera of benthic foraminifera for down-core
paleotemperature studies in the western South Atlantic, Braz. J.
Oceanogr., 54, 75–84, 2006.
Cotton, J. M. and Sheldon, N. D.: New constraints on using paleosols to
reconstruct atmospheric pCO2, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
124, 1411–1423, 2012.
Cramer, B. S., Wright, J. D., Kent, D. V., and Aubry, M.-P.: Orbital climate
forcing of δ13C excursions in the late Paleocene-early Eocene
(Chrons C24n-C25n), Paleoceanography, 18, 1097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000909,
2003.
Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Wright, J. D., Katz, M. E., and Miller, K.
G.: Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new
benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4216,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008pa001683, 2009.
Cramer, B. S., Miller, K. G., Barrett, P. J., and Wright, J. D.: Late
Cretaceous–Neogene trends in deep ocean temperature and continental ice
volume: Reconciling records of benthic foraminiferal geochemistry (δ18O and Mg∕Ca) with sea level history, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 116, C12023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007255, 2011.
Cramwinckel, M. J., Huber, M., Kocken, I. J., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K.,
Bohaty, S. M., Frieling, J., Goldner, A., Hilgen, F. J., Kip, E. L.,
Peterse, F., van der Ploeg, R., Röhl, U., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.:
Synchronous tropical and polar temperature evolution in the Eocene, Nature,
559, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0272-2, 2018.
Creech, J. B., Baker, J. A., Hollis, C. J., Morgans, H. E. G., and Smith, E.
G. C.: Eocene sea temperatures for the mid-latitude southwest Pacific from
Mg∕Ca ratios in planktonic and benthic foraminifera, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 299, 483–495, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.039, 2010.
Crouch, E. M., Morgans, H. E. G., Shepherd, C. L., Naafs, B. D. A.,
Dallanave, E., Phillips, A., Hollis, C. J., and Pancost, R. D.: Climatic and
environmental changes across the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at
mid-Waipara River, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand, Earth-Sci. Rev.,
under revision, 2019.
Cui, Y. and Schubert, B. A.: Quantifying uncertainty of past pCO2
determined from changes in C3 plant carbon isotope fractionation,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 172, 127–138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.09.032, 2016.
Cui, Y. and Schubert, B. A.: Atmospheric pCO2 reconstructed across five
early Eocene global warming events, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
478, 225–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.038, 2017.
Cui, Y. and Schubert, B. A.: Towards determination of the source and
magnitude of atmospheric pCO2 change across the early Paleogene
hyperthermals, Global Planet. Change, 170, 120–125,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.08.011, 2018.
Daëron, M., Blamart, D., Peral, M., and Affek, H. P.: Absolute isotopic
abundance ratios and the accuracy of Δ47 measurements,
Chem. Geol., 442, 83–96, 2016.
Dallanave, E., Agnini, C., Bachtadse, V., Muttoni, G., Crampton, J. S.,
Strong, C. P., Hines, B. R., Hollis, C. J., and Slotnick, B. S.: Early to
middle Eocene magneto-biochronology of the southwest Pacific Ocean and
climate influence on sedimentation: Insights from the Mead Stream section,
New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 127, 643–660,
https://doi.org/10.1130/b31147.1, 2015.
Dang, X., Yang, H., Naafs, B. D. A., Pancost, R. D., Evershed, R. P., and
Xie, S.: Direct evidence of moisture control on the methylation of branched
glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in semi-arid and arid soils,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 189, 24–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.004,
2016.
Davies, A. J. and John, C. M.: The clumped (13C–18O) isotope
composition of echinoid calcite: Further evidence for “vital effects” in
the clumped isotope proxy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 245, 172–189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.038, 2019.
Defliese, W. F., Hren, M. T., and Lohmann, K. C.: Compositional and
temperature effects of phosphoric acid fractionation on Δ47
analysis and implications for discrepant calibrations, Chem. Geol.,
396, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.018, 2015.
De Jonge, C., Hopmans, E. C., Stadnitskaia, A., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Hofland,
R., Tegelaar, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Identification of novel
penta- and hexamethylated branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in
peat using HPLC–MS2, GC–MS and GC–SMB-MS, Org. Geochem., 54,
78–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.10.004, 2013.
De Jonge, C., Hopmans, E. C., Zell, C. I., Kim, J.-H., Schouten, S., and
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Occurrence and abundance of 6-methyl branched
glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils: implications for
palaeoclimate reconstruction, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 141, 97–112,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.06.013, 2014.
Dekens, P. S., Lea, D. W., Pak, D. K., and Spero, H. J.: Core top
calibration of Mg∕Ca in tropical foraminifera: Refining paleotemperature
estimation, Geochem. Geophys., Geosyst., 3, 1–29,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000200, 2002.
Delaney, M. L., W.H., Bé, A., and Boyle, E. A.: Li, Sr, Mg, and Na in
foraminiferal calcite shells from laboratory culture, sediment traps, and
sediment cores, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49, 1327–1341,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90284-4, 1985.
Dennis, K. J., Affek, H. P., Passey, B. H., Schrag, D. P., and Eiler, J. M.:
Defining an absolute reference frame for “clumped” isotope studies of
CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 7117–7131, 2011.
de Nooijer, L. J., Hathorne, E. C., Reichart, G.-J., Langer, G., and Bijma,
J.: Variability in calcitic Mg∕Ca and Sr∕Ca ratios in clones of the benthic
foraminifer Ammonia tepida, Mar. Micropaleontol., 107, 32–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.02.002, 2014.
D'Hondt, S., Zachos, J. C., and Schultz, G.: Stable isotopic signals and
photosymbiosis in Late Paleocene planktic foraminifera, Paleobiology, 20,
391–406, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300012847, 1994.
Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M.: Dissociation of
oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the
end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965–972, 1995.
Diefendorf, A. F., Mueller, K. E., Wing, S. L., Koch, P. L., and Freeman, K.
H.: Global patterns in leaf 13C discrimination and implications for
studies of past and future climate, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 107, 5738–5743, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910513107, 2010.
Dolph, G. E. and Dilcher, D. L.: Variation in leaf size with respect to
climate in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere, B. Tor.
Bot. Club, 107, 154–162, 1980.
Doria, G., Royer, D. L., Wolfe, A. P., Fox, A., Westgate, J. A., and
Beerling, D. J.: Declining atmospheric CO2 during the late Middle
Eocene climate transition, Am. J. Sci., 311, 63–75,
https://doi.org/10.2475/01.2011.03, 2011.
Douglas, P. M. J., Affek, H. P., Ivany, L. C., Houben, A. J. P., Sijp, W.
P., Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., and Pagani, M.: Pronounced zonal heterogeneity
in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 6582–6587, 2014.
Dunkley Jones, T., Lunt, D. J., Schmidt, D. N., Ridgwell, A., Sluijs, A.,
Valdes, P. J., and Maslin, M.: Climate model and proxy data constraints on
ocean warming across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 125, 123–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.07.004, 2013.
Dzvonik, J. P.: Alkenones as records of oceanic paleotemperatures: Studies
of Eocene and Oligocene sediments from the north, south, and equatorial
Atlantic, M.S. thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 1996.
Eagle, R. A., Eiler, J. M., Tripati, A. K., Ries, J. B., Freitas, P. S., Hiebenthal, C., Wanamaker Jr., A. D., Taviani, M., Elliot, M., Marenssi, S., Nakamura, K., Ramirez, P., and Roy, K.: The influence of temperature and seawater carbonate saturation state on 13C–18O bond ordering in bivalve mollusks, Biogeosciences, 10, 4591–4606, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4591-2013, 2013a.
Eagle, R., Risi, C., Mitchell, J. L., Eiler, J. M., Seibt, U., Neelin, J.
D., Li, G., and Tripati, A. K.: High regional climate sensitivity over
continental China constrained by glacial-recent changes in temperature and
the hydrological cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
110, 8813–8818, 2013b.
Eberle, J. J., Fricke, H. C., Humphrey, J. D., Hackett, L., Newbrey, M. G., and Hutchison, J. H.: Seasonal variability in Arctic temperatures during early Eocene time, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 296, 481–486, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.005, 2010.
Edgar, K. M., Pälike, H., and Wilson, P. A.: Testing the impact of
diagenesis on the δ18O and δ13C of benthic
foraminiferal calcite from a sediment burial depth transect in the
equatorial Pacific, Paleoceanography, 28, 468–480, https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20045,
2013.
Edgar, K. M., Anagnostou, E., Pearson, P. N., and Foster, G. L.: Assessing
the impact of diagenesis on δ11B, δ13C, δ18O, Sr∕Ca and B∕Ca values in fossil planktic foraminiferal calcite,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 166, 189–209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.018, 2015.
Eggins, S., De Deckker, P., and Marshall, J.: Mg∕Ca variation in planktonic
foraminifera tests: implications for reconstructing palaeo-seawater
temperature and habitat migration, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 212,
291–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00283-8, 2003.
Eggins, S. M., Sadekov, A., and De Deckker, P.: Modulation and daily banding
of Mg∕Ca in Orbulina universa tests by symbiont photosynthesis and respiration: a
complication for seawater thermometry?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
225, 411–419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.06.019, 2004.
Eiler, J. M.: “Clumped-isotope” geochemistry-The study of
naturally-occurring multiply-substituted isotopologues, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 262, 309–327, 2007.
Eiler, J. and Schauble, E.: 18O13C16O in Earth's atmosphere,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 4767–4777, 2004.
Elderfield, H. and Ganssen, G.: Past temperature and δ18O of
surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg∕Ca ratios, Nature, 405, 442, https://doi.org/10.1038/35013033, 2000.
Elderfield, H., Yu, J., Anand, P., Kiefer, T., and Nyland, B.: Calibrations
for benthic foraminiferal Mg∕Ca paleothermometry and the carbonate ion
hypothesis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 250, 633–649,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.041, 2006.
Elderfield, H., Greaves, M., Barker, S., Hall, I. R., Tripati, A., Ferretti,
P., Crowhurst, S., Booth, L., and Daunt, C.: A record of bottom water
temperature and seawater δ18O for the Southern Ocean over the
past 440 kyr based on Mg∕Ca of benthic foraminiferal Uvigerina spp, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 29, 160–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.013, 2010.
Eldrett, J. S., Greenwood, D. R., Harding, I. C., and Huber, M.: Increased
seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high
latitudes, Nature, 459, 969, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08069, 2009.
Eldrett, J. S., Greenwood, D. R., Polling, M., Brinkhuis, H., and Sluijs, A.: A seasonality trigger for carbon injection at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014.
Eley, Y., Dunkley Jones, T., Bendle, J., Edgar, K., Baranowski, U., Moosen,
H., and Foster, G.: Towards multi-proxy pCO2 reconstructions of the early
Eocene Climatic Optimum from the Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic, American
Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, Washington D.C., 2018.
Eley, Y. L., Thompson, W., Greene, S. E., Mandel, I., Edgar, K., Bendle, J. A., and Dunkley Jones, T.: OPTiMAL: A new machine learning approach for GDGT-based palaeothermometry, Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-60, in review, 2019.
Elling, F. J., Könneke, M., Lipp, J. S., Becker, K. W., Gagen, E. J.,
and Hinrichs, K.-U.: Effects of growth phase on the membrane lipid
composition of the thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus and their implications for archaeal lipid
distributions in the marine environment, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
141, 579–597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.005, 2014.
Elling, F. J., Könneke, M., Mußmann, M., Greve, A., and Hinrichs,
K.-U.: Influence of temperature, pH, and salinity on membrane lipid
composition and TEX86 of marine planktonic thaumarchaeal isolates,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 171, 238–255,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.09.004, 2015.
Evans, D. and Müller, W.: Deep time foraminifera Mg∕Ca paleothermometry: Nonlinear correction for secular change in seawater Mg∕Ca,
Paleoceanography, 27, 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002315, 2012.
Evans, D., Müller, W., Oron, S., and Renema, W.: Eocene seasonality and
seawater alkaline earth reconstruction using shallow-dwelling large benthic
foraminifera, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 381, 104–115,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.035, 2013.
Evans, D., Bhatia, R., Stoll, H., and Müller, W.: LA-ICPMS Ba/Ca
analyses of planktic foraminifera from the Bay of Bengal: Implications for
late Pleistocene orbital control on monsoon freshwater flux, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 16, 2598–2618, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005822, 2015.
Evans, D., Brierley, C., Raymo, M. E., Erez, J., and Müller, W.:
Planktic foraminifera shell chemistry response to seawater chemistry:
Pliocene–Pleistocene seawater Mg∕Ca, temperature and sea level change,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 438, 139–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.013, 2016a.
Evans, D., Wade, B. S., Henehan, M., Erez, J., and Müller, W.: Revisiting carbonate chemistry controls on planktic foraminifera Mg∕Ca: implications for sea surface temperature and hydrology shifts over the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and Eocene-Oligocene transition, Clim. Past, 12, 819–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-819-2016, 2016b.
Evans, D., Sagoo, N., Renema, W., Cotton, L. J., Müller, W., Todd, J.
A., Saraswati, P. K., Stassen, P., Ziegler, M., Pearson, P. N., Valdes, P.
J., and Affek, H. P.: Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped
isotope-Mg∕Ca thermometry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 1174–1179,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714744115, 2018a
Evans, D., Müller, W., and Erez, J.: Assessing foraminifera
biomineralisation models through trace element data of cultures under
variable seawater chemistry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 236, 198–217,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.02.048, 2018b.
Farquhar, G. D. and Richards, R. A.: Isotopic composition of plant carbon
correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes, Func. Plant
Biol., 11, 539–552, https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9840539, 1984.
Farquhar, G. D. and Sharkey, T. D.: Stomatal conductance and
photosynthesis, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 33, 317–345, 1982.
Farquhar, G. D., O'Leary, M., and Berry, J.: On the relationship between
carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide
concentration in leaves, Func. Plant Biol., 9, 121–137, 1982.
Fauquette, S., Guiot, J., and Suc, J.-P.: A method for climatic
reconstruction of the Mediterranean Pliocene using pollen data,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 144, 183–201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00083-2, 1998.
Fehrenbacher, J. S. and Martin, P. A.: Exploring the dissolution effect on
the intrashell Mg∕Ca variability of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides
ruber, Paleoceanography, 29, 854–868, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002571, 2014.
Feng, X. and Epstein, S.: Carbon isotopes of trees from arid environments
and implications for reconstructing atmospheric CO2 concentration,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2599–2608,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00152-2, 1995.
Fernandez, A., Müller, I. A., Rodríguez-Sanz, L., van Dijk, J.,
Looser, N., and Bernasconi, S. M.: A reassessment of the precision of
carbonate clumped isotope measurements: Implications for calibrations and
paleoclimate reconstructions, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 18,
4375–4386, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gc007106, 2017.
Fick, S. E. and Hijmans, R. J.: WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 4302–4315, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086, 2017.
Foster, G. L.: Seawater pH, pCO2 and [
Foster, G. L. and Rae, J. W. B.: Reconstructing Ocean pH with Boron
Isotopes in Foraminifera, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 44,
207–237, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012226, 2016.
Foster, G. L., Lear, C. H., and Rae, J. W. B.: The evolution of pCO2,
ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 341–344, 243–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007, 2012.
Foster, G. L., Royer, D. L., and Lunt, D. J.: Future climate forcing
potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years, Nat.
Commun., 8, 14845, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14845, 2017.
Franks, P. J. and Royer, D. L.: Comment on “Was atmospheric CO2
capped at 1000 ppm over the past 300 million years?” by McElwain J. C. et
al. [Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 441 (2016) 653–658],
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 472, 256–259,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.015, 2017.
Franks, P. J., Royer, D. L., Beerling, D. J., Van de Water, P. K., Cantrill,
D. J., Barbour, M. M., and Berry, J. A.: New constraints on atmospheric
CO2 concentration for the Phanerozoic, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
41, 2014GL060457, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060457, 2014.
Freeman, K. H. and Hayes, J. M.: Fractionation of carbon isotopes by
phytoplankton and estimates of ancient CO2 levels, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 6, 185–198, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GB00190, 1992.
Freeman, K. H. and Pagani, M.: Alkenone-based estimates of past CO2
levels: A consideration of their utility based on an analysis of
uncertainties, in: A history of atmospheric CO2 and its effects on
plants, animals, and ecosystems, edited by: Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T.
E., and Dearing, M. D., Ecological Studies, Springer, New York, 2005.
Fricke, H. C. and Wing, S. L.: Oxygen isotope and paleobotanical estimates
of temperature and δ18O–latitude gradients over North America
during the early Eocene, Am. J. Sci., 304, 612–635,
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.7.612, 2004.
Frieling, J. and Sluijs, A.: Towards quantitative environmental
reconstructions from ancient non-analogue microfossil assemblages:
Ecological preferences of Paleocene – Eocene dinoflagellates, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 185, 956–973, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.014, 2018.
Frieling, J., Iakovleva, A. I., Reichart, G.-J., Aleksandrova, G. N.,
Gnibidenko, Z. N., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Paleocene–Eocene warming
and biotic response in the epicontinental West Siberian Sea, Geology, 42,
767–770, 2014.
Frieling, J., Gebhardt, H., Huber, M., Adekeye, O. A., Akande, S. O.,
Reichart, G.-J., Middelburg, J. J., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Extreme
warmth and heat-stressed plankton in the tropics during the Paleocene-Eocene
Thermal Maximum, Sci. Adv., 3, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600891, 2017.
Frieling, J., Reichart, G.-J., Middelburg, J. J., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., Bohaty, S. M., and Sluijs, A.: Tropical Atlantic climate and ecosystem regime shifts during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018.
Frontalini, F., Coccioni, R., Catanzariti, R., Jovane, L., Savian, J., and
Sprovieri, M.: The Eocene Thermal Maximum 3: Reading the environmental
perturbations at Gubbio (Italy), in: The stratigraphic record of Gubbio:
Integrated stratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene Umbria-Marche
pelagic basin, edited by: Menichetti, M., Coccioni, R., and Montanari, A.,
Geol. Soc. Am., 524, https://doi.org/10.1130/2016.2524(11), 2016.
Gallagher, T. M. and Sheldon, N. D.: A new paleothermometer for forest
paleosols and its implications for Cenozoic climate, Geology, 41, 647–650,
https://doi.org/10.1130/g34074.1, 2013.
Garreta, V., Guiot, J., Mortier, F., Chadœuf, J., and Hély, C.:
Pollen-based climate reconstruction: Calibration of the vegetation–pollen
processes, Ecol. Modell., 235–236, 81–94,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.031, 2012.
Ghosh, P., Adkins, J., Affek, H., Balta, B., Guo, W., Schauble, E. A.,
Schrag, D., and Eiler, J. M.: 13C–18O bonds in carbonate
minerals: A new kind of paleothermometer, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
70, 1439–1456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.014, 2006.
Goericke, R. and Fry, B.: Variations of marine plankton δ13C
with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8, 85–90, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB03272, 1994.
Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., and Smith, A. G.: A Geologic Time Scale 2004,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 589 pp., 2004.
Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G.: The Geologic Time
Scale 2012, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1176 pp., 2012.
Grauel, A.-L., Schmid, T. W., Hu, B., Bergami, C., Capotondi, L., Zhou, L.,
and Bernasconi, S. M.: Calibration and application of the “clumped isotope”
thermometer to foraminifera for high-resolution climate reconstructions,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 108, 125–140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.049, 2013.
Gray, W. R. and Evans, D.: Nonthermal influences on Mg∕Ca in planktonic
foraminifera: A review of culture studies and application to the Last
Glacial Maximum, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 34, 306–315,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018pa003517, 2019.
Gray, W. R., Weldeab, S., Lea, D. W., Rosenthal, Y., Gruber, N., Donner, B.,
and Fischer, G.: The effects of temperature, salinity, and the carbonate
system on Mg∕Ca in Globigerinoides ruber (White): A global sediment trap calibration, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 482, 607–620, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.026,
2018.
Green, W. A.: Loosening the clamp: an exploratory graphical approach to the
climate leaf analysis multivariate program, Palaeontol. Electro., 9,
17 pp., 2006.
Greenop, R., Hain, M. P., Sosdian, S. M., Oliver, K. I. C., Goodwin, P., Chalk, T. B., Lear, C. H., Wilson, P. A., and Foster, G. L.: A record of Neogene seawater δ11B reconstructed from paired δ11B analyses on benthic and planktic foraminifera, Clim. Past, 13, 149–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-149-2017, 2017.
Greenwood, D. R.: Fossil angiosperm leaves and climate: from Wolfe and
Dilcher to Burnham and Wilf, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 258,
95–108, 2007
Greenwood, D. R. and Wing, S. L.: Eocene continental climates and
latitudinal temperature gradients, Geology, 23, 1044–1048, 1995.
Greenwood, D. R., Moss, P., Rowett, A., Vadala, A. J., and Keefe, R.: Plant
communities and climate change in southeastern Australia during the early
Paleogene, in: Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the
Early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S., Gingerich, P., Schmitz, B., and
Thomas, E., Geological Society of America Special Paper, Boulder, Colorado,
365–390, 2003.
Greenwood, D. R., Wilf, P., Wing, S. L., and Christophel, D. C.:
Paleotemperature estimates using Leaf-Margin Analysis: Is Australia
different?, Palaios, 19, 129–142, 2004.
Greenwood, D. R., Archibald, S. B., Mathewes, R. W., and Moss, P. T.: Fossil
biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and
northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene
landscape, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 167–185,
https://doi.org/10.1139/e04-100, 2005.
Griffiths, N., Müller, W., Johnson, K. G., and Aguilera, O. A.:
Evaluation of the effect of diagenetic cements on element/Ca ratios in
aragonitic Early Miocene (∼16Ma) Caribbean corals:
Implications for “deep-time” palaeo-environmental reconstructions,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 369, 185–200,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.018, 2013.
Grimm, G. W. and Denk, T.: Reliability and resolution of the coexistence
approach – A revalidation using modern-day data, Rev. Palaeobot.
Palynol., 172, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.01.006, 2012.
Grimm, G. W. and Potts, A. J.: Fallacies and fantasies: the theoretical underpinnings of the Coexistence Approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction, Clim. Past, 12, 611–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-611-2016, 2016.
Grimm, G. W., Bouchal, J. M., Denk, T., and Potts, A.: Fables and foibles: A
critical analysis of the Palaeoflora database and the Coexistence Approach
for palaeoclimate reconstruction, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.,
233, 216–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.07.001, 2016.
Gutjahr, M., Ridgwell, A., Sexton, P. F., Anagnostou, E., Pearson, P. N.,
Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Thomas, E., and Foster, G. L.: Very large
release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal
Maximum, Nature, 548, 573–577, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23646, 2017.
Harbert, R. S. and Nixon, K. C.: Climate reconstruction analysis using
coexistence likelihood estimation (CRACLE): A method for the estimation of
climate using vegetation, Am. J. Botany, 102, 1277–1289,
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400500, 2015.
Hare, V. J., Loftus, E., Jeffrey, A., and Ramsey, C. B.: Atmospheric
CO2 effect on stable carbon isotope composition of terrestrial fossil
archives, Nat. Commun., 9, 252, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02691-x,
2018.
Hasiuk, F. J. and Lohmann, K. C.: Application of calcite Mg partitioning
functions to the reconstruction of paleocean Mg∕Ca, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 6751–6763, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.030, 2010.
Hathorne, E. C., Alard, O., James, R. H., and Rogers, N. W.: Determination
of intratest variability of trace elements in foraminifera by laser ablation
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosyst., 4, 8408, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000539, 2003.
He, B., Olack, G. A., and Colman, A. S.: Pressure baseline correction and
high-precision CO2 clumped-isotope (Δ47) measurements in
bellows and micro-volume modes, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectro.,
26, 2837–2853, 2012.
Henderiks, J. and Pagani, M.: Refining ancient carbon dioxide estimates:
Significance of coccolithophore cell size for alkenone-based pCO2
records, Paleoceanography, 22, PA3202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001399, 2007.
Henehan, M. J., Rae, J. W. B., Foster, G. L., Erez, J., Prentice, K. C.,
Kucera, M., Bostock, H. C., Martinez-Boti, M. A., Milton, J. A., Wilson, P.
A., Marshall, B. J., and Elliott, T.: Calibration of the boron isotope proxy
in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber for use in palaeo-CO2 reconstruction,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 364, 111–122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.029, 2013.
Henehan, M. J., Foster, G. L., Bostock, H. C., Greenop, R., Marshall, B. J.,
and Wilson, P. A.: A new boron isotope-pH calibration for Orbulina universa, with
implications for understanding and accounting for “vital effects”, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 454, 282–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.024,
2016.
Henkes, G. A., Passey, B. H., Wanamaker, A. D., Grossman, E. L., Ambrose, W.
G., and Carroll, M. L.: Carbonate clumped isotope compositions of modern
marine mollusk and brachiopod shells, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 106,
307–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.020, 2013.
Henkes, G. A., Passey, B. H., Grossman, E. L., Shenton, B. J.,
Pérez-Huerta, A., and Yancey, T. E.: Temperature limits for preservation
of primary calcite clumped isotope paleotemperatures, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 139, 362–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.040, 2014.
Herfort, L., Schouten, S., Boon, J. P., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.:
Application of the TEX86 temperature proxy to the southern North Sea,
Organ. Geochem., 37, 1715–1726, 2006.
Herold, N., Buzan, J., Seton, M., Goldner, A., Green, J. A. M., Müller, R. D., Markwick, P., and Huber, M.: A suite of early Eocene (∼55 Ma) climate model boundary conditions, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014.
Hill, P. S., Tripati, A. K., and Schauble, E. A.: Theoretical constraints on
the effects of pH, salinity, and temperature on clumped isotope signatures
of dissolved inorganic carbon species and precipitating carbonate minerals,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 125, 610–652,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.018, 2014.
Hincke, A. J. C., Broere, T., Kürschner, W. M., Donders, T. H., and
Wagner-Cremer, F.: Multi-year leaf-level response to sub-ambient and
elevated experimental CO2 in Betula nana, PLoS ONE, 11, e0157400, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157400, 2016.
Hines, B. R., Hollis, C. J., Atkins, C. B., Baker, J. A., Morgans, H. E. G.,
and Strong, C. P.: Reduction of oceanic temperature gradients in the early
Eocene Southwest Pacific Ocean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 475, 41–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.037, 2017.
Hinojosa, L. F. and Villagran, C.: Did South American mixed paleofloras
evolve under thermal equability or in the absence of an effective Andean
barrier during the Cenozoic?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 217, 1–23, 2005.
Hinojosa, L. F., Pesce, O., Yabe, A., Uemura, K., and Nishida, H.:
Physiognomical analysis and paleoclimate of the Ligorio Márquez fossil
flora, Ligorio Márquez Formation, 46∘ 45' S, Chile, in:
Post-Cretaceous Floristic Changes in Southern Patagonia, Chile, edited by:
Nishida, H., Chuo University, Tokyo, 45–55, 2006.
Ho, S. L. and Laepple, T.: Flat meridional temperature gradient in the
early Eocene in the subsurface rather than surface ocean, Nat. Geosci.,
9, 606, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2763, 2016.
Hoins, M., Van de Waal, D. B., Eberlein, T., Reichart, G.-J., Rost, B., and
Sluijs, A.: Stable carbon isotope fractionation of organic cyst-forming
dinoflagellates: Evaluating the potential for a CO2 proxy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 160, 267–276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.001, 2015.
Hoins, M., Eberlein, T., Groβmann, C. H., Brandenburg, K., Reichart,
G.-J., Rost, B., Sluijs, A., and Van de Waal, D. B.: Combined effects of
ocean acidification and light or nitrogen availabilities on 13C
fractionation in marine dinoflagellates, PLOS ONE, 11, e0154370,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154370, 2016a.
Hoins, M., Eberlein, T., Van de Waal, D. B., Sluijs, A., Reichart, G.-J.,
and Rost, B.: CO2-dependent carbon isotope fractionation in
dinoflagellates relates to their inorganic carbon fluxes, J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 481, 9–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.04.001, 2016b.
Hollis, C. J., Handley, L., Crouch, E. M., Morgans, H. E. G., Baker, J. A.,
Creech, J., Collins, K. S., Gibbs, S. J., Huber, M., Schouten, S., Zachos,
J. C., and Pancost, R. D.: Tropical sea temperatures in the high-latitude
South Pacific during the Eocene, Geology, 37, 99–102, https://doi.org/10.1130/g25200a.1,
2009.
Hollis, C. J., Taylor, K. W. R., Handley, L., Pancost, R. D., Huber, M.,
Creech, J. B., Hines, B. R., Crouch, E. M., Morgans, H. E. G., Crampton, J.
S., Gibbs, S., Pearson, P. N., and Zachos, J. C.: Early Paleogene
temperature history of the Southwest Pacific Ocean: Reconciling proxies and
models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 349–350, 53–66,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.024, 2012.
Hollis, C. J., Hines, B. R., Littler, K., Villasante-Marcos, V., Kulhanek, D. K., Strong, C. P., Zachos, J. C., Eggins, S. M., Northcote, L., and Phillips, A.: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at DSDP Site 277, Campbell Plateau, southern Pacific Ocean, Clim. Past, 11, 1009–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1009-2015, 2015.
Holtz, L.-M., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Thoms, S.: Numerical cell model
investigating cellular carbon fluxes in Emiliania huxleyi, J. Theor. Biol.,
364, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.040, 2015.
Holtz, L.-M., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Thoms, S.: Stable carbon isotope signals
in particulate organic and inorganic carbon of coccolithophores – A
numerical model study for Emiliania huxleyi, J. Theor. Biol., 420, 117–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.01.030, 2017.
Hönisch, B., Bijma, J., Russell, A. D., Spero, H. J., Palmer, M. R.,
Zeebe, R. E., and Eisenhauer, A.: The influence of symbiont photosynthesis
on the boron isotopic composition of foraminifera shells, Mar.
Micropaleontol., 49, 87–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00030-6, 2003.
Hönisch, B., Hemming, N. G., Archer, D., Siddall, M., and McManus, J.
F.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration across the Mid-Pleistocene
transition, Science, 324, 1551–1554, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171477, 2009.
Hönisch, B., Ridgwell, A., Schmidt, D. N., Thomas, E., Gibbs, S. J.,
Sluijs, A., Zeebe, R., Kump, L., Martindale, R. C., Greene, S. E.,
Kiessling, W., Ries, J., Zachos, J. C., Royer, D. L., Barker, S., Marchitto,
T. M., Moyer, R., Pelejero, C., Ziveri, P., Foster, G. L., and Williams, B.:
The geological record of ocean acidification, Science, 335, 1058–1063,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208277, 2012.
Hönisch, B., Allen, K. A., Lea, D. W., Spero, H. J., Eggins, S. M.,
Arbuszewski, J., deMenocal, P., Rosenthal, Y., Russell, A. D., and
Elderfield, H.: The influence of salinity on Mg∕Ca in planktic foraminifers
– Evidence from cultures, core-top sediments and complementary δ18O, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 121, 196–213,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.07.028, 2013.
Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., Pancost, R. D., van der Meer, M. T. J., and
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Analysis of intact tetraether lipids in
archaeal cell material and sediments by high performance liquid
chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry,
Rap. Commun. Mass Spectrom., 14, 585–589, 2000.
Hopmans, E. C., Weijers, J. W. H., Schefuss, E., Herfort, L., Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: A novel proxy for terrestrial organic
matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 224, 107–116, 2004.
Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: The effect of
improved chromatography on GDGT-based palaeoproxies, Organ. Geochem.,
93, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.12.006, 2016.
Horita, J., Zimmermann, H., and Holland, H. D.: Chemical evolution of
seawater during the Phanerozoic: Implications from the record of marine
evaporites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3733–3756, 2002.
Huber, M. and Caballero, R.: The early Eocene equable climate problem revisited, Clim. Past, 7, 603–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-603-2011, 2011.
Huff, P. M., Wilf, P., and Azumah, E. J.: Digital future for paleoclimate
estimation from fossil leaves? Preliminary results, Palaios, 18, 266–274,
https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0266:DFFPEF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Huguet, C., Schimmelmann, A., Thunell, R., Lourens, L. J., Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: A study of the TEX86
paleothermometer in the water column and sediments of the Santa Barbara
Basin, California, Paleoceanography, 22, PA3203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001310,
2007.
Huguet, A., Fosse, C., Laggoun-Défarge, F., Delarue, F., and Derenne,
S.: Effects of a short-term experimental microclimate warming on the
abundance and distribution of branched GDGTs in a French peatland,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 105, 294–315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.037, 2013.
Huguet, A., Francez, A.-J., Jusselme, M. D., Fosse, C., and Derenne, S.: A
climatic chamber experiment to test the short term effect of increasing
temperature on branched GDGT distribution in Sphagnum peat, Organ. Geochem.,
73, 109–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.05.010, 2014.
Huntington, K. W., Eiler, J. M., Affek, H. P., Guo, W., Bonifacie, M.,
Yeung, L. Y., Thiagarajan, N., Passey, B., Tripati, A., and Daëron, M.:
Methods and limitations of “clumped” CO2 isotope (Δ47)
analysis by gas-source isotope ratio mass spectrometry, J. Mass
Spectrom., 44, 1318–1329, 2009.
Hurley, S. J., Elling, F. J., Könneke, M., Buchwald, C., Wankel, S. D.,
Santoro, A. E., Lipp, J. S., Hinrichs, K.-U., and Pearson, A.: Influence of
ammonia oxidation rate on thaumarchaeal lipid composition and the TEX86
temperature proxy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
7762–7767, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518534113, 2016.
Hyland, E. G. and Sheldon, N. D.: Coupled CO2-climate response during
the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 369, 125–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.011, 2013.
Hyland, E., Sheldon, N. D., and Fan, M.: Terrestrial paleoenvironmental
reconstructions indicate transient peak warming during the early Eocene
climatic optimum, GSA Bull., 125, 1338–1348, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30761.1, 2013.
Hyland, E. G., Sheldon, N. D., and Cotton, J. M.: Constraining the early
Eocene climatic optimum: A terrestrial interhemispheric comparison, GSA
Bull., 129, 244–252, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31493.1, 2017.
Hyland, E. G., Huntington, K. W., Sheldon, N. D., and Reichgelt, T.: Temperature seasonality in the North American continental interior during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Clim. Past, 14, 1391–1404, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1391-2018, 2018.
Inglis, G. N., Farnsworth, A., Lunt, D., Foster, G. L., Hollis, C. J.,
Pagani, M., Jardine, P. E., Pearson, P. N., Markwick, P., Galsworthy, A. M.
J., Raynham, L., Taylor, K. W. R., and Pancost, R. D.: Descent toward the
Icehouse: Eocene sea surface cooling inferred from GDGT distributions,
Paleoceanography, 30, 1000–1020, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002723, 2015.
Inglis, G. N., Collinson, M. E., Riegel, W., Wilde, V., Farnsworth, A.,
Lunt, D. J., Valdes, P., Robson, B. E., Scott, A. C., Lenz, O. K., Naafs, B.
D. A., and Pancost, R. D.: Mid-latitude continental temperatures through the
early Eocene in western Europe, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 460,
86–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.009, 2017.
IPCC: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC
Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2013.
Jacques, F. M. B., Su, T., Spicer, R. A., Xing, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, W., and
Zhou, Z.: Leaf physiognomy and climate: Are monsoon climates different?,
Global Planet. Change, 76, 56–62, 2011.
Jagniecki, E. A., Lowenstein, T. K., Jenkins, D. M., and Demicco, R. V.:
Eocene atmospheric CO2 from the nahcolite proxy, Geology, 43,
1075–1078, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36886.1, 2015.
Jaramillo, C. and Cárdenas, A.: Global warming and neotropical
rainforests: A historical perspective, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet.
Sci., 41, 741–766, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105403, 2013.
Jasper, J. P., Hayes, J. M., Mix, A. C., and Prahl, F. G.: Photosynthetic
fractionation of 13C and concentrations of dissolved CO2 in the
central equatorial Pacific during the last 255,000 years, Paleoceanography,
9, 781–798, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA02116, 1994.
John, C. M., Bohaty, S. M., Zachos, J. C., Sluijs, A., Gibbs, S., Brinkhuis,
H., and Bralower, T. J.: North American continental margin records of the
Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global carbon and
hydrological cycling, Paleoceanography, 23, PA2217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007pa001465, 2008.
John, E. H., Pearson, P. N., Coxall, H. K., Birch, H., Wade, B. S., and
Foster, G. L.: Warm ocean processes and carbon cycling in the Eocene,
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 371, 20130099, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0099, 2013.
Keating-Bitonti, C. R., Ivany, L. C., Affek, H. P., Douglas, P., and Samson,
S. D.: Warm, not super-hot, temperatures in the early Eocene subtropics,
Geology, 39, 771–774, https://doi.org/10.1130/g32054.1, 2011.
Kele, S., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Capezzuoli, E., Meckler, A. N., Ziegler,
M., Millan, I. M., Kluge, T., Deák, J., Hanselmann, K., John, C. M.,
Yan, H., Liu, Z., and Bernasconi, S. M.: Temperature dependence of oxygen-
and clumped isotope fractionation in carbonates: A study of travertines and
tufas in the 6–95 ∘C temperature range, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 168, 172–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.032, 2015.
Kelson, J. R., Huntington, K. W., Schauer, A. J., Saenger, C., and Lechler,
A. R.: Toward a universal carbonate clumped isotope calibration: Diverse
synthesis and preparatory methods suggest a single temperature relationship,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 197, 104–131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.010, 2017.
Kennedy, E. M., Arens, N. C., Reichgelt, T., Spicer, R. A., Spicer, T. E.
V., Stranks, L., and Yang, J.: Deriving temperature estimates from Southern
Hemisphere leaves, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 412,
80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.07.015, 2014.
Kennett, J. P. and Stott, L. D.: Abrupt deep-sea warming,
palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the
Palaeocene, Nature, 353, 225–229, 1991.
Kershaw, A. P. and Nix, H. A.: Quantitative palaeoclimatic estimates from
pollen data usigf bioclimatic profiles of extant taxa, J.
Biogeogr., 15, 589–602, 1988.
Khan, M. A., Spicer, R. A., Bera, S., Ghosh, R., Yang, J., Spicer, T. E. V.,
Guo, S.-x., Su, T., Jacques, F., and Grote, P. J.: Miocene to Pleistocene
floras and climate of the Eastern Himalayan Siwaliks, and new
palaeoelevation estimates for the Namling–Oiyug Basin, Tibet, Global
Planet. Change, 113, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.003, 2014.
Kim, J.-H., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Donner, B., and Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S.: Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86
paleothermometer in the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72,
1154–1173, 2008.
Kim, J.-H., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Helmke, P., Willmott, V.,
Sangiorgi, F., Koç, N., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.:
New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal
isoprenoid tetraether lipids: Implications for past sea surface temperature
reconstructions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 4639–4654, 2010.
Kim, J.-H., Schouten, S., Rodrigo-Gámiz, M., Rampen, S., Marino, G.,
Huguet, C., Helmke, P., Buscail, R., Hopmans, E. C., and Pross, J.:
Influence of deep-water derived isoprenoid tetraether lipids on the
paleothermometer in the Mediterranean Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
150, 125–141, 2015.
Kim, S.-T. and O'Neil, J. R.: Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope
effects in synthetic carbonates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61,
3461–3475, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00169-5, 1997.
Kirtland Turner, S., Sexton, P. F., Charles, C. D., and Norris, R. D.:
Persistence of carbon release events through the peak of early Eocene global
warmth, Nat. Geosci., 7, 748–751, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2240, 2014.
Kısakürek, B., Eisenhauer, A., Böhm, F., Garbe-Schönberg, D.,
and Erez, J.: Controls on shell Mg∕Ca and Sr∕Ca in cultured planktonic
foraminiferan, Globigerinoides ruber (White), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 273, 260–269,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.026, 2008.
Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., and Gingerich, P. D.: Correlation between
isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the
Palaeocene/Eocene boundary, Nature, 358, 319, https://doi.org/10.1038/358319a0, 1992.
Konrad, W., Roth-Nebelsick, A., and Grein, M.: Modelling of stomatal density
response to atmospheric CO2, J. Theor. Biol., 253,
638–658, 2008.
Konrad, W., Katul, G., Roth-Nebelsick, A., and Grein, M.: A reduced order
model to analytically infer atmospheric CO2 concentration from stomatal
and climate data, Adv. Water Resour., 104, 145–157, 2017.
Körner, C., Farquhar, G. D., and Wong, S. C.: Carbon isotope
discrimination by plants follows latitudinal and altitudinal trends,
Oecologia, 88, 30–40, 1991.
Kowalczyk, J. B., Royer, D. L., Miller, I. M., Anderson, C. W., Beerling, D.
J., Franks, P. J., Grein, M., Konrad, W., Roth-Nebelsick, A., Bowring, S.
A., Johnson, K. R., and Ramezani, J.: Multiple proxy estimates of
atmospheric CO2 from an early Paleocene rainforest, Paleoceanogr.
Paleoclimatol., 33, 1427–1438, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018pa003356, 2018.
Kowalski, E. A. and Dilcher, D. L.: Warmer paleotemperatures for
terrestrial ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
100, 167–170, 2003.
Kozdon, R., Kelly, D. C., Kita, N. T., Fournelle, J. H., and Valley, J. W.:
Planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope analysis by ion microprobe technique
suggests warm tropical sea surface temperatures during the Early Paleogene,
Paleoceanography, 26, PA3206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002056, 2011.
Kozdon, R., Kelly, D. C., Kitajima, K., Strickland, A., Fournelle, J. H.,
and Valley, J. W.: In situ δ18O and Mg∕Ca analyses of
diagenetic and planktic foraminiferal calcite preserved in a deep-sea record
of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Paleoceanography, 28, 517–528,
https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20048, 2013.
Krishnamurthy, R. V. and Epstein, S.: Glacial-interglacial excursion in the
concentration of atmospheric CO2: effect in the 13C/12C ratio
in wood cellulose, Tellus B, 42, 423–434,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-5-00003.x, 1990.
Kühl, N., Gebhardt, C., Litt, T., and Hense, A.: Probability density
functions as botanical-climatological transfer functions for climate
reconstruction, Quaternary Res., 58, 381–392,
https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2380, 2002.
Lake, J. A., Woodward, F. I., and Quick, W. P.: Long-distance CO2
signalling in plants, J. Exp. Botany, 53, 183–193, 2002.
Lauretano, V., Littler, K., Polling, M., Zachos, J. C., and Lourens, L. J.: Frequency, magnitude and character of hyperthermal events at the onset of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Clim. Past, 11, 1313–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, 2015.
Lauretano, V., Zachos, J. C., and Lourens, L. J.: Orbitally paced carbon and
deep-sea temperature changes at the peak of the Early Eocene Climatic
Optimum, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 33, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003422, 2018.
Laws, E. A., Popp, B. N., Bidigare, R. R., Kennicutt, M. C., and Macko, S.
A.: Dependence of phytoplankton carbon isotopic composition on growth rate
and [CO2]aq Theoretical considerations and experimental results,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1131–1138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00030-4, 1995.
Lazartigues, A. V., Sirois, P., and Savard, D.: LA-ICP-MS analysis of small
samples: Carbonate reference materials and larval fish otoliths,
Geostand. Geoanalyt. Res., 38, 225–240,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2013.00248.x, 2014.
Lea, D. W., Mashiotta, T. A., and Spero, H. J.: Controls on magnesium and
strontium uptake in planktonic foraminifera determined by live culturing,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 2369–2379,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00197-0, 1999.
Lear, C. H., Elderfield, H., and Wilson, P.: Cenozoic deep-sea temperatures
and global ice volumes from Mg∕Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite, Science,
287, 269–272, 2000.
Lear, C. H., Rosenthal, Y., and Slowey, N.: Benthic foraminiferal
Mg∕Ca-paleothermometry: a revised core-top calibration, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3375–3387, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00941-9, 2002.
Lear, C. H., Mawbey, E. M., and Rosenthal, Y.: Cenozoic benthic
foraminiferal Mg∕Ca and Li∕Ca records: Toward unlocking temperatures and
saturation states, Paleoceanography, 25, Pa4215, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001880, 2010.
Lear, C. H., Coxall, H. K., Foster, G. L., Lunt, D. J., Mawbey, E. M.,
Rosenthal, Y., Sosdian, S. M., Thomas, E., and Wilson, P. A.: Neogene ice
volume and ocean temperatures: Insights from infaunal foraminiferal Mg∕Ca paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 30, 1437–1454, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002833,
2015.
Leavitt, S. W. and Danzer, S. R.: δ13C variations in C3
plants over the past 50,000 years, Radiocarbon, 34, 783–791,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200064080, 1992.
LeGrande, A. N. and Schmidt, G. A.: Global gridded data set of the oxygen
isotopic composition in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12604,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026011, 2006.
Lemarchand, D., Gaillardet, J., Lewin, É., and Allègre, C. J.: The
influence of rivers on marine boron isotopes and implications for
reconstructing past ocean pH, Nature, 408, 951–954, 2000.
Lemarchand, D., Gaillardet, J., Lewin, É., and Allègre, C. J.: Boron
isotope systematics in large rivers: implications for the marine boron
budget and paleo-pH reconstruction over the Cenozoic, Chem. Geol., 190,
123–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00114-6, 2002.
Leutert, T. J., Sexton, P. F., Tripati, A., Piasecki, A., Ho, S. L., and
Meckler, A. N.: Sensitivity of clumped isotope temperatures in fossil
benthic and planktic foraminifera to diagenetic alteration, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 257, 354–372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.05.005, 2019.
L'Homme, N., Clarke, G. K. C., and Ritz, C.: Global budget of water isotopes
inferred from polar ice sheets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20502,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023774, 2005.
Li, C., Peng, P. A., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Yan, Y.: A molecular and
isotopic geochemical study of Meso- to Neoproterozoic (1.73–0.85 Ga)
sediments from the Jixian section, Yanshan Basin, North China, Precambrian
Res., 125, 337–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00111-6, 2003.
Littler, K., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., and Zachos, J. C.: A
high-resolution benthic stable-isotope record for the South Atlantic:
Implications for orbital-scale changes in Late Paleocene–Early Eocene
climate and carbon cycling, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 401, 18–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.054, 2014.
Liu, Z., Pagani, M., Zinniker, D., DeConto, R., Huber, M., Brinkhuis, H.,
Shah, S. R., Leckie, R. M., and Pearson, A.: Global cooling during the
Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Science, 323, 1187–1190,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166368, 2009.
Lomax, B. H., Lake, J. A., Leng, M. J., and Jardine, P. E.: An experimental
evaluation of the use of Δ13C as a proxy for palaeoatmospheric
CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 247, 162–174,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.12.026, 2019.
Lourens, L. J., Sluijs, A., Kroon, D., Zachos, J. C., Thomas, E., Röhl,
U., Bowles, J., and Raffi, I.: Astronomical pacing of late Palaeocene to
early Eocene global warming events, Nature, 435, 1083–1087, 2005.
Lowe, A. J., Greenwood, D. R., West, C. K., Galloway, J. M., Sudermann, M.,
and Reichgelt, T.: Plant community ecology and climate on an upland volcanic
landscape during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum: McAbee Fossil Beds,
British Columbia, Canada, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.,
511, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.010, 2018.
Lowenstein, T. K. and Demicco, R. V.: Elevated Eocene atmospheric CO2
and its subsequent decline, Science, 313, 1928–1928,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1129555, 2006.
Loyd, S. J., Sample, J., Tripati, R. E., Defliese, W. F., Brooks, K.,
Hovland, M., Torres, M., Marlow, J., Hancock, L. G., Martin, R., Lyons, T.,
and Tripati, A. E.: Methane seep carbonates yield clumped isotope signatures
out of equilibrium with formation temperatures, Nat. Commun., 7,
12274, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12274, 2016.
Luciani, V., Dickens, G. R., Backman, J., Fornaciari, E., Giusberti, L., Agnini, C., and D'Onofrio, R.: Major perturbations in the global carbon cycle and photosymbiont-bearing planktic foraminifera during the early Eocene, Clim. Past, 12, 981–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, 2016.
Luciani, V., D'Onofrio, R., Dickens, G. R., and Wade, B. S.: Planktic
foraminiferal response to early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations in the
southeast Atlantic Ocean (ODP Site 1263), Global Planet. Change, 158,
119–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.09.007, 2017.
Lunt, D. J., Dunkley Jones, T., Heinemann, M., Huber, M., LeGrande, A., Winguth, A., Loptson, C., Marotzke, J., Roberts, C. D., Tindall, J., Valdes, P., and Winguth, C.: A model-data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere-ocean simulations: EoMIP, Clim. Past, 8, 1717–1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1717-2012, 2012.
Lunt, D. J., Huber, M., Anagnostou, E., Baatsen, M. L. J., Caballero, R., DeConto, R., Dijkstra, H. A., Donnadieu, Y., Evans, D., Feng, R., Foster, G. L., Gasson, E., von der Heydt, A. S., Hollis, C. J., Inglis, G. N., Jones, S. M., Kiehl, J., Kirtland Turner, S., Korty, R. L., Kozdon, R., Krishnan, S., Ladant, J.-B., Langebroek, P., Lear, C. H., LeGrande, A. N., Littler, K., Markwick, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Pearson, P., Poulsen, C. J., Salzmann, U., Shields, C., Snell, K., Stärz, M., Super, J., Tabor, C., Tierney, J. E., Tourte, G. J. L., Tripati, A., Upchurch, G. R., Wade, B. S., Wing, S. L., Winguth, A. M. E., Wright, N. M., Zachos, J. C., and Zeebe, R. E.: The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: experimental design for model simulations of the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM (version 1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 889–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, 2017.
Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W. B., and Slowey, N.: A geostrophic transport
estimate for the Florida Current from the oxygen isotope composition of
benthic foraminifera, Paleoceanography, 14, 360–373, 1999.
Mackensen, A.: On the use of benthic foraminiferal δ13C in
palaeoceanography: constraints from primary proxy relationships, in:
Biogeochemical controls on palaeoceanographic environmental proxies, edited
by: Austin, W. E. N. and James, R. H., Geological Society Special
Publications 303, London, 121–133, 2008.
MacRae, R. A., Fensome, R. A., and Williams, G. L.: Fossil dinoflagellate
diversity, originations, and extinctions and their significance, Can.
J. Botany, 74, 1687–1694, https://doi.org/10.1139/b96-205, 1996.
Makarova, M., Wright, J. D., Miller, K. G., Babila, T. L., Rosenthal, Y.,
and Park, J. I.: Hydrographic and ecologic implications of foraminiferal
stable isotopic response across the U.S. mid-Atlantic continental shelf
during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Paleoceanography, 32, 56–73,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002985, 2017.
Marlowe, I., Brassell, S., Eglinton, G., and Green, J.: Long chain
unsaturated ketones and esters in living algae and marine sediments, Org.
Geochem., 6, 135–141, 1984.
Martinez-Boti, M. A., Foster, G. L., Chalk, T. B., Rohling, E. J., Sexton,
P. F., Lunt, D. J., Pancost, R. D., Badger, M. P. S., and Schmidt, D. N.:
Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution
CO2 records, Nature, 518, 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14145, 2015.
Matthews, K., Maloney, K., Zahirovic, S., Williams, S., Seton, M., and
Müller, D.: Global plate boundary evolution and kinematics since the
late Paleozoic, Global Planet. Change, 146, 226–250,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.10.002, 2016.
Mawbey, E. M. and Lear, C. H.: Carbon cycle feedbacks during the
Oligocene-Miocene transient glaciation, Geology, 41, 963–966,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G34422.1, 2013.
Maxbauer, D. P., Royer, D. L., and LePage, B. A.: High Arctic forests during
the middle Eocene supported by moderate levels of atmospheric CO2,
Geology, 42, 1027–1030, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36014.1, 2014.
McClelland, H. L. O., Bruggeman, J., Hermoso, M., and Rickaby, R. E. M.: The
origin of carbon isotope vital effects in coccolith calcite, Nat.
Commun., 8, 1–16, 2017.
McCorkle, D. C., Bernhard, J. M., Hintz, C. J., Blanks, J. K., Chandler, G.
T., and Shaw, T. J.: The carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition of
cultured benthic foraminifera, in: Biogeochemical controls on
palaeoceanographic environmental proxies, edited by: Austin, W. E. N. and
James, R. H., Geological Society Special Publications 303, London,, 135–154,
2008.
McElwain, J. C. and Chaloner, W. G.: Stomatal density and index of fossil
plants track atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Palaeozoic, Ann. Botany,
76, 389–395, 1995.
McElwain, J. C., Montañez, I., White, J. D., Wilson, J. P., and Yiotis,
C.: Was atmospheric CO2 capped at 1000 ppm over the past 300 million
years?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 441, 653–658,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.10.017, 2016a.
McElwain, J. C., Yiotis, C., and Lawson, T.: Using modern plant trait
relationships between observed and theoretical maximum stomatal conductance
and vein density to examine patterns of plant macroevolution, The New
Phytol., 209, 94–103, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13579, 2016b.
McElwain, J. C., Montañez, I. P., White, J. D., Wilson, J. P., and
Yiotis, C.: Reply to comment on “Was atmospheric CO2 capped at 1000ppm
over the past 300 million years?” [Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.
441 (2016) 653–658], Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.,
472, 260–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.020, 2017.
McInerney, F. A. and Wing, S. L.: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A
perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for
the future, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 39, 489–516,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431, 2011.
Meckler, A. N., Ziegler, M., Millán, M. I., Breitenbach, S. F. M., and
Bernasconi, S. M.: Long-term performance of the Kiel carbonate device with a
new correction scheme for clumped isotope measurements, Rapid Commun.
Mass Spectrom., 28, 1705–1715, 2014.
Menges, J., Huguet, C., Alcañiz, J. M., Fietz, S., Sachse, D., and Rosell-Melé, A.: Influence of water availability in the distributions of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether in soils of the Iberian Peninsula, Biogeosciences, 11, 2571–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2571-2014, 2014.
Meyers, S. R.: Astrochron: An R Package for Astrochronology, available at:
https://cran.r-project.org/package=astrochron (last access: 30 June 2019), 2014.
Miller, K. G., Fairbanks, R. G., and Mountain, G. S.: Tertiary oxygen
isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion,
Paleoceanography, 2, 1–19, 1987.
Miller, K. G., Kominz, M. A., Browning, J. V., Wright, J. D., Mountain, G.
S., Katz, M. E., Sugarman, P. J., Cramer, B. S., Christie-Blick, N., and
Pekar, S. F.: The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change, Science,
310, 1293–1298, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116412, 2005.
Miller, K. G., Mountain, G. S., Wright, J. D., and Browning, J. V.: A
180-million-year record of sea level and ice volume variations from
continental margin and deep-sea isotopic records, Oceanography, 24, 40–53,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.26., 2011.
Miller, I. M., Brandon, M. T., and Hickey, L. J.: Using leaf margin analysis
to estimate the mid-Cretaceous (Albian) paleolatitude of the Baja BC block,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 245, 95–114, 2006.
Montañez, I. P.: Modern soil system constraints on reconstructing
deep-time atmospheric CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 101, 57–75,
2013.
Montañez, I. P., McElwain, J. C., Poulsen, C. J., White, J. D.,
DiMichele, William A., Wilson, J. P., Griggs, G., and Hren, M. T.: Climate,
pCO2 and terrestrial carbon cycle linkages during late Palaeozoic
glacial–interglacial cycles, Nat. Geosci., 9, 824,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2822, 2016.
Mosbrugger, V. and Utescher, T.: The coexistence approach – a method for
quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data
using plant fossils, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 134,
61–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00154-X, 1997.
Müller, I. A., Fernandez, A., Radke, J., Dijk, J., Bowen, D., Schwieters, J., and Bernasconi, S. M.: Carbonate clumped isotope analyses with the long-integration dual-inlet (LIDI) workflow: scratching at the lower sample weight boundaries, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 31, 1057–1066, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7878, 2017.
Müller, P., Kirst, G., Ruhland, G., Von Storch, I., and Rosell-Melé,
A.: Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index UK'37 based
on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60 N–60
S), Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 62, 1757–1772, 1998.
Muller, W., Shelley, M., Miller, P., and Broude, S.: Initial performance metrics of a new custom-designed ArF excimer LA-ICPMS system coupled to a two-volume laser-ablation cell, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 24, 209–214, https://doi.org/10.1039/B805995K, 2009.
Naafs, B. D. A. and Pancost, R. D.: Sea-surface temperature evolution
across Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a, Geology, 44, 959–962,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G38575.1, 2016.
Naafs, B. D. A., Castro, J. M., De Gea, G. A., Quijano, M. L., Schmidt, D.
N., and Pancost, R. D.: Gradual and sustained carbon dioxide release during
Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a, Nat. Geosci., 9, 135,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2627, 2016.
Naafs, B. D. A., Gallego-Sala, A. V., Inglis, G. N., and Pancost, R. D.:
Refining the global branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs)
soil temperature calibration, Org. Geochem., 106, 48–56,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.01.009, 2017a.
Naafs, B. D. A., Inglis, G. N., Zheng, Y., Amesbury, M. J., Biester, H.,
Bindler, R., Blewett, J., Burrows, M. A., del Castillo Torres, D., Chambers,
F. M., Cohen, A. D., Evershed, R. P., Feakins, S. J., Gałka, M.,
Gallego-Sala, A., Gandois, L., Gray, D. M., Hatcher, P. G., Honorio
Coronado, E. N., Hughes, P. D. M., Huguet, A., Könönen, M.,
Laggoun-Défarge, F., Lähteenoja, O., Lamentowicz, M., Marchant, R.,
McClymont, E., Pontevedra-Pombal, X., Ponton, C., Pourmand, A., Rizzuti, A.
M., Rochefort, L., Schellekens, J., De Vleeschouwer, F., and Pancost, R. D.:
Introducing global peat-specific temperature and pH calibrations based on
brGDGT bacterial lipids, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 208, 285–301,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.038, 2017b.
Naafs, B. D. A., Rohrssen, M., Inglis, G. N., Lähteenoja, O., Feakins,
S. J., Collinson, M. E., Kennedy, E. M., Singh, P. K., Singh, M. P., Lunt,
D. J., and Pancost, R. D.: High temperatures in the terrestrial
mid-latitudes during the early Palaeogene, Nat. Geosci., 11, 766–771,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0199-0, 2018a.
Naafs, B. D. A., McCormick, D., Inglis, G. N., and Pancost, R. D.: Archaeal
and bacterial H-GDGTs are abundant in peat and their relative abundance is
positively correlated with temperature, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
227, 156–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.02.025, 2018b.
Naeher, S., Niemann, H., Peterse, F., Smittenberg, R. H., Zigah, P. K., and
Schubert, C. J.: Tracing the methane cycle with lipid biomarkers in Lake
Rotsee (Switzerland), Org. Geochem., 66, 174–181,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.11.002, 2014.
Nicolo, M. J., Dickens, G. R., and Hollis, C. J.: South Pacific intermediate
water oxygen depletion at the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
as depicted in New Zealand margin sections, Paleoceanography, 25, PA4210,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001904, 2010.
Nunes, F. and Norris, R. D.: Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during
the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period, Nature (London), 439, 60–63, 2006.
O'Brien, C. L., Robinson, S. A., Pancost, R. D., Sinninghe Damsté, J.
S., Schouten, S., Lunt, D. J., Alsenz, H., Bornemann, A., Bottini, C.,
Brassell, S. C., Farnsworth, A., Forster, A., Huber, B. T., Inglis, G. N.,
Jenkyns, H. C., Linnert, C., Littler, K., Markwick, P., McAnena, A.,
Mutterlose, J., Naafs, B. D. A., Püttmann, W., Sluijs, A., van Helmond,
N. A. G. M., Vellekoop, J., Wagner, T., and Wrobel, N. E.: Cretaceous
sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from TEX86 and
planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes, Earth-Sci. Rev., 172,
224–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.012, 2017.
Pagani, M.: The alkenone-CO2 proxy and ancient atmospheric carbon
dioxide, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 360, 609–632, 2002.
Pagani, M.: 12.13 Biomarker-based inferences of past climate: The alkenone
pCO2 proxy, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by: Holland, H. D. and
Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford, 361–378, 2014.
Pagani, M., Zachos, J. C., Freeman, K. H., Tipple, B., and Bohaty, S.:
Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the
Paleogene, Science, 309, 600–603, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110063, 2005.
Pagani, M., Pedentchouk, N., Huber, M., Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Brinkhuis,
H., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Dickens, G. R., and Expedition 302
Scientists: Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene
thermal maximum, Nature, 442, 671–675, 2006.
Pagani, M., Huber, M., Liu, Z., Bohaty, S. M., Henderiks, J., Sijp, W.,
Krishnan, S., and DeConto, R. M.: The role of carbon dioxide during the
onset of Antarctic glaciation, Science, 334, 1261–1264,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203909, 2011.
Pälike, H., Lyle, M. W., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Ridgwell, A., Gamage, K.,
Klaus, A., Acton, G., Anderson, L., Backman, J., Baldauf, J., Beltran, C.,
Bohaty, S. M., BownPaul, Busch, W., Channell, J. E. T., Chun, C. O. J.,
Delaney, M., Dewangan, P., Dunkley Jones, T., Edgar, K. M., Evans, H.,
Fitch, P., Foster, G. L., Gussone, N., Hasegawa, H., Hathorne, E. C.,
Hayashi, H., Herrle, J. O., Holbourn, A., Hovan, S., Hyeong, K., Iijima, K.,
Ito, T., Kamikuri, S.-i., Kimoto, K., Kuroda, J., Leon-Rodriguez, L.,
Malinverno, A., Moore Jr, T. C., Murphy, B. H., Murphy, D. P., Nakamura, H.,
Ogane, K., Ohneiser, C., Richter, C., Robinson, R., Rohling, E. J., Romero,
O., Sawada, K., Scher, H., Schneider, L., Sluijs, A., Takata, H., Tian, J.,
Tsujimoto, A., Wade, B. S., Westerhold, T., Wilkens, R., Williams, T.,
Wilson, P. A., Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, S., Yamazaki, T., and Zeebe, R. E.: A
Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth,
Nature, 488, 609–614, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11360, 2012.
Pancost, R. D., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Archaeal
lipids in Mediterranean cold seeps: molecular proxies for anaerobic methane
oxidation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 1611–1627,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00562-7, 2001.
Pancost, R. D., Taylor, K. W. R., Inglis, G. N., Kennedy, E. M., Handley,
L., Hollis, C. J., Crouch, E. M., Pross, J. R., Huber, M., Schouten, S.,
Pearson, P. N., Morgans, H. E. G., and Raine, J. I.: Early Paleogene
evolution of terrestrial climate in the SW Pacific, Southern New Zealand,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 5413–5429,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC004935, 2013.
Passey, B. H. and Henkes, G. A.: Carbonate clumped isotope bond reordering
and geospeedometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 351–352, 223–236,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.021, 2012.
Passey, B. H., Levin, N. E., Cerling, T. E., Brown, F. H., and Eiler, J. M.:
High-temperature environments of human evolution in East Africa based on
bond ordering in paleosol carbonates, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 107, 11245–11249, 2010.
Pearson, P. N.: Oxygen isotopes in foraminifera: Overview and historical
review, in: Reconstructing Earth's Deep Time Climate – The State of the Art
in 2012, edited by: Ivany, L. C. and Huber, B. T., The Paleontological
Society Papers, 1–38, 2012.
Pearson, P. N. and Burgess, C. E.: Foraminifer test preservation and
diagenesis: comparison of high latitude Eocene sites, in: Biogeochemical
controls on palaeoceanographic environmental proxies, edited by: Austin, W.
E. N. and James, R. H., Geological Society Special Publications 303, 59–72,
https://doi.org/10.1144/sp303.5, 2008.
Pearson, P. N. and Palmer, M. R.: Middle Eocene seawater pH and atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentrations, Science, 284, 1824–1826,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5421.1824, 1999.
Pearson, P. N. and Palmer, M. R.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
over the past 60 million years, Nature, 406, 695–699, 2000.
Pearson, P. N., Ditchfield, P. W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K. G.,
Nicholas, C. J., Olsson, R. K., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall, M. A.: Warm
tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs,
Nature, 413, 481–487, 2001.
Pearson, P. N., Nicholas, C. J., Singano, J. M., Bown, P. R., Coxall, H. K.,
van Dongen, B. E., Huber, B. T., Karega, A., Lees, J. A., Msaky, E.,
Pancost, R. D., Pearson, M., and Roberts, A. P.: Paleogene and Cretaceous
sediment cores from the Kilwa and Lindi areas of coastal Tanzania: Tanzania
Drilling Project Sites 1-5, J. African Earth Sci., 39, 25–62,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.05.001, 2004.
Pearson, P. N., van Dongen, B. E., Nicholas, C. J., Pancost, R. D.,
Schouten, S., Singano, J. M., and Wade, B. S.: Stable warm tropical climate
through the Eocene Epoch, Geology, 35, 211–214, https://doi.org/10.1130/g23175a.1, 2007.
Pearson, P. N., Foster, G. L., and Wade, B. S.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide
through the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Nature, 461, 1110–1113,
2009.
Pena, L. D., Cacho, I., Calvo, E., Pelejero, C., Eggins, S., and Sadekov,
A.: Characterization of contaminant phases in foraminifera carbonates by
electron microprobe mapping, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q07012,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002018, 2008.
Penman, D. E., Hönisch, B., Zeebe, R. E., Thomas, E., and Zachos, J. C.:
Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Eocene
Thermal Maximum, Paleoceanography, 29, 2014PA002621,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002621, 2014.
Peppe, D. J., Royer, D. L., Cariglino, B., Oliver, S. Y., Newman, S.,
Leight, E., Enikolopov, G., Fernandez-Burgos, M., Herrera, F., Adams, J. M.,
Correa, E., Currano, E. D., Erickson, J. M., Hinojosa, L. F., Hoganson, J.
W., Iglesias, A., Jaramillo, C. A., Johnson, K. R., Jordan, G. J., Kraft, N.
J. B., Lovelock, E. C., Lusk, C. H., Niinemets, Ü., Peñuelas, J.,
Rapson, G., Wing, S. L., and Wright, I. J.: Sensitivity of leaf size and
shape to climate: global patterns and paleoclimatic applications, New
Phytol., 190, 724–739, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03615.x, 2011.
Peral, M., Daëron, M., Blamart, D., Bassinot, F., Dewilde, F.,
Smialkowski, N., Isguder, G., Bonnin, J., Jorissen, F., Kissel, C., Michel,
E., Vázquez Riveiros, N., and Waelbroeck, C.: Updated calibration of the
clumped isotope thermometer in planktonic and benthic foraminifera,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 239, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.016,
2018.
Peterse, F., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Weijers, J. W. H., Fierer, N.,
Jackson, R. B., Kim, J.-H., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Revised
calibration of the MBT–CBT paleotemperature proxy based on branched
tetraether membrane lipids in surface soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 96, 215–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.011, 2012.
Petersen, S. V., Defliese, W. F., Saenger, C., Daëron, M., Huntington,
K. W., John, C. M., Kelson, J. R., Bernasconi, S. M., Coleman, A. S., Kluge,
T., Olack, G. A., Schauer, A. J., Bajnai, D., Bonifacie, M., Breitenbach, S.
F. M., Fiebig, J., Fernandez, A. B., Henkes, G. A., Hodell, D., Katz, A.,
Kele, S., Lohmann, K. C., Passey, B. H., Peral, M. Y., Petrizzo, D. A.,
Rosenheim, B. E., Tripati, A., Venturelli, R., Young, E. D., and
Winkelstern, I. Z.: Effects of improved 17O correction on
inter-laboratory agreement in clumped isotope calibrations, estimates of
mineral-specific offsets, and temperature dependence of acid digestion
fractionation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gc008127, online first,
2019.
Piasecki, A., Bernasconi, S. M., Grauel, A.-L., Hannisdal, B., Ho, S. L.,
Leutert, T. J., Marchitto, T. M., Meinicke, N., Tisserand, A., and Meckler,
N.: Application of clumped isotope thermometry to benthic foraminifera,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 20, 2082–2090, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gc007961, 2019.
Pitcher, A., Rychlik, N., Hopmans, E. C., Spieck, E., Rijpstra, W. I. C.,
Ossebaar, J., Schouten, S., Wagner, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.:
Crenarchaeol dominates the membrane lipids of Candidatus Nitrososphaera gargensis, a thermophilic Group I.1b
Archaeon, The Isme J., 4, 542, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.138, 2009.
Popp, B. N., Takigiku, R., Hayes, J. M., Louda, J. W., and Baker, E. W.: The
post-Paleozoic chronology and mechanism of 13C depletion in primary
marine organic matter, Am. J. Sci., 289, 436–454, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.4.436, 1989.
Popp, B. N., Laws, E. A., Bidigare, R. R., Dore, J. E., Hanson, K. L., and
Wakeham, S. G.: Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry on carbon isotopic
fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 69–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00333-5, 1998.
Porter, A. S., Yiotis, C., Montañez, I. P., and McElwain, J. C.:
Evolutionary differences in Δ13C detected between spore and
seed bearing plants following exposure to a range of atmospheric
O2:CO2 ratios; implications for paleoatmosphere reconstruction,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 213, 517–533,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.07.007, 2017.
Pound, M. J. and Salzmann, U.: Heterogeneity in global vegetation and
terrestrial climate change during the late Eocene to early Oligocene
transition, Sci. Reports, 7, 43386, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43386, 2017.
Povey, D. A. R., Spicer, R. A., and England, P. C.: Palaeobotanical
investigation of early tertiary palaeoelevations in northeastern Nevada:
initial results, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 81, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90122-8, 1994.
Prahl, F. and Wakeham, S.: Calibration of unsaturation patterns in
long-chain ketone compositions for palaeotemperature assessment, Nature,
330, 367–369, 1987.
Prahl, F., Muehlhausen, L., and Zahnle, D.: Further evaluation of long-chain
alkenones as indicators of paleoceanographic conditions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 2303–2310, 1998.
Pross, J., Klotz, S., and Mosbrugger, V.: Reconstructing palaeotemperatures
for the early and middle Pleistocene using the mutual climatic range method
based on plant fossils, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 1785–1799, 2000.
Pross, J., Contreras, L., Bijl, P. K., Greenwood, D. R., Bohaty, S. M.,
Schouten, S., Bendle, J. A., Röhl, U., Tauxe, L., Raine, J. I., Huck, C.
E., van de Flierdt, T., Jamieson, S. S. R., Stickley, C. E., van de
Schootbrugge, B., Escutia, C., and Brinkhuis, H.: Persistent near-tropical
warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene Epoch, Nature,
488, 73–77, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11300, 2012.
Qin, W., Carlson, L. T., Armbrust, E. V., Devol, A. H., Moffett, J. W.,
Stahl, D. A., and Ingalls, A. E.: Confounding effects of oxygen and
temperature on the TEX86 signature of marine Thaumarchaeota,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 10979–10984, 2015.
Raitzsch, M. and Hönisch, B.: Cenozoic boron isotope variations in
benthic foraminifers, Geology, 41, 591–594, https://doi.org/10.1130/g34031.1, 2013.
Rau, G. H., Takahashi, T., and Des Marais, D. J.: Latitudinal variations in
plankton δ13C: Implications for CO2 and productivity in past oceans, Nature, 341, 516–518, 1989.
Rau, G. H., Riebesell, U., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: A model of photosynthetic
13C fractionation by marine phytoplankton based on diffusive molecular
CO2 uptake, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series, 133, 275–285, 1996.
Raven, J. A. and Beardall, J.: CO2 concentrating mechanisms and
environmental change, Aqua. Botany, 118, 24–37,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.05.008, 2014.
Raven, J. A. and Hurd, C. L.: Ecophysiology of photosynthesis in
macroalgae, Photosynthesis Res., 113, 105–125,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-012-9768-z, 2012.
Regenberg, M., Steph, S., Nürnberg, D., Tiedemann, R., and
Garbe-Schönberg, D.: Calibrating Mg∕Ca ratios of multiple planktonic
foraminiferal species with δ18O-calcification temperatures:
Paleothermometry for the upper water column, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 278, 324–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.019, 2009.
Regenberg, M., Regenberg, A., Garbe-Schönberg, D., and Lea, D. W.:
Global dissolution effects on planktonic foraminiferal Mg∕Ca ratios
controlled by the calcite-saturation state of bottom waters,
Paleoceanography, 29, 127–142, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002492, 2014.
Reichgelt, T., West, C. K., and Greenwood, D. R.: The relation between global palm distribution and climate, Sci. Rep., 8, 4721, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23147-2, 2018.
Richey, J. D., Upchurch, G. R., Montañez, I. P., Lomax, B. H., Suarez,
M. B., Crout, N. M. J., Joeckel, R. M., Ludvigson, G. A., and Smith, J. J.:
Changes in CO2 during Ocean Anoxic Event 1d indicate similarities to other
carbon cycle perturbations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 491,
172–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.035, 2018.
Ridgwell, A.: A Mid Mesozoic Revolution in the regulation of ocean
chemistry, Mar. Geol., 217, 339–357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.036,
2005.
Ridgwell, A. and Zeebe, R. E.: The role of the global carbonate cycle in
the regulation and evolution of the Earth system, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 234, 299–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.006, 2005.
Riebesell, U., Revill, A. T., Holdsworth, D. G., and Volkman, J. K.: The
effects of varying CO2 concentration on lipid composition and carbon
isotope fractionation in Emiliania huxleyi, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 4179–4192,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00474-9, 2000.
Ries, J.: Effect of ambient Mg∕Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous
marine invertebrates: A record of the oceanic Mg∕Ca ratio over the
Phanerozoic, Geology, 32, 981–984, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20851.1, 2004.
Roberts, C. D., LeGrande, A. N., and Tripati, A. K.: Sensitivity of seawater
oxygen isotopes to climatic and tectonic boundary conditions in an early
Paleogene simulation with GISS ModelE-R, Paleoceanography, 26, PA4203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa002025, 2011.
Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., Bralower, T. J., and Zachos, J. C.: On the
duration of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q12002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001784, 2007.
Rohling, E. J.: Oxygen isotope composition of seawater, Encyclopedia of
Quaternary Science, 2, 915–922, 2013.
Rohling, E. J., Sluijs, A., Dijkstra, H. A., Köhler, P., van de Wal, R.
S. W., von der Heydt, A. S., Beerling, D. J., Berger, A., Bijl, P. K.,
Crucifix, M., DeConto, R., Drijfhout, S. S., Fedorov, A., Foster, G. L.,
Ganopolski, A., Hansen, J., Hönisch, B., Hooghiemstra, H., Huber, M.,
Huybers, P., Knutti, R., Lea, D. W., Lourens, L. J., Lunt, D.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., Medina-Elizalde, M., Otto-Bliesner, B., Pagani, M.,
Pälike, H., Renssen, H., Royer, D. L., Siddall, M., Valdes, P., Zachos,
J. C., and Zeebe, R. E.: Making sense of palaeoclimate sensitivity, Nature,
491, 683, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11574, 2012.
Rollion-Bard, C. and Erez, J.: Intra-shell boron isotope ratios in the
symbiont-bearing benthic foraminiferan Amphistegina lobifera: Implications for δ11B
vital effects and paleo-pH reconstructions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
74, 1530–1536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.11.017, 2010.
Rosenthal, Y. and Lohmann, G. P.: Accurate estimation of sea surface
temperatures using dissolution-corrected calibrations for Mg∕Ca paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 17, 16-11–16-16,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000749, 2002.
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., and Slowey, N.: Temperature control on the
incorporation of magnesium, strontium, fluorine, and cadmium into benthic
foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama Bank: Prospects for thermocline
paleoceanography, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 3633–3643,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00181-6, 1997.
Rosenthal, Y., Lear, C. H., Oppo, D. W., and Linsley, B. K.: Temperature and
carbonate ion effects on Mg∕Ca and Sr∕Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera:
Aragonitic species Hoeglundina elegans, Paleoceanography, 21, Pa1007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001158, 2006.
Roth-Nebelsick, A., Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V., Diester-Haass, L., and
Walther, H.: Changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate from
the Late Eocene to Early Miocene: palaeobotanical reconstruction based on
fossil floras from Saxony, Germany, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 205, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.11.014, 2004.
Royer, D. L.: Stomatal density and stomatal index as indicators of
paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration, Rev. Palaeobot.
Palynol., 114, 1–28, 2001.
Royer, D. L.: Estimating latest Cretaceous and Tertiary atmospheric CO2
concentration from stomatal indices, in: Causes and Consequences of Globally
Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S. L., Gingerich, P.
D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., Geological Society of America Special Paper
369, Boulder, 2003.
Royer, D. L.: CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 5665–5675,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031, 2006.
Royer, D. L.: Atmospheric CO2 and O2 during the Phanerozoic:
tools, patterns, and impacts, in: Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition),
edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford, 251–267,
2014.
Royer, D. L., Berner, R. A., and Beerling, D. J.: Phanerozoic atmospheric
CO2 change: evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 54, 349, 2001.
Royer, D. L., Wilf, P., Janesko, D. A., Kowalski, E. A., and Dilcher, D. L.:
Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential
proxies for the fossil record, Am. J. Botany, 92, 1141–1151,
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.7.1141, 2005.
Russell, A. D. and Spero, H. J.: isotopes in planktonic foraminifera,
Paleoceanography, 15, 43–52, 2000.
Russell, A. D., Honisch, B., Spero, H. J., and Lea, D. W.: Effects of
seawater carbonate ion concentration and temperature on shell U, Mg, and Sr
in cultured planktonic foraminifera, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68,
4347–4361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.013, 2004.
Sadekov, A. Y., Eggins, S. M., Klinkhammer, G. P., and Rosenthal, Y.:
Effects of seafloor and laboratory dissolution on the Mg∕Ca composition of
Globigerinoides sacculifer and Orbulina universa tests – A laser ablation ICPMS microanalysis perspective, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 292, 312–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.039,
2010.
Saenger, C., Affek, H. P., Felis, T., Thiagarajan, N., Lough, J. M., and
Holcomb, M.: Carbonate clumped isotope variability in shallow water corals:
Temperature dependence and growth-related vital effects, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 99, 224–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.035, 2012.
Salzmann, U., Dolan, A. M., Haywood, A. M., Chan, W.-L., Voss, J., Hill, D.
J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Otto-Bliesner, B., Bragg, F. J., Chandler, M. A.,
Contoux, C., Dowsett, H. J., Jost, A., Kamae, Y., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D. J.,
Pickering, S. J., Pound, M. J., Ramstein, G., Rosenbloom, N. A., Sohl, L.,
Stepanek, C., Ueda, H., and Zhang, Z.: Challenges in quantifying Pliocene
terrestrial warming revealed by data–model discord, Nat. Clim. Change,
3, 969–974, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2008, 2013.
Sangiorgi, F., van Soelen, E. E., Spofforth, D. J. A., Pälike, H.,
Stickley, C. E., St. John, K., Koç, N., Schouten, S., Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H: Cyclicity in the middle Eocene central
Arctic Ocean sediment record: Orbital forcing and environmental response,
Paleoceanography, 23, PA1S08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001487, 2008.
Sanyal, A., Hemming, N. G., Broecker, W. S., Lea, D. W., Spero, H. J., and
Hanson, G. N.: Oceanic pH control on the boron isotopic composition of
foraminifera: Evidence from culture experiments, Paleoceanography, 11,
513–517, 1996.
Sanyal, A., Bijma, J., Spero, H., and Lea, D. W.: Empirical relationship
between pH and the boron isotopic composition of Globigerinoides sacculifer: Implications for the
boron isotope paleo-pH proxy, Paleoceanography, 16, 515–519, 2001.
Schauble, E. A., Ghosh, P., and Eiler, J. M.: Preferential formation of
13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals, estimated using
first-principles lattice dynamics, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70,
2510–2529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.011, 2006.
Schauer, A. J., Kelson, J., Saenger, C., and Huntington, K. W.: Choice of
17O correction affects clumped isotope (Δ47) values of
CO2 measured with mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass
Spectrom., 30, 2607–2616, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7743, 2016.
Schoon, P. L., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Schultz, B. P., Sinninghe Damsté,
J. S., and Schouten, S.: Warming and environmental changes in the eastern
North Sea Basin during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum as revealed by
biomarker lipids, Org. Geochem., 78, 79–88, 2015.
Schouten, S., Klein Breteler, W. C. M., Blokker, P., Schogt, N., Rijpstra,
W. I. C., Grice, K., Baas, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Biosynthetic
effects on the stable carbon isotopic compositions of algal lipids:
implications for deciphering the carbon isotopic biomarker record,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 1397–1406,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00076-3, 1998.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.
S.: Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a
new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 204, 265–274, 2002.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: The effect of
maturity and depositional redox conditions on archaeal tetraether lipid
palaeothermometry, Org. Geochem., 35, 567–571,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.01.012, 2004.
Schouten, S., Forster, A., Panoto, F. E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.:
Towards calibration of the TEX86 palaeothermometer for tropical sea
surface temperatures in ancient greenhouse worlds, Org. Geochem., 38,
1537–1546, 2007.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Rosell-Melé, A., Pearson, A., Adam, P.,
Bauersachs, T., Bard, E., Bernasconi, S. M., Bianchi, T. S., Brocks, J. J.,
Carlson, L. T., Castañeda, I. S., Derenne, S., Selver, A. D., Dutta, K.,
Eglinton, T., Fosse, C., Galy, V., Grice, K., Hinrichs, K.-U., Huang, Y.,
Huguet, A., Huguet, C., Hurley, S., Ingalls, A., Jia, G., Keely, B., Knappy,
C., Kondo, M., Krishnan, S., Lincoln, S., Lipp, J., Mangelsdorf, K.,
Martínez-García, A., Ménot, G., Mets, A., Mollenhauer, G.,
Ohkouchi, N., Ossebaar, J., Pagani, M., Pancost, R. D., Pearson, E. J.,
Peterse, F., Reichart, G.-J., Schaeffer, P., Schmitt, G., Schwark, L., Shah,
S. R., Smith, R. W., Smittenberg, R. H., Summons, R. E., Takano, Y., Talbot,
H. M., Taylor, K. W. R., Tarozo, R., Uchida, M., van Dongen, B. E., Van
Mooy, B. A. S., Wang, J., Warren, C., Weijers, J. W. H., Werne, J. P.,
Woltering, M., Xie, S., Yamamoto, M., Yang, H., Zhang, C. L., Zhang, Y.,
Zhao, M., and Damsté, J. S. S.: An interlaboratory study of TEX86
and BIT analysis of sediments, extracts, and standard mixtures,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 5263–5285,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gc004904, 2013a.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: The organic
geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A review,
Org. Geochem., 54, 19–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.09.006,
2013b.
Schrag, D. P.: Effect of diagenesis on the isotopic record of late Paleogene
tropical sea surface temperatures, Chem. Geol., 161, 215–224, 1999.
Schrag, D. P., DePaolo, D. J., and Richter, F. M.: Reconstructing past sea
surface temperatures: Correcting for diagenesis of bulk marine carbonate,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2265–2278,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00105-9, 1995.
Schubert, B. A. and Jahren, A. H.: The effect of atmospheric CO2
concentration on carbon isotope fractionation in C3 land plants,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 96, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.003,
2012.
Schubert, B. A. and Jahren, A. H.: Reconciliation of marine and terrestrial
carbon isotope excursions based on changing atmospheric CO2 levels,
Nat. Commun., 4, 1653, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2659, 2013.
Schubert, B. A. and Jahren, A. H.: Global increase in plant carbon isotope
fractionation following the Last Glacial Maximum caused by increase in
atmospheric pCO2, Geology, 43, 435–438, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36467.1, 2015.
Schubert, B. A. and Jahren, A. H.: Incorporating the effects of
photorespiration into terrestrial paleoclimate reconstruction, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 177, 637–642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.008, 2018.
Seki, O., Foster, G. L., Schmidt, D. N., Mackensen, A., Kawamura, K., and
Pancost, R. D.: Alkenone and boron-based Pliocene pCO2 records, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 292, 201–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.037,
2010.
Sexton, P. F., Wilson, P. A., and Pearson, P. N.: Microstructural and
geochemical perspectives on planktic foraminiferal preservation: “Glassy”
versus “Frosty”, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q12p19,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001291, 2006.
Sexton, P. F., Norris, R. D., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Westerhold, T.,
Röhl, U., Bolton, C. T., and Gibbs, S.: Eocene global warming events
driven by ventilation of oceanic dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 471,
349–352, 2011.
Shackleton, N. J.: Paleogene stable isotope events, Palaeogeogr.
Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 57, 91–102, 1986.
Shackleton, N. and Boersma, A.: The climate of the Eocene ocean, J.
Geol. Soc., 138, 153–157, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.138.2.0153, 1981.
Shackleton, N., Corfield, R. M., and Hall, M. A.: Stable isotope data and
the ontogeny of Paleocene planktonic foraminifera, J. Foramin.
Res., 15, 321–336, 1985.
Shackleton, N. J. and Kennett, J. P.: Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: oxygen and carbon isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281, in: Initial reports of the Deep See Drilling Project, Volume 29, edited by: Kennett, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajós, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T., and Perch-Nielsen, K., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 743–755, 1975.
Sharkey, T. D. and Berry, J. A.: Carbon isotope fractionation of algae as
influenced by an inducible CO2 concentrating mechanism, in: Inorganic
Carbon Uptake by Aquatic Photosynthetic Organisms, edited by: Lucas, W. J.,
and Berry, J. A., The American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville,
MD, USA, 389–401, 1985.
Sheldon, N. D., Retallack, G. J., and Tanaka, S.: Geochemical climofunctions
from North American soils and application to paleosols across the
Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Oregon, The J. Geol., 110, 687–696,
https://doi.org/10.1086/342865, 2002.
Shenton, B. J., Grossman, E. L., Passey, B. H., Henkes, G. A., Becker, T.
P., Laya, J. C., Perez-Huerta, A., Becker, S. P., and Lawson, M.: Clumped
isotope thermometry in deeply buried sedimentary carbonates: The effects of
bond reordering and recrystallization, GSA Bull., 127, 1036–1051,
https://doi.org/10.1130/B31169.1, 2015.
Si, W. and Aubry, M.-P.: Vital Effects and Ecologic Adaptation of
Photosymbiont-Bearing Planktonic Foraminifera During the Paleocene-Eocene
Thermal Maximum, Implications for Paleoclimate, Paleoceanogr.
Paleoclimatol., 33, 112–125, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003219, 2018.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Spatial heterogeneity of sources of branched
tetraethers in shelf systems: The geochemistry of tetraethers in the Berau
River delta (Kalimantan, Indonesia), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 186,
13–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.033, 2016.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Hopmans, E. C., Pancost, R. D., Schouten, S.,
and Geenevasen, J. A. J.: Newly discovered non-isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl
glycerol tetraether lipids in sediments, Chem. Commun., 1683–1684,
https://doi.org/10.1039/B004517I, 2000.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Kuypers, M. M. M., Pancost, R. D., and
Schouten, S.: The carbon isotopic response of algae, (cyano)bacteria,
archaea and higher plants to the late Cenomanian perturbation of the global
carbon cycle: Insights from biomarkers in black shales from the Cape Verde
Basin (DSDP Site 367), Org. Geochem., 39, 1703–1718,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.012, 2008.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Ossebaar, J., Schouten, S., and Verschuren, D.: Distribution of tetraether lipids in the 25-ka sedimentary record of Lake Challa: extracting reliable TEX86 and MBT/CBT palaeotemperatures from an equatorial African lake, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 50, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.001, 2012.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Hopmans, E. C., Weijers, J.
W. H., Foesel, B. U., Overmann, J., and Dedysh, S. N.: 13,16-Dimethyl
Octacosanedioic Acid (iso-Diabolic Acid), a common membrane-spanning lipid of
Acidobacteria Subdivisions 1 and 3, Appl. Environ. Microb., 77, 4147–4154,
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00466-11, 2011.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Foesel, B. U., Huber, K.
J., Overmann, J., Nakagawa, S., Kim, J. J., Dunfield, P. F., Dedysh, S. N.,
and Villanueva, L.: An overview of the occurrence of ether- and ester-linked
iso-diabolic acid membrane lipids in microbial cultures of the
Acidobacteria: Implications for brGDGT paleoproxies for temperature and pH,
Org. Geochem., 124, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.07.006,
2018.
Slotnick, B. S., Dickens, G. R., Nicolo, M., Hollis, C. J., Crampton, J. S.,
Zachos, J. C., and Sluijs, A.: Numerous large amplitude variations in carbon
cycling and terrestrial weathering throughout the latest Paleocene and
earliest Eocene, J. Geol., 120, 487–505, 2012.
Slotnick, B. S., Dickens, G. R., Hollis, C. J., Crampton, J. S., Percy
Strong, C., and Phillips, A.: The onset of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum
at Branch Stream, Clarence River valley, New Zealand, New Zealand J.
Geol. Geophys., 58, 262–280, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2015.1063514,
2015.
Sluijs, A. and Dickens, G. R.: Assessing offsets between the δ13C of sedimentary components and the global exogenic carbon pool
across early Paleogene carbon cycle perturbations, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 26, GB4005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004224,
2012.
Sluijs, A., Pross, J., and Brinkhuis, H.: From greenhouse to icehouse;
organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts as paleoenvironmental indicators in the
Paleogene, Earth-Sci. Rev., 68, 281–315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.001, 2005.
Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Pagani, M., Woltering, M., Brinkhuis, H.,
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Dickens, G. R., Huber, M., Reichart, G.-J., and
Stein, R.: Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the
Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum, Nature, 441, 610–613, 2006.
Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., John, C. M., Zachos,
J. C., Reichart, G.-J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Crouch, E. M., and
Dickens, G. R.: Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at
the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary, Nature, 450, 1218–1221, 2007a.
Sluijs, A., Bowen, G., Brinkhuis, H., Lourens, L., and Thomas, E.: The
Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum super greenhouse: biotic and geochemical
signatures, age models and mechanisms of global change, in: Deep time
perspectives on climate change: marrying the signal fromcomputer models and
biological proxies, edited by: Willliams, M., Haywood, A. M., Gregory, F.
J., and Schmidt, D. N., The Geological Society of London, Special
Publication, 323–347, 2007b.
Sluijs, A., Bijl, P. K., Schouten, S., Röhl, U., Reichart, G.-J., and Brinkhuis, H.: Southern ocean warming, sea level and hydrological change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Clim. Past, 7, 47–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-47-2011, 2011
Sluijs, A., van Roij, L., Harrington, G. J., Schouten, S., Sessa, J. A., LeVay, L. J., Reichart, G.-J., and Slomp, C. P.: Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Gulf Coastal Plain: implications for ocean oxygenation and nutrient cycling, Clim. Past, 10, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, 2014.
Sluijs, A., van Roij, L., Frieling, J., Laks, J., and Reichart, G.-J.:
Single-species dinoflagellate cyst carbon isotope ecology across the
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Geology, 46, 79–82, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39598.1,
2017.
Smith, R. Y., Greenwood, D. R., and Basinger, J. F.: Estimating
paleoatmospheric pCO2 during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum from
stomatal frequency of Ginkgo, Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 293, 120–131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.006, 2010.
Snell, K. E., Thrasher, B. L., Eiler, J. M., Koch, P. L., Sloan, L. C., and
Tabor, N. J.: Hot summers in the Bighorn Basin during the early Paleogene,
Geology, 41, 55–58, 2013.
Sosdian, S. M., Greenop, R., Hain, M. P., Foster, G. L., Pearson, P. N., and
Lear, C. H.: Constraining the evolution of Neogene ocean carbonate chemistry
using the boron isotope pH proxy, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 498,
362–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.017, 2018.
Speijer, R. P., Scheibner, C., Stassen, P., and Morsi, A.-M. M.: Response of
marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: a synthesis of biotic
patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Austrian
J. Earth Sci., 105, 6–16, 2012.
Spero, H. and Williams, D. F.: Extracting environmental information from
planktonic foraminiferal δ13C data, Nature, 335, 717–719, 1988.
Spero, H. J., Bijma, J., Lea, D. W., and Bemis, B. E.: Effect of seawater
carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes, Nature,
390, 497–500, 1997.
Spero, H. J., Eggins, S. M., Russell, A. D., Vetter, L., Kilburn, M. R., and
Hönisch, B.: Timing and mechanism for intratest Mg∕Ca variability in a
living planktic foraminifer, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 409,
32–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.030, 2015.
Spicer, R. A. and Yang, J.: Quantification of uncertainties in fossil leaf
paleoaltimetry: does leaf size matter?, Tectonics, 29, TC6001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002741, 2010.
Spicer, R. A., Herman, A. B., and Kennedy, E. M.: Foliar physiognomic record
of climatic conditions during dormancy: Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate
Program (CLAMP) and the Cold Month Mean Temperature, The J.
Geol., 112, 685–702, 2004.
Spicer, R. A., Herman, A. B., and Kennedy, E. M.: The sensitivity of CLAMP
to taphonomic loss of foliar physiognomic characters., Palaios, 20, 429–438,
2005.
Spicer, R. A., Valdes, P. J., Spicer, T. E. V., Craggs, H. J., Srivastava,
G., Mehrotra, R. C., and Yang, J.: New developments in CLAMP: Calibration
using global gridded meteorological data, Palaeogeogr.
Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 283, 91–98, 2009.
Spicer, R. A., Bera, S., De Bera, S., Spicer, T. E. V., Srivastava, G.,
Mehrotra, R., Mehrotra, N., and Yang, J.: Why do foliar physiognomic climate
estimates sometimes differ from those observed? Insights from taphonomic
information loss and a CLAMP case study from the Ganges Delta,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 302, 381–395,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.024, 2011.
Spooner, P. T., Guo, W., Robinson, L. F., Thiagarajan, N., Hendry, K. R.,
Rosenheim, B. E., and Leng, M. J.: Clumped isotope composition of cold-water
corals: A role for vital effects?, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 179,
123–141, 2016.
Steart, D. C., Spicer, R. A., and Bamford, M. K.: Is southern Africa
different? An investigation of the relationship between leaf physiognomy and
climate in southern African mesic vegetation, Rev. Palaeobot.
Palynol., 162, 607–620, 2010.
Steinthorsdottir, M., Vajda, V., and Pole, M.: Significant transient
pCO2 perturbation at the New Zealand Oligocene-Miocene transition
recorded by fossil plant stomata, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 2, 150029, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.039, 2018.
Stolper, D. A., Eiler, J. M., and Higgins, J. A.: Modeling the effects of
diagenesis on carbonate clumped-isotope values in deep- and shallow-water
settings, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 227, 264–291,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.037, 2018.
Stranks, L. and England, P.: The use of a resemblance function in the
measurement of climatic parameters from the physiognomy of woody
dicotyledons, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 131, 15–28,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00147-2, 1997.
Suan, G., Popescu, S.-M., Suc, J.-P., Schnyder, J., Fauquette, S., Baudin,
F., Yoon, D., Piepjohn, K., Sobolev, N. N., and Labrousse, L.: Subtropical
climate conditions and mangrove growth in Arctic Siberia during the early
Eocene, Geology, 45, 539–542, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38547.1, 2017.
Super, J. R., Thomas, E., Pagani, M., Huber, M., O'Brien, C., and Hull, P.
M.: North Atlantic temperature and pCO2 coupling in the early-middle
Miocene, Geology, 46, 519–522, https://doi.org/10.1130/G40228.1, 2018.
Tang, J., Dietzel, M., Fernandez, A., Tripati, A. K., and Rosenheim, B. E.: Evaluation of kinetic effects on clumped isotope fractionation (Δ47) during inorganic calcite precipitation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 134, 120–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.005, 2014.
Taylor, K. W. R., Huber, M., Hollis, C. J., Hernandez-Sanchez, M. T., and
Pancost, R. D.: Re-evaluating modern and Palaeogene GDGT distributions:
Implications for SST reconstructions, Global Planet. Change, 108,
158–174, 2013.
Taylor, K. W. R., Willumsen, P. S., Hollis, C. J., and Pancost, R. D.: South
Pacific evidence for the long-term climate impact of the
Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary event, Earth-Sci. Rev., 179, 287–302,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.012, 2018.
Thiagarajan, N., Adkins, J., and Eiler, J.: Carbonate clumped isotope
thermometry of deep-sea corals and implications for vital effects,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 4416–4425, 2011.
Thomas, D. J., Zachos, J. C., Bralower, T. J., Thomas, E., and Bohaty, S.:
Warming the fuel for the fire: evidence for the thermal dissociation of
methane hydrate during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Geology, 30,
1067–1070, 2002.
Thompson, R. S., Anderson, K. H., Pelltier, R. T., Strickland, L. E.,
Bartlein, P. J., and Shafer, S. L.: Quantitative estimation of climatic
parameters from vegetation data in North America by the mutual climatic
range technique, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 51, 18–39, 2012.
Tierney, J. E. and Tingley, M. P.: A Bayesian, spatially-varying
calibration model for the TEX86proxy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
127, 83–106, 2014.
Tierney, J. E. and Tingley, M. P.: A TEX86 surface sediment database
and extended Bayesian calibration, Sci. data, 515, 152–161, 2015.
Tierney, J. E. and Tingley, M. P.: BAYSPLINE: A New Calibration for the
Alkenone Paleothermometer, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 33,
281–301, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003201, 2018.
Tierney, J. E., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Pancost, R. D., Sluijs, A., and
Zachos, J. C.: Eocene temperature gradients, Nat. Geosci., 10, 538,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2997, 2017.
Tindall, J., Flecker, R., Valdes, P., Schmidt, D. N., Markwick, P., and
Harris, J.: Modelling the oxygen isotope distribution of ancient seawater
using a coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM: Implications for reconstructing early
Eocene climate, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 292, 265–273,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.049, 2010.
Tipple, B. J., Meyers, S. R., and Pagani, M.: Carbon isotope ratio of
Cenozoic CO2: A comparative evaluation of available geochemical
proxies, 25, Paleoceanography, 25, PA3202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001851, 2010.
Torsvik, T. H., Van der Voo, R., Preeden, U., Mac Niocaill, C., Steinberger,
B., Doubrovine, P. V., van Hinsbergen, D. J., Domeier, M., Gaina, C., and
Tohver, E.: Phanerozoic polar wander, palaeogeography and dynamics,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 114, 325–368, 2012.
Traiser, C., Klotz, S., Uhl, D., and Mosbrugger, V.: Environmental signals
from leaves – a physiognomic analysis of European vegetation, New
Phytol., 166, 465–484, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01316.x, 2005.
Tripati, A. K. and Elderfield, H.: Abrupt hydrographic changes in the
equatorial Pacific and subtropical Atlantic from foraminiferal Mg∕Ca indicate greenhouse origin for the thermal maximum at the Paleocene-Eocene
Boundary, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q02006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000631,
2004.
Tripati, A. and Elderfield, H.: Deep-sea temperature and circulation
changes at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Science, 308, 1894–1898,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109202, 2005.
Tripati, A. K., Delaney, M. L., Zachos, J. C., Anderson, L. D., Kelly, D.
C., and Harry, E.: Tropical sea-surface temperature reconstruction for the
early Paleogene using Mg∕Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera,
Paleoceanography, 18, 1101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000937, 2003.
Tripati, A. K., Eagle, R. A., Thiagarajan, N., Gagnon, A. C., Bauch, H.,
Halloran, P. R., and Eiler, J. M.: 13C–18O isotope signatures and
“clumped isotope” thermometry in foraminifera and coccoliths, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 5697–5717, 2010.
Tripati, A. K., Sahany, S., Pittman, D., Eagle, R. A., Neelin, J. D.,
Mitchell, J. L., and Beaufort, L.: Modern and glacial tropical snowlines
controlled by sea surface temperature and atmospheric mixing, Nat.
Geosci., 7, 205–209, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2082, 2014.
Tripati, A. K., Hill, P. S., Eagle, R. A., Mosenfelder, J. L., Tang, J.,
Schauble, E. A., Eiler, J. M., Zeebe, R. E., Uchikawa, J., Coplen, T. B.,
Ries, J. B., and Henry, D.: Beyond temperature: Clumped isotope signatures
in dissolved inorganic carbon species and the influence of solution
chemistry on carbonate mineral composition, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
166, 344–371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.021, 2015.
Tyrrell, T. and Zeebe, R. E.: History of carbonate ion concentration over
the last 100 million years, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 3521–3530,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.018, 2004.
Uchikawa, J. and Zeebe, R. E.: Examining possible effects of seawater pH
decline on foraminiferal stable isotopes during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal
Maximum, Paleoceanography, 25, Pa2216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001864, 2010.
Uhl, D., Mosbrugger, V., Bruch, A., and Utescher, T.: Reconstructing
palaeotemperatures using leaf floras-case studies for a comparison of leaf
margin analysis and the coexistence approach, Rev. Palaeobot.
Palynol., 126, 49–64, 2003.
Urey, H. C., Lowenstam, A., Epstein, S., McKinney, C. R.: Measurement of
paleotemperatures and temperatures of the upper Cretaceous of England,
Denmark, and the Southeastern United States, GSA Bull., 62, 399–416,
1951.
Utescher, T., Bruch, A. A., Erdei, B., François, L., Ivanov, D.,
Jacques, F. M. B., Kern, A. K., Liu, Y. S., Mosbrugger, V., and Spicer, R.
A.: The Coexistence Approach – Theoretical background and practical
considerations of using plant fossils for climate quantification,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 410, 58–73,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.031, 2014.
van der Meer, M. T. J., Baas, M., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Marino, G., Rohling,
E. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Hydrogen isotopic
compositions of long-chain alkenones record freshwater flooding of the
Eastern Mediterranean at the onset of sapropel deposition, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 262, 594–600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.014,
2007.
van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., de Groot, L. V., van Schaik, J., Spakman, W.,
Bijl, P. K., Sluijs, A., Langereis, C. G., and Brinkhuis, H.: A
Paleolatitude Calculator for Paleoclimate Studies, PLoS ONE, 10, e0126946,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126946, 2015.
van Roij, L., Sluijs, A., Laks, J. J., and Reichart, G.-J.: Stable carbon
isotope analyses of nanogram quantities of particulate organic carbon
(pollen) with laser ablation nano combustion gas chromatography/isotope
ratio mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 31, 47–58, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7769, 2017.
Vengosh, A., Kolodny, Y., Starinsky, A., Chivas, A. R., and McCulloch, M.
T.: Coprecipitation and isotopic fractionation of boron in modern biogenic
carbonates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 2901–2910, 1991.
Voigt, J., Hathorne, E. C., Frank, M., and Holbourn, A.: Minimal influence
of recrystallization on middle Miocene benthic foraminiferal stable isotope
stratigraphy in the eastern equatorial Pacific, Paleoceanography, 31,
98–114, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002822, 2016.
Volkman, J. K., Eglinton, G., Corner, E. D. S., and Forsberg, T. E. V.:
Long-chain alkenes and alkenones in the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi,
Phytochemistry, 19, 2619–2622, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83930-8, 1980.
Wacker, U., Fiebig, J., Tödter, J., Schöne, B. R., Bahr, A.,
Friedrich, O., Tütken, T., Gischler, E., and Joachimski, M. M.:
Empirical calibration of the clumped isotope paleothermometer using calcites
of various origins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 141, 127–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.06.004, 2014.
Wade, B. S., Al-Sabouni, N., Hemleben, C., and Kroon, D.: Symbiont bleaching
in fossil planktonic foraminifera, Evolut. Ecol., 22, 253–265,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-007-9176-6, 2008.
Warden, L., van der Meer, M. T. J., Moros, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.
S.: Sedimentary alkenone distributions reflect salinity changes in the
Baltic Sea over the Holocene, Org. Geochem., 102, 30–44,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.09.007, 2016.
Weber, Y., De Jonge, C., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Hopmans, E. C., Stadnitskaia,
A., Schubert, C. J., Lehmann, M. F., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and
Niemann, H.: Identification and carbon isotope composition of a novel
branched GDGT isomer in lake sediments: Evidence for lacustrine branched
GDGT production, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 154, 118–129,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.01.032, 2015.
Weijers, J. W., Schouten, S., Spaargaren, O. C., and Sinninghe Damsté,
J. S.: Occurrence and distribution of tetraether membrane lipids in soils:
Implications for the use of the TEX86 proxy and the BIT index, Org.
Geochem., 37, 1680–1693, 2006.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., and Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S.: Warm Arctic continents during the Palaeocene – Eocene
thermal maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 261, 230–238,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.033, 2007.
Weijers, J. W. H., Panoto, E., van Bleijswijk, J., Schouten, S., Rijpstra,
W. I. C., Balk, M., Stams, A. J. M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.:
Constraints on the biological source(s) of the orphan branched tetraether
membrane lipids, Geomicrobiol. J., 26, 402–414,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450902937293, 2009.
Weijers, J. W. H., Steinmann, P., Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Bacterial tetraether membrane lipids in peat
and coal: Testing the MBT-CBT temperature proxy for climate reconstruction,
Org. Geochem., 42, 477–486, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.03.013,
2011.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schefuß, E., Kim, J.-H., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.,
and Schouten, S.: Constraints on the sources of branched tetraether membrane
lipids in distal marine sediments, Org. Geochem., 72, 14–22,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.04.011, 2014.
Weiss, R. F.: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2, 1974.
Weldeab, S., Arce, A., and Kasten, S.:
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Raffi, I., Fornaciari, E., Monechi, S., Reale,
V., Bowles, J., and Evans, H. F.: Astronomical calibration of the Paleocene
time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 257, 377–403,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.09.016, 2008.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Donner, B., McCarren, H. K., and Zachos, J.
C.: A complete high-resolution Paleocene benthic stable isotope record for
the central Pacific (ODP Site 1209), Paleoceanography, 26, PA2216,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa002092, 2011.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Frederichs, T., Agnini, C., Raffi, I., Zachos, J. C., and Wilkens, R. H.: Astronomical calibration of the Ypresian timescale: implications for seafloor spreading rates and the chaotic behavior of the solar system?, Clim. Past, 13, 1129–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1129-2017, 2017.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Donner, B., and Zachos, J. C.: Global extent
of early Eocene hyperthermal events: A new Pacific benthic foraminiferal
isotope record from Shatsky Rise (ODP Site 1209), Paleoceanogr.
Paleoclimatol., 33, 626–642, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017PA003306, 2018.
Wiemann, M. C., Manchester, S. R., Dilcher, D. D., Hinojosa, L. F., and
Wheeler, E. A.: Estimation of temperature and precipitation from
morphological characters of dicotyledonous leaves, Am. J.
Botany, 85, 1796–1802, 1998.
Wilf, P.: When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for Leaf Margin
Analysis, Paleobiology, 23, 373–390, 1997.
Wilf, P., Wing, S. L., Greenwood, D. R., and Greenwood, C. L.: Using fossil
leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators; an Eocene example, Geology, 26,
203–206, 1998.
Wilkes, E. B., Carter, S. J., and Pearson, A.: CO2-dependent carbon
isotope fractionation in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 212, 48–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.05.037, 2017.
Willard, D. A., Donders, T. H., Reichgelt, T., Greenwood, D. R., Sangiorgi,
F., Peterse, F., Nierop, K. G. J., Frieling, J., Schouten, S., and Sluijs,
A.: Arctic vegetation, temperature, and hydrology during Early Eocene
transient global warming events, Global Planet. Change, 178, 139–152,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.012, 2019.
Williams, G. L., Brinkhuis, H., Pearce, M. A., Fensome, R. A., and Weegink,
J. W.: Southern Ocean and global dinoflagellate cyst events compared; index
events for the Late Cretaceous-Neogene, in: The Tasmanian gateway: Cenozoic
climatic and oceanographic development, covering Leg 189 of the cruises of
the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution, Hobart, Tasmania, to Sydney, Australia, edited by:
Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M. J., Proceedings of the Ocean
Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 98 p.,
2004.
Wing, S. L. and Greenwood, D. R.: Fossils and fossil climate: the case for
equable continental interiors in the Eocene, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London B, 341, 243–252, 1993.
Witkowski, C. R., Weijers, J. W. H., Blais, B., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe
Damsté, J. S.: Molecular fossils from phytoplankton reveal secular pCO2
trend over the Phanerozoic, Sci. Adv., 4, eaat4556,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat4556, 2018.
Wolfe, J. A.: Temperature parameters of humid to Mesic forests of Eastern
Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and
Australasia, Geol. Surv. Profess. Paper, 1106, 1–37, 1979.
Wolfe, J. A.: A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf
assemblages, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 2040, 71 pp., 1993.
Woodward, F. I.: Stomatal numbers are sensitive to increases in CO2
from pre-industrial levels, Nature, 327, 617–618, 1987.
Wuchter, C., Schouten, S., Coolen, M. J. L., and Sinninghe Damsté, J.
S.: Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether
membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: Implications for TEX86
paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001041, 2004.
Wycech, J. B., Kelly, D. C., Kozdon, R., Orland, I. J., Spero, H. J., and
Valley, J. W.: Comparison of δ18O analyses on individual
planktic foraminifer (Orbulina universa) shells by SIMS and gas-source mass spectrometry,
Chem. Geol., 483, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.02.028, 2018.
Wynn, J. G.: Towards a physically based model of CO2-induced stomatal
frequency response, New Phytol., 157, 391–398, 2003.
Yang, J., Wang, Y.-F., Spicer, R. A., Mosbrugger, V., Li, C.-S., and Sun,
Q.-G.: Climatic reconstruction at the Miocene Shanwang basin, China, using
leaf margin analysis, CLAMP, coexistence approach, and overlapping
distribution analysis, Am. J. Botany, 94, 599–608,
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.4.599, 2007.
Yang, J., Spicer, R., Spicer, T. V., and Li, C.-S.: “CLAMP Online”: a new
web-based palaeoclimate tool and its application to the terrestrial
Paleogene and Neogene of North America, Palaeobiodiv.
Palaeoenviron., 91, 163–183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-011-0056-2, 2011.
Yang, J., Spicer, R. A., Spicer, T. E. V., Arens, N. C., Jacques, F. M. B.,
Su, T., Kennedy, E. M., Herman, A. B., Steart, D. C., Srivastava, G.,
Mehrotra, R. C., Valdes, P. J., Mehrotra, N. C., Zhou, Z.-K., and Lai,
J.-S.: Leaf form–climate relationships on the global stage: an ensemble of
characters, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 24, 1113–1125,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12334, 2015.
Yu, J. and Elderfield, H.: Benthic foraminiferal B/Ca ratios reflect deep
water carbonate saturation state, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 258,
73–86, 2007.
Yu, J., Elderfield, H., Greaves, M., and Day, J.: Preferential dissolution
of benthic foraminiferal calcite during laboratory reductive cleaning,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q06016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001571, 2007.
Zaarur, S., Affek, H. P., and Brandon, M. T.: A revised calibration of the
clumped isotope thermometer, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 382,
47–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.026, 2013.
Zachos, J. C., Stott, L. D., and Lohmann, K. C.: Evolution of early Cenozoic
marine temperatures, Paleoceanography, 9, 353–387, 1994.
Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L. C., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.:
Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present,
Science, 292, 686–693, 2001.
Zachos, J. C., Wara, M. W., Bohaty, S., Delaney, M. L., Petrizzo, M. R.,
Brill, A., Bralower, T. J., and Premoli-Silva, I.: A transient rise in
tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal
maximum, Science, 302, 1551–1554, 2003.
Zachos, J. C., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S., Quattlebaum, T., Sluijs, A.,
Brinkhuis, H., Gibbs, S., and Bralower, T.: Extreme warming of mid-latitude
coastal ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Inferences from
TEX86 and isotope data, Geology, 34, 737–740, 2006.
Zachos, J. C., Dickens, G. R., and Zeebe, R. E.: An early Cenozoic
perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451,
279–283, 2008.
Zeebe, R. E.: An explanation of the effect of seawater carbonate
concentration on foraminiferal oxygen isotopes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 2001–2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00091-5, 1999.
Zeebe, R. E.: Seawater pH and isotopic paleotemperatures of Cretaceous
oceans, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 170, 49–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00226-7, 2001.
Zeebe, R. E.: Modeling CO2 chemistry, δ13C, and oxidation
of organic carbon and methane in sediment porewater: Implications for
paleo-proxies in benthic foraminifera, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71,
3238–3256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.05.004, 2007.
Zeebe, R. E.: Time-dependent climate sensitivity and the legacy of
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 34, 13739–13744, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222843110, 2013.
Zeebe, R. E., Bijima, J., and Wolf-Gladow, D. A.: A diffusion-reaction model
of carbon isotope fractionation in foraminifera, Mar. Chem., 64,
199–227, 1999.
Zell, C., Kim, J.-H., Balsinha, M., Dorhout, D., Fernandes, C., Baas, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Transport of branched tetraether lipids from the Tagus River basin to the coastal ocean of the Portuguese margin: consequences for the interpretation of the MBT'/CBT paleothermometer, Biogeosciences, 11, 5637–5655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5637-2014, 2014.
Zhang, Y. G., Zhang, C. L., Liu, X.-L., Li, L., Hinrichs, K.-U., and Noakes,
J. E.: Methane Index: a tetraether archaeal lipid biomarker indicator for
detecting the instability of marine gas hydrates, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 307, 525–534, 2011.
Zhang, Y. G., Pagani, M., Liu, Z., Bohaty, S. M., and De Conto, R.: A
40-million-year history of atmospheric CO2, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London A, 371, 20130096, 2013.
Zhang, Y. G., Pagani, M., and Wang, Z.: Ring Index: A new strategy to
evaluate the integrity of TEX86 paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 31,
220–232, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002848, 2016.
Zonneveld, K. A. F., Marret, F., Versteegh, G. J. M., Bogus, K., Bonnet, S.,
Bouimetarhan, I., Crouch, E., de Vernal, A., Elshanawany, R., Edwards, L.,
Esper, O., Forke, S., Grøsfjeld, K., Henry, M., Holzwarth, U., Kielt,
J.-F., Kim, S.-Y., Ladouceur, S., Ledu, D., Chen, L., Limoges, A., Londeix,
L., Lu, S. H., Mahmoud, M. S., Marino, G., Matsouka, K., Matthiessen, J.,
Mildenhall, D. C., Mudie, P., Neil, H. L., Pospelova, V., Qi, Y., Radi, T.,
Richerol, T., Rochon, A., Sangiorgi, F., Solignac, S., Turon, J.-L.,
Verleye, T., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., and Young, M.: Atlas of modern
dinoflagellate cyst distribution based on 2405 data points, Rev.
Palaeobot. Palynol., 191, 1–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.08.003,
2013.
Short summary
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the early Eocene (around 55 million years ago), the last time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Previously, we outlined the experimental design for climate model simulations. Here, we outline the methods used for compilation and analysis of climate proxy data. The resulting climate
atlaswill provide insights into the mechanisms that control past warm climate states.
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the...
