Articles | Volume 9, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3589-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3589-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| Highlight paper
| 
10 Oct 2016
Model experiment description paper | Highlight paper |
| 10 Oct 2016
GMMIP (v1.0) contribution to CMIP6: Global Monsoons Model Inter-comparison Project
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Andrew G. Turner
NCAS-Climate and Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
James L. Kinter
Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies & Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic & Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
Bin Wang
Department of Meteorology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Yun Qian
Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
Xiaolong Chen
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Bo Wu
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Bin Wang
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Bo Liu
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
College of Earth Science, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Liwei Zou
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Bian He
LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Related authors
Meng Zuo, Yong Sun, Yan Zhao, Gilles Ramstein, Lin Ding, and Tianjun Zhou
Clim. Past, 20, 1817–1836, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores the intensification of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) during the Middle Miocene (17–12 Ma). Using an advanced model, we reveal that the uplift of the Iranian Plateau significantly influenced the SASM, especially in northwestern India. This finding surpasses the impact of factors like Himalayan uplift and global CO2 changes. We shed light on the complex dynamics shaping ancient monsoons, providing valuable insights into Earth's climatic history.
Donghuan Li, Tianjun Zhou, Youcun Qi, Liwei Zou, Chao Li, Wenxia Zhang, and Xiaolong Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7347–7358, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two sets of climate model simulations are used to investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic factors of future change in cold extremes in East Asia. Dynamic factor accounted for over 80 % of cold-month temperature anomalies in past 50 years. The intensity of cold extreme is expected to decrease by 5 ℃, with thermodynamic factor contributing ~ 75 % by the end of the 21st century. Changes in dynamic factor are driven by an upward trend of positive Arctic Oscillation-like sea level pressure pattern.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Meng Zuo, Yong Sun, Yan Zhao, Gilles Ramstein, Lin Ding, and Tianjun Zhou
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-76, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the coupled model simulations with realistic early to middle Miocene paleogeography, we reveal that the enhanced South Asian summer monsoon in Middle Miocene is mainly caused by the uplift of Iranian Plateau (IP), rather than the Himalayas. The elevated IP insulates the warm and moist airs in the south of the IP and produces a low-level cyclonic circulation, which leads to the convergence of the warm and moist air in the northwestern India and enhancing the monsoonal precipitation.
Tian Zhou, Yun Qian, and L. Ruby Leung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2237, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2237, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
AI can now write scientific analysis code that looks correct but quietly produces wrong results. We tested whether asking the assistant to assemble analyses from a library of validated building blocks, rather than write code from scratch, makes it more reliable. Across six language models and seven Earth science tasks, free code writing succeeded only about five percent of the time while the constrained approach exceeded eighty percent, suggesting trust needs guardrails.
Ken S. Carslaw, Leighton A. Regayre, Ulrike Proske, Andrew Gettelman, David M. H. Sexton, Yun Qian, Lauren R. Marshall, Oliver Wild, Marcus van Lier-Walqui, Annika Oertel, Saloua Peatier, Ben Yang, Jill S. Johnson, Sihan Li, Daniel T. McCoy, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Christina J. Williamson, Gregory S. Elsaesser, Kuniko Yamazaki, and Ben B. B. Booth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 4651–4667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4651-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4651-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A major challenge in climate science is reducing projection uncertainty despite advances in models and observational constraints. Perturbed parameter ensembles (PPEs) offer a powerful tool to explore and reduce uncertainty by revealing model weaknesses and guiding development. PPEs are now widely applied across climate systems and scales. We argue they should be prioritized alongside complexity and resolution in model resource planning.
Vincent E. Larson, Zhun Guo, Benjamin A. Stephens, Colin Zarzycki, Gerhard Dikta, Yun Qian, and Shaocheng Xie
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 9767–9790, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9767-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9767-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global models of the atmosphere contain errors that lead to inaccurate simulations. A software tool ("QuadTune") is presented that attempts to mitigate errors related to suboptimal parameter values. It also displays diagnostic plots that provide hints about where structural errors might lie in the model.
Naser Mahfouz, Hassan Beydoun, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Noel Keen, Adam C. Varble, Luca Bertagna, Peter Bogenschutz, Andrew Bradley, Matthew W. Christensen, T. Conrad Clevenger, Aaron Donahue, Jerome Fast, James Foucar, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Oksana Guba, Walter Hannah, Benjamin Hillman, Robert Jacob, Wuyin Lin, Po-Lun Ma, Yun Qian, Balwinder Singh, Christopher Terai, Hailong Wang, Mingxuan Wu, Kai Zhang, Andrew Gettelman, Mark Taylor, L. Ruby Leung, Peter Caldwell, and Susannah Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 15105–15120, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15105-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15105-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study assesses the aerosol effective radiative forcing in a global cloud-resolving atmosphere model at ultra-high resolution. We demonstrate that global aerosol forcing signal can be robustly reproduced across resolutions when aerosol activation processes are carefully parameterized. Further, we argue that simplified prescribed aerosol schemes will open the door for further process/mechanism studies under controlled conditions.
Sheng-Lun Tai, Zhao Yang, Brian Gaudet, Koichi Sakaguchi, Larry Berg, Colleen Kaul, Yun Qian, Ye Liu, and Jerome Fast
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4587–4611, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4587-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4587-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study created a high-resolution soil moisture dataset for the eastern US by integrating satellite data with a land surface model and advanced algorithms, achieving 1 km scale analyses. Validated against multiple in situ networks and analysis datasets, it demonstrated superior accuracy. This dataset is vital for understanding soil moisture dynamics, especially during droughts, and highlights the need to mitigate soil-type-dependent biases in the model.
Catherine A. Toolan, Joe Adabouk Amooli, Laura J. Wilcox, Bjørn H. Samset, Andrew G. Turner, and Daniel M. Westervelt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10523–10557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10523-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10523-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores how well air pollution and rainfall patterns in Africa are represented in current climate models by comparing model data to observations from 1981 to 2023. While most models capture seasonal air quality changes well, they struggle to replicate the distribution of non-dust pollutants and certain rainfall patterns, especially over east Africa. Improving these models is crucial for better climate predictions and preparing for future risks.
Jianfeng Li, Andrew Geiss, Zhe Feng, L. Ruby Leung, Yun Qian, and Wenjun Cui
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3721–3740, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3721-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3721-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a high-resolution (4 km and hourly) observational derecho dataset over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains from 2004 to 2021 by using a mesoscale convective system dataset, bow echoes detected by a machine learning method, hourly gust speeds, and physically based identification criteria.
Huilin Huang, Yun Qian, Gautam Bisht, Jiali Wang, Tirthankar Chakraborty, Dalei Hao, Jianfeng Li, Travis Thurber, Balwinder Singh, Zhao Yang, Ye Liu, Pengfei Xue, William J. Sacks, Ethan Coon, and Robert Hetland
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1427–1443, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1427-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1427-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We integrate the E3SM Land Model (ELM) with the WRF model through the Lightweight Infrastructure for Land Atmosphere Coupling (LILAC) Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This framework includes a top-level driver, LILAC, for variable communication between WRF and ELM and ESMF caps for ELM initialization, execution, and finalization. The LILAC–ESMF framework maintains the integrity of the ELM's source code structure and facilitates the transfer of future ELM model developments to WRF-ELM.
Kieran M. R. Hunt, Jean-Philippe Baudouin, Andrew G. Turner, A. P. Dimri, Ghulam Jeelani, Pooja, Rajib Chattopadhyay, Forest Cannon, T. Arulalan, M. S. Shekhar, T. P. Sabin, and Eliza Palazzi
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 43–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-43-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-43-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Western disturbances (WDs) are storms that predominantly affect north India and Pakistan during the winter months, where they play an important role in regional water security, but can also bring a range of natural hazards. In this review, we summarise recent literature across a range of topics: their structure and lifecycle, precipitation and impacts, interactions with large-scale weather patterns, representation in models, how well they are forecast, and their response to changes in climate.
Yangke Liu, Qing Bao, Bian He, Xiaofei Wu, Jing Yang, Yimin Liu, Guoxiong Wu, Tao Zhu, Siyuan Zhou, Yao Tang, Ankang Qu, Yalan Fan, Anling Liu, Dandan Chen, Zhaoming Luo, Xing Hu, and Tongwen Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6249–6275, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We give an overview of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics–Chinese Academy of Sciences subseasonal-to-seasonal ensemble forecasting system and Madden–Julian Oscillation forecast evaluation of the system. Compared to other S2S models, the IAP-CAS model has its benefits but also biases, i.e., underdispersive ensemble, overestimated amplitude, and faster propagation speed when forecasting MJO. We provide a reason for these biases and prospects for further improvement of this system in the future.
Meng Zuo, Yong Sun, Yan Zhao, Gilles Ramstein, Lin Ding, and Tianjun Zhou
Clim. Past, 20, 1817–1836, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores the intensification of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) during the Middle Miocene (17–12 Ma). Using an advanced model, we reveal that the uplift of the Iranian Plateau significantly influenced the SASM, especially in northwestern India. This finding surpasses the impact of factors like Himalayan uplift and global CO2 changes. We shed light on the complex dynamics shaping ancient monsoons, providing valuable insights into Earth's climatic history.
Ye Liu, Yun Qian, Larry K. Berg, Zhe Feng, Jianfeng Li, Jingyi Chen, and Zhao Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8165–8181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection under various large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) shows distinct precipitation features. In southeastern Texas, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute significantly to precipitation year-round, while isolated deep convection (IDC) is prominent in summer and fall. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) reveal convection can occur without large-scale lifting or moisture convergence. MCSs and IDC events have distinct life cycles influenced by specific LSMPs.
Donghuan Li, Tianjun Zhou, Youcun Qi, Liwei Zou, Chao Li, Wenxia Zhang, and Xiaolong Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7347–7358, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two sets of climate model simulations are used to investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic factors of future change in cold extremes in East Asia. Dynamic factor accounted for over 80 % of cold-month temperature anomalies in past 50 years. The intensity of cold extreme is expected to decrease by 5 ℃, with thermodynamic factor contributing ~ 75 % by the end of the 21st century. Changes in dynamic factor are driven by an upward trend of positive Arctic Oscillation-like sea level pressure pattern.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Weiming Ma, Hailong Wang, Gang Chen, Yun Qian, Ian Baxter, Yiling Huo, and Mark W. Seefeldt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4451–4472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme warming events with surface temperature going above 0°C can occur in the high-Arctic winter. Although reanalysis data show that these events were short-lived and occurred rarely during 1980–2021, they have become more frequent, stronger, and longer lasting latterly. A dipole pattern, comprising high- and low-pressure systems, is found to be the key in driving them. These findings have implications for the recent changes in sea ice, hydrological cycle, and ecosystem over the Arctic.
Yawen Liu, Yun Qian, Philip J. Rasch, Kai Zhang, Lai-yung Ruby Leung, Yuhang Wang, Minghuai Wang, Hailong Wang, Xin Huang, and Xiu-Qun Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3115–3128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fire management has long been a challenge. Here we report that spring-peak fire activity over southern Mexico and Central America (SMCA) has a distinct quasi-biennial signal by measuring multiple fire metrics. This signal is initially driven by quasi-biennial variability in precipitation and is further amplified by positive feedback of fire–precipitation interaction at short timescales. This work highlights the importance of fire–climate interactions in shaping fires on an interannual scale.
Yuying Zhang, Shaocheng Xie, Yi Qin, Wuyin Lin, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Xue Zheng, Po-Lun Ma, Yun Qian, Qi Tang, Christopher R. Terai, and Meng Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 169–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed systematic evaluation of clouds simulated in the Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2) to document model performance and understand what updates in E3SMv2 have caused changes in clouds from E3SMv1 to E3SMv2. We find that stratocumulus clouds along the subtropical west coast of continents are dramatically improved, primarily due to the retuning done in CLUBB. This study offers additional insights into clouds simulated in E3SMv2 and will benefit future E3SM developments.
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2) to document model performance and understand what updates in E3SMv2 have caused changes in clouds from E3SMv1 to E3SMv2. We find that stratocumulus clouds along the subtropical west coast of continents are dramatically improved, primarily due to the retuning done in CLUBB. This study offers additional insights into clouds simulated in E3SMv2 and will benefit future E3SM developments.
Giorgia Di Capua, Dim Coumou, Bart van den Hurk, Antje Weisheimer, Andrew G. Turner, and Reik V. Donner
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 701–723, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy rainfall in tropical regions interacts with mid-latitude circulation patterns, and this interaction can explain weather patterns in the Northern Hemisphere during summer. In this analysis we detect these tropical–extratropical interaction pattern both in observational datasets and data obtained by atmospheric models and assess how well atmospheric models can reproduce the observed patterns. We find a good agreement although these relationships are weaker in model data.
Chandan Sarangi, Yun Qian, L. Ruby Leung, Yang Zhang, Yufei Zou, and Yuhang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1769–1783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show that for air quality, the densely populated eastern US may see even larger impacts of wildfires due to long-distance smoke transport and associated positive climatic impacts, partially compensating the improvements from regulations on anthropogenic emissions. This study highlights the tension between natural and anthropogenic contributions and the non-local nature of air pollution that complicate regulatory strategies for improving future regional air quality for human health.
Dalei Hao, Gautam Bisht, Karl Rittger, Edward Bair, Cenlin He, Huilin Huang, Cheng Dang, Timbo Stillinger, Yu Gu, Hailong Wang, Yun Qian, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 75–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow with the highest albedo of land surface plays a vital role in Earth’s surface energy budget and water cycle. This study accounts for the impacts of snow grain shape and mixing state of light-absorbing particles with snow on snow albedo in the E3SM land model. The findings advance our understanding of the role of snow grain shape and mixing state of LAP–snow in land surface processes and offer guidance for improving snow simulations and radiative forcing estimates in Earth system models.
Huilin Huang, Yun Qian, Ye Liu, Cenlin He, Jianyu Zheng, Zhibo Zhang, and Antonis Gkikas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15469–15488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using a clustering method developed in the field of artificial neural networks, we identify four typical dust transport patterns across the Sierra Nevada, associated with the mesoscale and regional-scale wind circulations. Our results highlight the connection between dust transport and dominant weather patterns, which can be used to understand dust transport in a changing climate.
Meng Zuo, Yong Sun, Yan Zhao, Gilles Ramstein, Lin Ding, and Tianjun Zhou
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-76, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the coupled model simulations with realistic early to middle Miocene paleogeography, we reveal that the enhanced South Asian summer monsoon in Middle Miocene is mainly caused by the uplift of Iranian Plateau (IP), rather than the Himalayas. The elevated IP insulates the warm and moist airs in the south of the IP and produces a low-level cyclonic circulation, which leads to the convergence of the warm and moist air in the northwestern India and enhancing the monsoonal precipitation.
Kieran M. R. Hunt and Andrew G. Turner
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1341–1358, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
More than half of India's summer monsoon rainfall arises from low-pressure systems: storms originating over the Bay of Bengal. In observation-based data, we examine how the generation and pathway of these storms are changed by the
boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation– the chief means of large-scale control on the monsoon at timescales of a few weeks. Our study offers new insights for useful prediction of these storms, important for both water resources planning and disaster early warning.
Zhiqiang Liu, Ning Zeng, Yun Liu, Eugenia Kalnay, Ghassem Asrar, Bo Wu, Qixiang Cai, Di Liu, and Pengfei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5511–5528, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5511-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5511-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We described the application of a constrained ensemble Kalman filter (CEnKF) in a joint CO2 and surface carbon fluxes estimation study. By assimilating the pseudo-surface and OCO-2 observations, the annual global flux estimation is significantly biased without mass conservation. With the additional CEnKF process, the CO2 mass is strictly constrained, and the estimation of annual fluxes is significantly improved.
Kai Zhang, Wentao Zhang, Hui Wan, Philip J. Rasch, Steven J. Ghan, Richard C. Easter, Xiangjun Shi, Yong Wang, Hailong Wang, Po-Lun Ma, Shixuan Zhang, Jian Sun, Susannah M. Burrows, Manish Shrivastava, Balwinder Singh, Yun Qian, Xiaohong Liu, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Qi Tang, Xue Zheng, Shaocheng Xie, Wuyin Lin, Yan Feng, Minghuai Wang, Jin-Ho Yoon, and L. Ruby Leung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9129–9160, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze the effective aerosol forcing simulated by E3SM version 1 using both century-long free-running and short nudged simulations. The aerosol forcing in E3SMv1 is relatively large compared to other models, mainly due to the large indirect aerosol effect. Aerosol-induced changes in liquid and ice cloud properties in E3SMv1 have a strong correlation. The aerosol forcing estimates in E3SMv1 are sensitive to the parameterization changes in both liquid and ice cloud processes.
Ambrogio Volonté, Andrew G. Turner, Reinhard Schiemann, Pier Luigi Vidale, and Nicholas P. Klingaman
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 575–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse the complex seasonal evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. Using reanalysis data, we show the importance of the interaction between tropical and extratropical air masses converging at the monsoon front, particularly during its northward progression. The upper-level flow pattern (e.g. the westerly jet) controls the balance between the airstreams and thus the associated rainfall. This framework provides a basis for studies of extreme events and climate variability.
Po-Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard B. Neale, Andrew Gettelman, Hugh Morrison, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Mark D. Zelinka, Yuying Zhang, Yun Qian, Jin-Ho Yoon, Christopher R. Jones, Meng Huang, Sheng-Lun Tai, Balwinder Singh, Peter A. Bogenschutz, Xue Zheng, Wuyin Lin, Johannes Quaas, Hélène Chepfer, Michael A. Brunke, Xubin Zeng, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Samson Hagos, Zhibo Zhang, Hua Song, Xiaohong Liu, Michael S. Pritchard, Hui Wan, Jingyu Wang, Qi Tang, Peter M. Caldwell, Jiwen Fan, Larry K. Berg, Jerome D. Fast, Mark A. Taylor, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Shaocheng Xie, Philip J. Rasch, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2881–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An alternative set of parameters for E3SM Atmospheric Model version 1 has been developed based on a tuning strategy that focuses on clouds. When clouds in every regime are improved, other aspects of the model are also improved, even though they are not the direct targets for calibration. The recalibrated model shows a lower sensitivity to anthropogenic aerosols and surface warming, suggesting potential improvements to the simulated climate in the past and future.
Sally S.-C. Wang, Yun Qian, L. Ruby Leung, and Yang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3445–3468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3445-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3445-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops an interpretable machine learning (ML) model predicting monthly PM2.5 fire emission over the contiguous US at 0.25° resolution and compares the prediction skills of the ML and process-based models. The comparison facilitates attributions of model biases and better understanding of the strengths and uncertainties in the two types of models at regional scales, for informing future model development and their applications in fire emission projection.
Ye Liu, Yun Qian, and Larry K. Berg
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 37–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-37-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-37-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainties in initial conditions (ICs) decrease the accuracy of wind speed forecasts. We find that IC uncertainties can alter wind speed by modulating the weather system. IC uncertainties in local thermal gradient and large-scale circulation jointly contribute to wind speed forecast uncertainties. Wind forecast accuracy in the Columbia River Basin is confined by initial uncertainties in a few specific regions, providing useful information for more intense measurement and modeling studies.
Mark R. Muetzelfeldt, Reinhard Schiemann, Andrew G. Turner, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Pier Luigi Vidale, and Malcolm J. Roberts
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6381–6405, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6381-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) rainfall poses many challenges because of its multi-scale nature. We evaluate three setups of a 14 km global climate model against observations to see if they improve simulated rainfall. We do this over catchment basins of different sizes to estimate how model performance depends on spatial scale. Using explicit convection improves rainfall diurnal cycle, yet more model tuning is needed to improve mean and intensity biases in simulated summer rainfall.
Jinxiao Li, Qing Bao, Yimin Liu, Lei Wang, Jing Yang, Guoxiong Wu, Xiaofei Wu, Bian He, Xiaocong Wang, Xiaoqi Zhang, Yaoxian Yang, and Zili Shen
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6113–6133, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6113-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The configuration and simulated performance of tropical cyclones (TCs) in FGOALS-f3-L/H will be introduced firstly. The results indicate that the simulated performance of TC activities is improved globally with the increased horizontal resolution especially in TC counts, seasonal cycle, interannual variabilities and intensity aspects. It is worth establishing a high-resolution coupled dynamic prediction system based on FGOALS-f3-H (~ 25 km) to improve the prediction skill of TCs.
Yongkang Xue, Tandong Yao, Aaron A. Boone, Ismaila Diallo, Ye Liu, Xubin Zeng, William K. M. Lau, Shiori Sugimoto, Qi Tang, Xiaoduo Pan, Peter J. van Oevelen, Daniel Klocke, Myung-Seo Koo, Tomonori Sato, Zhaohui Lin, Yuhei Takaya, Constantin Ardilouze, Stefano Materia, Subodh K. Saha, Retish Senan, Tetsu Nakamura, Hailan Wang, Jing Yang, Hongliang Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xin-Zhong Liang, J. David Neelin, Frederic Vitart, Xin Li, Ping Zhao, Chunxiang Shi, Weidong Guo, Jianping Tang, Miao Yu, Yun Qian, Samuel S. P. Shen, Yang Zhang, Kun Yang, Ruby Leung, Yuan Qiu, Daniele Peano, Xin Qi, Yanling Zhan, Michael A. Brunke, Sin Chan Chou, Michael Ek, Tianyi Fan, Hong Guan, Hai Lin, Shunlin Liang, Helin Wei, Shaocheng Xie, Haoran Xu, Weiping Li, Xueli Shi, Paulo Nobre, Yan Pan, Yi Qin, Jeff Dozier, Craig R. Ferguson, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Qing Bao, Jinming Feng, Jinkyu Hong, Songyou Hong, Huilin Huang, Duoying Ji, Zhenming Ji, Shichang Kang, Yanluan Lin, Weiguang Liu, Ryan Muncaster, Patricia de Rosnay, Hiroshi G. Takahashi, Guiling Wang, Shuyu Wang, Weicai Wang, Xu Zhou, and Yuejian Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4465–4494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The subseasonal prediction of extreme hydroclimate events such as droughts/floods has remained stubbornly low for years. This paper presents a new international initiative which, for the first time, introduces spring land surface temperature anomalies over high mountains to improve precipitation prediction through remote effects of land–atmosphere interactions. More than 40 institutions worldwide are participating in this effort. The experimental protocol and preliminary results are presented.
Cited articles
Annamalai, H., Hafner, J., Sooraj, K. P., and Pillai, P.: Global warming shifts the monsoon circulation, drying South Asia, J. Climate, 26, 2701–2718, 2013.
Bollassina, M. A., Ming, Y., and Ramaswamy,V.: Anthropogenic aerosols and the weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon, Science, 224, 502–505, 2011.
Boer, G. J., Smith, D. M., Cassou, C., Doblas-Reyes, F., Danabasoglu, G., Kirtman, B., Kushnir, Y., Kimoto, M., Meehl, G. A., Msadek, R., Mueller, W. A., Taylor, K., and Zwiers, F.: The Decadal Climate Prediction Project, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-78, in review, 2016.
Boos, W. R. and Kuang, Z. M.: Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation vs. plateau heating, Nature, 463, 218–223, 2010.
Boos, W. R. and Kuang, Z. M.: Sensitivity of the South Asian monsoon to elevated and non-elevated heating, Sci. Rep., 3, 1192, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01192, 2013.
Chen, H., Zhou T., Neale, R. B., Wu, X., and Zhang, G. J.: Performance of the new NCAR CAM3.5 in East Asian summer monsoon simulations: Sensitivity to modifications of the convection scheme, J. Climate, 23, 3657–3675, 2010.
Chen, X. and Zhou, T.: Relative role of tropical SST forcing in the 1990s periodicity change of the Pacific-Japan pattern interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 13043–13066, 2014.
Chen, X. and Zhou, T.: Distinct effects of global mean warming and regional seasurface warming pattern on projected uncertaintyin the South Asian summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9433–9439, 2015.
Cherchi, A., Alessandri, A., Masina, S., and Navarra A,: Effects of increased CO2 levels on monsoons, Clim. Dynam., 37, 83–101, 2011.
Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Matsui, N., Allan, R. J., Yin, X., Gleason, B. E., Vose, R. S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R. I., Grant, A. N., Groisman, P. Y., Jones, P. D., Kruk, M., Kruger, A. C., Marshall, G. J., Maugeri, M., Mok, H. Y., Nordli, Ø., Ross, T. F., Trigo, R. M., Wang, X. L., Woodruff, S. D., and Worley S. J.: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1–28, 2011.
Cook, B. I. and Seager, R.: The response of the North American Monsoon to increased greenhouse gas forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1690–1699, 2013.
Cook, K. H., Meehl, G. A., and Arblaster, J. M.: Monsoon regimes and processes in CCSM4. Part II: African and American monsoon systems, J. Climate, 25, 2609–2621, 2012.
Endo, H. and Kitoh, A.: Thermodynamic and dynamic effects on regional monsoon rainfall changes in a warmer climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1704–1710, 2014.
Enfield, D., Mestas-Nuñez, A., and Trimble, P.: The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S., Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2077–2080, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012745, 2001.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Flohn, H.: Large-scale aspects of the “summer monsoon” in South and East Asia, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 11, 180–186, 1957.
Folland, C. K., Palmer, T. N., and Parker, D. E.: Sahelian rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures 1901–1985, Nature, 320, 602–607, 1986.
Folland, C. K., Renwick, J. A., and Salinger, M. J., Mullan A. B.: Relative influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1643, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014201, 2002.
Gaetani, M. and Mohino, E.: Decadal prediction of the Sahelian precipitation in CMIP5 simulations, J. Climate, 26, 7708–7719, 2013.
Goswami, B. N., Madhusoodanan, M. S., Neema, C. P., and Sengupta, D.: A physical mechanism for North Atlantic SST influence on the Indian summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024803, 2006.
Guo, Z., Zhou, T., Wang, M., and Qian, Y.: Impact of cloud radiative heating on East Asian summer monsoon circulation, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 074014, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074014, 2015.
Gutowski Jr., W. J., Giorgi, F., Timbal, B., Frigon, A., Jacob, D., Kang, H.-S., Krishnan, R., Lee, B., Lennard, C., Nikulin, G., O'Rourke, E., Rixen, M., Solman, S., Stephenson, T., and Tangang, F.: WCRP COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX): A diagnostic MIP for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-120, in review, 2016.
Haarsma, R. J., Roberts, M., Vidale, P. L., Senior, C. A., Bellucci, A., Bao, Q., Chang, P., Corti, S., Fuckar, N. S., Guemas, V., von Hardenberg, J., Hazeleger, W., Kodama, C., Koenigk, T., Leung, L. R., Lu, J., Luo, J.-J., Mao, J., Mizielinski, M. S., Mizuta, R., Nobre, P., Satoh, M., Scoccimarro, E., Semmler, T., Small, J., and von Storch, J.-S.: High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP), Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-66, in review, 2016.
Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Lister, D. H.: Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3.10 Dataset, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 623–642, 2014.
He, B., Yang, S., and Li Z.: Role of atmospheric heating over the South China Sea and western Pacific regions in modulating Asian summer climate under the global warming background, Clim. Dynam., 46, 2897–2908, 2016.
Hoerling, M., Hurrell, J., Eischeid, J., and Phillips, A.: Detection and Attribution of Twentieth-Century Northern and Southern African Rainfall Change, J. Climate, 19, 3989–4008, 2006.
Hurrell, J., Hack, J., Shea, D., Caron, J., and Rosinski J.: A new sea surface temperature and sea ice boundary data set for the Community Atmosphere Model, J. Climate, 21, 5145–5153, 2008.
Kitoh, A., Endo, H., Krishna Kumar, K., Cavalcanti, I. F., Goswami, P., and Zhou, T.: Monsoons in a changing world, a regional perspective in a global context, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 3053–3065, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50258, 2013.
Kosaka, K. and Xie, S.-P.: Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling, Nature, 501, 403–407, 2013.
Lau, K. M., Tsay, S. C., Hsu, C., Chin, M., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G. X., Li, Z., Sikka, R., Holben, B., Lu, D., Chen, H., Tartari, G., Koudelova, P., Ma, Y., Huang, J., Taniguchi, K., and Zhang, R.: The joint aerosol–monsoon experiment: A new challenge for monsoon climate research, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 369–383, 2008.
Li, H., Dai, A., Zhou, T., and Lu, J.: Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950–2000, Clim. Dynam., 34, 501–514, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0482-7, 2010.
Lin, R., Zhou, T., and Qian, Y.: Evaluation of Global Monsoon precipitation changes based on five reanalysis datasets, J. Climate, 27, 1271–1289, 2014.
Liu, J., Wang, B., Cane, M. A., Yim, S. Y., and Lee, J. Y.: Divergent global precipitation changes induced by natural vs. anthropogenic forcing, Nature, 493, 656–659, 2013.
Lu, R., Dong, B., and Ding, H.: Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the Asian summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L24701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027655, 2006.
Mantua, N. J. and Hare, S. R.: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, J. Oceanogr., 58, 35–44, 2002.
Meehl, G. A. and Hu, A.: Megadroughts in the Indian Monsoon region and Southwest North America and a mechanism for associated multidecadal Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, J. Climate, 19, 1605–1623, 2006.
Menon, S., Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., and Luo, Y.: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250–2253, 2002.
Parthasarathy, B., Munot, A. A., and Kothawale, D. R.: All India monthly and seasonal rainfall series: 1871–1993, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 49, 217–224, 1994.
Poli, P., Hersbach, H., Dee, D. P., Berrisford, P., Simmons, A. J., Vitart, F., Laloyaux, P., Tan, D. G. H., Peubey, C., Thépaut, J.-N., Trémolet, Y., Hólm, E. V., Bonavita, M., Isaksen, L., and Fisher, M.: ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century, J. Climate, 29, 4083–4097, 2016.
Polson, D., Bollasina, M., Hegerl, G. C., and Wilcox, L. J.: Decreased monsoon precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere due to anthropogenic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6023–6029, 2014.
Power, S., Casey, T., Folland, C., Colman, A., and Mehta V.: Interdecadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia, Clim. Dynam., 15, 319–324, 1999.
Qian, C. and Zhou, T.: Multidecadal variability of North China aridity and its relationship to PDO during 1900–2010, J. Climate, 27, 1210–1222, 2014.
Qian, Y. and Giorgi, F.: Interactive coupling of regional climate and sulfate aerosol models over East Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6477–6499, 1999.
Qian, Y., Kaiser, D. P., Leung, L. R., and Xu, M.: More frequent cloud-free sky and less surface solar radiation in China from 1955 to 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024586, 2006.
Qian Y., Gong, D., Fan, J., Leung, L. R., Bennartz, R., Chen, D., and Wang, W.: Heavy pollution suppresses light rain in China: observations and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00K02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011575, 2009.
Qian, Y., Flanner, M. G., Leung, L. R., and Wang, W.: Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1929–1948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1929-2011, 2011.
Qian, Y., Yasunari, T. J., Doherty, S. J., Flanner, M. G., Lau, W. K., Ming, J., Wang, H., Wang, M., Warren, S. G., and Zhang, R.: Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 64–91, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0010-0, 2015.
Qiu, J.: Monsoon melee, Science, 340, 1400–1401, 2013.
Schneider, T., Bischoff, T., and Haug, G. H.: Migrations and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone, Nature, 513, 45–53, 2014.
Slingo, J., Spencer, H., Hoskins, B., Berrisford, P., and Black, E.: The meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean, and the influence of the East African Highlands, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 25–42, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1473, 2005.
Song, F. and Zhou, T.: Interannual variability of East Asian summer monsoon simulated by CMIP3 and CMIP5 AGCMs: Skill dependence on Indian Ocean–western Pacific anticyclone teleconnection, J. Climate, 27, 1679–1697, 2014a.
Song F. and Zhou, T.: The climatology and inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon in CMIP5 coupled models: Does air-sea coupling improve the simulations?, J. Climate, 27, 8761–8777, 2014b.
Song, F., Zhou, T., and Qian Y.: Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to natural and anthropogenic forcings in the 17 latest CMIP5 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 596–603, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058705, 2014.
Sperber, K. R., Annamalai, H., Kang, I. S., Kitoh, A., Moise, A., Turner, A., Wang B., and Zhou, T.: The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century, Clim. Dynam., 41, 2771–2744, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6, 2013.
Stainforth, D. A., Aina, T., Christensen, C., Collins, M., Faull, N., Frame, D. J., Kettleborough, J. A., Knight, S., Martin, A., Murphy, J. M., Piani, C., Sexton, D., Smith, L. A., Spicer, R. A., Thorpe A. J., and Allen, M. R.: Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases, Nature, 433, 403–406, 2005.
Sutton, R. T. and Hodson, D. L. R.: Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate, Science 309, 115–118, 2005.
Trenberth, K., Stepaniak, D., and Caron, J.: The global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation, J. Climate, 13, 3969–3993, 2000.
Trenberth, K. E. and Shea, D. J.: Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026894, 2006.
Turner, A. G., Inness, P. M., and Slingo, J. M.: The role of the basic state in the ENSO-monsoon relationship and implications for predictability, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 781–804, 2005.
Wang, B.: Climatic regimes of tropical convection and rainfall, J. Climate, 7, 1109–1118, 1994.
Wang, B. and Ding, Q.: Changes in global monsoon precipitation over the past 56 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025347, 2006.
Wang, B. and Ding, Q.: Global monsoon: Dominant mode of annual variation in the tropics, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 44, 165–183, 2008.
Wang, B., Ding, Q. H., Fu, X. H., Kang, I. S., Jin, K., Shukla, J., and Doblas-Reyes, F.: Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022734, 2005.
Wang, B., Liu, J., Kim, H. J., Webster, P. J., and Yim, S. Y.: Recent Change of the Global Monsoon Precipitation (1979–2008), Clim. Dynam., 39, 1123–1135, 2012.
Wang, B., Liu, J., Kim, H. J., Webster, P. J., Yim, S. Y., and Xiang, B.: Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon intensified by mega-El Niño/southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 5347–5352, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219405110, 2013.
Wang, P. X., Wang, B., Cheng, H., Fasullo, J., Guo, Z. T., Kiefer, T., and Liu, Z. Y.: The global monsoon across timescales: coherent variability of regional monsoons, Clim. Past, 10, 2007–2052, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2007-2014, 2014.
Wu, G., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Duan, A., Wang, T., Wan, R., Liu, X., Li, W., Wang, Z., and Liang X.: The influence of the mechanical and thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asian climate, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 770–789, 2007.
Wu, G., Liu, Y., He, B., Bao, Q., Duan A., and Jin, F. F.: Thermal controls on the Asian summer monsoon, Sci. Rep. 2, 404, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00404, 2012.
Wu, G., Zhuo, H., Wang, Z., and Liu Y.: Two types of summertime heating over the Asian large-scale orography and excitation of potential-vorticity forcing I. Over Tibetan Plateau, Sci. China Earth Sci., 59, 1996–2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5328-2, 2016.
Yanai, M. and Wu, G. X.: Effects of the Tibetan plateau, in: The Asian Monsoon, edited by: Wang, B., Springer, New York, USA, 513–549, 2006.
Yeh, T. C. and Wu, G.: The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation, Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 67, 181–198, 1998.
Yeh, T. C., Lo, S., and Chu, P.: The wind structure and heat balance in the lower troposphere over Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 28, 108–121, 1957.
Yim, S. Y., Wang. B., and Kwon M.: Interdecadal change of the controlling mechanisms for East Asian early summer rainfall variation around the mid-1990s, Clim. Dynam., 42, 1325–1333, 2014.
Zhang, L. and Zhou, T.: An assessment of monsoon precipitation changes during 1901–2001, Clim. Dynam., 37, 279–296, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-0993-5, 2011.
Zhang, R. and Delworth, T. L.: Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026267, 2006.
Zhou, T., Yu, R., Li, H., and Wang, B.: Ocean forcing to changes in global monsoon precipitation over the recent half-century, J. Climate, 21, 3833–3852, 2008a.
Zhou, T., Zhang, L., and Li, H.: Changes in global land monsoon area and total rainfall accumulation over the last half century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034881, 2008b.
Zhou T., Wu, B., and Wang, B.: How well do atmospheric general circulation models capture the leading modes of the interannual variability of the Asian-Australian Monsoon?, J. Climate, 22, 1159–1173, 2009a.
Zhou, T., Gong, D., Li, J., and Li, B.: Detecting and understanding the multi-decadal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon – Recent progress and state of affairs, Meteorol. Z., 18, 455–467, 2009b.
Zhou, T., Song, F., Lin, R., Chen, X., and Chen, X.: The 2012 North China floods: Explaining an extreme rainfall event in the context of a long-term drying tendency, in: Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, S49–S51, 2013.
Short summary
This paper tells why to launch the Global Monsoons Model Inter-comparison Project (GMMIP) and how to achieve its scientific goals on monsoon variability. It addresses the scientific questions to be answered, describes three tiered experiments comprehensively and proposes a basic analysis framework to guide future research. It will help the monsoon research communities to understand the objectives of the GMMIP and the modelling groups involved in the GMMIP conduct the experiments successfully.
This paper tells why to launch the Global Monsoons Model Inter-comparison Project (GMMIP) and...
