This study evaluates how horizontal resolution (~ 25 vs. ~ 100 km) affects El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (CAS FGOALS-f3) climate model. A reproducible, process-based framework reveals ENSO biases stem from resolution-dependent air–sea feedbacks and high-frequency atmospheric variability. This work informs future development for the FGOALS-f3 family and serves as a reference for CMIP6/CMIP7 evaluation.

Wildfires pose serious risks to natural environments and cities, making it essential to predict how smoke travels through the air. We studied how wind patterns affect computer models of fire spread. We simulated fires under both smooth and turbulent airflows. Our results show that while assuming smooth wind is acceptable for light breezes, it causes errors in moderate winds. Therefore, models must account for natural turbulence to accurately predict fire plume in realistic weather.