Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2747-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2747-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
16 May 2025
Model experiment description paper |
| 16 May 2025
| 16 May 2025
The Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP): mercury modeling to support international environmental policy
Ashu Dastoor
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec, Canada
Hélène Angot
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
Johannes Bieser
Institute of Coastal Systems – Analysis and Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
Flora Brocza
Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Brock Edwards
Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Aryeh Feinberg
Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Xinbin Feng
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Benjamin Geyman
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
Charikleia Gournia
Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Yipeng He
Applied Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Ian M. Hedgecock
CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rende, Italy
Ilia Ilyin
Ecological Synthesizing Centre – East, Moscow, Russia
Jane Kirk
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Che-Jen Lin
Center for Advances in Water and Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA
Igor Lehnherr
Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Robert Mason
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
David McLagan
Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Marilena Muntean
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
Peter Rafaj
Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Eric M. Roy
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Andrei Ryjkov
Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec, Canada
Noelle E. Selin
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Francesco De Simone
CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rende, Italy
Anne L. Soerensen
Department of Environmental Monitoring and Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
Frits Steenhuisen
Arctic Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Oleg Travnikov
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Shuxiao Wang
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
Simon Wilson
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, Tromsø, Norway
Rosa Wu
Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Qingru Wu
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
Yanxu Zhang
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
Wei Zhu
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
Scott Zolkos
Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
Related authors
Kirill Semeniuk, Ashu Dastoor, and Alex Lupu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2958, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2958, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The MOSAIC inorganic aerosol sub-model has been implemented in the GEM-MACH air quality model. MOSAIC includes metal cation reactions and is a non-equilibrium, two-moment scheme that conserves aerosol number. Compared to the current aerosol sub-model, MOSAIC produces a more accurate size distribution and aerosol number concentration. It also improves the simulated nitrate and ammonium distribution. This work serves to expand the capacity of GEM-MACH for chemistry and weather coupling.
Mohammad Mortezazadeh, Jean-François Cossette, Ashu Dastoor, Jean de Grandpré, Irena Ivanova, and Abdessamad Qaddouri
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 335–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The interpolation process is the most computationally expensive step of the semi-Lagrangian (SL) approach. In this paper we implement a new interpolation scheme into the semi-Lagrangian approach which has the same computational cost as a third-order polynomial scheme but with the accuracy of a fourth-order interpolation scheme. This improvement is achieved by using two third-order backward and forward polynomial interpolation schemes in two consecutive time steps.
Robin Stevens, Andrei Ryjkov, Mahtab Majdzadeh, and Ashu Dastoor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13527–13549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Absorbing particles like black carbon can be coated with other matter. How much radiation these particles absorb depends on the coating thickness. The removal of these particles by clouds and rain depends on the coating composition. These effects are important for both climate and air quality. We implement a more detailed representation of these particles in an air quality model which accounts for both coating thickness and composition. We find a significant effect on particle concentrations.
Ashu Dastoor, Andrei Ryjkov, Gregor Kos, Junhua Zhang, Jane Kirk, Matthew Parsons, and Alexandra Steffen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12783–12807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12783-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12783-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of mercury levels in air and deposition in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) in Northern Alberta, Canada, was conducted to investigate the contribution of Hg emitted from oil sands activities to the surrounding landscape using a 3D process-based Hg model in 2012–2015. Oil sands Hg emissions are found to be important sources of Hg contamination to the local landscape in proximity to the processing activities, particularly in wintertime.
Annemarie Fraser, Ashu Dastoor, and Andrei Ryjkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7263–7286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7263-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7263-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper quantifies the emissions of mercury from biomass burning in Canada. Using an emissions inventory of mercury in the GEM-MACH-Hg model, surface observations of mercury concentration, and a top-down inversion method, we generate optimized emissions of mercury. We find that biomass burning is an important source of mercury emissions and deposition in Canada. Significant uncertainty remains, due to uncertainty in the speciation of emitted mercury.
Johannes Bieser, Franz Slemr, Jesse Ambrose, Carl Brenninkmeijer, Steve Brooks, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco DeSimone, Ralf Ebinghaus, Christian N. Gencarelli, Beate Geyer, Lynne E. Gratz, Ian M. Hedgecock, Daniel Jaffe, Paul Kelley, Che-Jen Lin, Lyatt Jaegle, Volker Matthias, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Shaojie Song, Oleg Travnikov, Andreas Weigelt, Winston Luke, Xinrong Ren, Andreas Zahn, Xin Yang, Yun Zhu, and Nicola Pirrone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6925–6955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a multi model study to investigate our ability to reproduce the vertical distribution of mercury in the atmosphere. For this, we used observational data from over 40 aircraft flights in EU and US. We compared observations to the results of seven chemistry transport models and found that the models are able to reproduce vertical gradients of total and elemental Hg. Finally, we found that different chemical reactions seem responsible for the oxidation of Hg depending on altitude.
Oleg Travnikov, Hélène Angot, Paulo Artaxo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Johannes Bieser, Francesco D'Amore, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Volker Matthias, Nikolay Mashyanov, Nicola Pirrone, Ramesh Ramachandran, Katie Alana Read, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Fabrizio Sena, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Dennis Wip, Ingvar Wängberg, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5271–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data and simulation results of chemical transport models. Evaluation of the model simulations and numerical experiments against observations allows explaining spatial and temporal variations of Hg concentration in the near-surface atmospheric layer and shows possibility of multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.
Hélène Angot, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, Katarina Gårdfeldt, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Sarka Langer, Olivier Magand, Michelle N. Mastromonaco, Claus Nordstrøm, Katrine A. Pfaffhuber, Nicola Pirrone, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Henrik Skov, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Alexandra Steffen, Kenjiro Toyota, Oleg Travnikov, Xin Yang, and Aurélien Dommergue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10735–10763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This is a synthesis of the atmospheric mercury (Hg) monitoring data available in recent years (2011–2015) in the Arctic and in Antarctica along with a comparison of these observations with numerical simulations using four cutting-edge global models. Based on this comparison, we discuss whether the processes that affect atmospheric Hg seasonality and interannual variability are appropriately represented in the models, and identify remaining research gaps.
K. Toyota, J. C. McConnell, R. M. Staebler, and A. P. Dastoor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4101–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4101-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4101-2014, 2014
K. Toyota, A. P. Dastoor, and A. Ryzhkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4135–4167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4135-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4135-2014, 2014
G. Kos, A. Ryzhkov, A. Dastoor, J. Narayan, A. Steffen, P. A. Ariya, and L. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4839–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, 2013
Hiram Abif Meza-Landero, Julia Bruckert, Ronny Petrick, Pascal Simon, Heike Vogel, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, and Martin Ramacher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2289, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how persistent hazardous industrial chemicals travel through the air and are deposited back on Earth's surface, we created a new computer model that combines meteorology and chemistry in clouds and clean air. Using the most recent global emissions data, this model represents the trajectory and changes of these chemicals, matching patterns in many areas and overlooking others. The work seeks to improve global monitoring and modeling of hazardous chemicals.
David Johannes Amptmeijer, Andrea Padilla, Sofia Modesti, Corinna Schrum, and Johannes Bieser
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1494, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper combines a literature review with a 1D coupled Hg speciation and bioaccumulation model to assess how feeding strategy influences inorganic and methylmercury levels at the food web's base. We find that filter feeders have higher MeHg concentrations, while suspension feeders show very low MeHg. These results highlight feeding strategy as a key driver in MeHg bioaccumulation variability.
David Johannes Amptmeijer, Elena Mikhavee, Ute Daewel, Johannes Bieser, and Corinna Schrum
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1486, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze mercury bioaccumulation, including both methylated and inorganic Hg. While methylmercury is the primary toxin of concern, modeling inorganic Hg bioaccumulation reveals its role in marine mercury cycling. We find that bioaccumulation strongly influences mercury dynamics, increasing methylmercury levels. This effect is more pronounced in well-mixed coastal waters than in permanently stratified deep waters.
Excellent O. Eboigbe, Nimelan Veerasamy, Abiodun M. Odukoya, Nnamdi C. Anene, Jeroen E. Sonke, Sayuri Sakisaka Méndez, and David S. McLagan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1402, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1402, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Air, soil, and three common staple crops were assess at an ASGM processing site and Hg contamination observed at a farm ≈500 m from the processing site. Of the crop tissues examined, foliage had the highest concentrations. Mercury stable isotopes indicate uptake of mercury from the air to the foliage as is the dominant uptake pathway. Using typical dietary data for Nigerians, Hg intake from these crops were below reference dose levels and generally safe for consumption.
Zeqi Li, Bin Zhao, Shengyue Li, Zhezhe Shi, Dejia Yin, Qingru Wu, Fenfen Zhang, Xiao Yun, Guanghan Huang, Yun Zhu, and Shuxiao Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-104, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-104, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses an ensemble machine learning model to predict long-term, high-resolution cooking activity data, establishing China’s first county-level cooking emission inventory spanning 1990–2021. It covers key pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It reveals emissions’ long-term spatiotemporal trends and driving factors, such as population migration and economic growth, offering efficient control strategies. This dataset is crucial for air pollution and health impact studies.
Qiang Pu, Bo Meng, Jen-How Huang, Kun Zhang, Jiang Liu, Yurong Liu, Mahmoud A. Abdelhafiz, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 22, 1543–1556, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1543-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1543-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on microbial mercury (Hg) methylation in paddy soils. It uncovers that DOM regulates Hg methylation mainly through altering core Hg-methylating microbiome composition and boosting the growth of core Hg-methylating microorganisms. The study highlights that in the regulation of methylmercury formation in paddy soils, more attention should be paid to changes in DOM concentration and composition.
Yuzhi Jin, Jiandong Wang, Chao Liu, David C. Wong, Golam Sarwar, Kathleen M. Fahey, Shang Wu, Jiaping Wang, Jing Cai, Zeyuan Tian, Zhouyang Zhang, Jia Xing, Aijun Ding, and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2613–2630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) affects climate and the environment, and its aging process alters its properties. Current models, like WRF-CMAQ, lack full accounting for it. We developed the WRF-CMAQ-BCG model to better represent BC aging by introducing bare and coated BC species and their conversion. The WRF-CMAQ-BCG model introduces the capability to simulate BC mixing states and bare and coated BC wet deposition, and it improves the accuracy of BC mass concentration and aerosol optics.
Benjamin Heutte, Nora Bergner, Hélène Angot, Jakob B. Pernov, Lubna Dada, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Ivo Beck, Andrea Baccarini, Matthew Boyer, Jessie M. Creamean, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Imad El Haddad, Markus M. Frey, Silvia Henning, Tiia Laurila, Vaios Moschos, Tuukka Petäjä, Kerri A. Pratt, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Matthew D. Shupe, Paul Zieger, Tuija Jokinen, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2207–2241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Limited aerosol measurements in the central Arctic hinder our understanding of aerosol–climate interactions in the region. Our year-long observations of aerosol physicochemical properties during the MOSAiC expedition reveal strong seasonal variations in aerosol chemical composition, where the short-term variability is heavily affected by storms in the Arctic. Local wind-generated particles are shown to be an important source of cloud seeds, especially in autumn.
Jonas O. Sommar, Xueling Tang, Xinyu Shi, Guangyi Sun, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4190, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A more thorough understanding of the complex processes involved in the atmospheric Hg cycle has been achieved. The dynamics of the cycle are influenced by a rapid redox chemistry with several oxidation states and effects of multiphase interactions. This review provides a detailed analysis of the atmospheric chemistry of Hg in both the lower and upper atmosphere, together with a synthesis of the latest kinetic, thermochemical, photochemical, and isotopic fractionation data.
Yugo Kanaya, Roberto Sommariva, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Andrea Mazzeo, Theodore K. Koenig, Kaori Kawana, James E. Johnson, Aurélie Colomb, Pierre Tulet, Suzie Molloy, Ian E. Galbally, Rainer Volkamer, Anoop Mahajan, John W. Halfacre, Paul B. Shepson, Julia Schmale, Hélène Angot, Byron Blomquist, Matthew D. Shupe, Detlev Helmig, Junsu Gil, Meehye Lee, Sean C. Coburn, Ivan Ortega, Gao Chen, James Lee, Kenneth C. Aikin, David D. Parrish, John S. Holloway, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana B. Pollack, Eric J. Williams, Brian M. Lerner, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Teresa Campos, Frank M. Flocke, J. Ryan Spackman, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ralf M. Staebler, Amir A. Aliabadi, Wanmin Gong, Roeland Van Malderen, Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Debra E. Kollonige, Juan Carlos Gómez Martin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Katie Read, Matthew Rowlinson, Keiichi Sato, Junichi Kurokawa, Yoko Iwamoto, Fumikazu Taketani, Hisahiro Takashima, Monica Navarro Comas, Marios Panagi, and Martin G. Schultz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive dataset of tropospheric ozone over oceans/polar regions is presented, including 77 ship/buoy and 48 aircraft campaign observations (1977–2022, 0–5000 m altitude), supplemented by ozonesonde and surface data. Air masses isolated from land for 72+ hours are systematically selected as essentially oceanic. Among the 11 global regions, they show daytime decreases of 10–16% in the tropics, while near-zero depletions are rare, unlike in the Arctic, implying different mechanisms.
Zhouyang Zhang, Jiandong Wang, Jiaping Wang, Nicole Riemer, Chao Liu, Yuzhi Jin, Zeyuan Tian, Jing Cai, Yueyue Cheng, Ganzhen Chen, Bin Wang, Shuxiao Wang, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1869–1881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1869-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1869-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) exerts notable warming effects. We use a particle-resolved model to investigate the long-term behavior of the BC mixing state, revealing its compositions, coating thickness distribution, and optical properties all stabilize with a characteristic time of less than 1 d. This study can effectively simplify the description of the BC mixing state, which facilitates the precise assessment of the optical properties of BC aerosols in global and chemical transport models.
Diego Guizzardi, Monica Crippa, Tim Butler, Terry Keating, Rosa Wu, Jacek W. Kamiński, Jeroen Kuenen, Junichi Kurokawa, Satoru Chatani, Tazuko Morikawa, George Pouliot, Jacinthe Racine, Michael D. Moran, Zbigniew Klimont, Patrick M. Manseau, Rabab Mashayekhi, Barron H. Henderson, Steven J. Smith, Rachel Hoesly, Marilena Muntean, Manjola Banja, Edwin Schaaf, Federico Pagani, Jung-Hun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Enrico Pisoni, Junhua Zhang, David Niemi, Mourad Sassi, Annie Duhamel, Tabish Ansari, Kristen Foley, Guannan Geng, Yifei Chen, and Qiang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-601, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-601, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The global air pollution emission mosaic HTAP_v3.1 is the state-of-the-art database for addressing the evolution of a set of policy-relevant air pollutants over the past 2 decades. The inventory is made by the harmonization and blending of seven regional inventories, gapfilled using the most recent release of EDGAR (EDGARv8). By incorporating the best available local information, the HTAP_v3.1 mosaic inventory can be used for policy-relevant studies at both regional and global levels.
David Amptmeijer and Johannes Bieser
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-312, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-312, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The mercury (Hg) form of most concern is monomethylmercury (MMHg⁺) due to its neurotoxicity and ability to bioaccumulate in seafood. Bioaccumulation in seafood occurs via bioconcentration (direct uptake) and biomagnification (trophic transfer). Our study separates these processes, showing that bioconcentration increases MMHg⁺ in high trophic level fish by 15 % per level, contributing 28–48 % of MMHg⁺ in Atlantic cod. These findings can be used to inform efficient Hg modeling strategies.
Ling Li, Peipei Wu, Peng Zhang, Shaojian Huang, and Yanxu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8683–8695, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we incorporate sea surfactants and wave-breaking processes into MITgcm-ECCOv4-Hg. The updated model shows increased fluxes in high-wind-speed and high-wave regions and vice versa, enhancing spatial heterogeneity. It shows that elemental mercury (Hg0) transfer velocity is more sensitive to wind speed. These findings may elucidate the discrepancies in previous estimations and offer insights into global Hg cycling.
Koketso Michelle Molepo, Johannes Bieser, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Ian Michael Hedgecock, Ralf Ebinghaus, Aurélien Dommergue, Olivier Magand, Hélène Angot, Oleg Travnikov, Lynwill Martin, Casper Labuschagne, Katie Read, and Yann Bertrand
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3722, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3722, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury exchange between the ocean and atmosphere is poorly understood due to limited in situ data. Here, using atmospheric mercury observations from ground-based monitoring stations along with air mass trajectories, we found that atmospheric Hg levels increase with air mass ocean exposure time, matching predictions for ocean mercury emissions. This finding indicates that ocean emissions directly influence atmospheric mercury levels and enables us to estimate these emissions on a global scale.
Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Silvia Bucci, Hélène Angot, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Lisa Beck, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Ivo Beck, Tiia Laurila, Nina Sarnela, Roseline C. Thakur, Branka Miljevic, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikko Sipilä, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12595–12621, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the seasonal cycle and sources of gases that are relevant for the formation of aerosol particles in the central Arctic. Since theses gases can form new particles, they can influence Arctic climate. We show that the sources of these gases are associated with changes in the Arctic environment during the year, especially with respect to sea ice. Therefore, the concentration of these gases will likely change in the future as the Arctic continues to warm.
Yujuan Wang, Peng Zhang, Jie Li, Yaman Liu, Yanxu Zhang, Jiawei Li, and Zhiwei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7995–8021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study updates the CESM's aerosol schemes, focusing on dust, marine aerosol emissions, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) . Dust emission modifications make deflation areas more continuous, improving results in North America and the sub-Arctic. Humidity correction to sea-salt emissions has a minor effect. Introducing marine organic aerosol emissions, coupled with ocean biogeochemical processes, and adding aqueous reactions for SOA formation advance the CESM's aerosol modelling results.
Sandro Vattioni, Rahel Weber, Aryeh Feinberg, Andrea Stenke, John A. Dykema, Beiping Luo, Georgios A. Kelesidis, Christian A. Bruun, Timofei Sukhodolov, Frank N. Keutsch, Thomas Peter, and Gabriel Chiodo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7767–7793, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7767-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7767-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified impacts and efficiency of stratospheric solar climate intervention via solid particle injection. Microphysical interactions of solid particles with the sulfur cycle were interactively coupled to the heterogeneous chemistry scheme and the radiative transfer code of an aerosol–chemistry–climate model. Compared to injection of SO2 we only find a stronger cooling efficiency for solid particles when normalizing to the aerosol load but not when normalizing to the injection rate.
Pascal Simon, Martin Otto Paul Ramacher, Stefan Hagemann, Volker Matthias, Hanna Joerss, and Johannes Bieser
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-236, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-236, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) constitute a group of often toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative substances. We constructed a global Emissions model and inventory based on multiple datasets for 23 widely used PFAS. The model computes temporally and spatially resolved model ready emissions distinguishing between emissions to air and emissions to water covering the time span from 1950 up until 2020 on an annual basis to be used for chemistry transport modelling.
Kirill Semeniuk, Ashu Dastoor, and Alex Lupu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2958, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2958, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The MOSAIC inorganic aerosol sub-model has been implemented in the GEM-MACH air quality model. MOSAIC includes metal cation reactions and is a non-equilibrium, two-moment scheme that conserves aerosol number. Compared to the current aerosol sub-model, MOSAIC produces a more accurate size distribution and aerosol number concentration. It also improves the simulated nitrate and ammonium distribution. This work serves to expand the capacity of GEM-MACH for chemistry and weather coupling.
Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, An Ning, Yuyang Li, Runlong Cai, Da Gao, Biwu Chu, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Jingkun Jiang, Xiuhui Zhang, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10261–10278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extensively compare various cluster-dynamics-based parameterizations for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and identify a newly developed parameterization derived from Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code (ACDC) simulations as being the most reliable one. This study offers a valuable reference for developing parameterizations of other nucleation systems and is meaningful for the accurate quantification of the environmental and climate impacts of new particle formation.
Yuying Cui, Qingru Wu, Shuxiao Wang, Kaiyun Liu, Shengyue Li, Zhezhe Shi, Daiwei Ouyang, Zhongyan Li, Qinqin Chen, Changwei Lü, Fei Xie, Yi Tang, Yan Wang, and Jiming Hao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-252, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-252, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive emission inventory has been developed at a resolution of 0.25°×0.3125° for total mercury (HgT) and each mercury species, namely gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0), gaseous oxidized mercury (HgII), and particulate-bound mercury (HgP). The inventory stems from the Point-source Integrated China Atmospheric Mercury Emission Model, ensuring both temporal and spatial coherence.
Flora Maria Brocza, Peter Rafaj, Robert Sander, Fabian Wagner, and Jenny Marie Jones
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7385–7404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how atmospheric mercury levels will change in the future, we model how anthropogenic Hg releases will change following developments in human energy use and mercury use and efforts to reduce pollution and battle climate change. Overall, the findings emphasize that it will be necessary to implement targeted Hg control measures in addition to stringent climate and clean air policies to achieve significant reductions in Hg emissions.
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Federico Pagani, Marcello Schiavina, Michele Melchiorri, Enrico Pisoni, Francesco Graziosi, Marilena Muntean, Joachim Maes, Lewis Dijkstra, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Pierre Coheur
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2811–2830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing where emissions occur is essential for planning effective emission reduction measures and atmospheric modelling. Disaggregating national emissions over high-resolution grids requires spatial proxies that contain information on the location of different emission sources. This work incorporates state-of-the-art spatial information to improve the spatial representation of global emissions with the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR).
Hanqin Tian, Naiqing Pan, Rona L. Thompson, Josep G. Canadell, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Pierre Regnier, Eric A. Davidson, Michael Prather, Philippe Ciais, Marilena Muntean, Shufen Pan, Wilfried Winiwarter, Sönke Zaehle, Feng Zhou, Robert B. Jackson, Hermann W. Bange, Sarah Berthet, Zihao Bian, Daniele Bianchi, Alexander F. Bouwman, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Geoffrey Dutton, Minpeng Hu, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Fortunat Joos, Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Paul B. Krummel, Xin Lan, Angela Landolfi, Ronny Lauerwald, Ya Li, Chaoqun Lu, Taylor Maavara, Manfredi Manizza, Dylan B. Millet, Jens Mühle, Prabir K. Patra, Glen P. Peters, Xiaoyu Qin, Peter Raymond, Laure Resplandy, Judith A. Rosentreter, Hao Shi, Qing Sun, Daniele Tonina, Francesco N. Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Junjie Wang, Kelley C. Wells, Luke M. Western, Chris Wilson, Jia Yang, Yuanzhi Yao, Yongfa You, and Qing Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2543–2604, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas 273 times more potent than carbon dioxide, have increased by 25 % since the preindustrial period, with the highest observed growth rate in 2020 and 2021. This rapid growth rate has primarily been due to a 40 % increase in anthropogenic emissions since 1980. Observed atmospheric N2O concentrations in recent years have exceeded the worst-case climate scenario, underscoring the importance of reducing anthropogenic N2O emissions.
Ian Michael Hedgecock, Francesco De Simone, Francesco Carbone, and Nicola Pirrone
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-861, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-861, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Many artisanal gold mining operations around the world use mercury amalgamation to refine the gold. Much of this mercury is released to the atmosphere where it can be taken up by vegetation. In heavily forested locations, such as the Amazon Basin or South East Asia, much of this mercury will be taken up locally and will eventually find its way into the soil and local water courses, where it will have an impact on human and ecosystem health. A model has been developed to evaluate this impact.
Ting Wang, Buyun Du, Inke Forbrich, Jun Zhou, Joshua Polen, Elsie M. Sunderland, Prentiss H. Balcom, Celia Chen, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 21, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The strong seasonal increases of Hg in aboveground biomass during the growing season and the lack of changes observed after senescence in this salt marsh ecosystem suggest physiologically controlled Hg uptake pathways. The Hg sources found in marsh aboveground tissues originate from a mix of sources, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, where atmospheric GEM is the main source. Belowground plant tissues mostly take up Hg from soils. Overall, the salt marsh currently serves as a small net Hg sink.
Esther S. Breuninger, Julie Tolu, Iris Thurnherr, Franziska Aemisegger, Aryeh Feinberg, Sylvain Bouchet, Jeroen E. Sonke, Véronique Pont, Heini Wernli, and Lenny H. E. Winkel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2491–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of selenium (Se) and other health-relevant trace elements in surface environments. We found that the variability in elemental concentrations in atmospheric deposition reflects not only changes in emission sources but also weather conditions during atmospheric removal. Depending on the sources and if Se is derived more locally or from further away, the Se forms can be different, affecting the bioavailability of Se atmospherically supplied to soils.
David S. McLagan, Carina Esser, Lorenz Schwab, Jan G. Wiederhold, Jan-Helge Richard, and Harald Biester
SOIL, 10, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sorption of mercury in soils, aquifer materials, and sediments is primarily linked to organic matter. Using column experiments, mercury concentration, speciation, and stable isotope analyses, we show that large quantities of mercury in soil water and groundwater can be sorbed to inorganic minerals; sorption to the solid phase favours lighter isotopes. Data provide important insights on the transport and fate of mercury in soil–groundwater systems and particularly in low-organic-matter systems.
Mohammad Mortezazadeh, Jean-François Cossette, Ashu Dastoor, Jean de Grandpré, Irena Ivanova, and Abdessamad Qaddouri
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 335–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The interpolation process is the most computationally expensive step of the semi-Lagrangian (SL) approach. In this paper we implement a new interpolation scheme into the semi-Lagrangian approach which has the same computational cost as a third-order polynomial scheme but with the accuracy of a fourth-order interpolation scheme. This improvement is achieved by using two third-order backward and forward polynomial interpolation schemes in two consecutive time steps.
Da Gao, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, Yuan Wang, Brian Gaudet, Yun Zhu, Xiaochun Wang, Jiewen Shen, Shengyue Li, Yicong He, Dejia Yin, and Zhaoxin Dong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14359–14373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14359-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14359-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface PM2.5 concentrations can be enhanced by aerosol–radiation interactions (ARIs) and aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs). In this study, we found PM2.5 enhancement induced by ACIs shows a significantly smaller decrease ratio than that induced by ARIs in China with anthropogenic emission reduction from 2013 to 2021, making ACIs more important for enhancing PM2.5 concentrations. ACI-induced PM2.5 enhancement needs to be emphatically considered to meet the national PM2.5 air quality standard.
Zeqi Li, Shuxiao Wang, Shengyue Li, Xiaochun Wang, Guanghan Huang, Xing Chang, Lyuyin Huang, Chengrui Liang, Yun Zhu, Haotian Zheng, Qian Song, Qingru Wu, Fenfen Zhang, and Bin Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5017–5037, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5017-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5017-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed the first full-volatility organic emission inventory for cooking sources in China, presenting high-resolution cooking emissions during 2015–2021. It identified the key subsectors and hotspots of cooking emissions, analyzed emission trends and drivers, and proposed future control strategies. The dataset is valuable for accurately simulating organic aerosol formation and evolution and for understanding the impact of organic emissions on air pollution and climate change.
Siyu Zhu, Peipei Wu, Siyi Zhang, Oliver Jahn, Shu Li, and Yanxu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5915–5929, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5915-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5915-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we estimate the global biogeochemical cycling of Hg in a state-of-the-art physical-ecosystem ocean model (high-resolution-MITgcm/Hg), providing a more accurate portrayal of surface Hg concentrations in estuarine and coastal areas, strong western boundary flow and upwelling areas, and concentration diffusion as vortex shapes. The high-resolution model can help us better predict the transport and fate of Hg in the ocean and its impact on the global Hg cycle.
Matthew J. McGrath, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Philippe Peylin, Robbie M. Andrew, Bradley Matthews, Frank Dentener, Juraj Balkovič, Vladislav Bastrikov, Meike Becker, Gregoire Broquet, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Ian Harris, Matthew Jones, Jürgen Knauer, Matthias Kuhnert, Guillaume Monteil, Saqr Munassar, Paul I. Palmer, Glen P. Peters, Chunjing Qiu, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Oksana Tarasova, Matteo Vizzarri, Karina Winkler, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Antoine Berchet, Peter Briggs, Patrick Brockmann, Frédéric Chevallier, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Stijn N. C. Dellaert, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, Sara Filipek, Pierre Friedlingstein, Richard Fuchs, Michael Gauss, Christoph Gerbig, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Richard A. Houghton, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Ronny Lauerwald, Bas Lerink, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Géraud Moulas, Marilena Muntean, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Aurélie Paquirissamy, Lucia Perugini, Wouter Peters, Roberto Pilli, Julia Pongratz, Pierre Regnier, Marko Scholze, Yusuf Serengil, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Rona L. Thompson, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, and Sophia Walther
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4295–4370, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimation of fluxes of carbon dioxide from the land surface is essential for understanding future impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the climate system. A wide variety of methods currently exist to estimate these sources and sinks. We are continuing work to develop annual comparisons of these diverse methods in order to clarify what they all actually calculate and to resolve apparent disagreement, in addition to highlighting opportunities for increased understanding.
Chupeng Zhang, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Yuhang Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, Jingkun Jiang, Xin Huang, Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Aura Lupascu, Manish Shrivastava, Jerome D. Fast, Wenxuan Cheng, Xiuwen Guo, Ming Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Qiaoqiao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10713–10730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation is an important source of atmospheric particles, exerting critical influences on global climate. Numerical models are vital tools to understanding atmospheric particle evolution, which, however, suffer from large biases in simulating particle numbers. Here we improve the model chemical processes governing particle sizes and compositions. The improved model reveals substantial contributions of newly formed particles to climate through effects on cloud condensation nuclei.
Yuyang Li, Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Runlong Cai, Shuxiao Wang, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Da Gao, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8789–8804, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We set up a new parameterization for 1.4 nm particle formation rates from sulfuric acid–dimethylamine (SA–DMA) nucleation, fully including the effects of coagulation scavenging and cluster stability. Incorporating the new parameterization into 3-D chemical transport models, we achieved better consistencies between simulation results and observation data. This new parameterization provides new insights into atmospheric nucleation simulations and its effects on atmospheric pollution or health.
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Tim Butler, Terry Keating, Rosa Wu, Jacek Kaminski, Jeroen Kuenen, Junichi Kurokawa, Satoru Chatani, Tazuko Morikawa, George Pouliot, Jacinthe Racine, Michael D. Moran, Zbigniew Klimont, Patrick M. Manseau, Rabab Mashayekhi, Barron H. Henderson, Steven J. Smith, Harrison Suchyta, Marilena Muntean, Efisio Solazzo, Manjola Banja, Edwin Schaaf, Federico Pagani, Jung-Hun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Enrico Pisoni, Junhua Zhang, David Niemi, Mourad Sassi, Tabish Ansari, and Kristen Foley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study responds to the global and regional atmospheric modelling community's need for a mosaic of air pollutant emissions with global coverage, long time series, spatially distributed data at a high time resolution, and a high sectoral resolution in order to enhance the understanding of transboundary air pollution. The mosaic approach to integrating official regional emission inventories with a global inventory based on a consistent methodology ensures policy-relevant results.
Shengyue Li, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Yanning Zhang, Daiwei Ouyang, Haotian Zheng, Licong Han, Xionghui Qiu, Yifan Wen, Min Liu, Yueqi Jiang, Dejia Yin, Kaiyun Liu, Bin Zhao, Shaojun Zhang, Ye Wu, and Jiming Hao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2279–2294, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2279-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2279-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study compiled China's emission inventory of air pollutants and CO2 during 2005–2021 (ABaCAS-EI v2.0) based on unified emission-source framework. The emission trends and its drivers are analyzed. Key sectors and regions with higher synergistic reduction potential of air pollutants and CO2 are identified. Future control measures are suggested. The dataset and analyses provide insights into the synergistic reduction of air pollutants and CO2 emissions for China and other developing countries.
Johannes Bieser, David J. Amptmeijer, Ute Daewel, Joachim Kuss, Anne L. Soerensen, and Corinna Schrum
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MERCY is a 3D model to study mercury (Hg) cycling in the ocean. Hg is a highly harmful pollutant regulated by the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury due to widespread human emissions. These emissions eventually reach the oceans, where Hg transforms into the even more toxic and bioaccumulative pollutant methylmercury. MERCY predicts the fate of Hg in the ocean and its buildup in the food chain. It is the first model to consider Hg accumulation in fish, a major source of Hg exposure for humans.
Thomas Berkemeier, Matteo Krüger, Aryeh Feinberg, Marcel Müller, Ulrich Pöschl, and Ulrich K. Krieger
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2037–2054, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2037-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2037-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Kinetic multi-layer models (KMs) successfully describe heterogeneous and multiphase atmospheric chemistry. In applications requiring repeated execution, however, these models can be too expensive. We trained machine learning surrogate models on output of the model KM-SUB and achieved high correlations. The surrogate models run orders of magnitude faster, which suggests potential applicability in global optimization tasks and as sub-modules in large-scale atmospheric models.
Shixian Zhai, Daniel J. Jacob, Drew C. Pendergrass, Nadia K. Colombi, Viral Shah, Laura Hyesung Yang, Qiang Zhang, Shuxiao Wang, Hwajin Kim, Yele Sun, Jin-Soo Choi, Jin-Soo Park, Gan Luo, Fangqun Yu, Jung-Hun Woo, Younha Kim, Jack E. Dibb, Taehyoung Lee, Jin-Seok Han, Bruce E. Anderson, Ke Li, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4271–4281, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic fugitive dust in East Asia not only causes severe coarse particulate matter air pollution problems, but also affects fine particulate nitrate. Due to emission control efforts, coarse PM decreased steadily. We find that the decrease of coarse PM is a major driver for a lack of decrease of fine particulate nitrate, as it allows more nitric acid to form fine particulate nitrate. The continuing decrease of coarse PM requires more stringent ammonia and nitrogen oxides emission controls.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Chunjing Qiu, Matthew J. McGrath, Philippe Peylin, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson, Aki Tsuruta, Dominik Brunner, Matthias Kuhnert, Bradley Matthews, Paul I. Palmer, Oksana Tarasova, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, David Bastviken, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Giuseppe Etiope, Tuula Aalto, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Vladislav Bastrikov, Antoine Berchet, Patrick Brockmann, Giancarlo Ciotoli, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Frank Dentener, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Sander Houweling, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Massaer Kouyate, Adrian Leip, Antti Leppänen, Emanuele Lugato, Manon Maisonnier, Alistair J. Manning, Tiina Markkanen, Joe McNorton, Marilena Muntean, Gabriel D. Oreggioni, Prabir K. Patra, Lucia Perugini, Isabelle Pison, Maarit T. Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, Arjo J. Segers, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Hanqin Tian, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, Guido R. van der Werf, Chris Wilson, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1197–1268, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study updates the state-of-the-art scientific overview of CH4 and N2O emissions in the EU27 and UK in Petrescu et al. (2021a). Yearly updates are needed to improve the different respective approaches and to inform on the development of formal verification systems. It integrates the most recent emission inventories, process-based model and regional/global inversions, comparing them with UNFCCC national GHG inventories, in support to policy to facilitate real-time verification procedures.
Xiao He, Xuan Zheng, Shaojun Zhang, Xuan Wang, Ting Chen, Xiao Zhang, Guanghan Huang, Yihuan Cao, Liqiang He, Xubing Cao, Yuan Cheng, Shuxiao Wang, and Ye Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13935–13947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With the use of two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC ToF-MS), we successfully give a comprehensive characterization of particulate intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. I/SVOCs are speciated, identified, and quantified based on the patterns of the mass spectrum, and the gas–particle partitioning is fully addressed.
Yi Cheng, Shaofei Kong, Liquan Yao, Huang Zheng, Jian Wu, Qin Yan, Shurui Zheng, Yao Hu, Zhenzhen Niu, Yingying Yan, Zhenxing Shen, Guofeng Shen, Dantong Liu, Shuxiao Wang, and Shihua Qi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4757–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4757-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work establishes the first emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosols from cooking, fireworks, sacrificial incense, joss paper burning, and barbecue, using multi-source datasets and tested emission factors. These emissions were concentrated in specific periods and areas. Positive and negative correlations between income and emissions were revealed in urban and rural regions. The dataset will be helpful for improving modeling studies and modifying corresponding emission control policies.
William Atkinson, Sebastian D. Eastham, Y.-H. Henry Chen, Jennifer Morris, Sergey Paltsev, C. Adam Schlosser, and Noelle E. Selin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7767–7789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7767-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7767-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding policy effects on human-caused air pollutant emissions is key for assessing related health impacts. We develop a flexible scenario tool that combines updated emissions data sets, long-term economic modeling, and comprehensive technology pathways to clarify the impacts of climate and air quality policies. Results show the importance of both policy levers in the future to prevent long-term emission increases from offsetting near-term air quality improvements from existing policies.
Robin Stevens, Andrei Ryjkov, Mahtab Majdzadeh, and Ashu Dastoor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13527–13549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Absorbing particles like black carbon can be coated with other matter. How much radiation these particles absorb depends on the coating thickness. The removal of these particles by clouds and rain depends on the coating composition. These effects are important for both climate and air quality. We implement a more detailed representation of these particles in an air quality model which accounts for both coating thickness and composition. We find a significant effect on particle concentrations.
Lulu Cui, Di Wu, Shuxiao Wang, Qingcheng Xu, Ruolan Hu, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11931–11944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A 1-year campaign was conducted to characterize VOCs at a Beijing urban site during different episodes. VOCs from fuel evaporation and diesel exhaust, particularly toluene, xylenes, trans-2-butene, acrolein, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, 1-butene, and 1-hexene, were the main contributors. VOCs from diesel exhaust as well as coal and biomass combustion were found to be the dominant contributors for SOAFP, particularly the VOC species toluene, 1-hexene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and styrene.
David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems.
Mengying Li, Shaocai Yu, Xue Chen, Zhen Li, Yibo Zhang, Zhe Song, Weiping Liu, Pengfei Li, Xiaoye Zhang, Meigen Zhang, Yele Sun, Zirui Liu, Caiping Sun, Jingkun Jiang, Shuxiao Wang, Benjamin N. Murphy, Kiran Alapaty, Rohit Mathur, Daniel Rosenfeld, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11845–11866, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study constructed an emission inventory of condensable particulate matter (CPM) in China with a focus on organic aerosols (OAs), based on collected CPM emission information. The results show that OA emissions are enhanced twofold for the years 2014 and 2017 after the inclusion of CPM in the new inventory. Sensitivity cases demonstrated the significant contributions of CPM emissions from stationary combustion and mobile sources to primary, secondary, and total OA concentrations.
Minghao Qiu, Corwin Zigler, and Noelle E. Selin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10551–10566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10551-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10551-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Evaluating impacts of emission changes on air quality requires accounting for meteorological variability. Many studies use simple regression methods to correct for meteorology, but little is known about their performance. Using cases in the US and China, we show that widely used regression models do not perform well and can lead to biased estimates of emission-driven trends. We propose a novel machine learning method with lower bias and provide recommendations to policymakers and researchers.
Xiaotian Xu, Xu Feng, Haipeng Lin, Peng Zhang, Shaojian Huang, Zhengcheng Song, Yiming Peng, Tzung-May Fu, and Yanxu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3845–3859, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is one of the most toxic pollutants in the environment, and wet deposition is a major process for atmospheric mercury to enter, causing ecological and human health risks. High-mercury wet deposition in the southeastern US has been a problem for many years. Here we employed a newly developed high-resolution WRF-GC model with the capability to simulate mercury to study this problem. We conclude that deep convection caused enhanced mercury wet deposition in the southeastern US.
Peng Zhang and Yanxu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3587–3601, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3587-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3587-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a global pollutant that can be transported over long distance through the atmosphere. We develop a new online global model for atmospheric mercury. The model reproduces the observed global atmospheric mercury concentrations and deposition distributions by simulating the emissions, transport, and physicochemical processes of atmospheric mercury. And we find that the seasonal variations of atmospheric Hg are the result of multiple processes and have obvious regional characteristics.
Ruochong Xu, Joel A. Thornton, Ben H. Lee, Yanxu Zhang, Lyatt Jaeglé, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Pekka Rantala, and Tuukka Petäjä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5477–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monoterpenes are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation and by the use of certain consumer products. Reactions of monoterpenes in the atmosphere lead to low-volatility products that condense to grow particulate matter or participate in new particle formation and, thus, affect air quality and climate. We use a model of atmospheric chemistry and transport to evaluate the global-scale importance of recent updates to our understanding of monoterpene chemistry in particle formation and growth.
Jiandong Wang, Jia Xing, Shuxiao Wang, Rohit Mathur, Jiaping Wang, Yuqiang Zhang, Chao Liu, Jonathan Pleim, Dian Ding, Xing Chang, Jingkun Jiang, Peng Zhao, Shovan Kumar Sahu, Yuzhi Jin, David C. Wong, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5147–5156, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5147-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5147-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols reduce surface solar radiation and change the photolysis rate and planetary boundary layer stability. In this study, the online coupled meteorological and chemistry model was used to explore the detailed pathway of how aerosol direct effects affect secondary inorganic aerosol. The effects through the dynamics pathway act as an equally or even more important route compared with the photolysis pathway in affecting secondary aerosol concentration in both summer and winter.
Sarah Shakil, Suzanne E. Tank, Jorien E. Vonk, and Scott Zolkos
Biogeosciences, 19, 1871–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1871-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1871-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw-driven landslides in the western Arctic are increasing organic carbon delivered to headwaters of drainage networks in the western Canadian Arctic by orders of magnitude. Through a series of laboratory experiments, we show that less than 10 % of this organic carbon is likely to be mineralized to greenhouse gases during transport in these networks. Rather most of the organic carbon is likely destined for burial and sequestration for centuries to millennia.
Danilo Custódio, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, T. Gerard Spain, Fidel F. Pankratov, Iana Strigunova, Koketso Molepo, Henrik Skov, Johannes Bieser, and Ralf Ebinghaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3827–3840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As a poison in the air that we breathe and the food that we eat, mercury is a human health concern for society as a whole. In that regard, this work deals with monitoring and modelling mercury in the environment, improving wherewithal, identifying the strength of the different components at play, and interpreting information to support the efforts that seek to safeguard public health.
Hui Zhang, Xuewu Fu, Ben Yu, Baoxin Li, Peng Liu, Guoqing Zhang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15847–15859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15847-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15847-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our observations of speciated atmospheric mercury at the Waliguan GAW Baseline Observatory show that concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) were elevated compared to the Northern Hemisphere background. We propose that the major sources of GEM and PBM were mainly related to anthropogenic emissions and desert dust sources. This study highlights that dust-related sources played an important role in the variations of PBM in the Tibetan Plateau.
Stefano Galmarini, Paul Makar, Olivia E. Clifton, Christian Hogrefe, Jesse O. Bash, Roberto Bellasio, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Tim Butler, Jason Ducker, Johannes Flemming, Alma Hodzic, Christopher D. Holmes, Ioannis Kioutsioukis, Richard Kranenburg, Aurelia Lupascu, Juan Luis Perez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Young-Hee Ryu, Roberto San Jose, Donna Schwede, Sam Silva, and Ralf Wolke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15663–15697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15663-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15663-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This technical note presents the research protocols for phase 4 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII4). This initiative has three goals: (i) to define the state of wet and dry deposition in regional models, (ii) to evaluate how dry deposition influences air concentration and flux predictions, and (iii) to identify the causes for prediction differences. The evaluation compares LULC-specific dry deposition and effective conductances and fluxes.
Jessica L. McCarty, Juha Aalto, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Steve R. Arnold, Sabine Eckhardt, Zbigniew Klimont, Justin J. Fain, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Ari Venäläinen, Nadezhda M. Tchebakova, Elena I. Parfenova, Kaarle Kupiainen, Amber J. Soja, Lin Huang, and Simon Wilson
Biogeosciences, 18, 5053–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A review and synthesis of current scientific literature find climate change and human activity in the north are fuelling an emerging Arctic fire regime, causing more black carbon and methane emissions within the Arctic. Uncertainties persist in characterizing future fire landscapes, and thus emissions, as well as policy-relevant challenges in understanding, monitoring, and managing Arctic fire regimes.
Timofei Sukhodolov, Tatiana Egorova, Andrea Stenke, William T. Ball, Christina Brodowsky, Gabriel Chiodo, Aryeh Feinberg, Marina Friedel, Arseniy Karagodin-Doyennel, Thomas Peter, Jan Sedlacek, Sandro Vattioni, and Eugene Rozanov
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5525–5560, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper features the new atmosphere–ocean–aerosol–chemistry–climate model SOCOLv4.0 and its validation. The model performance is evaluated against reanalysis products and observations of atmospheric circulation and trace gas distribution, with a focus on stratospheric processes. Although we identified some problems to be addressed in further model upgrades, we demonstrated that SOCOLv4.0 is already well suited for studies related to chemistry–climate–aerosol interactions.
Ashu Dastoor, Andrei Ryjkov, Gregor Kos, Junhua Zhang, Jane Kirk, Matthew Parsons, and Alexandra Steffen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12783–12807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12783-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12783-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of mercury levels in air and deposition in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) in Northern Alberta, Canada, was conducted to investigate the contribution of Hg emitted from oil sands activities to the surrounding landscape using a 3D process-based Hg model in 2012–2015. Oil sands Hg emissions are found to be important sources of Hg contamination to the local landscape in proximity to the processing activities, particularly in wintertime.
Lin Huang, Song Liu, Zeyuan Yang, Jia Xing, Jia Zhang, Jiang Bian, Siwei Li, Shovan Kumar Sahu, Shuxiao Wang, and Tie-Yan Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4641–4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4641-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4641-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimation of emissions is a prerequisite for effectively controlling air pollution, but current methods lack either sufficient data or a representation of nonlinearity. Here, we proposed a novel deep learning method to model the dual relationship between emissions and pollutant concentrations. Emissions can be updated by back-propagating the gradient of the loss function measuring the deviation between simulations and observations, resulting in better model performance.
Shibao Wang, Yun Ma, Zhongrui Wang, Lei Wang, Xuguang Chi, Aijun Ding, Mingzhi Yao, Yunpeng Li, Qilin Li, Mengxian Wu, Ling Zhang, Yongle Xiao, and Yanxu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7199–7215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7199-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile monitoring with low-cost sensors is a promising approach to garner high-spatial-resolution observations representative of the community scale. We develop a grid analysis method to obtain 50 m resolution maps of major air pollutants (CO, NO2, and O3) based on GIS technology. Our results demonstrate the sensing power of mobile monitoring for urban air pollution, which provides detailed information for source attribution and accurate traceability at the urban micro-scale.
Xuewu Fu, Chen Liu, Hui Zhang, Yue Xu, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Gan Zhang, Hai Guo, Xun Wang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6721–6734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions in 10 Chinese cities showed strong seasonality with higher TGM concentrations and Δ199Hg and lower δ202Hg in summer. We found the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions were highly related to regional surface Hg(0) emissions, suggesting land surface Hg(0) emissions are an important source of atmospheric TGM that contribute dominantly to the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions.
Efisio Solazzo, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Marilena Muntean, Margarita Choulga, and Greet Janssens-Maenhout
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5655–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted an extensive analysis of the structural uncertainty of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) emission inventory of greenhouse gases, which adds a much needed reliability dimension to the accuracy of the emission estimates. The study undertakes in-depth analyses of the implication of aggregating emissions from different sources and/or countries on the accuracy. Results are presented for all emissions sectors according to IPCC definitions.
David S. McLagan, Geoff W. Stupple, Andrea Darlington, Katherine Hayden, and Alexandra Steffen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5635–5653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of mercury emissions from a burning boreal forest was made by flying an aircraft through its plume to collect in situ gas and particulate measurements. Direct data show that in-plume gaseous elemental mercury concentrations reach up to 2.4× background for this fire and up to 5.6× when using a correlation with CO data. These unique data are applied to a series of known empirical emissions estimates and used to highlight current uncertainties in the literature.
Sunling Gong, Hongli Liu, Bihui Zhang, Jianjun He, Hengde Zhang, Yaqiang Wang, Shuxiao Wang, Lei Zhang, and Jie Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2999–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Surface concentrations of PM2.5 in China have had a declining trend since 2013 across the country. This research found that the control measures of emission reduction are the dominant factors in the PM2.5 declining trends in various regions. The contribution by the meteorology to the surface PM2.5 concentrations from 2013 to 2019 was not found to show a consistent trend, fluctuating positively or negatively by about 5% on the annual average and 10–20% for the fall–winter heavy-pollution seasons.
Yanxu Zhang, Xingpei Ye, Shibao Wang, Xiaojing He, Lingyao Dong, Ning Zhang, Haikun Wang, Zhongrui Wang, Yun Ma, Lei Wang, Xuguang Chi, Aijun Ding, Mingzhi Yao, Yunpeng Li, Qilin Li, Ling Zhang, and Yongle Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2917–2929, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Urban air quality varies drastically at street scale, but traditional methods are too coarse to resolve it. We develop a 10 m resolution air quality model and apply it for traffic-related carbon monoxide air quality in Nanjing megacity. The model reveals a detailed geographical dispersion pattern of air pollution in and out of the road network and agrees well with a validation dataset. The model can be a vigorous part of the smart city system and inform urban planning and air quality management.
Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, Charles T. Driscoll, and Che-Jen Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16117–16133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) emissions from natural resources have a large uncertainty, which is mainly derived from the forest. A long-term and multiplot (10) study of soil–air fluxes at subtropical and temperate forests was conducted. Forest soils are an important atmospheric Hg source, especially for subtropical forests. The compensation points imply that the atmospheric Hg concentration plays a critical role in inhibiting Hg emissions from the forest floor. Climate change can enhance soil Hg emissions.
Jia Xing, Siwei Li, Yueqi Jiang, Shuxiao Wang, Dian Ding, Zhaoxin Dong, Yun Zhu, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14347–14359, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14347-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14347-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying emission changes is a prerequisite for assessment of control effectiveness in improving air quality. However, traditional bottom-up methods usually take months to perform and limit timely assessments. A novel method was developed by using a response model that provides real-time estimation of emission changes based on air quality observations. It was successfully applied to quantify emission changes on the North China Plain due to the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown.
Pallav Purohit, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, John Dulac, Nihar Shah, Max Wei, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11305–11327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that if energy efficiency improvements in cooling technologies are addressed simultaneously with a phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), not only will global warming be mitigated through the elimination of HFCs but also by saving about a fifth of future global electricity consumption. This means preventing between 411 and 631 Pg CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases between today and 2100, thereby offering a significant contribution towards staying well below 2 °C warming.
Johannes Bieser, Hélène Angot, Franz Slemr, and Lynwill Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10427–10439, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10427-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10427-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical models to determine the origin of air masses measured for elemental gaseous mercury (GEM) at Cape Point (CPT), South Africa. Our analysis is based on 10 years of hourly GEM measurements at CPT from 2007 to 2016. Based on GEM concentration and the origin of the air mass, we identify source and sink regions at CPT. We find, that the warm Agulhas Current to the south-east is the major Hg source and the continent the major sink.
Danilo Custodio, Ralf Ebinghaus, T. Gerard Spain, and Johannes Bieser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7929–7939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using a stereo algorithm, we reconstructed 99.9 % of the total atmospheric gas mercury and presented a new insight into atmospheric mercury source assessing, which can have great relevance for policy and regulations in light of the Minamata convention.
Franz Slemr, Lynwill Martin, Casper Labuschagne, Thumeka Mkololo, Hélène Angot, Olivier Magand, Aurélien Dommergue, Philippe Garat, Michel Ramonet, and Johannes Bieser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7683–7692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7683-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of atmospheric mercury (Hg) concentrations is an important part of the effectiveness evaluation of the Minamata Convention on Hg. Hg concentrations in 2012–2017 at Cape Point, South Africa, and at Amsterdam Island in the remote Indian Ocean are comparable, and no trend or a slightly downward trend was observed at both stations. Over the 2007–2017 period an upward trend was observed at CPT which was driven mainly by the 2007–2014 data. The trend and its change are discussed.
Aryeh Feinberg, Moustapha Maliki, Andrea Stenke, Bruno Sudret, Thomas Peter, and Lenny H. E. Winkel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1363–1390, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1363-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1363-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of the micronutrient selenium in food largely depends on the amount and form of selenium in soil. The atmosphere acts as a source of selenium to soils through deposition, yet little information is available about atmospheric selenium cycling. Therefore, we built the first global atmospheric selenium model. Through sensitivity and uncertainty analysis we determine that selenium can be transported thousands of kilometers and that measurements of selenium emissions should be prioritized.
Jia Xing, Dian Ding, Shuxiao Wang, Zhaoxin Dong, James T. Kelly, Carey Jang, Yun Zhu, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13627–13646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13627-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13627-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The study aims at addressing the challenge in efficient quantification of the nonlinear response of air pollution to precursor emission perturbations. The newly developed observable response indicators can be easily calculated by a combination of ambient concentrations of certain species. Their capability in representing the spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 and O3 chemistry has also been well evaluated and applied in China.
Mingchen Ma, Yang Gao, Yuhang Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, L. Ruby Leung, Cheng Liu, Shuxiao Wang, Bin Zhao, Xing Chang, Hang Su, Tianqi Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12195–12207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12195-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12195-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone pollution has become severe in China, and extremely high ozone episodes occurred in summer 2017 over the North China Plain. While meteorology impacts are clear, we find that enhanced biogenic emissions, previously ignored by the community, driven by high vapor pressure deficit, land cover change and urban landscape contribute substantially to ozone formation. This study has significant implications for ozone pollution control with more frequent heat waves and urbanization growth in future.
Ling Qi and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11545–11557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11545-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11545-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) contributes two-thirds of the climate impact of carbon dioxide, pushing methane into third place of the human contributors to global warming. This study shows that contributions from biomass burning (producing marginal lensing effect) have a strong spatial variation, from 20 % in Europe to 60 % in Africa. Thus, the inclusion of strong lensing-related absorption enhancement to all BC particles in previous estimates may lead to overestimating their positive radiative forcing.
Tuan V. Vu, Zongbo Shi, Jing Cheng, Qiang Zhang, Kebin He, Shuxiao Wang, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11303–11314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11303-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11303-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A 5-year Clean Air Action Plan was implemented in 2013 to improve ambient air quality in Beijing. Here, we applied a novel machine-learning-based model to determine the real trend in air quality from 2013 to 2017 in Beijing to assess the efficacy of the plan. We showed that the action plan led to a major reduction in primary emissions and significant improvement in air quality. The marked decrease in PM2.5 and SO2 is largely attributable to a reduction in coal combustion.
Aryeh Feinberg, Timofei Sukhodolov, Bei-Ping Luo, Eugene Rozanov, Lenny H. E. Winkel, Thomas Peter, and Andrea Stenke
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3863–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3863-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3863-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We have improved several aspects of atmospheric sulfur cycling in SOCOL-AER, an aerosol–chemistry–climate model. The newly implemented features in SOCOL-AERv2 include interactive deposition schemes, improved sulfur mass conservation, and expanded tropospheric chemistry. SOCOL-AERv2 shows better agreement with stratospheric aerosol observations and sulfur deposition networks compared to SOCOL-AERv1. SOCOL-AERv2 can be used to study impacts of sulfate aerosol on climate, chemistry, and ecosystems.
Martin Otto Paul Ramacher, Matthias Karl, Johannes Bieser, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Lasse Johansson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9153–9179, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9153-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9153-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the impact of NOx shipping emissions on air quality and exposure in the Baltic Sea harbour cities Rostock (Germany), Riga (Latvia) and Gdańsk–Gdynia (Poland) for 2012. We found that local shipping affects total NO2, with contributions of 22 %, 11 % and 16 % in Rostock, Riga and Gdańsk–Gdynia. Exposure to NO2 from all emission sources was highest at home addresses (54 %–59 %). Emissions from shipping have a high impact on NO2 exposure in the port area (50 %–80 %).
Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Marilena Muntean, Edwin Schaaf, Frank Dentener, Peter Bergamaschi, Valerio Pagliari, Jos G. J. Olivier, Jeroen A. H. W. Peters, John A. van Aardenne, Suvi Monni, Ulrike Doering, A. M. Roxana Petrescu, Efisio Solazzo, and Gabriel D. Oreggioni
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 959–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In support of the Paris Agreement, EDGARv4.3.2 provides global annual estimates, broken down into IPCC-compliant source-sector levels, from 1970 to 2012. The anthropogenic CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions were calculated bottom up with international statistics and emission factors for 226 countries and spatially distributed. EDGARv4.3.2 is input for the top-down modelling of the Global Carbon Project and EU policy-making, needing GHG emission estimates for each country at the climate negotiations.
Xionghui Qiu, Qi Ying, Shuxiao Wang, Lei Duan, Jian Zhao, Jia Xing, Dian Ding, Yele Sun, Baoxian Liu, Aijun Shi, Xiao Yan, Qingcheng Xu, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6737–6747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6737-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6737-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Current chemical transport models cannot capture the diurnal and nocturnal variation in atmospheric nitrate, which may be relative to the missing atmospheric chlorine chemistry. In this work, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with improved chlorine heterogeneous chemistry is applied to simulate the impact of chlorine chemistry on summer nitrate concentrations in Beijing. The results of this work can improve our understanding of nitrate formation.
Junlan Feng, Yan Zhang, Shanshan Li, Jingbo Mao, Allison P. Patton, Yuyan Zhou, Weichun Ma, Cong Liu, Haidong Kan, Cheng Huang, Jingyu An, Li Li, Yin Shen, Qingyan Fu, Xinning Wang, Juan Liu, Shuxiao Wang, Dian Ding, Jie Cheng, Wangqi Ge, Hong Zhu, and Katherine Walker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6167–6183, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6167-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6167-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to estimate the emissions, air quality and population exposure impacts of shipping in 2015, prior to the implementation of the DECAs. It shows that ship emissions within 12 NM of the shore could account for over 55 % of the shipping impact on air pollution in the YRD in summer. Ships entering the Yangtze River and other inland waterways of Shanghai contribute 40–80 % of the ship-related air pollution and population exposure，which both have important implications regarding policy.
Zhenying Xu, Mingxu Liu, Minsi Zhang, Yu Song, Shuxiao Wang, Lin Zhang, Tingting Xu, Tiantian Wang, Caiqing Yan, Tian Zhou, Yele Sun, Yuepeng Pan, Min Hu, Mei Zheng, and Tong Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5605–5613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5605-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5605-2019, 2019
Sandro Vattioni, Debra Weisenstein, David Keith, Aryeh Feinberg, Thomas Peter, and Andrea Stenke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4877–4897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4877-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4877-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study is among the first modeling studies on stratospheric sulfate geoengineering that interactively couple a size-resolved sectional aerosol module to well-described stratospheric chemistry and radiation schemes in a global 3-D chemistry–climate model. We found that compared with SO2 injection, the direct emission of aerosols results in more effective radiative forcing and that sensitivities to different injection strategies vary for different forms of injected sulfur.
Haotian Zheng, Siyi Cai, Shuxiao Wang, Bin Zhao, Xing Chang, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3447–3462, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The heavy air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is a global hot topic. We established a unit-based industrial emission inventory for the BTH region. The inventory significantly improved air quality modeling results; this improvement subsequently contributes to an accurate source apportionment of haze pollution and more precisely targeted decision making.
Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, Charles Driscoll, and Che-Jen Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-161, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies showed that Hg emissions from the natural resource exists large uncertainty, which was mainly derived from the forest with a large uncertainty range. Long-term and multi-plot (five) study of soil-air fluxes and the vertical distribution of Hg in a subtropical forest were conducted to reduce the uncertainty. Additionally, The Hg diffusion coefficients (Ds) between soil and atmosphere was investigated, which should provide a foundation for future model development.
Matthias Karl, Johannes Bieser, Beate Geyer, Volker Matthias, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lasse Johansson, and Erik Fridell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1721–1752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Air emissions of nitrogen oxides from ship traffic in the Baltic Sea are a health concern in coastal areas of the Baltic Sea region. We find that the introduction of the nitrogen emission control area (NECA) is critical for reducing ship emissions of nitrogen oxides to levels that are low enough to sustainably dampen ozone production. The decline of the ship-related nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea between 2012 and 2040 varies between 46 % and 78 % in different regulation scenarios.
Shaojie Song, Meng Gao, Weiqi Xu, Yele Sun, Douglas R. Worsnop, John T. Jayne, Yuzhong Zhang, Lei Zhu, Mei Li, Zhen Zhou, Chunlei Cheng, Yibing Lv, Ying Wang, Wei Peng, Xiaobin Xu, Nan Lin, Yuxuan Wang, Shuxiao Wang, J. William Munger, Daniel J. Jacob, and Michael B. McElroy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1357–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1357-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1357-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Chemistry responsible for sulfate production in northern China winter haze remains mysterious. We propose a potentially key pathway through the reaction of formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide that has not been accounted for in previous studies. The special atmospheric conditions favor the formation and existence of their complex, hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS).
Ge Zhang, Yang Gao, Wenju Cai, L. Ruby Leung, Shuxiao Wang, Bin Zhao, Minghuai Wang, Huayao Shan, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 565–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-565-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-565-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observed data, this study reveals a distinct seesaw feature of abnormally high and low PM2.5 concentrations in December 2015 and January 2016 over North China. The mechanism of the seesaw pattern was found to be linked to a super El Niño and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). During the mature phase of El Niño in December 2015, the weakened East Asian winter monsoon favors strong haze formation; however, the circulation pattern was reversed in the next month due to the phase change of the AO.
Gabriele Curci, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Rocio Barò, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Jesper H. Christensen, Augustin Colette, Aidan Farrow, Xavier Francis, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero, Ulas Im, Peng Liu, Astrid Manders, Laura Palacios-Peña, Marje Prank, Luca Pozzoli, Ranjeet Sokhi, Efisio Solazzo, Paolo Tuccella, Alper Unal, Marta G. Vivanco, Christian Hogrefe, and Stefano Galmarini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 181–204, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-181-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-181-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols are able to absorb solar radiation and they continue to contribute some of the largest uncertainties in projected climate change. One important detail is how the chemical species are arranged inside each particle, i.e. the knowledge of their mixing state. We use an ensemble of regional model simulations to test different mixing state assumptions and found that a combination of internal and external mixing may better reproduce sunphotometer observations.
Mingxu Liu, Xin Huang, Yu Song, Tingting Xu, Shuxiao Wang, Zhijun Wu, Min Hu, Lin Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Yuepeng Pan, Xuejun Liu, and Tong Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17933–17943, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17933-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17933-2018, 2018
Peng Liu, Christian Hogrefe, Ulas Im, Jesper H. Christensen, Johannes Bieser, Uarporn Nopmongcol, Greg Yarwood, Rohit Mathur, Shawn Roselle, and Tanya Spero
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17157–17175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents an intercomparison of four regional-scale air quality simulations in order to understand the model similarities and differences in estimating the impact of ozone imported from outside of the US on the surface ozone within the US at process level. Vertical turbulent mixing stands out as a primary contributor to the model differences in inert tracers.
Laura E. Revell, Andrea Stenke, Fiona Tummon, Aryeh Feinberg, Eugene Rozanov, Thomas Peter, N. Luke Abraham, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Alexander T. Archibald, Neal Butchart, Makoto Deushi, Patrick Jöckel, Douglas Kinnison, Martine Michou, Olaf Morgenstern, Fiona M. O'Connor, Luke D. Oman, Giovanni Pitari, David A. Plummer, Robyn Schofield, Kane Stone, Simone Tilmes, Daniele Visioni, Yousuke Yamashita, and Guang Zeng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16155–16172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Global models such as those participating in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) consistently simulate biases in tropospheric ozone compared with observations. We performed an advanced statistical analysis with one of the CCMI models to understand the cause of the bias. We found that emissions of ozone precursor gases are the dominant driver of the bias, implying either that the emissions are too large, or that the way in which the model handles emissions needs to be improved.
Shaojie Song, Hélène Angot, Noelle E. Selin, Hubert Gallée, Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Detlev Helmig, Joël Savarino, Olivier Magand, and Aurélien Dommergue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15825–15840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15825-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15825-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a trace metal with adverse health effects on human and wildlife. Its unique property makes it undergo long-range transport, and even remote Antarctica receives significant inputs. This paper presents the first model that aims to understand mercury behavior over the Antarctic Plateau. We find that mercury is quickly cycled between snow and air in the sunlit period, likely driven by bromine chemistry, and that several uncertain processes contribute to its behavior in the dark period.
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Marilena Muntean, Edwin Schaaf, Frank Dentener, John A. van Aardenne, Suvi Monni, Ulrike Doering, Jos G. J. Olivier, Valerio Pagliari, and Greet Janssens-Maenhout
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1987–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
EDGAR v4.3.2 is a global bottom-up emission inventory providing consistent anthropogenic emissions of gaseous and particulate air pollutants for 1970–2012 (with annual and monthly resolution) and grid maps with 0.1° × 0.1° resolution. We compare world regions using per capita and per GDP emissions, implied emissions per unit of energy, and emission ratios of co-emitted pollutants. We also show the growth of high-emitting areas (e.g. China, India) and the implications for global air quality.
Benjamin Brown-Steiner, Noelle E. Selin, Ronald Prinn, Simone Tilmes, Louisa Emmons, Jean-François Lamarque, and Philip Cameron-Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4155–4174, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We conduct three simulations of atmospheric chemistry using chemical mechanisms of different levels of complexity and compare their results to observations. We explore situations in which the simplified mechanisms match the output of the most complex mechanism, as well as when they diverge. We investigate how concurrent utilization of chemical mechanisms of different complexities can further our atmospheric-chemistry understanding at various scales and give some strategies for future research.
Marina Astitha, Ioannis Kioutsioukis, Ghezae Araya Fisseha, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Jesper H. Christensen, Owen R. Cooper, Stefano Galmarini, Christian Hogrefe, Ulas Im, Bryan Johnson, Peng Liu, Uarporn Nopmongcol, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Efisio Solazzo, David W. Tarasick, and Greg Yarwood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13925–13945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13925-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13925-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This work is unique in the detailed analyses of modeled ozone vertical profiles from sites in North America through the collaboration of four research groups from the US and EU. We assess the air quality models' performance and model inter-comparison for ozone vertical profiles and stratospheric ozone intrusions. Lastly, we designate the important role of lateral boundary conditions in the ozone vertical profiles using chemically inert tracers.
Franz Slemr, Andreas Weigelt, Ralf Ebinghaus, Johannes Bieser, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Armin Rauthe-Schöch, Markus Hermann, Bengt G. Martinsson, Peter van Velthoven, Harald Bönisch, Marco Neumaier, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12329–12343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Total and elemental mercury were measured in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere onboard a passenger aircraft. Their concentrations in the upper troposphere were comparable implying low concentrations of oxidized mercury in this region. Large scale seasonally dependent influence of emissions from biomass burning was also observed. Their distributions in the lower stratosphere implies a long stratospheric lifetime, which precludes significant mercury oxidation by ozone.
Adriana Gómez-Sanabria, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Adv. Geosci., 45, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-105-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-105-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that global implementation of a circular system to treat waste and wastewater could increase the relative contribution of these sources to global energy demand from 2 % to 9 % by 2040, corresponding to a maximum energy potential of 64 EJ per year. The outcome of the study is the result of compiling and analyzing data on waste and wastewater generation and treatment and developing future scenarios in which carbon flows and energy generation are quantified for 174 country-regions.
Marta G. Vivanco, Mark R. Theobald, Héctor García-Gómez, Juan Luis Garrido, Marje Prank, Wenche Aas, Mario Adani, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Camilla Andersson, Roberto Bellasio, Bertrand Bessagnet, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Jørgen Brandt, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Gabriele Curci, Jesper H. Christensen, Augustin Colette, Florian Couvidat, Cornelis Cuvelier, Massimo D'Isidoro, Johannes Flemming, Andrea Fraser, Camilla Geels, Kaj M. Hansen, Christian Hogrefe, Ulas Im, Oriol Jorba, Nutthida Kitwiroon, Astrid Manders, Mihaela Mircea, Noelia Otero, Maria-Teresa Pay, Luca Pozzoli, Efisio Solazzo, Svetlana Tsyro, Alper Unal, Peter Wind, and Stefano Galmarini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10199–10218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
European wet and dry atmospheric deposition of N and S estimated by 14 air quality models was found to vary substantially. An ensemble of models meeting acceptability criteria was used to estimate the exceedances of the critical loads for N in habitats within the Natura 2000 network, as well as their lower and upper limits. Scenarios with 20 % emission reductions in different regions of the world showed that European emissions are responsible for most of the N and S deposition in Europe.
Timofei Sukhodolov, Jian-Xiong Sheng, Aryeh Feinberg, Bei-Ping Luo, Thomas Peter, Laura Revell, Andrea Stenke, Debra K. Weisenstein, and Eugene Rozanov
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2633–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 is the strongest directly observed volcanic event. In a series of experiments, we simulate its influence on the stratospheric aerosol layer using a state-of-the-art aerosol–chemistry–climate model, SOCOL-AERv1.0, and compare our results to observations. We show that SOCOL-AER reproduces the most important atmospheric effects and can therefore be used to study the climate effects of future volcanic eruptions and geoengineering by artificial sulfate aerosol.
Ulas Im, Jesper Heile Christensen, Camilla Geels, Kaj Mantzius Hansen, Jørgen Brandt, Efisio Solazzo, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Alessandra Balzarini, Rocio Baro, Roberto Bellasio, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Augustin Colette, Gabriele Curci, Aidan Farrow, Johannes Flemming, Andrea Fraser, Pedro Jimenez-Guerrero, Nutthida Kitwiroon, Peng Liu, Uarporn Nopmongcol, Laura Palacios-Peña, Guido Pirovano, Luca Pozzoli, Marje Prank, Rebecca Rose, Ranjeet Sokhi, Paolo Tuccella, Alper Unal, Marta G. Vivanco, Greg Yarwood, Christian Hogrefe, and Stefano Galmarini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8929–8952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8929-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8929-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impact of global and regional anthropogenic emission reductions on major air pollutant levels over Europe and North America, using a multi-model ensemble of regional chemistry and transport models. Results show that ozone levels are largely driven by long-range transport over both continents while other pollutants such as carbon monoxide or aerosols are mainly controlled by domestic sources. Use of multi-model ensembles can help to reduce the uncertainties in individual models.
Stefano Galmarini, Ioannis Kioutsioukis, Efisio Solazzo, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Alessandra Balzarini, Roberto Bellasio, Anna M. K. Benedictow, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Joergen Brandt, Jesper H. Christensen, Augustin Colette, Gabriele Curci, Yanko Davila, Xinyi Dong, Johannes Flemming, Xavier Francis, Andrea Fraser, Joshua Fu, Daven K. Henze, Christian Hogrefe, Ulas Im, Marta Garcia Vivanco, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero, Jan Eiof Jonson, Nutthida Kitwiroon, Astrid Manders, Rohit Mathur, Laura Palacios-Peña, Guido Pirovano, Luca Pozzoli, Marie Prank, Martin Schultz, Rajeet S. Sokhi, Kengo Sudo, Paolo Tuccella, Toshihiko Takemura, Takashi Sekiya, and Alper Unal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8727–8744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
An ensemble of model results relating to ozone concentrations in Europe in 2010 has been produced and studied. The novelty consists in the fact that the ensemble is made of results of models working at two different scales (regional and global), therefore contributing in detail two different parts of the atmospheric spectrum. The ensemble defined as a hybrid has been studied in detail and shown to bring additional value to the assessment of air quality.
Benjamin Brown-Steiner, Noelle E. Selin, Ronald G. Prinn, Erwan Monier, Simone Tilmes, Louisa Emmons, and Fernando Garcia-Menendez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8373–8388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8373-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8373-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Detecting signals in observations and simulations of atmospheric chemistry is difficult due to the underlying variability in the chemistry, meteorology, and climatology. Here we examine the scale dependence of ozone variability and explore strategies for reducing or averaging this variability and thereby enhancing ozone signal detection capabilities. We find that 10–15 years of temporal averaging, and some level of spatial averaging, reduces the risk of overconfidence in ozone signals.
Yi Tang, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Kaiyun Liu, Long Wang, Shu Li, Wei Gao, Lei Zhang, Haotian Zheng, Zhijian Li, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8279–8291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8279-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8279-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, 3-year measurements of atmospheric Hg were carried out at a rural site in East China. A significant downward trend was observed during the sampling period. This study used a new approach that considers both cluster frequency and the Hg concentration associated with each cluster, and we calculated that atmospheric Hg from the whole region of China has caused a 70 % decline of GEM concentration at the Chongming monitoring site due to strict air pollution control policies in China.
Chandra Venkataraman, Michael Brauer, Kushal Tibrewal, Pankaj Sadavarte, Qiao Ma, Aaron Cohen, Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel, Joseph Frostad, Zbigniew Klimont, Randall V. Martin, Dylan B. Millet, Sajeev Philip, Katherine Walker, and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8017–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, 2018
Jia Xing, Dian Ding, Shuxiao Wang, Bin Zhao, Carey Jang, Wenjing Wu, Fenfen Zhang, Yun Zhu, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7799–7814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7799-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7799-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
NOx is the common precursor for both PM2.5 and O3 pollution, while the effectiveness of NOx controls for reducing PM2.5 and O3 are largely influenced by the ambient levels of NH3 and VOCs. This study developed a new method to quantify the nonlinear effectiveness of emission controls for reducing PM2.5 and O3. The new method not only substantially reduces the computational burden but also provides a series of quantitative indicators to quantify the nonlinear control effectiveness.
Shaojie Song, Meng Gao, Weiqi Xu, Jingyuan Shao, Guoliang Shi, Shuxiao Wang, Yuxuan Wang, Yele Sun, and Michael B. McElroy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7423–7438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7423-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7423-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Severe haze events occur frequently over northern China, especially in winter. Acidity plays a critical role in the formation of secondary PM2.5 and its toxicity. Using field measurements of gases and particles to critically evaluate two thermodynamic models routinely employed to determine particle acidity, we found that China's winter haze particles are generally within a moderately acidic range (pH 4–5) and not highly acidic (0) or neutral (7) as has been previously reported in the literature.
Annemarie Fraser, Ashu Dastoor, and Andrei Ryjkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7263–7286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7263-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7263-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper quantifies the emissions of mercury from biomass burning in Canada. Using an emissions inventory of mercury in the GEM-MACH-Hg model, surface observations of mercury concentration, and a top-down inversion method, we generate optimized emissions of mercury. We find that biomass burning is an important source of mercury emissions and deposition in Canada. Significant uncertainty remains, due to uncertainty in the speciation of emitted mercury.
Ulas Im, Jørgen Brandt, Camilla Geels, Kaj Mantzius Hansen, Jesper Heile Christensen, Mikael Skou Andersen, Efisio Solazzo, Ioannis Kioutsioukis, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Alessandra Balzarini, Rocio Baro, Roberto Bellasio, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Augustin Colette, Gabriele Curci, Aidan Farrow, Johannes Flemming, Andrea Fraser, Pedro Jimenez-Guerrero, Nutthida Kitwiroon, Ciao-Kai Liang, Uarporn Nopmongcol, Guido Pirovano, Luca Pozzoli, Marje Prank, Rebecca Rose, Ranjeet Sokhi, Paolo Tuccella, Alper Unal, Marta Garcia Vivanco, Jason West, Greg Yarwood, Christian Hogrefe, and Stefano Galmarini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5967–5989, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The impacts of air pollution on human health and their costs in Europe and the United States for the year 2010 ared modeled by a multi-model ensemble. In Europe, the number of premature deaths is calculated to be 414 000, while in the US it is estimated to be 160 000. Health impacts estimated by individual models can vary up to a factor of 3. Results show that the domestic emissions have the largest impact on premature deaths, compared to foreign sources.
David S. McLagan, Carl P. J. Mitchell, Alexandra Steffen, Hayley Hung, Cecilia Shin, Geoff W. Stupple, Mark L. Olson, Winston T. Luke, Paul Kelley, Dean Howard, Grant C. Edwards, Peter F. Nelson, Hang Xiao, Guey-Rong Sheu, Annekatrin Dreyer, Haiyong Huang, Batual Abdul Hussain, Ying D. Lei, Ilana Tavshunsky, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5905–5919, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5905-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5905-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new passive air sampler for gaseous mercury was tested at 20 sites on four continents. These sites have in common that they use the state-of-the-art active air sampling technique for gaseous mercury on a continuous basis and therefore allow for an evaluation and calibration of the passive sampler. The sampler proved to work exceptionally well, with a precision and accuracy on par with the active
instrument and better than what has previously been achieved with passive samplers.
Jun Zhou, Buyun Du, Zhangwei Wang, Lihai Shang, and Jing Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-794, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The current knowledge concerning mercury budgets and pools of forest in China is reviewed, including THg and MeHg input fluxes by precipitation, throughfall and litterfall, output by runoffs and soil-atmosphere exchange fluxes, Hg storage in soils and biomass, and their risk assessment. The annual THg retentions at forests of China are about 1.2 to 7.9-fold higher compared to those in North America, and THg retention in forest is much high than that in global scale estimated by models.
Xing Chang, Shuxiao Wang, Bin Zhao, Siyi Cai, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4843–4858, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4843-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4843-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China has been suffering from a severe particulate matter pollution, and the inter-city transport of the pollutant plays an important role. The current research quantitatively assesses the transport process. We identify three transport pathways. The southwest–northwest one happens in both winter and summer. The transport is stronger at 300–1000 m, or 1–2 days before a pollution peak. The result may guide the joint emission control along the transport pathway.
Qian Yu, Yao Luo, Shuxiao Wang, Zhiqi Wang, Jiming Hao, and Lei Duan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 495–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-495-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-495-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides high-quality direct observation data of a clean and a contaminated site in subtropical south China and quantifies the natural forest Hg emission. We find that clean and contaminated forests present a net GEM source with annual average values of 6.67 and 0.30 ng m-2 h-1, respectively; daily variations of GEM fluxes showed a source in the daytime with a peak at 13:00, and as a sink or balance at night; and higher atmospheric GEM concentration restricted the forest GEM emission.
Jianlin Hu, Xun Li, Lin Huang, Qi Ying, Qiang Zhang, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13103–13118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13103-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13103-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The model performance of CMAQ with WRF using four different emission inventories in China was validated and compared to obtain the best air pollutants prediction for health effect studies of severe air pollution. The differences in performance of chemical transport model were analyzed for different months and regions in the vast part of China and ensemble predictions were firstly obtained from different inventories for health analysis with minimized errors for pollutants including PM2.5 and O3.
Yang Xie, Hancheng Dai, Yanxu Zhang, Tatsuya Hanaoka, and Toshihiko Masui
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-849, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the health and economic effects of ozone pollution at China's regional level and compares them with the impacts from PM2.5. Results show that lower income western provinces encounter severer health impacts and economic burdens due to high natural background concentration, whereas the impact in southern and central provinces is lower. We conclude that health and economic impacts of ozone pollution are significantly lower than PM2.5, but are much more difficult to mitigate.
Qing Mu, Gerhard Lammel, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Ying Chen, Petra Přibylová, Monique Teich, Yuxuan Zhang, Guangjie Zheng, Dominik van Pinxteren, Qiang Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Manabu Shiraiwa, Peter Spichtinger, Hang Su, Ulrich Pöschl, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12253–12267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12253-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12253-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous pollutants with the largest emissions in East Asia. The regional WRF-Chem-PAH model has been developed to reflect the state-of-the-art understanding of current PAHs studies with several new or updated features. It is able to reasonably well simulate the concentration levels and particulate mass fractions of PAHs near the sources and at a remote outflow region of East Asia, in high spatial and temporal resolutions.
Bin Zhao, Wenjing Wu, Shuxiao Wang, Jia Xing, Xing Chang, Kuo-Nan Liou, Jonathan H. Jiang, Yu Gu, Carey Jang, Joshua S. Fu, Yun Zhu, Jiandong Wang, Yan Lin, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12031–12050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12031-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12031-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Using over 1000 chemical transport model simulations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, we find that the emissions of primary inorganic PM2.5 make the largest contribution to PM2.5 concentrations and thus should be prioritized in PM2.5 control strategies. Among the precursors, PM2.5 concentrations are primarily sensitive to the emissions of NH3, NMVOC+IVOC, and POA, and the sensitivities increase substantially for NH3 and NHx with the increase in emission reduction ratio.
David S. McLagan, Carl P. J. Mitchell, Haiyong Huang, Batual Abdul Hussain, Ying Duan Lei, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3651–3660, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3651-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3651-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments indicate that the sampling rate of a passive air sampler for gaseous mercury is (1) not affected by relative humidity, (2) increases slightly with increasing temperature because of the effect of temperature on molecular diffusivity, (3) increases only slightly with wind speed as long as the wind speed is at least 1 m/s, and (4) is not changed when previously deployed diffusive barriers are used.
Qingru Wu, Wei Gao, Shuxiao Wang, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10423–10433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10423-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10423-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Iron and steel production (ISP) is one of the most significant atmospheric Hg emission sources in China. Atmospheric Hg emissions from ISP increased from 11.5 t in 2000 to 32.75 t in 2015 with a peak of 35.65 t in 2013. In the coming years, emissions from ISP are expected to decrease. Although sinter/pellet plants and blast furnaces were the largest two emission processes, emissions from roasting plants and coke ovens accounted for 22 %–34 % of ISP’s emissions.
Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Marilena Muntean, Edwin Schaaf, Frank Dentener, Peter Bergamaschi, Valerio Pagliari, Jos G. J. Olivier, Jeroen A. H. W. Peters, John A. van Aardenne, Suvi Monni, Ulrike Doering, and A. M. Roxana Petrescu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2017-79, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2017-79, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research supports climate policy making with a global dataset at disaggregated country & source-sector level for 1970–2012. This dataset is not only unique in its space/time coverage, but also in its completeness & consistency of CO2, CH4 & N2O emissions compilation for all anthropogenic activities except land use. Comparison with UNFCCC values show that estimates are within the uncertainty range, but have an annual variation smaller than this range.
Jia Xing, Jiandong Wang, Rohit Mathur, Shuxiao Wang, Golam Sarwar, Jonathan Pleim, Christian Hogrefe, Yuqiang Zhang, Jingkun Jiang, David C. Wong, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9869–9883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The assessment of the impacts of aerosol direct effects (ADE) is important for understanding emission reduction strategies that seek co-benefits associated with reductions in both particulate matter and ozone. This study quantifies the ADE impacts on tropospheric ozone by using a two-way coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry model. Results suggest that reducing ADE may have the potential risk of increasing ozone in winter, but it will benefit the reduction of maxima ozone in summer.
Leiming Zhang, Seth Lyman, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, David A. Gay, Shuxiao Wang, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Xinbin Feng, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9133–9144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Future research needs are proposed for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air–surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation.
Zbigniew Klimont, Kaarle Kupiainen, Chris Heyes, Pallav Purohit, Janusz Cofala, Peter Rafaj, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8681–8723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter for 1990–2010. Global emissions have not changed much in this period, showing a strong decoupling from the increase in energy consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions). Regional trends were different – increase in East Asia and Africa and decline in Europe and North America. In 2010, 60 % of emissions originated in Asia and more than half from cooking and heating stoves.
Ganlin Huang, Rosie Brook, Monica Crippa, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Christian Schieberle, Chris Dore, Diego Guizzardi, Marilena Muntean, Edwin Schaaf, and Rainer Friedrich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7683–7701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7683-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7683-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a global speciated non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emission data set is developed by compiling and allocating region- and source-specific speciation profiles, i.e. distributions of NMVOC species, to the revised and extended Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research emission inventory, which can serve as input data for chemical transport models and health impact assessments. Species time series and high-resolution global grid maps for 1970–2012 are produced.
Johannes Bieser, Franz Slemr, Jesse Ambrose, Carl Brenninkmeijer, Steve Brooks, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco DeSimone, Ralf Ebinghaus, Christian N. Gencarelli, Beate Geyer, Lynne E. Gratz, Ian M. Hedgecock, Daniel Jaffe, Paul Kelley, Che-Jen Lin, Lyatt Jaegle, Volker Matthias, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Shaojie Song, Oleg Travnikov, Andreas Weigelt, Winston Luke, Xinrong Ren, Andreas Zahn, Xin Yang, Yun Zhu, and Nicola Pirrone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6925–6955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a multi model study to investigate our ability to reproduce the vertical distribution of mercury in the atmosphere. For this, we used observational data from over 40 aircraft flights in EU and US. We compared observations to the results of seven chemistry transport models and found that the models are able to reproduce vertical gradients of total and elemental Hg. Finally, we found that different chemical reactions seem responsible for the oxidation of Hg depending on altitude.
Hannah M. Horowitz, Daniel J. Jacob, Yanxu Zhang, Theodore S. Dibble, Franz Slemr, Helen M. Amos, Johan A. Schmidt, Elizabeth S. Corbitt, Eloïse A. Marais, and Elsie M. Sunderland
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6353–6371, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6353-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6353-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a toxic, global pollutant released to the air from human activities like coal burning. Chemical reactions in air determine how far mercury is transported before it is deposited to the environment, where it may be converted to a form that accumulates in fish. We use a 3-D atmospheric model to evaluate a new set of chemical reactions and its effects on mercury deposition. We find it is consistent with observations and leads to increased deposition to oceans, especially in the tropics.
Oleg Travnikov, Hélène Angot, Paulo Artaxo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Johannes Bieser, Francesco D'Amore, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Volker Matthias, Nikolay Mashyanov, Nicola Pirrone, Ramesh Ramachandran, Katie Alana Read, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Fabrizio Sena, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Dennis Wip, Ingvar Wängberg, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5271–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data and simulation results of chemical transport models. Evaluation of the model simulations and numerical experiments against observations allows explaining spatial and temporal variations of Hg concentration in the near-surface atmospheric layer and shows possibility of multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.
Colin P. Thackray and Noelle E. Selin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4585–4597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4585-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4585-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
PFCAs are toxic contaminants that can form in the atmosphere when precursor chemicals are released and degrade. We calculate the capacity of different atmospheric environments to form PFCAs this way. Different environments have very different capacities to form PFCAs, with the atmosphere far from sources of pollution being much better able to make the more toxic PFCAs. While the chemistry involved has uncertainties, they are small compared to the differences between environments.
Qiao Ma, Siyi Cai, Shuxiao Wang, Bin Zhao, Randall V. Martin, Michael Brauer, Aaron Cohen, Jingkun Jiang, Wei Zhou, Jiming Hao, Joseph Frostad, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, and Richard T. Burnett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4477–4491, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4477-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4477-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In order to quantitatively identify the contributions of coal combustion to airborne fine particles, we developed an emission inventory using up-to-date information and conducted simulations using an atmospheric model. Results show that coal combustion contributes 40 % of the airborne fine-particle concentration on national average in China. Among the subsectors of coal combustion, industrial coal burning is the dominant contributor, which should be prioritized when policies are applied.
Efisio Solazzo, Roberto Bianconi, Christian Hogrefe, Gabriele Curci, Paolo Tuccella, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Alessandra Balzarini, Rocío Baró, Roberto Bellasio, Johannes Bieser, Jørgen Brandt, Jesper H. Christensen, Augistin Colette, Xavier Francis, Andrea Fraser, Marta Garcia Vivanco, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero, Ulas Im, Astrid Manders, Uarporn Nopmongcol, Nutthida Kitwiroon, Guido Pirovano, Luca Pozzoli, Marje Prank, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Alper Unal, Greg Yarwood, and Stefano Galmarini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3001–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3001-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3001-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
As part of the third phase of AQMEII, this study uses timescale analysis to apportion error to the responsible processes, detect causes of model error, and identify the processes and scales that require dedicated investigations. The analysis tackles model performance gauging through measurement-to-model comparison, error decomposition, and time series analysis of model biases for ozone, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, wind speed, and temperature over Europe and North America.
Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D'Amore, Helene Angot, Carlo Barbante, Ernst-Günther Brunke, Flor Arcega-Cabrera, Warren Cairns, Sara Comero, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Xuewu Fu, Patricia Elizabeth Garcia, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Ulla Hageström, Katarina Hansson, Milena Horvat, Jože Kotnik, Casper Labuschagne, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Nikolay Mashyanov, Thumeka Mkololo, John Munthe, Vladimir Obolkin, Martha Ramirez Islas, Fabrizio Sena, Vernon Somerset, Pia Spandow, Massimiliano Vardè, Chavon Walters, Ingvar Wängberg, Andreas Weigelt, Xu Yang, and Hui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2689–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The results on total mercury (THg) wet deposition flux obtained within the GMOS network have been presented and discussed to understand the atmospheric Hg cycling and its seasonal depositional patterns over the 2011–2015 period. The data set provides new insight into baseline concentrations of THg concentrations in precipitation particularly in regions where wet deposition and atmospheric Hg species were not investigated before, opening the way for additional measurements and modeling studies.
Francesco De Simone, Paulo Artaxo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Sergio Cinnirella, Francesco Carbone, Francesco D'Amore, Aurélien Dommergue, Xin Bin Feng, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Matthew S. Landis, Francesca Sprovieri, Noriuki Suzuki, Ingvar Wängberg, and Nicola Pirrone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1881–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1881-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1881-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning (BB) releases of Hg, usually considered to be Hg(0), are a significant global source of atmospheric Hg. However there is experimental evidence that a fraction of this Hg is bound to particulate matter, Hg(P). This modelling study shows how increasing fractions of Hg(P) reduce the availability of Hg to the global pool, raising Hg exposure for those regions characterized by high BB, with implications for the sub-Arctic and also rice-growing areas in South-East Asia.
Christian N. Gencarelli, Johannes Bieser, Francesco Carbone, Francesco De Simone, Ian M. Hedgecock, Volker Matthias, Oleg Travnikov, Xin Yang, and Nicola Pirrone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important pathway by which Hg reaches marine ecosystems, where it can be methylated and enter the base of food chain. High resolution numerical experiments has been performed in order to investigate the contributions (sensitivity) of the Hg anthtropogenic emissions, speciation and atmospherical chemical reactions on Hg depositions over Europe. The comparison of wet deposition fluxes and concentrations measured on 28 monitioring sites were used to support the analysis.
Jianlin Hu, Peng Wang, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, Jianjun Chen, Xinlei Ge, Xinghua Li, Jingkun Jiang, Shuxiao Wang, Jie Zhang, Yu Zhao, and Yingyi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-77-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-77-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
An annual simulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations in China with updated SOA formation pathways reveals that SOA can be a significant contributor to PM2.5 in major urban areas. Summer SOA is dominated by emissions from biogenic sources, while winter SOA is dominated by anthropogenic emissions such as alkanes and aromatic compounds. Reactive surface uptake of dicarbonyls throughout the year and isoprene epoxides in summer is the most important contributor.
Yang Hua, Shuxiao Wang, Jiandong Wang, Jingkun Jiang, Tianshu Zhang, Yu Song, Ling Kang, Wei Zhou, Runlong Cai, Di Wu, Siwei Fan, Tong Wang, Xiaoqing Tang, Qiang Wei, Feng Sun, and Zhimei Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15451–15460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15451-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15451-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The characteristics of three PM2.5 pollution episodes were analyzed during the APEC Summit at a rural site outside of Beijing. It was found that meteorological conditions on the ground could not explain the pollution process, while vertical parameters helped improve the understanding of heavy pollution processes. Our research suggests that regional transport of air pollutants contributes significantly to severe secondary particle pollution, even when local emission is controlled effectively.
Christos I. Efstathiou, Jana Matejovičová, Johannes Bieser, and Gerhard Lammel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15327–15345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15327-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15327-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gas-particle partitioning is an important process that determines the fate and long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. This work is the first effort to evaluate the behaviour of parameterizations within a regional air quality system adapted for Europe. Results corroborate the significance of the chosen implementation in predicting ambient levels and transport patterns. Implications point to improvements on the side of the emission inventories and aerosol module.
Allison H. Baker, Dorit M. Hammerling, Sheri A. Mickelson, Haiying Xu, Martin B. Stolpe, Phillipe Naveau, Ben Sanderson, Imme Ebert-Uphoff, Savini Samarasinghe, Francesco De Simone, Francesco Carbone, Christian N. Gencarelli, John M. Dennis, Jennifer E. Kay, and Peter Lindstrom
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4381–4403, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4381-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4381-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We apply lossy data compression to output from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble Community Project. We challenge climate scientists to examine features of the data relevant to their interests and identify which of the ensemble members have been compressed, and we perform direct comparisons on features critical to climate science. We find that applying lossy data compression to climate model data effectively reduces data volumes with minimal effect on scientific results.
Hui Zhong, Yu Zhao, Marilena Muntean, Lei Zhang, and Jie Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15119–15134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15119-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15119-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of the discrepancies in multi-scale emission inventories could provide indications for their limitations and further improvements. We develop a bottom-up inventory of Hg emissions for Jiangsu, China. Compared to the national and global inventories, the largest total Hg emissions and fraction of Hg2+ are estimated. The crucial parameters responsible for the differences include Hg contents in coals/materials, abatement rates of emission control devices, and activity levels.
Andreas Weigelt, Franz Slemr, Ralf Ebinghaus, Nicola Pirrone, Johannes Bieser, Jan Bödewadt, Giulio Esposito, and Peter F. J. van Velthoven
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13653–13668, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13653-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13653-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Hg ∕ SO2, Hg ∕ CO, and NOx ∕ SO2 emission ratios (ERs) in the plume of the coal-fired power plant (CFPP), Lippendorf, near Leipzig in Germany, were determined in August 2013. GOM fraction of mercury emissions was also assessed. Measured Hg ∕ SO2 and Hg ∕ CO ERs were consistent with the ratios calculated from annual emissions in 2013 reported by the CFPP operator. The NOx ∕ SO2 ER was somewhat lower. GOM fractions of ~ 40 % of CFPP mercury emissions in current emission inventories are overestimated.
Craig A. Emmerton, Vincent L. St. Louis, Igor Lehnherr, Jennifer A. Graydon, Jane L. Kirk, and Kimberly J. Rondeau
Biogeosciences, 13, 5849–5863, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5849-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5849-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
It is unknown if lakes are important contributors to the total transfer of greenhouse gases between high Arctic regions and the atmosphere. We measured the transfer of carbon greenhouse gases between lakes and the atmosphere and compared results with adjacent landscapes. We found lakes were weak emitters of the gases to the atmosphere, compared to contributions of terrestrial ecosystems, and will likely continue to be inconsequential to regional carbon cycling in a warmer future climate.
Hui Zhang, Xuewu Fu, Che-Jen Lin, Lihai Shang, Yiping Zhang, Xinbin Feng, and Cynthia Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13131–13148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13131-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13131-2016, 2016
Xuewu Fu, Wei Zhu, Hui Zhang, Jonas Sommar, Ben Yu, Xu Yang, Xun Wang, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12861–12873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016, 2016
Bertrand Bessagnet, Guido Pirovano, Mihaela Mircea, Cornelius Cuvelier, Armin Aulinger, Giuseppe Calori, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Astrid Manders, Rainer Stern, Svetlana Tsyro, Marta García Vivanco, Philippe Thunis, Maria-Teresa Pay, Augustin Colette, Florian Couvidat, Frédérik Meleux, Laurence Rouïl, Anthony Ung, Sebnem Aksoyoglu, José María Baldasano, Johannes Bieser, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, Sandro Finardi, Richard Kranenburg, Camillo Silibello, Claudio Carnevale, Wenche Aas, Jean-Charles Dupont, Hilde Fagerli, Lucia Gonzalez, Laurent Menut, André S. H. Prévôt, Pete Roberts, and Les White
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12667–12701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The EURODELTA III exercise allows a very comprehensive intercomparison and evaluation of air quality models' performance. On average, the models provide a rather good picture of the particulate matter (PM) concentrations over Europe even if the highest concentrations are underestimated. The meteorology is responsible for model discrepancies, while the lack of emissions, particularly in winter, is mentioned as the main reason for the underestimations of PM.
Jozef M. Pacyna, Oleg Travnikov, Francesco De Simone, Ian M. Hedgecock, Kyrre Sundseth, Elisabeth G. Pacyna, Frits Steenhuisen, Nicola Pirrone, John Munthe, and Karin Kindbom
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12495–12511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12495-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12495-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of current and future emissions, air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of mercury worldwide is presented on the basis of results obtained during the performance of the EU GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System) project. Emission estimates for mercury were prepared with the main goal of applying them in models to assess current (2013) and future (2035) air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of this contaminant.
Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D'Amore, Francesco Carbone, Sergio Cinnirella, Valentino Mannarino, Matthew Landis, Ralf Ebinghaus, Andreas Weigelt, Ernst-Günther Brunke, Casper Labuschagne, Lynwill Martin, John Munthe, Ingvar Wängberg, Paulo Artaxo, Fernando Morais, Henrique de Melo Jorge Barbosa, Joel Brito, Warren Cairns, Carlo Barbante, María del Carmen Diéguez, Patricia Elizabeth Garcia, Aurélien Dommergue, Helene Angot, Olivier Magand, Henrik Skov, Milena Horvat, Jože Kotnik, Katie Alana Read, Luis Mendes Neves, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Fabrizio Sena, Nikolay Mashyanov, Vladimir Obolkin, Dennis Wip, Xin Bin Feng, Hui Zhang, Xuewu Fu, Ramesh Ramachandran, Daniel Cossa, Joël Knoery, Nicolas Marusczak, Michelle Nerentorp, and Claus Norstrom
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11915–11935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded within the GMOS global network analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. The over-arching benefit of this coordinated Hg monitoring network would clearly be the production of high-quality measurement datasets on a global scale useful in developing and validating models on different spatial and temporal scales.
Xuewu Fu, Xu Yang, Xiaofang Lang, Jun Zhou, Hui Zhang, Ben Yu, Haiyu Yan, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11547–11562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, 2016
Xun Wang, Che-Jen Lin, Wei Yuan, Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11125–11143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11125-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11125-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a mechanistic model for estimating the emission of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) from natural surfaces in China. The development implements recent advancements in the understanding of air–soil and air–foliage exchange of Hg0 and redox chemistry in soil and on surfaces, incorporates the effects of soil characteristics and landuse changes by agricultural activities, and is examined through a systematic set of sensitivity simulations.
Hélène Angot, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, Katarina Gårdfeldt, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Sarka Langer, Olivier Magand, Michelle N. Mastromonaco, Claus Nordstrøm, Katrine A. Pfaffhuber, Nicola Pirrone, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Henrik Skov, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Alexandra Steffen, Kenjiro Toyota, Oleg Travnikov, Xin Yang, and Aurélien Dommergue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10735–10763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This is a synthesis of the atmospheric mercury (Hg) monitoring data available in recent years (2011–2015) in the Arctic and in Antarctica along with a comparison of these observations with numerical simulations using four cutting-edge global models. Based on this comparison, we discuss whether the processes that affect atmospheric Hg seasonality and interannual variability are appropriately represented in the models, and identify remaining research gaps.
Daniel Neumann, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, Armin Aulinger, and Markus Quante
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9905–9933, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric sea salt particles provide surface area for the condensation of gaseous substances and, thus, impact these substances' atmospheric residence time and chemical reactions. The number and size of sea salt particles govern the strength of these impacts. Therefore, these parameters should be reflected accurately in chemistry transport models. In this study, three different sea salt emission functions are compared in order to evaluate which one is best suited for the given model setup.
Zhuyun Ye, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, and Su Youn Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8461–8478, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8461-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8461-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a state-of-the-art chemical mechanism was incorporated into a box model to investigate the atmospheric Hg cycling in different environments. As a result, for each of the three environments, GOM diurnal cycles of over half the selected cases were reasonably represented by the box model. A realistic model can be a powerful tool, providing important information on atmospheric Hg cycling and implications for policy makers.
Bin Zhao, Kuo-Nan Liou, Yu Gu, Cenlin He, Wee-Liang Lee, Xing Chang, Qinbin Li, Shuxiao Wang, Hsien-Liang R. Tseng, Lai-Yung R. Leung, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5841–5852, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5841-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5841-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the impact of buildings on surface solar fluxes in Beijing by accounting for their 3-D structures. We find that inclusion of buildings changes surface solar fluxes by within ±1 W m−2, ±1–10 W m−2, and up to ±100 W m−2 at grid resolutions of 4 km, 800 m, and 90 m, respectively. We can resolve pairs of positive-negative flux deviations on different sides of buildings at ≤ 800 m resolutions. We should treat building-effect on solar fluxes differently in models with different resolutions.
Lei Zhao, Christopher W. N Anderson, Guangle Qiu, Bo Meng, Dingyong Wang, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 13, 2429–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2429-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2429-2016, 2016
Wei Zhu, Che-Jen Lin, Xun Wang, Jonas Sommar, Xuewu Fu, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4451–4480, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4451-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4451-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable quantification of air-surfaces flux of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) is crucial for understanding Hg global biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review on the state of science in the atmosphere-surface exchange of elemental Hg. We compiled an up-to-date global observational flux database and discuss the implication of flux data on global Hg budget. The knowledge gap and research needs for future measurements and modeling efforts were discussed.
Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, Lihai Shang, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 13, 2029–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A micrometeorological method (REA) has been implemented to assess the role of cereal crop fields in the North China Plain as a source or sink of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) during the course of a full year. In combination with chamber measurements under the canopy, the above-canopy REA measurements provided evidence for a balance between Hg0 ground emissions and uptake of Hg0 by the crop foliage, with net emissions prevailing from the ecosystem during the majority of a year.
Andreas Weigelt, Ralf Ebinghaus, Nicola Pirrone, Johannes Bieser, Jan Bödewadt, Giulio Esposito, Franz Slemr, Peter F. J. van Velthoven, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4135–4146, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4135-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4135-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We show the first mercury profile measurements over Europe since 1996. Besides gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and total gaseous mercury (TGM), the gases CO, SO2, NOx, and O3 were measured from aboard a research aircraft over four European locations. Compared to the boundary layer, the concentration of GEM and TGM in the free troposphere was 10–30% lower. Inside the individual layers no vertical gradient was apparent. Combined with CARIBIC data, a unique profile from 0.4 to 10.5 km is provided.
Monica Crippa, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Frank Dentener, Diego Guizzardi, Katerina Sindelarova, Marilena Muntean, Rita Van Dingenen, and Claire Granier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3825–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3825-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3825-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The interplay of European air quality policies and technological advancement to reduce anthropogenic emissions avoided a dramatic deterioration of air quality in Europe and beyond over the last 40 years (e.g. fuel quality directives reduced global SO2 emissions by 88 %, while the EURO standards led to a 50 % reduction of PM2.5). The story told by the EDGAR retrospective scenarios can be informative for designing multi-pollutant abatement policies also in emerging economies.
Carey L. Friedman and Noelle E. Selin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3433–3448, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global model to simulate the atmospheric transport of toxic contaminants (PCBs). We evaluate the model against PCB observations in the northern hemisphere midlatitude and Arctic atmosphere. We then use the model to calculate global budgets of PCBs and to examine the influence of climate- and emissions-driven processes on Arctic atmospheric concentrations. We find that processes occurring outside the Arctic have a greater influence on Arctic PCBs than those occurring within.
David S. McLagan, Maxwell E. E. Mazur, Carl P. J. Mitchell, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3061–3076, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3061-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3061-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
For more than 20 years, scientists and engineers have tried to design simple sampling devices that can collect gaseous elemental mercury from the atmosphere without the use of a pump. A thorough review of the sampler designs that have been presented so far suggests that while some may be suitable for measuring higher air concentrations close to sources, none of them have the accuracy and precision required to record the low atmospheric mercury concentrations prevalent in background regions.
Daniel Neumann, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, Armin Aulinger, and Markus Quante
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2921–2942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Sea salt emissions were updated to be dependent on salinity which improved sodium predictions in the Baltic Sea region. The impact of sea salt on atmospheric nitrate and ammonium concentrations and on nitrogen deposition in the North and Baltic Sea region is assessed. Sea salt has a low effect on nitrate concentrations but does not improve them. 3 to 7 % of the nitrogen deposition into the North Sea is accounted to the presence of sea salt. In the Baltic Sea, the contribution is negligible.
Lei Zhang, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Fengyang Wang, Che-Jen Lin, Leiming Zhang, Mulin Hui, Mei Yang, Haitao Su, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2417–2433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, 2016
V. Shah, L. Jaeglé, L. E. Gratz, J. L. Ambrose, D. A. Jaffe, N. E. Selin, S. Song, T. L. Campos, F. M. Flocke, M. Reeves, D. Stechman, M. Stell, J. Festa, J. Stutz, A. J. Weinheimer, D. J. Knapp, D. D. Montzka, G. S. Tyndall, E. C. Apel, R. S. Hornbrook, A. J. Hills, D. D. Riemer, N. J. Blake, C. A. Cantrell, and R. L. Mauldin III
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1511–1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1511-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1511-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present airborne observations of mercury over the southeastern USA during summer. Higher concentrations of oxidized mercury were observed in clean, dry air masses descending in the subtropical anti-cyclones. We used an atmospheric model to simulate the chemistry and transport of mercury. We found reasonable agreement with the observations when the modeled oxidation of elemental mercury was increased, suggesting fast cycling between elemental and oxidized mercury.
V. Matthias, A. Aulinger, A. Backes, J. Bieser, B. Geyer, M. Quante, and M. Zeretzke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 759–776, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-759-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-759-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Scenarios for future shipping emissions in the North Sea were developed. Compared to today, the contribution of shipping to the nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations will increase due to the expected enhanced traffic by more than 20 % and 5 %, respectively, by 2030 if no regulation for further emission reductions is implemented. PM2.5 will decrease slightly because the sulfur content in ship fuels will be reduced.
A. Aulinger, V. Matthias, M. Zeretzke, J. Bieser, M. Quante, and A. Backes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 739–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-739-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-739-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A multi-model approach consisting of a bottom-up ship emissions model and a chemistry transport model was used to evaluate the impact of shipping on air quality in North Sea bordering countries. As an example, the results of the simulations indicated that the relative contribution of ships to NO2 concentration levels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in summer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away from the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and 4 % in winter.
G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating, Q. Zhang, J. Kurokawa, R. Wankmüller, H. Denier van der Gon, J. J. P. Kuenen, Z. Klimont, G. Frost, S. Darras, B. Koffi, and M. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides monthly emission grid maps at 0.1deg x 0.1deg resolution with global coverage for air pollutants and aerosols anthropogenic emissions in 2008 and 2010.
Countries are consistently inter-compared with sector-specific implied emission factors, per capita emissions and emissions per unit of GDP.
The emission grid maps compose the reference emissions data set for the community modelling hemispheric transport of air pollution (HTAP).
A. Stohl, B. Aamaas, M. Amann, L. H. Baker, N. Bellouin, T. K. Berntsen, O. Boucher, R. Cherian, W. Collins, N. Daskalakis, M. Dusinska, S. Eckhardt, J. S. Fuglestvedt, M. Harju, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, J. Hao, U. Im, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Maas, C. R. MacIntosh, G. Myhre, S. Myriokefalitakis, D. Olivié, J. Quaas, B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Ø. Seland, K. P. Shine, R. B. Skeie, S. Wang, K. E. Yttri, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529–10566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a summary of the findings of the ECLIPSE EU project. The project has investigated the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived climate pollutants (especially methane, ozone, aerosols) and has designed a global mitigation strategy that maximizes co-benefits between air quality and climate policy. Transient climate model simulations allowed quantifying the impacts on temperature (e.g., reduction in global warming by 0.22K for the decade 2041-2050) and precipitation.
X. W. Fu, H. Zhang, B. Yu, X. Wang, C.-J. Lin, and X. B. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9455–9476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9455-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9455-2015, 2015
J. Zhu, T. Wang, J. Bieser, and V. Matthias
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8767–8779, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated the contributions to mercury concentration and deposition in easter China from seven categories of emission sources by CMAQ-Hg. Also, this study focuses on diagnostic and process analyses for atmospheric mercury pollution formation and on identification of the dominant atmospheric processes for mercury.
S. Song, N. E. Selin, A. L. Soerensen, H. Angot, R. Artz, S. Brooks, E.-G. Brunke, G. Conley, A. Dommergue, R. Ebinghaus, T. M. Holsen, D. A. Jaffe, S. Kang, P. Kelley, W. T. Luke, O. Magand, K. Marumoto, K. A. Pfaffhuber, X. Ren, G.-R. Sheu, F. Slemr, T. Warneke, A. Weigelt, P. Weiss-Penzias, D. C. Wip, and Q. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7103–7125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7103-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7103-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A better knowledge of mercury (Hg) emission fluxes into the global atmosphere is important for assessing its human health impacts and evaluating the effectiveness of corresponding policy actions. We for the first time apply a top-down approach at a global scale to quantitatively estimate present-day mercury emission sources as well as key parameters in a chemical transport model, in order to better constrain the global biogeochemical cycle of mercury.
W. Zhu, J. Sommar, C.-J. Lin, and X. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5359–5376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5359-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5359-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Bias and uncertainty in Hg flux measured by micrometeorological methods (MM) and dynamic flux chambers (DFCs) are assessed from two field inter-comparison campaigns.
DFC flux bias follows a diurnal cycle due to modified temperature and radiation balance inside the chamber.
The precision in concentration difference measurements poses critical constraint on obtaining a larger fraction of significant MM flux. Asynchronous sampling impairs flux accuracy under varying atmospheric Hg concentration.
P. Weiss-Penzias, H. M. Amos, N. E. Selin, M. S. Gustin, D. A. Jaffe, D. Obrist, G.-R. Sheu, and A. Giang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1161–1173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1161-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1161-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Speciated atmospheric Hg measurements from five high-elevation sites were compared with a global mercury model. The comparison confirmed that reactive mercury is formed in dry free tropospheric air from the oxidation of elemental Hg, more so in the summer than in other seasons. Simulations run with OH-O3 oxidation instead of the Br oxidation mechanism compared more closely with observations at desert sites, suggesting future simulations should include multiple reaction mechanisms simultaneously.
B. Zhao, S. X. Wang, J. Xing, K. Fu, J. S. Fu, C. Jang, Y. Zhu, X. Y. Dong, Y. Gao, W. J. Wu, J. D. Wang, and J. M. Hao
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 115–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-115-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-115-2015, 2015
X. W. Fu, H. Zhang, C.-J. Lin, X. B. Feng, L. X. Zhou, and S. X. Fang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1013–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1013-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1013-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is the first to report correlation slopes of GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CH4/CO, CH4/CO2, and CO/CO2 for mainland China, South Asia, the Indochinese Peninsula, and Central Asia, and applied the values to estimate GEM emissions in the four source regions. The estimated Hg0 emissions for mainland China, South Asia, the Indochinese Peninsula, and Central Asia using GEM/CO and GEM/CO2 correlation slopes are in the ranges of 1071-1187, 340-470, 125, and 54-90t, respectively.
H. Zhang, X. W. Fu, C.-J. Lin, X. Wang, and X. B. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 653–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-653-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-653-2015, 2015
W. Zhu, J. Sommar, C.-J. Lin, and X. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 685–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-685-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-685-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury vapor fluxes measured by the micrometeorological (MM) and dynamic flux chambers (DFCs) methods were compared. Distinct temporal trends existed between MM and DFCs fluxes; the novel chamber method provided net cumulative flux on a level with those derived by MM methods. Statistical analysis indicated that the medians of turbulent fluxes estimated by three MM techniques were not significantly different. Recommendations are given regarding the deployment of Hg flux quantification methods.
N. Batrakova, O. Travnikov, and O. Rozovskaya
Ocean Sci., 10, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1047-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1047-2014, 2014
S. X. Wang, B. Zhao, S. Y. Cai, Z. Klimont, C. P. Nielsen, T. Morikawa, J. H. Woo, Y. Kim, X. Fu, J. Y. Xu, J. M. Hao, and K. B. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6571–6603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, 2014
X. Wang, C.-J. Lin, and X. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6273–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, 2014
Z. Cheng, S. Wang, X. Fu, J. G. Watson, J. Jiang, Q. Fu, C. Chen, B. Xu, J. Yu, J. C. Chow, and J. Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4573–4585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4573-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4573-2014, 2014
K. Toyota, J. C. McConnell, R. M. Staebler, and A. P. Dastoor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4101–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4101-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4101-2014, 2014
K. Toyota, A. P. Dastoor, and A. Ryzhkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4135–4167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4135-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4135-2014, 2014
X. Fu, S. X. Wang, Z. Cheng, J. Xing, B. Zhao, J. D. Wang, and J. M. Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1239–1254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1239-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1239-2014, 2014
T. M. Thompson, R. K. Saari, and N. E. Selin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 969–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-969-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-969-2014, 2014
L. Zhang, S. X. Wang, L. Wang, and J. M. Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10505–10516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10505-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10505-2013, 2013
G. Kos, A. Ryzhkov, A. Dastoor, J. Narayan, A. Steffen, P. A. Ariya, and L. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4839–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Atmospheric sciences
The sensitivity of aerosol data assimilation to vertical profiles: case study of dust storm assimilation with LOTOS-EUROS v2.2
Knowledge-inspired fusion strategies for the inference of PM2.5 values with a neural network
Tuning the ICON-A 2.6.4 climate model with machine-learning-based emulators and history matching
A novel method for quantifying the contribution of regional transport to PM2.5 in Beijing (2013–2020): combining machine learning with concentration-weighted trajectory analysis
Quantification of CO2 hotspot emissions from OCO-3 SAM CO2 satellite images using deep learning methods
Diagnosis of winter precipitation types using the spectral bin model (version 1DSBM-19M): comparison of five methods using ICE-POP 2018 field experiment data
Improving winter condition simulations in SURFEX-TEB v9.0 with a multi-layer snow model and ice
UA-ICON with the NWP physics package (version ua-icon-2.1): mean state and variability of the middle atmosphere
Integrated Methane Inversion (IMI) 2.0: an improved research and stakeholder tool for monitoring total methane emissions with high resolution worldwide using TROPOMI satellite observations
HTAP3 Fires: towards a multi-model, multi-pollutant study of fire impacts
Using a data-driven statistical model to better evaluate surface turbulent heat fluxes in weather and climate numerical models: a demonstration study
Pochva: a new hydro-thermal process model in soil, snow, and vegetation for application in atmosphere numerical models
ClimKern v1.2: a new Python package and kernel repository for calculating radiative feedbacks
Accounting for effects of coagulation and model uncertainties in particle number concentration estimates based on measurements from sampling lines – a Bayesian inversion approach with SLIC v1.0
Top-down CO emission estimates using TROPOMI CO data in the TM5-4DVAR (r1258) inverse modeling suit
Similarity-based analysis of atmospheric organic compounds for machine learning applications
Porting the Meso-NH atmospheric model on different GPU architectures for the next generation of supercomputers (version MESONH-v55-OpenACC)
Estimation of aerosol and cloud radiative heating rate in the tropical stratosphere using a radiative kernel method
Evaluation of dust emission and land surface schemes in predicting a mega Asian dust storm over South Korea using WRF-Chem
Sensitivity studies of a four-dimensional local ensemble transform Kalman filter coupled with WRF-Chem version 3.9.1 for improving particulate matter simulation accuracy
A Bayesian method for predicting background radiation at environmental monitoring stations in local-scale networks
Inclusion of the ECMWF ecRad radiation scheme (v1.5.0) in the MAR (v3.14), regional evaluation for Belgium, and assessment of surface shortwave spectral fluxes at Uccle
Development of a fast radiative transfer model for ground-based microwave radiometers (ARMS-gb v1.0): validation and comparison to RTTOV-gb
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) High-Resolution Global Forecast Model version 1: an attempt to resolve monsoon prediction deadlock
Cell-tracking-based framework for assessing nowcasting model skill in reproducing growth and decay of convective rainfall
NeuralMie (v1.0): an aerosol optics emulator
A REtrieval Method for optical and physical Aerosol Properties in the stratosphere (REMAPv1)
Simulation performance of planetary boundary layer schemes in WRF v4.3.1 for near-surface wind over the western Sichuan Basin: a single-site assessment
FootNet v1.0: development of a machine learning emulator of atmospheric transport
Updates and evaluation of NOAA's online-coupled air quality model version 7 (AQMv7) within the Unified Forecast System
Quantifying the analysis uncertainty for nowcasting application
Improving the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) in the Community Inversion Framework: a case study with ICON-ART 2024.01
The MESSy DWARF (based on MESSy v2.55.2)
Generalized local fractions – a method for the calculation of sensitivities to emissions from multiple sources for chemically active species, illustrated using the EMEP MSC-W model (rv5.5)
SanDyPALM v1.0: Static and Dynamic Drivers for the PALM-4U Model to Facilitate Realistic Urban Microclimate Simulations
An enhanced emission module for the PALM model system 23.10 with application for PM10 emission from urban domestic heating
Identifying lightning processes in ERA5 soundings with deep learning
Sensitivity of predicted ultrafine particle size distributions in Europe to different nucleation rate parameterizations using PMCAMx-UF v2.2
Explaining neural networks for detection of tropical cyclones and atmospheric rivers in gridded atmospheric simulation data
Accurate and fast prediction of radioactive pollution by Kriging coupled with Auto-Associative Models
Mitigating Hail Overforecasting in the 2-Moment Milbrandt-Yau Microphysics Scheme (v2.25.2_beta_04) in WRF (v4.5.1) by Incorporating the Graupel Spongy Wet Growth Process (MY2_GSWG v1.0)
PALACE v1.0: Paranal Airglow Line And Continuum Emission model
Accurate space-based NOx emission estimates with the flux divergence approach require fine-scale model information on local oxidation chemistry and profile shapes
Exploring a high-level programming model for the NWP domain using ECMWF microphysics schemes
Quantifying uncertainties in satellite NO2 superobservations for data assimilation and model evaluation
ML-AMPSIT: Machine Learning-based Automated Multi-method Parameter Sensitivity and Importance analysis Tool
Coupling the urban canopy model TEB (SURFEXv9.0) with the radiation model SPARTACUS-Urbanv0.6.1 for more realistic urban radiative exchange calculation
Comprehensive evaluation of iAMAS (v1.0) in simulating Antarctic meteorological fields with observations and reanalysis
Forecasting contrail climate forcing for flight planning and air traffic management applications: the CocipGrid model in pycontrails 0.51.0
Simulation of the heat mitigation potential of unsealing measures in cities by parameterizing grass grid pavers for urban microclimate modelling with ENVI-met (V5)
Mijie Pang, Jianbing Jin, Ting Yang, Xi Chen, Arjo Segers, Batjargal Buyantogtokh, Yixuan Gu, Jiandong Li, Hai Xiang Lin, Hong Liao, and Wei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3781–3798, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3781-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3781-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol data assimilation has gained popularity as it combines the advantages of modelling and observation. However, few studies have addressed the challenges in the prior vertical structure. Different observations are assimilated to examine the sensitivity of assimilation to vertical structure. Results show that assimilation can optimize the dust field in general. However, if the prior introduces an incorrect structure, the assimilation can significantly deteriorate the integrity of the aerosol profile.
Matthieu Dabrowski, José Mennesson, Jérôme Riedi, Chaabane Djeraba, and Pierre Nabat
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3707–3733, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3707-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3707-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the prediction of aerosol concentration values at the ground level, which are a strong indicator of air quality, using artificial neural networks. A study of different variables and their efficiency as inputs for these models is also proposed and reveals that the best results are obtained when using all of them. Comparison between network architectures and information fusion methods allows for the extraction of knowledge on the most efficient methods in the context of this study.
Pauline Bonnet, Lorenzo Pastori, Mierk Schwabe, Marco Giorgetta, Fernando Iglesias-Suarez, and Veronika Eyring
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3681–3706, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3681-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3681-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tuning a climate model means adjusting uncertain parameters in the model to best match observations like the global radiation balance and cloud cover. This is usually done by running many simulations of the model with different settings, which can be time-consuming and relies heavily on expert knowledge. To make this process faster and more objective, we developed a machine learning emulator to create a large ensemble and apply a method called history matching to find the best settings.
Kang Hu, Hong Liao, Dantong Liu, Jianbing Jin, Lei Chen, Siyuan Li, Yangzhou Wu, Changhao Wu, Shitong Zhao, Xiaotong Jiang, Ping Tian, Kai Bi, Ye Wang, and Delong Zhao
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3623–3634, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3623-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3623-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines machine learning with concentration-weighted trajectory analysis to quantify regional transport PM2.5. From 2013–2020, local emissions dominated Beijing's pollution events. The Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan reduced regional transport pollution, but the eastern region showed the smallest decrease. Beijing should prioritize local emission reduction while considering the east region's contributions in future strategies.
Joffrey Dumont Le Brazidec, Pierre Vanderbecken, Alban Farchi, Grégoire Broquet, Gerrit Kuhlmann, and Marc Bocquet
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3607–3622, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3607-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3607-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a deep learning method to estimate CO2 emissions from power plants using satellite images. Trained and validated on simulated data, our model accurately predicts emissions despite challenges like cloud cover. When applied to real OCO3 satellite images, the results closely match reported emissions. This study shows that neural networks trained on simulations can effectively analyse real satellite data, offering a new way to monitor CO2 emissions from space.
Wonbae Bang, Jacob T. Carlin, Kwonil Kim, Alexander V. Ryzhkov, Guosheng Liu, and GyuWon Lee
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3559–3581, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3559-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3559-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysics model-based diagnosis, such as the spectral bin model (SBM), has recently been attempted to diagnose winter precipitation types. In this study, the accuracy of SBM-based precipitation type diagnosis is compared with other traditional methods. SBM has a relatively higher accuracy for dry-snow and wet-snow events, whereas it has lower accuracy for rain events. When the microphysics scheme in the SBM was optimized for the corresponding region, the accuracy for rain events improved.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, Ludovic Bouilloud, Laura Pavan, and Virve Karsisto
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3453–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3453-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3453-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In winter, snow- and ice-covered artificial surfaces are important aspects of the urban climate. They may influence the magnitude of the urban heat island effect, but this is still unclear. In this study, we improved the representation of the snow and ice cover in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban climate model. Evaluations have shown that the results are promising for using TEB to study the climate of cold cities.
Markus Kunze, Christoph Zülicke, Tarique A. Siddiqui, Claudia C. Stephan, Yosuke Yamazaki, Claudia Stolle, Sebastian Borchert, and Hauke Schmidt
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3359–3385, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3359-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3359-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) general circulation model with an upper-atmospheric extension with the physics package for numerical weather prediction (UA-ICON(NWP)). We optimized the parameters for the gravity wave parameterizations and achieved realistic modeling of the thermal and dynamic states of the mesopause regions. UA-ICON(NWP) now shows a realistic frequency of major sudden stratospheric warmings and well-represented solar tides in temperature.
Lucas A. Estrada, Daniel J. Varon, Melissa Sulprizio, Hannah Nesser, Zichong Chen, Nicholas Balasus, Sarah E. Hancock, Megan He, James D. East, Todd A. Mooring, Alexander Oort Alonso, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Ilse Aben, Sabour Baray, Kevin W. Bowman, John R. Worden, Felipe J. Cardoso-Saldaña, Emily Reidy, and Daniel J. Jacob
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3311–3330, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3311-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Reducing emissions of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, is a top policy concern for mitigating anthropogenic climate change. The Integrated Methane Inversion (IMI) is an advanced, cloud-based software that translates satellite observations into actionable emissions data. Here we present IMI version 2.0 with vastly expanded capabilities. These updates enable a wider range of scientific and stakeholder applications from individual basin to global scales with continuous emissions monitoring.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Tim Butler, Jose A. Adame, Rupal Ambulkar, Steve R. Arnold, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Benjamin Gaubert, Douglas S. Hamilton, Min Huang, Hayley Hung, Johannes W. Kaiser, Jacek W. Kaminski, Christoph Knote, Gerbrand Koren, Jean-Luc Kouassi, Meiyun Lin, Tianjia Liu, Jianmin Ma, Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon, Elisa Bergas Masso, Jessica L. McCarty, Mariano Mertens, Mark Parrington, Helene Peiro, Pallavi Saxena, Saurabh Sonwani, Vanisa Surapipith, Damaris Y. T. Tan, Wenfu Tang, Veerachai Tanpipat, Kostas Tsigaridis, Christine Wiedinmyer, Oliver Wild, Yuanyu Xie, and Paquita Zuidema
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3265–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The multi-model experiment design of the HTAP3 Fires project takes a multi-pollutant approach to improving our understanding of transboundary transport of wildland fire and agricultural burning emissions and their impacts. The experiments are designed with the goal of answering science policy questions related to fires. The options for the multi-model approach, including inputs, outputs, and model setup, are discussed, and the official recommendations for the project are presented.
Maurin Zouzoua, Sophie Bastin, Fabienne Lohou, Marie Lothon, Marjolaine Chiriaco, Mathilde Jome, Cécile Mallet, Laurent Barthes, and Guylaine Canut
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3211–3239, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3211-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3211-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes using a statistical model to freeze errors due to differences in environmental forcing when evaluating the surface turbulent heat fluxes from numerical simulations with observations. The statistical model is first built with observations and then applied to the simulated environment to generate possibly observed fluxes. This novel method provides insight into differently evaluating the numerical formulation of turbulent heat fluxes with a long period of observational data.
Oxana Drofa
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3175–3209, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3175-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3175-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the result of many years of effort of the author, who developed an original mathematical numerical model of heat and moisture exchange processes in soil, vegetation, and snow. The author relied on her 30 years of research experience in atmospheric numerical modelling. The presented model is the fruit of the author's research on physical processes at the surface–atmosphere interface and their numerical approximation and aims at improving numerical weather forecasting and climate simulations.
Tyler P. Janoski, Ivan Mitevski, Ryan J. Kramer, Michael Previdi, and Lorenzo M. Polvani
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3065–3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3065-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3065-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed ClimKern, a Python package and radiative kernel repository, to simplify calculating radiative feedbacks and make climate sensitivity studies more reproducible. Testing of ClimKern with sample climate model data reveals that radiative kernel choice may be more important than previously thought, especially in polar regions. Our work highlights the need for kernel sensitivity analyses to be included in future studies.
Matti Niskanen, Aku Seppänen, Henri Oikarinen, Miska Olin, Panu Karjalainen, Santtu Mikkonen, and Kari Lehtinen
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2983–3001, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2983-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2983-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Particle size is a key factor determining the properties of aerosol particles which have a major influence on the climate and on human health. When measuring the particle sizes, however, sometimes the sampling lines that transfer the aerosol to the measurement device distort the size distribution, making the measurement unreliable. We propose a method to correct for the distortions and estimate the true particle sizes, improving measurement accuracy.
Johann Rasmus Nüß, Nikos Daskalakis, Fabian Günther Piwowarczyk, Angelos Gkouvousis, Oliver Schneising, Michael Buchwitz, Maria Kanakidou, Maarten C. Krol, and Mihalis Vrekoussis
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2861–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2861-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2861-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate carbon monoxide emissions through inverse modeling, an approach where measurements of tracers in the atmosphere are fed to a model to calculate backwards in time (inverse) where the tracers came from. We introduce measurements from a new satellite instrument and show that, in most places globally, these on their own sufficiently constrain the emissions. This alleviates the need for additional datasets, which could shorten the delay for future carbon monoxide source estimates.
Hilda Sandström and Patrick Rinke
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2701–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning has the potential to aid the identification of organic molecules involved in aerosol formation. Yet, progress is stalled by a lack of curated atmospheric molecular datasets. Here, we compared atmospheric compounds with large molecular datasets used in machine learning and found minimal overlap with similarity algorithms. Our result underlines the need for collaborative efforts to curate atmospheric molecular data to facilitate machine learning models in atmospheric sciences.
Juan Escobar, Philippe Wautelet, Joris Pianezze, Florian Pantillon, Thibaut Dauhut, Christelle Barthe, and Jean-Pierre Chaboureau
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2679–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2679-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2679-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Meso-NH weather research code is adapted for GPUs using OpenACC, leading to significant performance and energy efficiency improvements. Called MESONH-v55-OpenACC, it includes enhanced memory management, communication optimizations and a new solver. On the AMD MI250X Adastra platform, it achieved up to 6× speedup and 2.3× energy efficiency gain compared to CPUs. Storm simulations at 100 m resolution show positive results, positioning the code for future use on exascale supercomputers.
Jie Gao, Yi Huang, Jonathon S. Wright, Ke Li, Tao Geng, and Qiurun Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2569–2586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2569-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2569-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol in the upper troposphere and stratosphere is highly variable, and its radiative effect is poorly understood. To estimate this effect, the radiative kernel is constructed and applied. The results show that the kernels can reproduce aerosol radiative effects and are expected to simulate stratospheric aerosol radiative effects. This approach reduces computational expense, is consistent with radiative model calculations, and can be applied to atmospheric models with speed requirements.
Ji Won Yoon, Seungyeon Lee, Ebony Lee, and Seon Ki Park
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2303–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2303-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2303-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to predict a mega Asian dust storm (ADS) over South Korea on 28–29 March 2021. We assessed combinations of five dust emission and four land surface schemes by analyzing meteorological and air quality variables. The best scheme combination reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) for particulate matter 10 (PM10) by up to 29.6 %, demonstrating the highest performance.
Jianyu Lin, Tie Dai, Lifang Sheng, Weihang Zhang, Shangfei Hai, and Yawen Kong
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2231–2248, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2231-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2231-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effectiveness of this assimilation system and its sensitivity to the ensemble member size and length of the assimilation window are investigated. This study advances our understanding of the selection of basic parameters in the four-dimensional local ensemble transform Kalman filter assimilation system and the performance of ensemble simulation in a particulate-matter-polluted environment.
Jens Peter Karolus Wenceslaus Frankemölle, Johan Camps, Pieter De Meutter, and Johan Meyers
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1989–2003, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1989-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1989-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To detect anomalous radioactivity in the environment, it is paramount that we understand the natural background level. In this work, we propose a statistical model to describe the most likely background level and the associated uncertainty in a network of dose rate detectors. We train, verify, and validate the model using real environmental data. Using the model, we show that we can correctly predict the background level in a subset of the detector network during a known
anomalous event.
Jean-François Grailet, Robin J. Hogan, Nicolas Ghilain, David Bolsée, Xavier Fettweis, and Marilaure Grégoire
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1965–1988, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The MAR (Modèle Régional Atmosphérique) is a regional climate model used for weather forecasting and studying the climate over various regions. This paper presents an update of MAR thanks to which it can precisely decompose solar radiation, in particular in the UV (ultraviolet) and photosynthesis ranges, both being critical to human health and ecosystems. As a first application of this new capability, this paper presents a method for predicting UV indices with MAR.
Yi-Ning Shi, Jun Yang, Wei Han, Lujie Han, Jiajia Mao, Wanlin Kan, and Fuzhong Weng
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1947–1964, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1947-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1947-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Direct assimilation of observations from ground-based microwave radiometers (GMRs) holds significant potential for improving forecast accuracy. Radiative transfer models (RTMs) play a crucial role in direct data assimilation. In this study, we introduce a new RTM, the Advanced Radiative Transfer Modeling System – Ground-Based (ARMS-gb), designed to simulate brightness temperatures observed by GMRs along with their Jacobians. Several enhancements have been incorporated to achieve higher accuracy.
R. Phani Murali Krishna, Siddharth Kumar, A. Gopinathan Prajeesh, Peter Bechtold, Nils Wedi, Kumar Roy, Malay Ganai, B. Revanth Reddy, Snehlata Tirkey, Tanmoy Goswami, Radhika Kanase, Sahadat Sarkar, Medha Deshpande, and Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1879–1894, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1879-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1879-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The High-Resolution Global Forecast Model (HGFM) is an advanced iteration of the operational Global Forecast System (GFS) model. HGFM can produce forecasts at a spatial scale of ~6 km in tropics. It demonstrates improved accuracy in short- to medium-range weather prediction over the Indian region, with notable success in predicting extreme events. Further, the model will be entrusted to operational forecasting agencies after validation and testing.
Jenna Ritvanen, Seppo Pulkkinen, Dmitri Moisseev, and Daniele Nerini
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1851–1878, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1851-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1851-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nowcasting models struggle with the rapid evolution of heavy rain, and common verification methods are unable to describe how accurately the models predict the growth and decay of heavy rain. We propose a framework to assess model performance. In the framework, convective cells are identified and tracked in the forecasts and observations, and the model skill is then evaluated by comparing differences between forecast and observed cells. We demonstrate the framework with four open-source models.
Andrew Geiss and Po-Lun Ma
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1809–1827, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1809-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1809-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly impact the planet's energy budget, and atmosphere simulations require accurate representation of their interaction with light. This work introduces two approaches to represent light scattering by small particles. The first is a scattering simulator based on Mie theory implemented in Python. The second is a neural network emulator that is more accurate than existing methods and is fast enough to be used in climate and weather simulations.
Andrin Jörimann, Timofei Sukhodolov, Beiping Luo, Gabriel Chiodo, Graham Mann, and Thomas Peter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-145, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-145, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles in the stratosphere affect our climate. Climate models therefore need an accurate description of their properties and evolution. Satellites measure how strongly aerosol particles extinguish light passing through the stratosphere. We describe a method to use such aerosol extinction data to retrieve the number and sizes of the aerosol particles and calculate their optical effects. The resulting data sets for models are validated against ground-based and balloon observations.
Qin Wang, Bo Zeng, Gong Chen, and Yaoting Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1769–1784, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1769-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1769-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the performance of four planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in near-surface wind fields over the Sichuan Basin, China. Using 112 sensitivity experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and focusing on 28 wind events, it is found that wind direction was less sensitive to the PBL schemes. The quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE) scheme captured temporal variations best, while the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ) scheme had the least error in wind speed.
Tai-Long He, Nikhil Dadheech, Tammy M. Thompson, and Alexander J. Turner
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1661–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1661-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is computationally expensive to infer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using atmospheric observations. This is partly due to the detailed model used to represent atmospheric transport. We demonstrate how a machine learning (ML) model can be used to simulate high-resolution atmospheric transport. This type of ML model will help estimate GHG emissions using dense observations, which are becoming increasingly common with the proliferation of urban monitoring networks and geostationary satellites.
Wei Li, Beiming Tang, Patrick C. Campbell, Youhua Tang, Barry Baker, Zachary Moon, Daniel Tong, Jianping Huang, Kai Wang, Ivanka Stajner, and Raffaele Montuoro
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1635–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1635-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1635-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study describes the updates of NOAA's current UFS-AQMv7 air quality forecast model by incorporating the latest scientific and structural changes in CMAQv5.4. An evaluation during the summer of 2023 shows that the updated model overall improves the simulation of MDA8 O3 by reducing the bias by 8%–12% in the contiguous US. PM2.5 predictions have mixed results due to wildfire, highlighting the need for future refinements.
Yanwei Zhu, Aitor Atencia, Markus Dabernig, and Yong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1545–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1545-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1545-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Most works have delved into convective weather nowcasting, and only a few works have discussed the nowcasting uncertainty for variables at the surface level. Hence, we proposed a method to estimate uncertainty. Generating appropriate noises associated with the characteristic of the error in analysis can simulate the uncertainty of nowcasting. This method can contribute to the estimation of near–surface analysis uncertainty in both nowcasting applications and ensemble nowcasting development.
Joël Thanwerdas, Antoine Berchet, Lionel Constantin, Aki Tsuruta, Michael Steiner, Friedemann Reum, Stephan Henne, and Dominik Brunner
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1505–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Community Inversion Framework (CIF) brings together methods for estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from atmospheric observations. The initial ensemble method implemented in CIF was found to be incomplete and could hardly be compared to other ensemble methods employed in the inversion community. In this paper, we present and evaluate a new implementation of the ensemble mode, building upon the initial developments.
Astrid Kerkweg, Timo Kirfel, Duong H. Do, Sabine Griessbach, Patrick Jöckel, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1265–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1265-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1265-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Normally, the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) is linked to complete dynamic models to create chemical climate models. However, the modular concept of MESSy and the newly developed DWARF component presented here make it possible to create simplified models that contain only one or a few process descriptions. This is very useful for technical optimisation, such as porting to GPUs, and can be used to create less complex models, such as a chemical box model.
Peter Wind and Willem van Caspel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3571, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3571, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a numerical method to assess the origin of air pollution. Combined with a numerical air pollution transport and chemistry model, it can follow the contributions from a large number of emission sources. The result is a series of maps that give the relative contributions from for example all European countries at each point.
Julian Vogel, Sebastian Stadler, Ganesh Chockalingam, Afshin Afshari, Johanna Henning, and Matthias Winkler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-144, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-144, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a toolkit to simplify input data creation for the urban microclimate model PALM-4U. It introduces novel methods to automate the use of open data sources. Our analysis of four test cases created from different geographic data sources shows variations in temperature, humidity, and wind speed, influenced by data quality. Validation indicates that the automated methods yield results comparable to expert-driven approaches, facilitating user-friendly urban climate modeling.
Edward C. Chan, Ilona J. Jäkel, Basit Khan, Martijn Schaap, Timothy M. Butler, Renate Forkel, and Sabine Banzhaf
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1119–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1119-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
An enhanced emission module has been developed for the PALM model system, improving flexibility and scalability of emission source representation across different sectors. A model for parametrized domestic emissions has also been included, for which an idealized model run is conducted for particulate matter (PM10). The results show that, in addition to individual sources and diurnal variations in energy consumption, vertical transport and urban topology play a role in concentration distribution.
Gregor Ehrensperger, Thorsten Simon, Georg J. Mayr, and Tobias Hell
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1141–1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1141-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1141-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
As lightning is a brief and localized event, it is not explicitly resolved in atmospheric models. Instead, expert-based auxiliary descriptions are used to assess it. This study explores how AI can improve our understanding of lightning without relying on traditional expert knowledge. We reveal that AI independently identified the key factors known to experts as essential for lightning in the Alps region. This shows how knowledge discovery could be sped up in areas with limited expert knowledge.
David Patoulias, Kalliopi Florou, and Spyros N. Pandis
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1103–1118, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1103-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1103-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of the assumed atmospheric nucleation mechanism on particle number concentrations and size distribution was investigated. Two quite different mechanisms involving sulfuric acid and ammonia or a biogenic organic vapor gave quite similar results which were consistent with measurements at 26 measurement stations across Europe. The number of larger particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei showed little sensitivity to the assumed nucleation mechanism.
Tim Radke, Susanne Fuchs, Christian Wilms, Iuliia Polkova, and Marc Rautenhaus
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1017–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1017-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1017-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we built upon previous work to investigate the patterns artificial intelligence (AI) learns to detect atmospheric features like tropical cyclones (TCs) and atmospheric rivers (ARs). As primary objective, we adopt a method to explain the AI used and investigate the plausibility of learned patterns. We find that plausible patterns are learned for both TCs and ARs. Hence, the chosen method is very useful for gaining confidence in the AI-based detection of atmospheric features.
Raphaël Périllat, Sylvain Girard, and Irène Korsakissok
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3838, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method to improve decision-making during nuclear crises by predicting the spread of radiation more efficiently. Existing approaches are often too slow, especially when analyzing complex data like radiation maps. Our method combines techniques to simplify these maps and predict them quickly using statistical tools. This approach could help authorities respond faster and more accurately in emergencies, reducing risks to the population and the environment.
Shaofeng Hua, Gang Chen, Baojun Chen, Mingshan Li, and Xin Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3834, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3834, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hail forecasting using numerical models remains a challenge. In this study, we found that the commonly used graupel-to-hail conversion parameterization method led to hail overforecasting in heavy rainfall cases where no hail was observed. By incorporating the spongy wet growth process, we successfully mitigated hail overforecasting. The modified scheme also produced hail in real hail events. This research contributes to a better understanding of hail formation.
Stefan Noll, Carsten Schmidt, Patrick Hannawald, Wolfgang Kausch, and Stefan Kimeswenger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3512, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3512, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Non-thermal emission from chemical reactions in the Earth's middle und upper atmosphere strongly contributes to the brightness of the night sky below about 2.3 µm. The new Paranal Airglow Line and Continuum Emission model calculates the emission spectrum and its variability with an unprecedented accuracy. Relying on a large spectroscopic data set from astronomical spectrographs and theoretical molecular/atomic data, it is valuable for airglow research and astronomical observatories.
Felipe Cifuentes, Henk Eskes, Enrico Dammers, Charlotte Bryan, and Folkert Boersma
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 621–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-621-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-621-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the capability of the flux divergence approach (FDA) to reproduce known NOx emissions using synthetic NO2 satellite column retrievals from high-resolution model simulations. The FDA accurately reproduced NOx emissions when column observations were limited to the boundary layer and when the variability of the NO2 lifetime, the NOx : NO2 ratio, and NO2 profile shapes were correctly modeled. This introduces strong model dependency, reducing the simplicity of the original FDA formulation.
Stefano Ubbiali, Christian Kühnlein, Christoph Schär, Linda Schlemmer, Thomas C. Schulthess, Michael Staneker, and Heini Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We explore a high-level programming model for porting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model codes to graphics processing units (GPUs). We present a Python rewrite with the domain-specific library GT4Py (GridTools for Python) of two renowned cloud microphysics schemes and the associated tangent-linear and adjoint algorithms. We find excellent portability, competitive GPU performance, robust execution on diverse computing architectures, and enhanced code maintainability and user productivity.
Pieter Rijsdijk, Henk Eskes, Arlene Dingemans, K. Folkert Boersma, Takashi Sekiya, Kazuyuki Miyazaki, and Sander Houweling
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 483–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-483-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-483-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clustering high-resolution satellite observations into superobservations improves model validation and data assimilation applications. In our paper, we derive quantitative uncertainties for satellite NO2 column observations based on knowledge of the retrievals, including a detailed analysis of spatial error correlations and representativity errors. The superobservations and uncertainty estimates are tested in a global chemical data assimilation system and are found to improve the forecasts.
Dario Di Santo, Cenlin He, Fei Chen, and Lorenzo Giovannini
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 433–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-433-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-433-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the Machine Learning-based Automated Multi-method Parameter Sensitivity and Importance analysis Tool (ML-AMPSIT), a computationally efficient tool that uses machine learning algorithms for sensitivity analysis in atmospheric models. It is tested with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Noah-Multiparameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model to investigate sea breeze circulation sensitivity to vegetation-related parameters.
Robert Schoetter, Robin James Hogan, Cyril Caliot, and Valéry Masson
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 405–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Radiation is relevant to the atmospheric impact on people and infrastructure in cities as it can influence the urban heat island, building energy consumption, and human thermal comfort. A new urban radiation model, assuming a more realistic form of urban morphology, is coupled to the urban climate model Town Energy Balance (TEB). The new TEB is evaluated with a reference radiation model for a variety of urban morphologies, and an improvement in the simulated radiative observables is found.
Qike Yang, Chun Zhao, Jiawang Feng, Gudongze Li, Jun Gu, Zihan Xia, Mingyue Xu, and Zining Yang
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-229, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of unstructured meshes using the iAMAS model over Antarctica, encompassing both surface and upper-level meteorological fields. Comparison with ERA5 and observational data reveals that the iAMAS model performs well in simulating the Antarctic atmosphere; iAMAS demonstrates comparable, and in some cases superior, performance in simulating temperature and wind speed in East Antarctica when compared to ERA5.
Zebediah Engberg, Roger Teoh, Tristan Abbott, Thomas Dean, Marc E. J. Stettler, and Marc L. Shapiro
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 253–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-253-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-253-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Contrails forming in some atmospheric conditions may persist and become strongly warming cirrus, while in other conditions may be neutral or cooling. We develop a contrail forecast model to predict contrail climate forcing for any arbitrary point in space and time and explore integration into flight planning and air traffic management. This approach enables contrail interventions to target high-probability high-climate-impact regions and reduce unintended consequences of contrail management.
Nils Eingrüber, Alina Domm, Wolfgang Korres, and Karl Schneider
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 141–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-141-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-141-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change adaptation measures like unsealings can reduce urban heat stress. As grass grid pavers have never been parameterized for microclimate model simulations with ENVI-met, a new parameterization was developed based on field measurements. To analyse the cooling potential, scenario analyses were performed for a densely developed area in Cologne. Statistically significant average cooling effects of up to −11.1 K were found for surface temperature and up to −2.9 K for 1 m air temperature.
Cited articles
Aas, W. and Bohlin-Nizzetto, P.: Heavy Metals and POP Measurements, NILU, https://nilu.brage.unit.no/nilu-xmlui/handle/11250/2828494 (last access: 1 May 2025), 2019.
Agather, A. M., Bowman, K. L., Lamborg, C. H., and Hammerschmidt, C. R.: Distribution of mercury species in the Western Arctic Ocean (U.S. GEOTRACES GN01), Mar. Chem., 216, 103686, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103686, 2019.
Agnan, Y., Le Dantec, T., Moore, C. W., Edwards, G. C., and Obrist, D.: New Constraints on Terrestrial Surface–Atmosphere Fluxes of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Using a Global Database, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 507–524, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04013, 2016.
Ahmed, S., Thomas, J. L., Angot, H., Dommergue, A., Archer, S. D., Bariteau, L., Beck, I., Benavent, N., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Blomquist, B., Boyer, M., Christensen, J. H., Dahlke, S., Dastoor, A., Helmig, D., Howard, D., Jacobi, H.-W., Jokinen, T., Lapere, R., Laurila, T., Quéléver, L. L. J., Richter, A., Ryjkov, A., Mahajan, A. S., Marelle, L., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Posman, K., Rinke, A., Saiz-Lopez, A., Schmale, J., Skov, H., Steffen, A., Stupple, G., Stutz, J., Travnikov, O., and Zilker, B.: Modelling the coupled mercury-halogen-ozone cycle in the central Arctic during spring, Elem. Sci. Anthr., 11, 00129, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00129, 2023.
Aiuppa, A., Dongarrà, G., Valenza, M., Federico, C., and Pecoraino, G.: Degassing of Trace Volatile Metals During the 2001 Eruption of Etna, in: Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere, AGU – American Geophysical Union, 41–54, https://doi.org/10.1029/139GM03, 2004.
Aiuppa, A., Bagnato, E., Witt, M. L. I., Mather, T. A., Parello, F., Pyle, D. M., and Martin, R. S.: Real-time simultaneous detection of volcanic Hg and SO2 at La Fossa Crater, Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Sicily), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030762, 2007.
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.: Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications, Environ. Model. Softw., 26, 1489–1501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012, 2011.
AMAP: AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues, AMAP – Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway, https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-report-arctic-pollution-issues/68 (last access: 1 May 2025), 1998.
AMAP/UN Environnement: Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2018, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway/UN Environnement Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/technical-background-report-for-the-global-mercury-assessment (last access: 1 May 2025), 2019.
AMAP/UNEP: Technical Background Report to the Global Atmospheric Mercury Assessment, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/UNEP Chemicals Branch, https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/technical-background-report-to-the-global-atmospheric-mercury (last access: 1 May 2025), 2008.
AMAP/UNEP: Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Porgramme, Oslo, Norway, UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/technical-background-report-for-the-global-mercury (last access: 1 May 2025), 2013.
Ambrose, J., Tsiros, and Wool: Modeling mercury fluxes and concentrations in a Georgia watershed receiving atmospheric deposition load from direct and indirect sources, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 55, 547–558, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464643, 2005.
Ammar, Y., Faxneld, S., Sköld, M., and Soerensen, A. L.: Long-term database for contaminants in fish, mussels, and bird eggs from the Baltic Sea, Sci. Data, 11, 400, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03216-0, 2024.
Amos, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Streets, D. G., and Sunderland, E. M.: Legacy impacts of all-time anthropogenic emissions on the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 410–421, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20040, 2013.
Amos, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Kocman, D., Horowitz, H. M., Zhang, Y., Dutkiewicz, S., Horvat, M., Corbitt, E. S., Krabbenhoft, D. P., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global Biogeochemical Implications of Mercury Discharges from Rivers and Sediment Burial, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9514–9522, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502134t, 2014.
Amos, H. M., Sonke, J. E., Obrist, D., Robins, N., Hagan, N., Horowitz, H. M., Mason, R. P., Witt, M., Hedgecock, I. M., Corbitt, E. S., and Sunderland, E. M.: Observational and Modeling Constraints on Global Anthropogenic Enrichment of Mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 4036–4047, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5058665, 2015.
Amptmeijer, D. J. and Bieser, J.: The relevance of feeding strategy on the accumulation of Hg and MMHg, in: Goldschmidt 2023 Conference, Lyon, https://conf.goldschmidt.info/goldschmidt/2023/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/20541 (last access: 1 May 2025), 2023.
Ancora, M. P., Zhang, L., Wang, S., Schreifels, J. J., and Hao, J.: Meeting Minamata: Cost-effective compliance options for atmospheric mercury control in Chinese coal-fired power plants, Energy Policy, 88, 485–494, 2016.
Andersson, M. E., Gårdfeldt, K., Wängberg, I., and Strömberg, D.: Determination of Henry's law constant for elemental mercury, Chemosphere, 73, 587–592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.067, 2008a.
Andersson, M. E., Sommar, J., Gårdfeldt, K., and Lindqvist, O.: Enhanced concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 110, 190–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.04.002, 2008b.
Andreae, M. O.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8523–8546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, 2019.
Angot, H., Dastoor, A., De Simone, F., Gårdfeldt, K., Gencarelli, C. N., Hedgecock, I. M., Langer, S., Magand, O., Mastromonaco, M. N., Nordstrøm, C., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Pirrone, N., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N. E., Skov, H., Song, S., Sprovieri, F., Steffen, A., Toyota, K., Travnikov, O., Yang, X., and Dommergue, A.: Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury in polar regions:review of recent measurements and comparison with models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10735–10763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, 2016.
Angot, H., Hoffman, N., Giang, A., Thackray, C. P., Hendricks, A. N., Urban, N. R., and Selin, N. E.: Global and Local Impacts of Delayed Mercury Mitigation Efforts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 12968–12977, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04542, 2018.
Arnold, J., Gustin, M. S., and Weisberg, P. J.: Evidence for Nonstomatal Uptake of Hg by Aspen and Translocation of Hg from Foliage to Tree Rings in Austrian Pine, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 1174–1182, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04468, 2018.
Assad, M., Parelle, J., Cazaux, D., Gimbert, F., Chalot, M., and Tatin-Froux, F.: Mercury uptake into poplar leaves, Chemosphere, 146, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.103, 2016.
Atkinson, W., Eastham, S. D., Chen, Y.-H. H., Morris, J., Paltsev, S., Schlosser, C. A., and Selin, N. E.: A tool for air pollution scenarios (TAPS v1.0) to enable global, long-term, and flexible study of climate and air quality policies, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7767–7789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7767-2022, 2022.
Back, S.-K., Mojammal, A. H. M., Kim, J.-H., Kim, Y.-H., Seok, K.-S., and Seo, Y.-C.: Mercury distribution analyses and estimation of recoverable mercury amount from byproducts in primary metal production facilities using UNEP toolkit and on-site measurement, J. Mater. Cycl. Waste Manage., 21, 915–924, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00851-3, 2019.
Bagnato, E., Aiuppa, A., Parello, F., Calabrese, S., D'Alessandro, W., Mather, T. A., McGonigle, A. J. S., Pyle, D. M., and Wängberg, I.: Degassing of gaseous (elemental and reactive) and particulate mercury from Mount Etna volcano (Southern Italy), Atmos. Environ., 41, 7377–7388, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.060, 2007.
Bagnato, E., Parello, F., Valenza, M., and Caliro, S.: Mercury content and speciation in the Phlegrean Fields volcanic complex: Evidence from hydrothermal system and fumaroles, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 187, 250–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.010, 2009.
Bagnato, E., Aiuppa, A., Parello, F., Allard, P., Shinohara, H., Liuzzo, M., and Giudice, G.: New clues on the contribution of Earth's volcanism to the global mercury cycle, Bull. Volcanol., 73, 497–510, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0419-y, 2011.
Bagnato, E., Tamburello, G., Aiuppa, A., Sprovieri, M., Vougioukalakis, G. E., and Parks, M.: Mercury emissions from soils and fumaroles of Nea Kameni volcanic centre, Santorini (Greece), Geochem. J., 47, 437–450, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0263, 2013.
Bagnato, E., Barra, M., Cardellini, C., Chiodini, G., Parello, F., and Sprovieri, M.: First combined flux chamber survey of mercury and CO2 emissions from soil diffuse degassing at Solfatara of Pozzuoli crater, Campi Flegrei (Italy): Mapping and quantification of gas release, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 289, 26–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.017, 2014.
Bagnato, E., Tamburello, G., Avard, G., Martinez-Cruz, M., Enrico, M., Fu, X., Sprovieri, M., and Sonke, J. E.: Mercury fluxes from volcanic and geothermal sources: an update, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 410, 263–285, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP410.2, 2015.
Bagnato, E., Viveiros, F., Pacheco, J. E., D'Agostino, F., Silva, C., and Zanon, V.: Hg and CO2 emissions from soil diffuse degassing and fumaroles at Furnas Volcano (São Miguel Island, Azores): Gas flux and thermal energy output, J. Geochem. Explor., 190, 39–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.02.017, 2018.
Ballabio, C., Jiskra, M., Osterwalder, S., Borrelli, P., Montanarella, L., and Panagos, P.: A spatial assessment of mercury content in the European Union topsoil, Sci. Total Environ., 769, 144755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144755, 2021.
Bash, J. O.: Description and initial simulation of a dynamic bidirectional air-surface exchange model for mercury in Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D0635, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012834, 2010.
Bash, J. O., Miller, D. R., Meyer, T. H., and Bresnahan, P. A.: Northeast United States and Southeast Canada natural mercury emissions estimated with a surface emission model, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5683–5692, 2004.
Beal, S., Osterberg, E. C., Zdanowicz, C., and Fisher, D.: An ice core perspective on mercury pollution during the past 600 years, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7641–7647, 2015.
Bebout, D. C.: Mercury: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry, in: Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, https://doi.org/10.1002/0470862106.ia131, 2006.
Becnel, J., Falgeust, C., Cavalier, T., Gauthreaux, K., Landry, F., Blanchard, M., Beck, M. J., and Beck, J. N.: Correlation of mercury concentrations in tree core and lichen samples in southeastern Louisiana, Microchem. J., 78, 205–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2004.06.002, 2004.
Bich Thao, P. T., Pimonsree, S., Suppoung, K., Bonnet, S., Junpen, A., and Garivait, S.: Development of an anthropogenic atmospheric mercury emissions inventory in Thailand in 2018, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 12, 101170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101170, 2021.
Bieser, J. and Schrum, C.: Impact of marine mercury cycling on coastal atmospheric mercury concentrations in the North- and Baltic Sea region, Elem. Sci. Anthr., 4, 000111, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000111, 2016.
Bieser, J., Simone, F. D., Gencarelli, C., Geyer, B., Hedgecock, I., Matthias, V., Travnikov, O., and Weigelt, A.: A diagnostic evaluation of modeled mercury wet depositions in Europe using atmospheric speciated high-resolution observations, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 9995–10012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2863-2, 2014.
Bieser, J., Slemr, F., Ambrose, J., Brenninkmeijer, C., Brooks, S., Dastoor, A., DeSimone, F., Ebinghaus, R., Gencarelli, C. N., Geyer, B., Gratz, L. E., Hedgecock, I. M., Jaffe, D., Kelley, P., Lin, C.-J., Jaegle, L., Matthias, V., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N. E., Song, S., Travnikov, O., Weigelt, A., Luke, W., Ren, X., Zahn, A., Yang, X., Zhu, Y., and Pirrone, N.: Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: vertical and interhemispheric distribution of mercury species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6925–6955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017, 2017.
Bieser, J., Amptmeijer, D. J., Daewel, U., Kuss, J., Soerensen, A. L., and Schrum, C.: The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023.
Biester, H. and Scholz, C.: Determination of Mercury Binding Forms in Contaminated Soils: Mercury Pyrolysis versus Sequential Extractions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 233–239, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960369h, 1997.
Biester, H., Pérez-Rodríguez, M., Gilfedder, B.-S., Martínez Cortizas, A., and Hermanns, Y.-M.: Solar irradiance and primary productivity controlled mercury accumulation in sediments of a remote lake in the Southern Hemisphere during the past 4000 years, Limnol. Oceanogr., 63, 540–549, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10647, 2018.
Bindler, R.: Estimating the natural background atmospheric deposition rate of mercury utilizing ombrotrophic bogs in southern Sweden, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 40–46, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020065x, 2003.
Bishop, K., Shanley, J. B., Riscassi, A., de Wit, H. A., Eklöf, K., Meng, B., Mitchell, C., Osterwalder, S., Schuster, P. F., Webster, J., Zhu, W.: Recent advances in understanding and measurement of mercury in the environment: Terrestrial Hg cycling, Sci. Total Environ., 721, 137647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137647, 2020.
Biswas, A., Blum, J. D., Klaue, B., and Keeler, G. J.: Release of mercury from Rocky Mountain forest fires, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002696, 2007.
Biswas, A., Blum, J. D., Bergquist, B. A., Keeler, G. J., and Xie, Z.: Natural Mercury Isotope Variation in Coal Deposits and Organic Soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8303–8309, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801444b, 2008.
Blackwell, B. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Using foliar and forest floor mercury concentrations to assess spatial patterns of mercury deposition, Environ. Pollut., 202, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.036, 2015.
Blais, J. M., Kalff, J., Cornett, R. J., and Evans, R. D.: Evaluation of 210Pb dating in lake sediments using stable Pb, Ambrosia pollen, and 137Cs, J. Paleolimnol., 13, 169–178, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00678105, 1995.
Bousquet, P., Ringeval, B., Pison, I., Dlugokencky, E. J., Brunke, E.-G., Carouge, C., Chevallier, F., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Frankenberg, C., Hauglustaine, D. A., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Szopa, S., Yver, C., Viovy, N., and Ciais, P.: Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3689–3700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3689-2011, 2011.
Bowdalo, D. R., Evans, M. J., and Sofen, E. D.: Spectral analysis of atmospheric composition: application to surface ozone model–measurement comparisons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8295–8308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8295-2016, 2016.
Bowman, K. L., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Lamborg, C. H., and Swarr, G.: Mercury in the North Atlantic Ocean: The U.S. GEOTRACES zonal and meridional sections, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 116, 251–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.07.004, 2015.
Bowman, K. L., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Lamborg, C. H., Swarr, G. J., and Agather, A. M.: Distribution of mercury species across a zonal section of the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean (U.S. GEOTRACES GP16), Mar. Chem., 186, 156–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.09.005, 2016.
Bowman, K. L., Lamborg, C. H., and Agather, A. M.: A global perspective on mercury cycling in the ocean, Sci. Total Environ., 710, 136166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136166, 2019.
Bowman, K. L., Lamborg, C. H., and Agather, A. M.: A global perspective on mercury cycling in the ocean, Sci. Total Environ., 710, 136166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136166, 2020.
Box, J. E., Colgan, W. T., Christensen, T. R., Schmidt, N. M., Lund, M., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Brown, R., Bhatt, U. S., Euskirchen, E. S., Romanovsky, V. E., Walsh, J. E., Overland, J. E., Wang, M., Corell, R. W., Meier, W. N., Wouters, B., Mernild, S., Mård, J., Pawlak, J., and Olsen, M. S.: Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 045010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafc1b, 2019.
Boyer, T. P., García, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Zweng, M. M., Mishonov, A. V., Reagan, J. R., Weathers, K. A., Baranova, O. K., Paver, C. R., Seidov, D., and Smolyar, I. V.: World Ocean Atlas 2018, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18 (last access: 1 May 2025), 2018.
Bratkič, A., Vahèiè, M., Kotnik, J., Obu, V. K., Begu, E., Woodward, E., Malcolm, S., and Horvat, M.: Mercury presence and speciation in the South Atlantic Ocean along the 40° S transect, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 105–119, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005275, 2016.
Bridge, M.: Tree Rings and Climate by H. C. Fritts, Blackburn Press, Caldwell, 567 pp., ISBN 1930665393, 2001.
Brocza, F. M., Rafaj, P., Sander, R., Wagner, F., and Jones, J. M.: Global scenarios of anthropogenic mercury emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7385–7404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024, 2024.
Bruggeman, J. and Bolding, K.: A general framework for aquatic biogeochemical models, Environ. Model. Softw., 61, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.002, 2014.
Brunke, E.-G. and Labuschagne, C.: Gaseous mercury emissions from a fire in the Cape peninsula, south africa, during january 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1483–1486, 2001.
Bullock, O. R. and Brehme, K. A.: Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2135–2146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00220-0, 2002.
Burger Chakraborty, L., Qureshi, A., Vadenbo, C., and Hellweg, S.: Anthropogenic mercury flows in India and impacts of emission controls, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8105–8113, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401006k, 2013.
Cabassi, J., Venturi, S., Di Bennardo, F., Nisi, B., Tassi, F., Magi, F., Ricci, A., Picchi, G., and Vaselli, O.: Flux measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from the geothermal area of “Le Biancane” natural park (Monterotondo Marittimo, Grosseto, Italy): Biogeochemical processes controlling GEM emission, J. Geochem. Explor., 228, 106824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2021.106824, 2021.
Campeau, A., Eklöf, K., Soerensen, A. L., Åkerblom, S., Yuan, S., Hintelmann, H., Bieroza, M., Köhler, S., and Zdanowicz, C.: Sources of riverine mercury across the Mackenzie River Basin; inferences from a combined HgC isotopes and optical properties approach, Sci. Total Environ., 806, 150808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150808, 2022.
Carn, S. A., Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Li, C., and Krotkov, N. A.: A decade of global volcanic SO2 emissions measured from space, Sci. Rep., 7, 44095, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44095, 2017.
Carnevale, C., Finzi, G., Pederzoli, A., Pisoni, E., Thunis, P., Turrini, E., and Volta, M.: Applying the delta tool to support the Air Quality Directive: evaluation of the TCAM chemical transport model, Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 7, 335–346, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0240-4, 2014.
Carpi, A. and Lindberg, S. E.: Sunlight-mediated emission of elemental mercury from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2085–2091, 1997.
Caruso, B. S., Cox, T. J., Runkel, R. L., Velleux, M. L., Bencala, K. E., Nordstrom, D. K., Julien, P. Y., Butler, B. A., Alpers, C. N., Marion, A., and Smith, K. S.: Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds: state of the science and USEPA workshop review, Hydrol. Process., 22, 4011–4021, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7114, 2008.
Castro, M. and Moore, C.: Importance of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Fluxes in Western Maryland, Atmosphere, 7, 110, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7090110, 2016.
Castro, P. J., Kellö, V., Cernušák, I., and Dibble, T. S.: Together, Not Separately, OH and O3 Oxidize Hg(0) to Hg(II) in the Atmosphere, J. Phys. Chem. A, 126, 8266–8279, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04364, 2022.
Cesário, R., O'Driscoll, N. J., Justino, S., Wilson, C. E., Monteiro, C. E., Zilhão, H., and Canário, J.: Air Concentrations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury and Vegetation–Air Fluxes within Saltmarshes of the Tagus Estuary, Portugal, Atmosphere, 12, 228, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020228, 2021.
Chakraborty, P., Sarkar, A., Vudamala, K., Naik, R., and Nath, B. N.: Organic Matter – A Key Factor in Controlling Mercury Distribution in Estuarine Sediment, Mar. Chem., 173, 302–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.005, 2015.
Chang, K.-L., Schultz, M. G., Lan, X., McClure-Begley, A., Petropavlovskikh, I., Xu, X., and Ziemke, J. R.: Trend detection of atmospheric time series: Incorporating appropriate uncertainty estimates and handling extreme events, Elem. Sci. Anthr., 9, 00035, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00035, 2021.
Chang, K.-L., Schultz, M. G., Koren, G., and Selke, N.: Guidance note on best statistical practices for TOAR analyses, arXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.14236, 2023.
Chellman, N., McConnell, J. R., Arienzo, M., Pederson, G. T., Aarons, S. M., and Csank, A.: Reassessment of the Upper Fremont Glacier Ice-Core Chronologies by Synchronizing of Ice-Core-Water Isotopes to a Nearby Tree-Ring Chronology, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4230–4238, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06574, 2017.
Chen, H. S., Wang, Z. F., Li, J., Tang, X., Ge, B. Z., Wu, X. L., Wild, O., and Carmichael, G. R.: GNAQPMS-Hg v1.0, a global nested atmospheric mercury transport model: model description, evaluation and application to trans-boundary transport of Chinese anthropogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2857–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2857-2015, 2015.
Chen, L., Wang, H. H., Liu, J. F., Tong, Y. D., Ou, L. B., Zhang, W., Hu, D., Chen, C., and Wang, X. J.: Intercontinental transport and deposition patterns of atmospheric mercury from anthropogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10163–10176, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10163-2014, 2014.
Chen, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Tong, Y., Liu, M., Wang, H., Xie, H., and Wang, X.: Historical and future trends in global source-receptor relationships of mercury, Sci. Total Environ., 610, 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.182, 2018.
Chen, L., Liang, S., Liu, M., Yi, Y., Mi, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Qi, J., Meng, J., Tang, X., Zhang, H., Tong, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Shu, J., and Yang, Z.: Trans-provincial health impacts of atmospheric mercury emissions in China, Nat. Commun., 10, 1484, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09080-6, 2019.
Chen, Y.-H. H., Paltsev, S., Gurgel, A., Reilly, J. M., and Morris, J.: A Multisectoral Dynamic Model for Energy, Economic, and Climate Scenario Analysis, Low Carbon Econ., 13, 70–111, https://doi.org/10.4236/lce.2022.132005, 2022.
Chételat, J., McKinney, M. A., Amyot, M., Dastoor, A., Douglas, T. A., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Kirk, J., Kahilainen, K. K., Outridge, P. M., Pelletier, N., Skov, H., St. Pierre, K., Vuorenmaa, J., and Wang, F.: Climate change and mercury in the Arctic: Abiotic interactions, Sci. Total Environ., 824, 153715, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153715, 2022.
Chiarantini, L., Rimondi, V., Benvenuti, M., Beutel, M. W., Costagliola, P., Gonnelli, C., Lattanzi, P., and Paolieri, M.: Black pine (Pinus nigra) barks as biomonitors of airborne mercury pollution, Sci. Total Environ., 569–570, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.029, 2016.
Ci, Z., Peng, F., Xue, X., and Zhang, X.: Air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury over permafrost soil: an investigation at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14741–14754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14741-2016, 2016a.
Ci, Z., Zhang, X., Yin, Y., Chen, J., and Wang, S.: Mercury Redox Chemistry in Waters of the Eastern Asian Seas: From Polluted Coast to Clean Open Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2371–2380, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05372, 2016b.
Cinnirella, S. and Pirrone, N.: Spatial and temporal distributions of mercury emissions from forest fires in Mediterranean region and Russian federation, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7346–7361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.051, 2006.
Cizdziel, J. V., Jiang, Y., Nallamothu, D., Brewer, J. S., and Gao, Z.: Air/Surface Exchange of Gaseous Elemental Mercury at Different Landscapes in Mississippi, USA, Atmosphere, 10, 538, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090538, 2019.
Clackett, S., Porter, T., and Lehnherr, I.: A 400-year record of atmospheric mercury from tree-rings in northwestern Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 9625–9633, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01824, 2018.
Clackett, S. P., Porter, T. J., and Lehnherr, I.: The tree-ring mercury record of Klondike gold mining at Bear Creek, central Yukon, Environ. Pollut., 268, 115777, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115777, 2021.
Clarke, H., Gibson, R., Cirulis, B., Bradstock, R. A., and Penman, T. D.: Developing and testing models of the drivers of anthropogenic and lightning-caused wildfire ignitions in south-eastern Australia, J. Environ. Manage., 235, 34–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.055, 2019.
Cohen, M. D., Draxler, R. R., Artz, R. S., Blanchard, P., Gustin, M. S., Han, Y.-J., Holsen, T. M., Jaffe, D. A., Kelley, P., Lei, H., Loughner, C. P., Luke, W. T., Lyman, S. N., Niemi, D., Pacyna, J. M., Pilote, M., Poissant, L., Ratte, D., Ren, X., Steenhuisen, F., Steffen, A., Tordon, R., and Wilson, S. J.: Modeling the global atmospheric transport and deposition of mercury to the Great Lakes, Elementa, 4, 000118, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000118, 2016.
Cole, A. S., Steffen, A., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Berg, T., Pilote, M., Poissant, L., Tordon, R., and Hung, H.: Ten-year trends of atmospheric mercury in the high Arctic compared to Canadian sub-Arctic and mid-latitude sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1535–1545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1535-2013, 2013.
Cole, A. S., Steffen, A., Eckley, C. S., Narayan, J., Pilote, M., Tordon, R., Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Xu, X., and Branfireun, B. A.: A survey of mercury in air and precipitation across Canada: patterns and trends, Atmosphere, 5, 635–668, 2014.
Cooke, C. A., Martínez-Cortizas, A., Bindler, R., and Sexauer Gustin, M.: Environmental archives of atmospheric Hg deposition – A review, Sci. Total Environ., 709, 134800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134800, 2020.
Corbitt, E. S., Jacob, D. J., Holmes, C. D., Streets, D. G., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global Source–Receptor Relationships for Mercury Deposition Under Present-Day and 2050 Emissions Scenarios, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10477–10484, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202496y, 2011.
Cossa, D., Coquery, M., Gobeil, C., and Martin, J.-M.: Mercury Fluxes at the Ocean Margins, in: Global and Regional Mercury Cycles: Sources, Fluxes and Mass Balances, edited by: Baeyens, W., Ebinghaus, R., and Vasiliev, O., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 229–247, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1780-4_11, 1996.
Cossa, D., Heimbürger, L.-E., Pérez, F. F., García-Ibáñez, M. I., Sonke, J. E., Planquette, H., Lherminier, P., Boutorh, J., Cheize, M., Menzel Barraqueta, J. L., Shelley, R., and Sarthou, G.: Mercury distribution and transport in the North Atlantic Ocean along the GEOTRACES-GA01 transect, Biogeosciences, 15, 2309–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2309-2018, 2018.
Cossa, D., Knoery, J., Bãnaru, D., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Sonke, J. E., Hedgecock, I. M., Bravo, A. G., Rosati, G., Canu, D., Horvat, M., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., and Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E.: Mediterranean Mercury Assessment 2022: An Updated Budget, Health Consequences, and Research Perspectives, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 3840–3862, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03044, 2022.
Custódio, D., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Spain, T. G., Pankratov, F. F., Strigunova, I., Molepo, K., Skov, H., Bieser, J., and Ebinghaus, R.: Odds and ends of atmospheric mercury in Europe and over the North Atlantic Ocean: temporal trends of 25 years of measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3827–3840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, 2022.
Daewel, U. and Schrum, C.: Simulating long-term dynamics of the coupled North Sea and Baltic Sea ecosystem with ECOSMO II: Model description and validation, J. Mar. Syst., 119–120, 30–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.03.008, 2013.
Daewel, U., Schrum, C., and Macdonald, J. I.: Towards end-to-end (E2E) modelling in a consistent NPZD-F modelling framework (ECOSMO E2E_v1.0): application to the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1765–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019, 2019.
Dai, M. Q., Geyman, B. M., Hu, X. C., Thackray, C. P., and Sunderland, E. M.: Sociodemographic Disparities in Mercury Exposure from United States Coal-Fired Power Plants, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 10, 589–595, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00216, 2023.
Dastoor, A., Ryzhkov, A., Durnford, D., Lehnherr, I., Steffen, A., and Morrison, H.: Atmospheric mercury in the Canadian Arctic. Part II: Insight from modeling, Sci. Total Environ., 509–510, 16–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.112, 2015.
Dastoor, A., Ryjkov, A., Kos, G., Zhang, J., Kirk, J., Parsons, M., and Steffen, A.: Impact of Athabasca oil sands operations on mercury levels in air and deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12783–12807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12783-2021, 2021.
Dastoor, A., Angot, H., Bieser, J., Christensen, J. H., Douglas, T. A., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Jiskra, M., Mason, R. P., McLagan, D. S., Obrist, D., Outridge, P. M., Petrova, M. V., Ryjkov, A., St. Pierre, K. A., Schartup, A. T., Soerensen, A. L., Toyota, K., Travnikov, O., Wilson, S. J., and Zdanowicz, C.: Arctic mercury cycling, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 589–595, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00269-w, 2022a.
Dastoor, A., Wilson, S. J., Travnikov, O., Ryjkov, A., Angot, H., Christensen, J. H., Steenhuisen, F., and Muntean, M.: Arctic atmospheric mercury: Sources and changes, Sci. Total Environ., 839, 156213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156213, 2022b.
Dastoor, A. P. and Larocque, Y.: Global circulation of atmospheric mercury: a modelling study, Atmos. Environ., 38, 147–161, 2004.
Davis, E., Lee, D., and O'Brien, K.: CF Conventions for netCDF, ESS Open Arch., https://www.authorea.com/users/524106/articles/595394-cf-conventions-for-netcdf (last access: 1 May 2025), 2020.
DeBano, L. F.: The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: a review, J. Hydrol., 231–232, 195–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00194-3, 2000.
Dedeurwaerder, H., Decadt, G., and Baeyens, W.: Estimations of mercury fluxes emitted by Mount Etna Volcano, Bull. Volcanol., 45, 191–196, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597729, 1982.
de Groot, W. J., Flannigan, M. D., and Cantin, A. S.: Climate change impacts on future boreal fire regimes, Forest Ecol. Manage., 294, 35–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.09.027, 2013.
Demers, J. D., Blum, J. D., and Zak, D. R.: Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem: Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 222–238, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20021, 2013.
Denkenberger, J. S., Driscoll, C. T., Branfireun, B. A., Eckley, C. S., Cohen, M., and Selvendiran, P.: A synthesis of rates and controls on elemental mercury evasion in the Great Lakes Basin, Environ. Pollut., 161, 291–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.007, 2012.
Denzler, B., Bogdal, C., Henne, S., Obrist, D., Steinbacher, M., and Hungerbühler, K.: Inversion Approach to Validate Mercury Emissions Based on Background Air Monitoring at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (3580 m), Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 2846–2853, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05630, 2017.
De Simone, F., Gencarelli, C. N., Hedgecock, I. M., and Pirrone, N.: A Modeling Comparison of Mercury Deposition from current Anthropogenic Mercury Emission Inventories, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 5154–5162, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00691, 2016.
De Simone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Carbone, F., Cinnirella, S., Sprovieri, F., and Pirrone, N.: Estimating Uncertainty in Global Mercury Emission Source and Deposition Receptor Relationships, Atmosphere, 8, 236, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8120236, 2017a.
De Simone, F., Artaxo, P., Bencardino, M., Cinnirella, S., Carbone, F., D'Amore, F., Dommergue, A., Feng, X. B., Gencarelli, C. N., Hedgecock, I. M., Landis, M. S., Sprovieri, F., Suzuki, N., Wängberg, I., and Pirrone, N.: Particulate-phase mercury emissions from biomass burning and impact on resulting deposition: a modelling assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1881–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1881-2017, 2017b.
De Simone, F., D'Amore, F., Marasco, F., Carbone, F., Bencardino, M., Hedgecock, I. M., Cinnirella, S., Sprovieri, F., and Pirrone, N.: A Chemical Transport Model Emulator for the Interactive Evaluation of Mercury Emission Reduction Scenarios, Atmosphere, 11, 878, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080878, 2020.
De Simone, F., D'Amore, F., Bencardino, M., Carbone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Sprovieri, F., Cinnirella, S., and Pirrone, N.: The GOS4M Knowledge Hub: A web-based effectiveness evaluation platform in support of the Minamata Convention on Mercury, Environ. Sci. Policy, 124, 235–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.06.021, 2021.
De Simone, F., D'Amore, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Bruno, D. E., Cinnirella, S., Sprovieri, F., and Pirrone, N.: Will action taken under the Minamata Convention on Mercury need to be coordinated internationally? Evidence from an optimization study suggests it will, Environ. Sci. Policy, 127, 22–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.006, 2022.
Desservettaz, M., Paton-Walsh, C., Griffith, D. W. T., Kettlewell, G., Keywood, M. D., Vanderschoot, M. V., Ward, J., Mallet, M. D., Milic, A., Miljevic, B., Ristovski, Z. D., Howard, D., Edwards, G. C., and Atkinson, B.: Emission factors of trace gases and particles from tropical savanna fires in Australia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 6059–6074, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025925, 2017.
DiMento, B. P., Mason, R. P., Brooks, S., and Moore, C.: The impact of sea ice on the air-sea exchange of mercury in the Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 144, 28–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.12.001, 2019.
Drevnick, P. E., Yang, H., Lamborg, C. H., and Rose, N. L.: Net atmospheric mercury deposition to Svalbard: Estimates from lacustrine sediments, Atmos. Environ., 59, 509–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.048, 2012.
Drevnick, P. E., Cooke, C. A., Barraza, D., Blais, J. M., Coale, K. H., Cumming, B. F., Curtis, C. J., Das, B., Donahue, W. F., Eagles-Smith, C. A., Engstrom, D. R., Fitzgerald, W. F., Furl, C. V., Gray, J. E., Hall, R. I., Jackson, T. A., Laird, K. R., Lockhart, W. L., Macdonald, R. W., Mast, M. A., Mathieu, C., Muir, D. C. G., Outridge, P. M., Reinemann, S. A., Rothenberg, S. E., Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., Louis, V. L. St., Sanders, R. D., Sanei, H., Skierszkan, E. K., Van Metre, P. C., Veverica, T. J., Wiklund, J. A., and Wolfe, B. B.: Spatiotemporal patterns of mercury accumulation in lake sediments of western North America, Sci. Total Environ., 568, 1157–1170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.167, 2016.
Driscoll, C. T., Mason, R. P., Chan, H. M., Jacob, D. J., and Pirrone, N.: Mercury as a Global Pollutant: Sources, Pathways, and Effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 4967–4983, https://doi.org/10.1021/es305071v, 2013.
Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Lyman, S., and Gustin, M. S.: Comparison and calibration of methods for ambient reactive mercury quantification. Sci. Total Environ. 856, 159219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159219, 2023.
Eastham, S. D., Weisenstein, D. K., and Barrett, S. R. H.: Development and evaluation of the unified tropospheric–stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) for the global chemistry-transport model GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Environ., 89, 52–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.001, 2014.
Eccles, K. M., Majeed, H., Porter, T. J., and Lehnherr, I.: A Continental and Marine-Influenced Tree-Ring Mercury Record in the Old Crow Flats, Yukon, Canada, ACS Earth Space Chem., 4, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00081, 2020.
Eckley, C. S., Tate, M. T., Lin, C.-J., Gustin, M., Dent, S., Eagles-Smith, C., Lutz, M. A., Wickland, K. P., Wang, B., Gray, J. E., Edwards, G. C., Krabbenhoft, D. P., and Smith, D. B.: Surface-air mercury fluxes across Western North America: A synthesis of spatial trends and controlling variables, Sci. Total Environ., 568, 651–665, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.121, 2016.
Edwards, B. A., Kushner, D. S., Outridge, P. M., and Wang, F.: Fifty years of volcanic mercury emission research: Knowledge gaps and future directions, Sci. Total Environ., 757, 143800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143800, 2021.
Edwards, B. A., Pfeffer, M. A., Ilyinskaya, E., Kleine-Marshall, B. I., Mandon, C. L., Cotterill, A., Aiuppa, A., Outridge, P. M., and Wang, F.: Exceptionally low mercury concentrations and fluxes from the 2021 and 2022 eruptions of Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland, Sci. Total Environ., 917, 170457, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170457, 2024.
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient Inverse Modeling of Barotropic Ocean Tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Eklöf, K., Kraus, A., Futter, M., Schelker, J., Meili, M., Boyer, E. W., and Bishop, K.: Parsimonious model for simulating total mercury and methylmercury in boreal streams based on riparian flow paths and seasonality, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7851–7859, 2015.
Elgiar, T. R., Lyman, S. N., Andron, T. D., Gratz, L., Hallar, A. G., Horvat, M., Vijayakumaran Nair, S., O'Neil, T., Volkamer, R., and Zivkovic, I.: Traceable calibration of atmospheric oxidized mercury measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 10706–10716, 2024.
Engle, M. A., Gustin, M. S., Goff, F., Counce, D. A., Janik, C. J., Bergfeld, D., and Rytuba, J. J.: Atmospheric mercury emissions from substrates and fumaroles associated with three hydrothermal systems in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D17304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006563, 2006.
Engstrom, D. R., Fitzgerald, W. F., Cooke, C. A., Lamborg, C. H., Drevnick, P. E., Swain, E. B., Balogh, S. J., and Balcom, P. H.: Atmospheric Hg Emissions from Preindustrial Gold and Silver Extraction in the Americas: A Reevaluation from Lake-Sediment Archives, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6533–6543, https://doi.org/10.1021/es405558e, 2014.
Enrico, M., Roux, G. L., Marusczak, N., Heimbürger, L.-E., Claustres, A., Fu, X., Sun, R., and Sonke, J. E.: Atmospheric Mercury Transfer to Peat Bogs Dominated by Gaseous Elemental Mercury Dry Deposition, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2405–2412, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06058, 2016.
Enrico, M., Le Roux, G., Heimburger, L.-E., Van Beek, P., Souhaut, M., Chmeleff, J., and Sonke, J. E.: Holocene atmospheric mercury levels reconstructed from peat bog mercury stable isotopes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5899–5906, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05804, 2017.
Eyrikh, S., Eichler, A., Tobler, L., Malygina, N., Papina, T., and Schwikowski, M.: A 320 Year Ice-Core Record of Atmospheric Hg Pollution in the Altai, Central Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 11597–11606, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03140, 2017.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Faïn, X., Ferrari, C. P., Dommergue, A., Albert, M. R., Battle, M., Severinghaus, J., Arnaud, L., Barnola, J.-M., Cairns, W., Barbante, C., and Boutron, C.: Polar firn air reveals large-scale impact of anthropogenic mercury emissions during the 1970s, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 16114–16119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905117106, 2009.
Fay, L. and Gustin, M.: Assessing the Influence of Different Atmospheric and Soil Mercury Concentrations on Foliar Mercury Concentrations in a Controlled Environment, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 181, 373–384, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9308-6, 2007.
Feinberg, A., Dlamini, T., Jiskra, M., Shah, V., and Selin, N. E.: Evaluating atmospheric mercury (Hg) uptake by vegetation in a chemistry-transport model, Environ. Sci. Process. Imp., 24, 1303–1318, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00032F, 2022.
Feinberg, A., Jiskra, M., Borrelli, P., Biswakarma, J., and Selin, N. E.: Land use change as an anthropogenic driver of mercury pollution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 3246–3257, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07851, 2023.
Feinberg, A., Selin, N. E., Braban, C. F., Chang, K.-L., Custódio, D., Jaffe, D. A., Kyllönen, K., Landis, M. S., Leeson, S. R., Molepo, K. M., Murovec, M., Mastromonaco, M. G. N., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Rüdiger, J., Sheu, G.-R., and St. Louis, V. L.: Unexpected anthropogenic emission decreases explain recent atmospheric mercury concentration declines, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 121, e2401950121, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2401950121, 2024.
Feng, X., Li, P., Fu, X., Wang, X., Zhang, H., and Lin, C.-J.: Mercury pollution in China: implications on the implementation of the Minamata Convention, Environ. Sci. Process. Imp., 24, 634–648, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00039C, 2022a.
Feng, Z., Xiao, T., Xu, Q., Zhang, G., and Wang, D.: Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) exchange flux from soil-vegetation to atmosphere at a meadow steppe, Biogeochemistry, 162, 267–284, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-01004-9, 2022b.
Ferrara, R., Mazzolai, B., Lanzillotta, E., Nucaro, E., and Pirrone, N.: Temporal trends in gaseous mercury evasion from the Mediterranean seawaters, Sci. Total Environ., 259, 183–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00581-7, 2000.
Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Griffin, D., Abboud, I., Krotkov, N., Leonard, P. J. T., Li, C., Joiner, J., Theys, N., and Carn, S.: Version 2 of the global catalogue of large anthropogenic and volcanic SO2 sources and emissions derived from satellite measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 75–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-75-2023, 2023.
Fischer, T. P. and Chiodini, G.: Chapter 45 – Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gases, in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 2nd Edn., edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Academic Press, Amsterdam, 779–797, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00045-6, 2015.
Fischer, T. P., Arellano, S., Carn, S., Aiuppa, A., Galle, B., Allard, P., Lopez, T., Shinohara, H., Kelly, P., Werner, C., Cardellini, C., and Chiodini, G.: The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world's subaerial volcanoes, Sci. Rep., 9, 18716, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54682-1, 2019.
Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Soerensen, A. L., Amos, H. M., Steffen, A., and Sunderland, E. M.: Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations, Nat. Geosci., 5, 499–504, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1478, 2012.
Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Soerensen, A. L., Amos, H. M., Corbitt, E. S., Streets, D. G., Wang, Q., Yantosca, R. M., and Sunderland, E. M.: Factors driving mercury variability in the Arctic atmosphere and ocean over the past 30 years, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 2013GB004689, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004689, 2013.
Fitzgerald, W. F. and Lamborg, C. H.: 11.4 – Geochemistry of Mercury in the Environment, in: Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford, 91–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00904-9, 2014.
Fitzgerald, W. F., Engstrom, D., Mason, R. P., and Nater, E. A.: The case for atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1–12, 1998.
Fitzgerald, W. F., Lamborg, C. H., and Hammerschmidt, C. R.: Marine Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury, Chem. Rev., 107, 641–662, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050353m, 2007.
Floreani, F., Zappella, V., Faganeli, J., and Covelli, S.: Gaseous mercury evasion from bare and grass-covered soils contaminated by mining and ore roasting (Isonzo River alluvial plain, Northeastern Italy), Environ. Pollut., 318, 120921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120921, 2023.
Forkel, M., Dorigo, W., Lasslop, G., Chuvieco, E., Hantson, S., Heil, A., Teubner, I., Thonicke, K., and Harrison, S. P.: Recent global and regional trends in burned area and their compensating environmental controls, Environ. Res. Commun., 1, 051005, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab25d2, 2019.
Fraser, A., Dastoor, A., and Ryjkov, A.: How important is biomass burning in Canada to mercury contamination?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7263–7286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7263-2018, 2018.
Friedl, M. and Sulla-Menashe, M.: MCD12Q1 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 al 500 m SIN Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD12Q1.006, 2019.
Friedli, H. R., Radke, L. F., Lu, J. Y., Banic, C. M., Leaitch, W. R., and MacPherson, J. I.: Mercury emissions from burning of biomass from temperate North American forests: laboratory and airborne measurements, Atmos. Environ., 37, 253–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00819-1, 2003a.
Friedli, H. R., Radke, L. F., Prescott, R., Hobbs, P. V., and Sinha, P.: Mercury emissions from the August 2001 wildfires in Washington State and an agricultural waste fire in Oregon and atmospheric mercury budget estimates, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1039, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001972, 2003b.
Friedli, H. R., Radke, L. F., Payne, N. J., McRae, D. J., Lynham, T. J., and Blake, T. W.: Mercury in vegetation and organic soil at an upland boreal forest site in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, G01004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000061, 2007.
Friedli, H. R., Arellano, A. F., Cinnirella, S., and Pirrone, N.: Initial Estimates of Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Global Biomass Burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3507–3513, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802703g, 2009.
Fthenakis, V. M., Lipfert, F. W., Moskowitz, P. D., and Saroff, L.: An assessment of mercury emissions and health risks from a coal-fired power plant, J. Hazard. Mater., 44, 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00058-3, 1995.
Fu, X., Zhu, W., Zhang, H., Sommar, J., Yu, B., Yang, X., Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Depletion of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury by plant uptake at Mt. Changbai, Northeast China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12861–12873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016, 2016.
Futter, M. N., Poste, A. E., Butterfield, D., Dillon, P. J., Whitehead, P. G., Dastoor, A. P., and Lean, D. R. S.: Using the INCA-Hg model of mercury cycling to simulate total and methyl mercury concentrations in forest streams and catchments, Sci. Total Environ., 424, 219–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.048, 2012.
Gagliano, A. L., Calabrese, S., Daskalopoulou, K., Cabassi, J., Capecchiacci, F., Tassi, F., Bellomo, S., Brusca, L., Bonsignore, M., Milazzo, S., Giudice, G., Li Vigni, L., Parello, F., and D'Alessandro, W.: Degassing and Cycling of Mercury at Nisyros Volcano (Greece), Geofluids, 2019, e4783514, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4783514, 2019.
Galindo, I., Ivlev, L. S., González, A., and Ayala, R.: Airborne measurements of particle and gas emissions from the December 1994–January 1995 eruption of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 83, 197–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00033-X, 1998.
Galmarini, S., Koffi, B., Solazzo, E., Keating, T., Hogrefe, C., Schulz, M., Benedictow, A., Griesfeller, J. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Carmichael, G., Fu, J., and Dentener, F.: Technical note: Coordination and harmonization of the multi-scale, multi-model activities HTAP2, AQMEII3, and MICS-Asia3: simulations, emission inventories, boundary conditions, and model output formats, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1543–1555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1543-2017, 2017.
Gao, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., and Wang, C.: Observation and estimation of mercury exchange fluxes from soil under different crop cultivars and planting densities in North China Plain, Environ. Pollut., 259, 113833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113833, 2020.
Garcia-Menendez, F., Monier, E., and Selin, N. E.: The role of natural variability in projections of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone pollution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 2911–2921, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071565, 2017.
Garrett, R. G.: Natural Sources of Metals to the Environment, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J., 6, 945–963, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030091124383, 2000.
Gay, D. A., Schmeltz, D., Prestbo, E., Olson, M., Sharac, T., and Tordon, R.: The Atmospheric Mercury Network: measurement and initial examination of an ongoing atmospheric mercury record across North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11339–11349, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11339-2013, 2013.
Gbor, P. K., Wen, D., Meng, F., Yang, F., Zhang, B., and Sloan, J. J.: Improved model for mercury emission, transport and deposition, Atmos. Environ., 40, 973–983, 2006.
Gbor, P. K., Wen, D., Meng, F., Yang, F., and Sloan, J. J.: Modeling of mercury emission, transport and deposition in North America, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1135–1149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.005, 2007.
GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group: The GEBCO 2022 Grid – a continuous terrain model of the global oceans and land, https://www.gebco.net/data-products/gridded-bathymetry-data/gebco-2022 (last access: 1 May 2025), 2022.
Gencarelli, C. N., De Simone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Sprovieri, F., and Pirrone, N.: Development and application of a regional-scale atmospheric mercury model based on WRF/Chem: a Mediterranean area investigation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 4095–4109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2162-3, 2014.
Gencarelli, C. N., Bieser, J., Carbone, F., De Simone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Matthias, V., Travnikov, O., Yang, X., and Pirrone, N.: Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017, 2017.
Gerson, J. R., Szponar, N., Zambrano, A. A., Bergquist, B., Broadbent, E., Driscoll, C. T., Erkenswick, G., Evers, D. C., Fernandez, L. E., Hsu-Kim, H., Inga, G., Lansdale, K. N., Marchese, M. J., Martinez, A., Moore, C., Pan, W. K., Purizaca, R. P., Sánchez, V., Silman, M., Ury, E. A., Vega, C., Watsa, M., and Bernhardt, E. S.: Amazon forests capture high levels of atmospheric mercury pollution from artisanal gold mining, Nat. Commun., 13, 559, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-27997-3, 2022.
Geyman, B. M., Thackray, C. P., Jacob, D. J., and Sunderland, E. M.: Impacts of Volcanic Emissions on the Global Biogeochemical Mercury Cycle: Insights From Satellite Observations and Chemical Transport Modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104667, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104667, 2023.
Ghotra, A., Lehnherr, I., Porter, T. J., and Pisaric, M. F. J.: Tree-Ring Inferred Atmospheric Mercury Concentrations in the Mackenzie Delta (NWT, Canada) Peaked in the 1970s but Are Increasing Once More, ACS Earth Space Chem., 4, 457–466, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00003, 2020.
Giang, A. and Selin, N. E.: Benefits of mercury controls for the United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 286–291, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514395113, 2016.
Giang, A., Stokes, L. C., Streets, D. G., Corbitt, E. S., and Selin, N. E.: Impacts of the Minamata Convention on Mercury Emissions and Global Deposition from Coal-Fired Power Generation in Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 5326–5335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00074, 2015.
Giang, A., Song, S., Muntean, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Harvey, A., Berg, E., and Eckley Selin, N.: Understanding factors influencing the detection of mercury policies in modelled Laurentian Great Lakes wet deposition, Environ. Sci. Process. Imp., 20, 1373–1389, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EM00268A, 2018.
Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., and Werf, G. R. van der: Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20042, 2013.
Gill, G. A. and Fitzgerald, W. F.: Mercury in surface waters of the open ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 1, 199–212, 1987.
Glodek, A., Panasiuk, D., and Pacyna, J. M.: Mercury Emission from Anthropogenic Sources in Poland and Their Scenarios to the Year 2020, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 213, 227–236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0380-6, 2010.
GMD/ACP/BG inter-journal Special issue: Mercury science to inform international policy: the Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) and other research, Geosci. Model Dev. https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue1294.html (last access: 1 May 2025), 2023.
Golden, H. E., Knightes, C. D., Conrads, P. A., Feaster, T. D., Davis, G. M., Benedict, S. T., and Bradley, P. M.: Climate change and watershed mercury export: a multiple projection and model analysis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32, 2165–2174, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2284, 2013.
Granier, C., Lamarque, J.-F., Mieville, A., Muller, J., Olivier, J., Orlando, J., Peters, J., Pétron, G., Tyndall, G., and Wallens, S.: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors, POET inventory, http://accent.aero.jussieu.fr/POET_metadata.php (last access: 1 May 2025), 2005.
Grasby, S. E., Beauchamp, B., Bond, D. P. G., Wignall, P., Talavera, C., Galloway, J. M., Piepjohn, K., Reinhardt, L., and Blomeier, D.: Progressive environmental deterioration in northwestern Pangea leading to the latest Permian extinction, GSA Bull., 127, 1331–1347, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31197.1, 2015.
Greger, M., Wang, Y., and Neuschütz, C.: Absence of Hg transpiration by shoot after Hg uptake by roots of six terrestrial plant species, Environ. Pollut., 134, 201–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.08.007, 2005.
Grigal, D. F.: Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: a review, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.3930, 2003.
Guerrero, S.: The history of silver refining in New Spain, 16c to 18c: back to the basics, Hist. Technol., 32, 2–32, https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2016.1191864, 2016.
Guerrero, S. and Schneider, L.: The global roots of pre-1900 legacy mercury, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2304059120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2304059120, 2023.
Minamata Convention|Minamata Convention on Mercury; Guidance on monitoring mercury and mercury compounds to support the effectiveness evaluation of the Minamata Convention|Minamata Convention on Mercury, https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/documents/guidance-monitoring-mercury-and-mercury-compounds-support (last access: 27 February 2023), 2023.
Guo, W., Liu, M., Zhang, Q., Deng, Y., Chu, Z., Qin, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y-R, Zhang, H., Zhang, W., Tao, S., and Xuejun Wang, X.: Warming-Induced Vegetation Greening May Aggravate Soil Mercury Levels Worldwide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 15078–15089, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c01923, 2024.
Guo, Y., Chen, B., Li, Y., Zhou, S., Zou, X., Zhang, N., Zhou, Y., Chen, H., Zou, J., Zeng, X., Shan, Y., and Li, J.: The co-benefits of clean air and low-carbon policies on heavy metal emission reductions from coal-fired power plants in china, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 181, 106258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106258, 2022.
Gustin, M. S.: Are mercury emissions from geologic sources significant? A status report, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 153–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00565-X, 2003.
Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., and Weisberg, P. J.: An update on the natural sources and sinks of atmospheric mercury, Appl. Geochem., 23, 482–493, 2008.
Gustin, M. S., Huang, J., Miller, M. B., Peterson, C., Jaffe, D. A., Ambrose, J., Finley, B. D., Lyman, S. N., Call, K., Talbot, R., Feddersen, D., Mao, H., and Lindberg, S. E.: Do we understand what the mercury speciation instruments are actually measuring? Results of RAMIX, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7295–7306, 2013.
Gustin, M. S., Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Huang, J., Lindberg, S., and Lyman, S. N.: Development of an understanding of reactive mercury in ambient air: a review, Atmosphere, 12, 73, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010073, 2021.
Gustin, M. S., Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Lyman, S., Horvat, M., Gay, D. A., Gaènik, J., Gratz, L., Kempkes, G., Khalizov, A., Lin, C.-J., Lindberg, S. E., Lown, L., Martin, L., Mason, R. P., MacSween, K., Nair, S. V., Nguyen, L. S. P., O'Neil, T., Sommar, J., Weiss-Penzias, P., Zhang, L., and Živkoviæ, I.: Measurement of atmospheric mercury: current limitations and suggestions for paths forward, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 12853–12864, 2024.
Hagemann, S. and Dümenil, L.: A Parametrization of the Lateral Waterflow for the Global Scale, Clim. Dynam., 14, 17–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050205, 1997.
Hammerschmidt, C. R., Lamborg, C. H., and Fitzgerald, W. F.: Aqueous phase methylation as a potential source of methylmercury in wet deposition, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1663–1668, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.032, 2007.
Hammerschmidt, C. R., Finiguerra, M. B., Weller, R. L., and Fitzgerald, W. F.: Methylmercury Accumulation in Plankton on the Continental Margin of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 3671–3677, https://doi.org/10.1021/es3048619, 2013.
Hayduk, W. and Laudie, H.: Prediction of Diffusion Coefficients for Nonelectrolytes in Dilute Aqueous Solutions, AIChE J., 20, 611–615, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690200329, 1974.
Haynes, K. M., Kane, E. S., Potvin, L., Lilleskov, E. A., Kolka, R. K., and Mitchell, C. P. J.: Gaseous mercury fluxes in peatlands and the potential influence of climate change, Atmos. Environ., 154, 247–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.049, 2017.
He, F., Zheng, W., Liang, L., and Gu, B.: Mercury photolytic transformation affected by low-molecular-weight natural organics in water, Sci. Total Environ., 416, 429–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.081, 2012.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hlawczika, S., Cenowski, M., and Fudala, J.: Inwentaryzacja emisji niemetanowych lotnych zwiazkow organicznych i metali ciezkich za rok 2005, 2006.
Hoang, C., Magand, O., Brioude, J., Dimuro, A., Brunet, C., Ah-Peng, C., Bertrand, Y., Dommergue, A., Duan Lei, Y., and Wania, F.: Probing the limits of sampling gaseous elemental mercury passively in the remote atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Atmos., 3, 268–281, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00119E, 2023.
Hojdová, M., Navrátil, T., Rohovec, J., Žák, K., Vanìk, A., Chrastný, V., Baèe, R., and Svoboda, M.: Changes in Mercury Deposition in a Mining and Smelting Region as Recorded in Tree Rings, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 216, 73–82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0515-9, 2011.
Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Talbot, R., and Slemr, F.: Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037–12057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12037-2010, 2010.
Horowitz, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Zhang, Y., Dibble, T. S., Slemr, F., Amos, H. M., Schmidt, J. A., Corbitt, E. S., Marais, E. A., and Sunderland, E. M.: A new mechanism for atmospheric mercury redox chemistry: implications for the global mercury budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6353–6371, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6353-2017, 2017.
Howard, D. and Edwards, G. C.: Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 129–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-129-2018, 2018.
Hsu-Kim, H., S. Eckley, C., and E. Selin, N.: Modern science of a legacy problem: mercury biogeochemical research after the Minamata Convention, Environ. Sci. Process. Imp., 20, 582–583, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EM90016G, 2018.
Huang, J., Miller, M. B., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Gustin, M. S.: Comparison of Gaseous Oxidized Hg Measured by KCl-Coated Denuders, and Nylon and Cation Exchange Membranes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7307–7316, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4012349, 2013.
Huang, S. and Zhang, Y.: Interannual Variability of Air–Sea Exchange of Mercury in the Global Ocean: The “Seesaw Effect” in the Equatorial Pacific and Contributions to the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 7145–7156, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00691, 2021.
Hui, M. L., Wu, Q. R., Wang, S. X., Liang, S., Zhang, L., Wang, F. Y., Lenzen, M., Wang, Y. F., Xu, L. X., Lin, Z. T., Yang, H., Lin, Y., Larssen, T., Xu, M., and Hao, J. M.: Mercury flows in China and global drivers, Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 222–231, 2017.
Humber, M. L., Boschetti, L., Giglio, L., and Justice, C. O.: Spatial and temporal intercomparison of four global burned area products, Int. J. Digit. Earth, 12, 460–484, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1433727, 2019.
Inness, A., Ades, M., Agustí-Panareda, A., Barré, J., Benedictow, A., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Dominguez, J. J., Engelen, R., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Jones, L., Kipling, Z., Massart, S., Parrington, M., Peuch, V.-H., Razinger, M., Remy, S., Schulz, M., and Suttie, M.: The CAMS reanalysis of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3515–3556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3515-2019, 2019.
IPCC: Emissions Scenarios – IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/emissions-scenarios (last access: 2 May 2025), 2000.
IPCC: Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/ (last access: 1 May 2025), 2006.
Jaffe, D. A., Lyman, S., Amos, H. M., Gustin, M. S., Huang, J., Selin, N. E., Levin, L., Schure, A., Mason, R. P., Talbot, R., Rutter, A. P., Finley, B., Jaeglé, L., Shah, V., McClure, C., Ambrose, J., Gratz, L., Lindberg, S. E., Weiss-Penzias, P., Sheu, G.-R., Feddersen, D., Horvat, M., Dastoor, A., Hynes, A. J., Mao, H., Sonke, J. E., Slemr, F., Fisher, J. A., Ebinghaus, R., Zhang, B., and Edwards, D. P.: Progress on understanding atmospheric mercury hampered by uncertain measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 7204–7206, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026432, 2014.
Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Dentener, F., Bergamaschi, P., Pagliari, V., Olivier, J. G. J., Peters, J. A. H. W., van Aardenne, J. A., Monni, S., Doering, U., Petrescu, A. M. R., Solazzo, E., and Oreggioni, G. D.: EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 959–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019, 2019.
Jeong, J., Yang, J., Han, S., Seo, Y.-S., and Hong, Y.: Assessment of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical Hg cycles in a temperate forestry watershed using SWAT-Hg, Environ. Model. Softw., 126, 104644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104644, 2020.
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Skyllberg, U., Kronberg, R.-M., Hajdas, I., and Kretzschmar, R.: Mercury deposition and re-emission pathways in boreal forest soils investigated with Hg isotope signatures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7188–7196, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00742, 2015.
Jiskra, M., Sonke, J. E., Obrist, D., Bieser, J., Ebinghaus, R., Myhre, C. L., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Wängberg, I., Kyllönen, K., Worthy, D., Martin, L. G., Labuschagne, C., Mkololo, T., Ramonet, M., Magand, O., and Dommergue, A.: A vegetation control on seasonal variations in global atmospheric mercury concentrations, Nat. Geosci., 11, 244–250, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8, 2018.
Jiskra, M., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Desgranges, M.-M., Petrova, M. V., Dufour, A., Ferreira-Araujo, B., Masbou, J., Chmeleff, J., Thyssen, M., Point, D., and Sonke, J. E.: Mercury stable isotopes constrain atmospheric sources to the ocean, Nature, 597, 678–682, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03859-8, 2021.
Jitaru, P., Gabrielli, P., Marteel, A., Plane, J. M. C., Planchon, F. A. M., Gauchard, P.-A., Ferrari, C. P., Boutron, C. F., Adams, F. C., Hong, S., Cescon, P., and Barbante, C.: Atmospheric depletion of mercury over Antarctica during glacial periods, Nat. Geosci., 2, 505–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo549, 2009.
Jonsson, S., Nerentorp Mastromonaco, M. G., Gårdfeldt, K., and Mason, R. P.: Distribution of total mercury and methylated mercury species in Central Arctic Ocean water and ice, Mar. Chem., 242, 104105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2022.104105, 2022.
Juillerat, J. I., Ross, D. S., and Bank, M. S.: Mercury in litterfall and upper soil horizons in forested ecosystems in Vermont, USA, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 31, 1720–1729, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1896, 2012.
Jung, G., Hedgecock, I. M., and Pirrone, N.: ECHMERIT V1.0 – a new global fully coupled mercury-chemistry and transport model, Geosci. Model Dev., 2, 175–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2-175-2009, 2009.
Jung, R. and Ahn, Y. S.: Distribution of Mercury Concentrations in Tree Rings and Surface Soils Adjacent to a Phosphate Fertilizer Plant in Southern Korea, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 99, 253–257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2115-5, 2017.
Kawai, T., Sakurai, T., and Suzuki, N.: Application of a new dynamic 3-D model to investigate human impacts on the fate of mercury in the global ocean, Environ. Model. Softw., 124, 104599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104599, 2020.
Keating, M. H., Mahaffey, K. R., Schoeny, R., Rice, G. E., and Bullock, O. R.: Mercury study report to Congress. Volume 1. Executive summary, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, https://doi.org/10.2172/575110, 1997.
Kersten, M. and Smedes, F.: Normalization procedures for sediment contaminants in spatial and temporal trend monitoring, J. Environ. Monit., 4, 109–115, https://doi.org/10.1039/B108102K, 2002.
Kestin, J., Sokolov, M., and Wakeham, W. A.: Viscosity of liquid water in the range −8 °C to 150 °C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 941–948, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555581, 1978.
Khan, T. R., Obrist, D., Agnan, Y., Selin, N. E., and Perlinger, J. A.: Atmosphere-terrestrial exchange of gaseous elemental mercury: parameterization improvement through direct comparison with measured ecosystem fluxes, Environ. Sci. Process. Imp., 21, 1699–1712, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EM00341J, 2019.
Kikuchi, T., Ikemoto, H., Takahashi, K., Hasome, H., and Ueda, H.: Parameterizing soil emission and atmospheric oxidation-reduction in a model of the global biogeochemical cycle of mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 12266–12274, 2013.
Kim, H., Soerensen, A. L., Hur, J., Heimbürger, L.-E., Hahm, D., Rhee, T. S., Noh, S., and Han, S.: Methylmercury Mass Budgets and Distribution Characteristics in the Western Pacific Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 1186–1194, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04238, 2017.
Kim, J., Soerensen, A. L., Kim, M. S., Eom, S., Rhee, T. S., Jin, Y. K., and Han, S.: Mass Budget of Methylmercury in the East Siberian Sea: The Importance of Sediment Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 9949–9957, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00154, 2020.
Kim, J.-H., Park, J.-M., Lee, S.-B., Pudasainee, D., and Seo, Y.-C.: Anthropogenic mercury emission inventory with emission factors and total emission in Korea, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2714–2721, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.037, 2010.
Kirk, J. L., Muir, D. C. M., Antoniades, D., Douglas, M. S. V., Evans, M. S., Jackson, T. A., Kling, H., Lamoureux, S., Lim, D. S. S., Pienitz, R., Smol, J. P., Stewart, K., Wang, X., and Yang, F.: Climate Change and Mercury Accumulation in Canadian High and Subarctic Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 964–970, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102840u, 2011.
Korn, P., Brüggemann, N., Jungclaus, J. H., Lorenz, S. J., Gutjahr, O., Haak, H., Linardakis, L., Mehlmann, C., Mikolajewicz, U., Notz, D., Putrasahan, D. A., Singh, V., von Storch, J.-S., Zhu, X., and Marotzke, J.: ICON-O: The Ocean Component of the ICON Earth System Model – Global Simulation Characteristics and Local Telescoping Capability, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 14, e2021MS002952, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002952, 2022.
Kumar, A. and Wu, S.: Mercury Pollution in the Arctic from Wildfires: Source Attribution for the 2000s, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 11269–11275, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01773, 2019.
Kumar, A., Wu, S., Huang, Y., Liao, H., and Kaplan, J. O.: Mercury from wildfires: Global emission inventories and sensitivity to 2000–2050 global change, Atmos. Environ., 173, 6–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.10.061, 2018.
Kuss, J.: Water-air gas exchange of elemental mercury: an experimentally determined mercury diffusion coefficient for Hg0 water-air flux calculations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 1461–1467, 2014.
Kuss, J., Holzmann, J., and Ludwig, R.: An elemental mercury diffusion coefficient for natural waters determined by molecular dynamics simulation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3183–3186, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8034889, 2009.
Kuss, J., Zülicke, C., Pohl, C., and Schneider, B.: Atlantic mercury emission determined from continuous analysis of the elemental mercury sea-air concentration difference within transects between 50° N and 50° S, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB3021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003998, 2011.
Kwon, S. Y. and Selin, N. E.: Uncertainties in Atmospheric Mercury Modeling for Policy Evaluation, Curr. Pollut. Rep., 2, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-016-0030-8, 2016.
Laacouri, A., Nater, E. A., and Kolka, R. K.: Distribution and Uptake Dynamics of Mercury in Leaves of Common Deciduous Tree Species in Minnesota, U.S.A., Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10462–10470, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401357z, 2013.
Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., Heald, C. L., Holland, E. A., Lauritzen, P. H., Neu, J., Orlando, J. J., Rasch, P. J., and Tyndall, G. K.: CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 369–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012, 2012.
Lamborg, C. H., Fitzgerald, W. F., Damman, A. W. H., Benoit, J. M., Balcom, P. H., and Engstrom, D. R.: Modern and historic atmospheric mercury fluxes in both hemispheres: Global and regional mercury cycling implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 51-1–51-11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001847, 2002.
Lamborg, C. H., Von Damm, K. L., Fitzgerald, W. F., Hammerschmidt, C. R., and Zierenberg, R.: Mercury and monomethylmercury in fluids from Sea Cliff submarine hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026321, 2006.
Lamborg, C. H., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Bowman, K. L., Swarr, G. J., Munson, K. M., Ohnemus, D. C., Lam, P. J., Heimbürger, L.-E., Rikjenberg, M. J. A., and Saito, M. A.: A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements, Nature, 512, 65–69, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13563, 2014.
Lawrence, D. M., Fisher, R. A., Koven, C. D., Oleson, K. W., Swenson, S. C., Bonan, G., Collier, N., Ghimire, B., van Kampenhout, L., Kennedy, D., Kluzek, E., Lawrence, P. J., Li, F., Li, H., Lombardozzi, D., Riley, W. J., Sacks, W. J., Shi, M., Vertenstein, M., Wieder, W. R., Xu, C., Ali, A. A., Badger, A. M., Bisht, G., van den Broeke, M., Brunke, M. A., Burns, S. P., Buzan, J., Clark, M., Craig, A., Dahlin, K., Drewniak, B., Fisher, J. B., Flanner, M., Fox, A. M., Gentine, P., Hoffman, F., Keppel-Aleks, G., Knox, R., Kumar, S., Lenaerts, J., Leung, L. R., Lipscomb, W. H., Lu, Y., Pandey, A., Pelletier, J. D., Perket, J., Randerson, J. T., Ricciuto, D. M., Sanderson, B. M., Slater, A., Subin, Z. M., Tang, J., Thomas, R. Q., Val Martin, M., and Zeng, X.: The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of New Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 4245–4287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001583, 2019.
Lee, J. H., Kwon, S. Y., Yin, R., Motta, L. C., Kurz, A. Y., and Nam, S.-I.: Spatiotemporal Characterization of Mercury Isotope Baselines and Anthropogenic Influences in Lake Sediment Cores, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 35, e2020GB006904, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006904, 2021.
Lei, D., Xiaohui, S., Yao, L., Baoyu, D., Qiong, W., Kaiyun, L., Jiawei, Z., Qingru, W., and Shuxiao, W.: Soil-atmosphere exchange of gaseous elemental mercury in three subtropical forests with different substrate Hg concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 244, 117869, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117869, 2021.
Lei, H., Liang, X.-Z., Wuebbles, D. J., and Tao, Z.: Model analyses of atmospheric mercury: present air quality and effects of transpacific transport on the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10807–10825, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10807-2013, 2013.
Lei, H., Wuebbles, D. J., Liang, X.-Z., Tao, Z., Olsen, S., Artz, R., Ren, X., and Cohen, M.: Projections of atmospheric mercury levels and their effect on air quality in the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 783–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-783-2014, 2014.
Lemire, D.: Using Ice and Sediment Cores to Quantify Climate-warming Induced Inputs of Legacy Mercury to Lake Hazen, Nunavut, Thesis, http://hdl.handle.net/1807/109245 (last access: 2 May 2025), 2021.
Lepak, R. F., Janssen, S. E., Engstrom, D. R., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Tate, M. T., Yin, R., Fitzgerald, W. F., Nagorski, S. A., and Hurley, J. P.: Resolving Atmospheric Mercury Loading and Source Trends from Isotopic Records of Remote North American Lake Sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 9325–9333, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00579, 2020.
Li, C., Liang, H., Liang, M., Chen, Y., and Zhou, Y.: Mercury emissions flux from various land uses in old mining area, Inner Mongolia, China, J. Geochem. Explor., 192, 132–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.06.011, 2018a.
Li, C., Liang, H., Liang, M., Chen, Y., and Zhou, Y.: Soil surface Hg emission flux in coalfield in Wuda, Inner Mongolia, China, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 25, 16652–16663, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1804-x, 2018b.
Li, C., Sonke, J. E., Le Roux, G., Piotrowska, N., Van der Putten, N., Roberts, S. J., Daley, T., Rice, E., Gehrels, R., Enrico, M., Mauquoy, D., Roland, T. P., and De Vleeschouwer, F.: Unequal Anthropogenic Enrichment of Mercury in Earth's Northern and Southern Hemispheres, ACS Earth Space Chem., 4, 2073–2081, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00220, 2020a.
Li, J., Zhou, S., Wei, W., Qi, J., Li, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, N., Guan, D., Qian, H., Wu, X., Miao, J., Chen, L., Feng, K., and Liang, S.: China's retrofitting measures in coal-fired power plants bring significant mercury-related health benefits, One Earth, 3, 777–787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.012, 2020b.
Lim, A. G., Jiskra, M., Sonke, J. E., Loiko, S. V., Kosykh, N., and Pokrovsky, O. S.: A revised pan-Arctic permafrost soil Hg pool based on Western Siberian peat Hg and carbon observations, Biogeosciences, 17, 3083–3097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3083-2020, 2020.
Lin, C.-J., Lindberg, S. E., Ho, T. C., and Jang, C.: Development of a processor in BEIS3 for estimating vegetative mercury emission in the continental United States, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7529–7540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.044, 2005.
Lin, C.-J., Gustin, M. S., Singhasuk, P., Eckley, C., and Miller, M.: Empirical Models for Estimating Mercury Flux from Soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8522–8528, https://doi.org/10.1021/es1021735, 2010.
Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., and Seigneur, C.: A Synthesis of Progress and Uncertainties in Attributing the Sources of Mercury in Deposition, Ambio J. Hum. Environ., 36, 19–33, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[19:ASOPAU]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
Liss, P. S.: Processes of gas exchange across an air-water interface, Deep-Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 20, 221–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(73)90013-2, 1973.
Liss, P. S. and Merlivat, L.: Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates: Introduction and Synthesis, in: The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by: Buat-Ménard, P., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4738-2_5, 1986.
Liss, P. S. and Slater, P. G.: Flux of Gases across the Air-Sea Interface, Nature, 247, 181–184, https://doi.org/10.1038/247181a0, 1974.
Liu, C., Chen, L., Liang, S., and Li, Y.: Distribution of total mercury and methylmercury and their controlling factors in the East China Sea, Environ. Pollut., 258, 113667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113667, 2020.
Liu, K., Wu, Q., Wang, L., Wang, S., Liu, T., Ding, D., Tang, Y., Li, G., Tian, H., Duan, L., Wang, X., Fu, X., Feng, X., and Hao, J.: Measure-Specific Effectiveness of Air Pollution Control on China's Atmospheric Mercury Concentration and Deposition during 2013–2017, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 8938–8946, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02428, 2019a.
Liu, M., Zhang, Q., Cheng, M., He, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, H., Cao, H., Shen, H., Zhang, W., Tao, S., and Wang, X.: Rice life cycle-based global mercury biotransport and human methylmercury exposure, Nat. Commun., 10, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13221-2, 2019b.
Liu, M., Zhang, Q., Yu, C., Yuan, L., He, Y., Xiao, W., Zhang, H., Guo, J., Zhang, W., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, L., and Wang, X.: Observation-Based Mercury Export from Rivers to Coastal Oceans in East Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 14269–14280, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03755, 2021a.
Liu, M., Zhang, Q., Maavara, T., Liu, S., Wang, X., and Raymond, P. A.: Rivers as the largest source of mercury to coastal oceans worldwide, Nat. Geosci., 14, 672–677, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00793-2, 2021b.
Liu, Y. R., Guo, L., Yang, Z., Xu, Z., Zhao, J., Wen, S. H., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., and Chen, L.: Multidimensional Drivers of Mercury Distribution in Global Surface Soils: Insights from a Global Standardized Field Survey, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 12442–12452, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04313, 2023.
Lockhart, W. L., Macdonald, R. W., Outridge, P. M., Wilkinson, P., DeLaronde, J. B., and Rudd, J. W.: Tests of the fidelity of lake sediment core records of mercury deposition to known histories of mercury contamination, Sci. Total Environ., 260, 171–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00561-1, 2000.
Logemann, K., Linardakis, L., Korn, P., and Schrum, C.: Global tide simulations with ICON-O: testing the model performance on highly irregular meshes, Ocean Dynam., 71, 43–57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01428-7, 2021.
Lonati, G. and Zanoni, F.: Monte-Carlo human health risk assessment of mercury emissions from a MSW gasification plant, Waste Manage., 33, 347–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.10.015, 2013.
Loring, D. H.: Normalization of heavy-metal data from estuarine and coastal sediments, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 48, 101–115, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/48.1.101, 1991.
Loux, N. T.: A Critical Assessment of Elemental Mercury Air/Water Exchange Parameters, Chem. Spec. Bioavailabil., 16, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.3184/095422904782775018, 2004.
Luo, Y., Duan, L., Driscoll, C. T., Xu, G., Shao, M., Taylor, M., Wang, S., and Hao, J.: Foliage/atmosphere exchange of mercury in a subtropical coniferous forest in south China, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 2006–2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003388, 2016.
Lyman, S. N., Jaffe, D. A., and Gustin, M. S.: Release of mercury halides from KCl denuders in the presence of ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8197–8204, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8197-2010, 2010.
Lyman, S. N., Gratz, L. E., Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Gustin, M. S., and Luippold, A.: Improvements to the Accuracy of Atmospheric Oxidized Mercury Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 13379–13388, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02747, 2020a.
Lyman, S. N., Cheng, I., Gratz, L. E., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Zhang, L.: An updated review of atmospheric mercury, Sci. Total Environ., 707, 135575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135575, 2020b.
Ma, M., Sun, T., Du, H., and Wang, D.: A Two-Year Study on Mercury Fluxes from the Soil under Different Vegetation Cover in a Subtropical Region, South China, Atmosphere, 9, 30, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010030, 2018.
MacDougall, A. H., Mallett, J., Hohn, D., and Mengis, N.: Substantial regional climate change expected following cessation of CO2 emissions, Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 114046, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9f59, 2022.
MacFarlane, S., Fisher, J. A., Horowitz, H. M., and Shah, V.: Two decades of changing anthropogenic mercury emissions in Australia: inventory development, trends, and atmospheric implications, Environ. Sci. Process. Imp., 24, 1474–1493, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00019A, 2022.
MacMillan, G. A., Girard, C., Chételat, J., Laurion, I., and Amyot, M.: High Methylmercury in Arctic and Subarctic Ponds is Related to Nutrient Levels in the Warming Eastern Canadian Arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7743–7753, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00763, 2015.
MacSween, K. and Edwards, G. C.: The role of precipitation and soil moisture in enhancing mercury air-surface exchange at a background site in south-eastern Australia, Atmos. Environ., 255, 118445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118445, 2021.
MacSween, K., Edwards, G. C., and Beggs, P. J.: Seasonal gaseous elemental mercury fluxes at a terrestrial background site in south-eastern Australia, Elem. Sci. Anthr., 8, 27, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.423, 2020.
MacSween, K., Stupple, G., Aas, W., Kyllönen, K., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Skov, H., Steffen, A., Berg, T., and Mastromonaco, M. N.: Updated trends for atmospheric mercury in the Arctic: 1995–2018, Sci. Total Environ., 837, 155802, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155802, 2022.
Mahowald, N. M., Engelstaedter, S., Luo, C., Sealy, A., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bonnet, S., Chen, Y., Chuang, P. Y., Cohen, D. D., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Johansen, A. M., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Maenhaut, W., Paytan, A., Prospero, J. M., Shank, L. M., and Siefert, R. L.: Atmospheric Iron Deposition: Global Distribution, Variability, and Human Perturbations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245–278, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727, 2009.
Maillard, F., Girardclos, O., Assad, M., Zappelini, C., Pérez Mena, J. M., Yung, L., Guyeux, C., Chrétien, S., Bigham, G., Cosio, C., and Chalot, M.: Dendrochemical assessment of mercury releases from a pond and dredged-sediment landfill impacted by a chlor-alkali plant, Environ. Res., 148, 122–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.034, 2016.
Makar, P. A., Akingunola, A., Aherne, J., Cole, A. S., Aklilu, Y., Zhang, J., Wong, I., Hayden, K., Li, S.-M., Kirk, J., Scott, K., Moran, M. D., Robichaud, A., Cathcart, H., Baratzedah, P., Pabla, B., Cheung, P., Zheng, Q., and Jeffries, D. S.: Estimates of exceedances of critical loads for acidifying deposition in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9897–9927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9897-2018, 2018.
Martin, R. S., Witt, M. L. I., Pyle, D. M., Mather, T. A., Watt, S. F. L., Bagnato, E., and Calabrese, S.: Rapid oxidation of mercury (Hg) at volcanic vents: Insights from high temperature thermodynamic models of Mt Etna's emissions, Chem. Geol., 283, 279–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.027, 2011.
Martínez, S. I., Contreras, C. P., Acevedo, S. E., and Bonilla, C. A.: Unveiling soil temperature reached during a wildfire event using ex-post chemical and hydraulic soil analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 822, 153654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153654, 2022.
Marumoto, K., Takeuchi, A., Imai, S., Kodamatani, H., and Suzuki, N.: Mercury evasion fluxes from sea surfaces of the Tsushima Strait and Kuroshio Current in the East China Sea, Geochem. J., 52, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0485, 2018.
Marumoto, K., Suzuki, N., Shibata, Y., Takeuchi, A., Takami, A., Fukuzaki, N., Kawamoto, K., Mizohata, A., Kato, S., Yamamoto, T., Chen, J., Hattori, T., Nagasaka, H., and Saito, M.: Long-Term Observation of Atmospheric Speciated Mercury during 2007–2018 at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan, Atmosphere, 10, 362, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070362, 2019.
Mashyanov, N. R., Pogarev, S. E., Sholupov, S. E., Ryzhov, V. V., Obolkin, V. A., Khodzher, T. V., Potemkin, V. L., Molozhnikova, E. V., and Kalinchuk, V. V.: Air mercury monitoring in the Baikal area (2011–2021), Limnol. Freshw. Biol., 1315–1318, https://doi.org/10.31951/2658-3518-2022-A-3-1315, 2022.
Mason, R. P.: Mercury emissions from natural processes and their importance in the global mercury cycle, in: Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere: Emissions, Measurements and Models, edited by: Mason, R. and Pirrone, N., Springer US, Boston, MA, 173–191, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93958-2_7, 2009.
Mason, R. P. and Fitzgerald, W. F.: Sources, Sinks and Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in the Ocean, in: Global and Regional Mercury Cycles: Sources, Fluxes and Mass Balances, edited by: Baeyens, W., Ebinghaus, R., and Vasiliev, O., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 249–272, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1780-4_12, 1996.
Mason, R. P. and Sheu, G.-R.: Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 40-1–40-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001440, 2002.
Mason, R. P., Fitzgerald, W. F., and Morel, F. M. M.: The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: Anthropogenic influences, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 3191–3198, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90046-9, 1994.
Mason, R. P., Choi, A. L., Fitzgerald, W. F., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Lamborg, C. H., Soerensen, A. L., and Sunderland, E. M.: Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications, Environ. Res., 119, 101–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.013, 2012.
Mason, R. P., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Lamborg, C. H., Bowman, K. L., Swarr, G. J., and Shelley, R. U.: The air-sea exchange of mercury in the low latitude Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 122, 17–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.01.015, 2017.
Mataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., Arcenegui, V., Jordán, A., and Zavala, L. M.: Fire effects on soil aggregation: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 109, 44–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.08.002, 2011.
Mathis, M., Logemann, K., Maerz, J., Lacroix, F., Hagemann, S., Chegini, F., Ramme, L., Ilyina, T., Korn, P., and Schrum, C.: Seamless Integration of the Coastal Ocean in Global Marine Carbon Cycle Modeling, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 14, e2021MS002789, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002789, 2022.
Mayorga, E., Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Fekete, B. M., Kroeze, C., and Van Drecht, G.: Global Nutrient Export from WaterSheds 2 (NEWS 2): Model development and implementation, Environ. Model. Softw., 25, 837–853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.01.007, 2010.
McGillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Hare, J. E., and Fairall, C. W.: Direct covariance air-sea CO2 fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 16729–16745, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000506, 2001.
McKenzie, D. and Kennedy, M. C.: Power laws reveal phase transitions in landscape controls of fire regimes, Nat. Commun., 3, 726, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1731, 2012.
McLagan, D., Mitchell, C. P. J., Steffen, A., Hung, H., Shin, C., Stupple, G. W., Olson, M. L., Luke, W. T., Kelley, P., Howard, D., Edwards, G. C., Nelson, P. F., Xiao, H., Sheu, G.-R., Dreyer, A., Huang, H., Abdul Hussain, B., Lei, Y. D., Tavshunsky, I., and Wania, F.: Global evaluation and calibration of a passive air sampler for gaseous mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5905–5919, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5905-2018, 2018a.
McLagan, D., Hussain, B. A., Huang, H., Lei, Y. D., Wania, F., and Mitchell, C. P. J.: Identifying and evaluating urban mercury emission sources through passive sampler-based mapping of atmospheric concentrations, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 074008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac8e6, 2018b.
McLagan, D. S., Monaci, F., Huang, H., Lei, Y. D., Mitchell, C. P. J., and Wania, F.: Characterization and Quantification of Atmospheric Mercury Sources Using Passive Air Samplers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 2351–2362, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029373, 2019.
McLagan, D. S., Stupple, G. W., Darlington, A., Hayden, K., and Steffen, A.: Where there is smoke there is mercury: Assessing boreal forest fire mercury emissions using aircraft and highlighting uncertainties associated with upscaling emissions estimates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5635–5653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5635-2021, 2021.
McLagan, D. S., Biester, H., Navrátil, T., Kraemer, S. M., and Schwab, L.: Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses, Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022.
Médieu, A., Point, D., Itai, T., Angot, H., Buchanan, P. J., Allain, V., Fuller, L., Griffiths, S., Gillikin, D. P., Sonke, J. E., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Desgranges, M.-M., Menkes, C. E., Madigan, D. J., Brosset, P., Gauthier, O., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Verheyden, A., and Lorrain, A.: Evidence that Pacific tuna mercury levels are driven by marine methylmercury production and anthropogenic inputs, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2113032119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113032119, 2022.
Melendez-Perez, J. J., Fostier, A. H., Carvalho, J. A., Windmöller, C. C., Santos, J. C., and Carpi, A.: Soil and biomass mercury emissions during a prescribed fire in the Amazonian rain forest, Atmos. Environ., 96, 415–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.032, 2014.
Millhollen, A. G., Gustin, M. S., and Obrist, D.: Foliar Mercury Accumulation and Exchange for Three Tree Species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6001–6006, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0609194, 2006.
Moore, C. and Carpi, A.: Mechanisms of the emission of mercury from soil: Role of UV radiation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D24302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005567, 2005.
Muir, D. C. G., Wang, X., Yang, F., Nguyen, N., Jackson, T. A., Evans, M. S., Douglas, M., Köck, G., Lamoureux, S., Pienitz, R., Smol, J. P., Vincent, W. F., and Dastoor, A.: Spatial Trends and Historical Deposition of Mercury in Eastern and Northern Canada Inferred from Lake Sediment Cores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4802–4809, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8035412, 2009.
Mulvaney, K. M., Selin, N. E., Giang, A., Muntean, M., Li, C.-T., Zhang, D., Angot, H., Thackray, C. P., and Karplus, V. J.: Mercury Benefits of Climate Policy in China: Addressing the Paris Agreement and the Minamata Convention Simultaneously, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1326–1335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06741, 2020.
Munson, K. M., Lamborg, C. H., Swarr, G. J., and Saito, M. A.: Mercury species concentrations and fluxes in the Central Tropical Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 656–676, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005120, 2015.
Muntean, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Song, S., Selin, N. E., Olivier, J. G. J., Guizzardi, D., Maas, R., and Dentener, F.: Trend analysis from 1970 to 2008 and model evaluation of EDGARv4 global gridded anthropogenic mercury emissions, Sci. Total Environ., 494–495, 337–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.014, 2014.
Muntean, M., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Schaaf, E., and Janssens-Maenhout, G.: Global Toxic Pollutants Emissions: EDGARv4.tox2 (Version v4), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12155169, 2017.
Muntean, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Song, S., Giang, A., Selin, N. E., Zhong, H., Zhao, Y., Olivier, J. G. J., Guizzardi, D., Crippa, M., Schaaf, E., and Dentener, F.: Evaluating EDGARv4.tox2 speciated mercury emissions ex-post scenarios and their impacts on modelled global and regional wet deposition patterns, Atmos. Environ., 184, 56–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.04.017, 2018.
Navrátil, T., Šimeèek, M., Shanley, J. B., Rohovec, J., Hojdová, M., and Houška, J.: The history of mercury pollution near the Spolana chlor-alkali plant (Neratovice, Czech Republic) as recorded by Scots pine tree rings and other bioindicators, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 1182–1192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.112, 2017.
Navrátil, T., Nováková, T., Shanley, J. B., Rohovec, J., Matoušková, Š., Vaòková, M., and Norton, S. A.: Larch Tree Rings as a Tool for Reconstructing 20th Century Central European Atmospheric Mercury Trends, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 11060–11068, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02117, 2018.
Navrátil, T., Nováková, T., Roll, M., Shanley, J. B., Kopáèek, J., Rohovec, J., Kaòa, J., and Cudlín, P.: Decreasing litterfall mercury deposition in central European coniferous forests and effects of bark beetle infestation, Sci. Total Environ., 682, 213–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.093, 2019.
Nerentorp Mastromonaco, M. G., Gårdfeldt, K., and Wängberg, I.: Seasonal and spatial evasion of mercury from the western Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Chem., 193, 34–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.02.003, 2017a.
Nerentorp Mastromonaco, M. G., Gårdfeldt, K., Assmann, K. M., Langer, S., Delali, T., Shlyapnikov, Y. M., Zivkovic, I., and Horvat, M.: Speciation of mercury in the waters of the Weddell, Amundsen and Ross Seas (Southern Ocean), Mar. Chem., 193, 20–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.03.001, 2017b.
Nguyen, L. S. P., Sheu, G.-R., Lin, D.-W., and Lin, N.-H.: Temporal changes in atmospheric mercury concentrations at a background mountain site downwind of the East Asia continent in 2006–2016, Sci. Total Environ., 686, 1049–1056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.425, 2019.
Nightingale, P. D., Malin, G., Law, C. S., Watson, A. J., Liss, P. S., Liddicoat, M. I., Boutin, J., and Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 373–387, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900091, 2000a.
Nightingale, P. D., Liss, P. S., and Schlosser, P.: Measurements of air-sea gas transfer during an open ocean algal bloom, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2117–2120, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011541, 2000b.
Niu, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Zeng, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., and Ci, Z.: Field controlled experiments on the physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to low-level air and soil mercury exposures, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 21, 1541–1547, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2047-5, 2014.
Nováková, T., Navrátil, T., Demers, J. D., Roll, M., and Rohovec, J.: Contrasting tree ring Hg records in two conifer species: Multi-site evidence of species-specific radial translocation effects in Scots pine versus European larch, Sci. Total Environ., 762, 144022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144022, 2021.
NPRI: Pollutant Release and Transfer Data Reported by Facilities, Single Year Tabular Format in National Pollutant Release Inventory, https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/pollution-waste-management/national-pollutant-release-inventory.html (last access: 2 May 2025), 2022.
Nriagu, J. O.: A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature, 338, 47–49, 1989.
Nriagu, J. O. and Becker, C.: Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regional inventories, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 3–12, 2003.
Obrist, D., Moosmüller, H., Schürmann, R., Chen, L.-W. A., and Kreindenweis, S. M.: Particulate-phase and gaseous elemental mercury emissions during biomass combustion: controlling factors and correlation with particulate matter emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 721–727, 2008.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Edmonds, R. L.: Effects of vegetation type on mercury concentrations and pools in two adjacent coniferous and deciduous forests, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 175, 68–77, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000415, 2012.
Obrist, D., Agnan, Y., Jiskra, M., Olson, C. L., Colegrove, D. P., Hueber, J., Moore, C. W., Sonke, J. E., and Helmig, D.: Tundra uptake of atmospheric elemental mercury drives Arctic mercury pollution, Nature, 547, 201–204, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22997, 2017.
Obrist, D., Kirk, J. L., Zhang, L., Sunderland, E. M., Jiskra, M., and Selin, N. E.: A review of global environmental mercury processes in response to human and natural perturbations: Changes of emissions, climate, and land use, Ambio, 47, 116–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-1004-9, 2018.
Obrist, D., Roy, E. M., Harrison, J. L., Kwong, C. F., Munger, J. W., Moosmüller, H., Romero, C. D., Sun, S., Zhou, J., and Commane, R.: Previously unaccounted atmospheric mercury deposition in a midlatitude deciduous forest, P Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2105477118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105477118, 2021.
Odabasi, M., Tolunay, D., Kara, M., Ozgunerge Falay, E., Tuna, G., Altiok, H., Dumanoglu, Y., Bayram, A., and Elbir, T.: Investigation of spatial and historical variations of air pollution around an industrial region using trace and macro elements in tree components, Sci. Total Environ., 550, 1010–1021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.197, 2016.
O'Driscoll, N. J., Siciliano, S. D., Lean, D. R. S., and Amyot, M.: Gross photoreduction kinetics of mercury in temperate freshwater lakes and rivers: application to a general model of DGM dynamics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 837–843, 2006.
Oleson, W., Lawrence, M., Bonan, B., Flanner, G., Kluzek, E., Lawrence, J., Levis, S., Swenson, C., Thornton, E., Dai, A., Decker, M., Dickinson, R., Feddema, J., Heald, L., Hoffman, F., Lamarque, J.-F., Mahowald, N., Niu, G.-Y., Qian, T., Randerson, J., Running, S., Sakaguchi, K., Slater, A., Stockli, R., Wang, A., Yang, Z.-L., Zeng, X., and Zeng, X.: Technical Description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM), NCAR, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6FB50WZ, 2010.
Olson, C. I., Fakhraei, H., and Driscoll, C. T.: Mercury Emissions, Atmospheric Concentrations, and Wet Deposition across the Conterminous United States: Changes over 20 Years of Monitoring, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 7, 376–381, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00185, 2020.
Olson, C. I., Geyman, B. M., Thackray, C. P., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Tate, M. T., Sunderland, E. M., and Driscoll, C. T.: Mercury in soils of the conterminous United States: patterns and pools, Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 074030, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac79c2, 2022.
Olson, C. L., Jiskra, M., Sonke, J. E., and Obrist, D.: Mercury in tundra vegetation of Alaska: Spatial and temporal dynamics and stable isotope patterns, Sci. Total Environ., 660, 1502–1512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.058, 2019.
Osterwalder, S., Fritsche, J., Alewell, C., Schmutz, M., Nilsson, M. B., Jocher, G., Sommar, J., Rinne, J., and Bishop, K.: A dual-inlet, single detector relaxed eddy accumulation system for long-term measurement of mercury flux, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 509–524, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-509-2016, 2016.
Osterwalder, S., Bishop, K., Alewell, C., Fritsche, J., Laudon, H., Åkerblom, S., and Nilsson, M. B.: Mercury evasion from a boreal peatland shortens the timeline for recovery from legacy pollution, Sci. Rep., 7, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16141-7, 2017.
Osterwalder, S., Huang, J.-H., Shetaya, W. H., Agnan, Y., Frossard, A., Frey, B., Alewell, C., Kretzschmar, R., Biester, H., and Obrist, D.: Mercury emission from industrially contaminated soils in relation to chemical, microbial, and meteorological factors, Environ. Pollut., 250, 944–952, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.093, 2019.
Osterwalder, S., Eugster, W., Feigenwinter, I., and Jiskra, M.: Eddy covariance flux measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over a grassland, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2057–2074, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2057-2020, 2020.
Osterwalder, S., Nerentorp, M., Zhu, W., Jiskra, M., Nilsson, E., Nilsson, M. B., Rutgersson, A., Soerensen, A. L., Sommar, J., Wallin, M. B., Wängberg, I., and Bishop, K.: Critical Observations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Air-Sea Exchange, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 35, e2020GB006742, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006742, 2021.
Outridge, P. M., Mason, R. P., Wang, F., Guerrero, S., and Heimbürger-Boavida, L. E.: Updated Global and Oceanic Mercury Budgets for the United Nations Global Mercury Assessment 2018, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 11466–11477, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01246, 2018.
Pacyna, E., Pacyna, J., and Pirrone, N.: Atmospheric mercury emissions in Europe from anthropogenic sources, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2987–2996, 2001.
Pacyna, E. G. and Pacyna, J. M.: Global Emission of Mercury from Anthropogenic Sources in 1995, Water. Air Soil Pollut., 137, 149–165, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015502430561, 2002.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Steenhuisen, F., and Wilson, S.: Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4048–4063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.041, 2006a.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Fudala, J., Strzelecka-Jastrzab, E., Hlawiczka, S., and Panasiuk, D.: Mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2000 and their scenarios until 2020, Sci. Total Environ., 370, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.023, 2006b.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Sundseth, K., Munthe, J., Kindbom, K., Wilson, S., Steenhuisen, F., and Maxson, P.: Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2487–2499, 2010.
Pacyna, J. M., Pacyna, E. G., Steenhuisen, F., and Wilson, S.: Mapping 1995 global antropogenic emissions of mercury, Atmos. Environ., 37, S109–S117, 2003.
Pacyna, J. M., Travnikov, O., De Simone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Sundseth, K., Pacyna, E. G., Steenhuisen, F., Pirrone, N., Munthe, J., and Kindbom, K.: Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on a global scale, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12495–12511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12495-2016, 2016.
Pakhomova, S., Yakushev, E., Protsenko, E., Rigaud, S., Cossa, D., Knoery, J., Couture, R.-M., Radakovitch, O., Yakubov, S., Krzeminska, D., and Newton, A.: Modeling the Influence of Eutrophication and Redox Conditions on Mercury Cycling at the Sediment-Water Interface in the Berre Lagoon, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 291, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00291, 2018.
Pan, L., Lin, C.-J., Carmichael, G. R., Streets, D. G., Tang, Y., Woo, J.-H., Shetty, S. K., Chu, H.-W., Ho, T. C., Friedli, H. R., and Feng, X.: Study of atmospheric mercury budget in East Asia using STEM-Hg modeling system, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3277–3291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.039, 2010.
Pan, X., Ichoku, C., Chin, M., Bian, H., Darmenov, A., Colarco, P., Ellison, L., Kucsera, T., da Silva, A., Wang, J., Oda, T., and Cui, G.: Six global biomass burning emission datasets: intercomparison and application in one global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 969–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-969-2020, 2020.
Panagos, P., Jiskra, M., Borrelli, P., Liakos, L., and Ballabio, C.: Mercury in European topsoils: Anthropogenic sources, stocks and fluxes, Environ. Res., 201, 111556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111556, 2021.
Pang, Q., Gu, J., Wang, H., and Zhang, Y.: Global health impact of atmospheric mercury emissions from artisanal and small-scale gold mining, iScience, 25, 104881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104881, 2022.
Pannu, R.: Quantifying mercury reduction kinetics in soils, http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2012-12-827 (last access: 2 May 2025), 2013.
Park, S., Western, L. M., Saito, T., Redington, A. L., Henne, S., Fang, X., Prinn, R. G., Manning, A. J., Montzka, S. A., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Harth, C. M., Kim, J., Krummel, P. B., Liang, Q., Mühle, J., O'Doherty, S., Park, H., Park, M.-K., Reimann, S., Salameh, P. K., Weiss, R. F., and Rigby, M.: A decline in emissions of CFC-11 and related chemicals from eastern China, Nature, 590, 433–437, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03277-w, 2021.
Parrella, J. P., Jacob, D. J., Liang, Q., Zhang, Y., Mickley, L. J., Miller, B., Evans, M. J., Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., Theys, N., and Van Roozendael, M.: Tropospheric bromine chemistry: implications for present and pre-industrial ozone and mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6723–6740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6723-2012, 2012.
Peckham, M. A., Gustin, M. S., and Weisberg, P. J.: Assessment of the Suitability of Tree Rings as Archives of Global and Regional Atmospheric Mercury Pollution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 3663–3671, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06786, 2019a.
Peckham, M. A., Gustin, M. S., Weisberg, P. J., and Weiss-Penzias, P.: Results of a controlled field experiment to assess the use of tree tissue concentrations as bioindicators of air Hg, Biogeochemistry, 142, 265–279, 2019b.
Perone, A., Cocozza, C., Cherubini, P., Bachmann, O., Guillong, M., Lasserre, B., Marchetti, M., and Tognetti, R.: Oak tree-rings record spatial-temporal pollution trends from different sources in Terni (Central Italy), Environ. Pollut., 233, 278–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.062, 2018.
Perrot, V., Ma, T., Vandeputte, D., Smolikova, V., Bratkic, A., Leermakers, M., Baeyens, W., and Gao, Y.: Origin and partitioning of mercury in the polluted Scheldt Estuary and adjacent coastal zone, Sci. Total Environ., 878, 163019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163019, 2023.
Perry, E., Norton, S. A., Kamman, N. C., Lorey, P. M., and Driscoll, C. T.: Deconstruction of Historic Mercury Accumulation in Lake Sediments, Northeastern United States, Ecotoxicology, 14, 85–99, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-004-6261-2, 2005.
Petrova, M. V., Krisch, S., Lodeiro, P., Valk, O., Dufour, A., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Achterberg, E. P., Rabe, B., Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Hamelin, B., Sonke, J. E., Garnier, C., and Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E.: Mercury species export from the Arctic to the Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 225, 103855, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103855, 2020.
Pirrone, N., Keeler, G. J., and Nriagu, J. O.: Regional differences in worldwide emissions of mercury to the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2981–2987, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00498-X, 1996.
Pirrone, N., Allegrini, I., Keeler, G. J., Nriagu, J. O., Rossmann, R., and Robbins, J. A.: Historical atmospheric mercury emissions and depositions in North America compared to mercury accumulations in sedimentary records, Atmos. Environ., 32, 929–940, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00353-1, 1998.
Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R., Friedli, H., Leaner, J., Mason, R., Mukherjee, A., Stracher, G., Streets, D., and Telmer, K.: Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources, Atmos.Chem. Phys., 10, 5951–5964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5951-2010, 2010.
Pudasainee, D., Seo, Y.-C., Kim, J.-H., Hong, J.-H., and Park, J.-M.: National inventory of mercury release into different phase media estimated by UNEP Toolkit in South Korea, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 5, 630–638, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.072, 2014.
Pyle, D. M. and Mather, T. A.: The importance of volcanic emissions for the global atmospheric mercury cycle, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5115–5124, 2003.
Quinones, J. L. and Carpi, A.: An Investigation of the Kinetic Processes Influencing Mercury Emissions from Sand and Soil Samples of Varying Thickness, J. Environ. Qual., 40, 647–652, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0327, 2011.
Qureshi, A., O'Driscoll, N. J., MacLeod, M., Neuhold, Y.-M., and Hungerbühler, K.: Photoreactions of mercury in surface ocean water: gross reaction kinetics and possible pathways, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 644–649, 2010.
Qureshi, A., MacLeod, M., and Hungerbühler, K.: Quantifying uncertainties in the global mass balance of mercury, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB4012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004068, 2011.
Rafaj, P., Bertok, I., Cofala, J., and Schöpp, W.: Scenarios of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources, Atmos. Environ., 79, 472–479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.042, 2013.
Rafaj, P., Cofala, J., Kuenen, J., Wyrwa, A., and Zyœk, J.: Benefits of European Climate Policies for Mercury Air Pollution, Atmosphere, 5, 45–59, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos5010045, 2014.
Ramo, R., Roteta, E., Bistinas, I., van Wees, D., Bastarrika, A., Chuvieco, E., and van der Werf, G. R.: African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data, P Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2011160118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011160118, 2021.
Ravindra Babu, S., Nguyen, L. S. P., Sheu, G.-R., Griffith, S. M., Pani, S. K., Huang, H.-Y., and Lin, N.-H.: Long-range transport of La Soufrière volcanic plume to the western North Pacific: Influence on atmospheric mercury and aerosol properties, Atmos. Environ., 268, 118806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118806, 2022.
Richardson, J. B. and Friedland, A. J.: Mercury in coniferous and deciduous upland forests in northern New England, USA: implications of climate change, Biogeosciences, 12, 6737–6749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6737-2015, 2015.
Risch, M. R., DeWild, J. F., Gay, D. A., Zhang, L., Boyer, E. W., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Atmospheric mercury deposition to forests in the eastern USA, Environ. Pollut., 228, 8–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.004, 2017.
Roberts, S., Kirk, J. L., Wiklund, J. A., Muir, D. C. G., Yang, F., Gleason, A., and Lawson, G.: Mercury and metal(loid) deposition to remote Nova Scotia lakes from both local and distant sources, Sci. Total Environ., 675, 192–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.167, 2019.
Roberts, S. L., Kirk, J. L., Muir, D. C. G., Wiklund, J. A., Evans, M. S., Gleason, A., Tam, A., Drevnick, P. E., Dastoor, A., Ryjkov, A., Yang, F., Wang, X., Lawson, G., Pilote, M., Keating, J., Barst, B. D., Ahad, J. M. E., and Cooke, C. A.: Quantification of Spatial and Temporal Trends in Atmospheric Mercury Deposition across Canada over the Past 30 Years, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 15766–15775, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04034, 2021.
Rosati, G., Canu, D., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C.: Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of methylmercury biogeochemistry and bioaccumulation in the Mediterranean Sea with a coupled 3D model, Biogeosciences, 19, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, 2022.
Rubin, K.: Degassing of metals and metalloids from erupting seamount and mid-ocean ridge volcanoes: Observations and predictions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 3525–3542, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00179-8, 1997.
Rutter, A. P., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Creswell, J. E., Olson, M. R., Robinson, M., Collins, R. M., Parman, A. M., Katzman, T. L., and Mallek, J. L.: Dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury to plants and soils using mercury stable isotopes in a controlled environment, Atmos. Environ., 45, 848–855, 2011.
Rytuba, J. J.: Mercury from mineral deposits and potential environmental impact, Environ. Geol., 43, 326–338, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0629-5, 2003.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Sitkiewicz, S. P., Roca-Sanjuán, D., Oliva-Enrich, J. M., Dávalos, J. Z., Notario, R., Jiskra, M., Xu, Y., Wang, F., Thackray, C. P., Sunderland, E. M., Jacob, D. J., Travnikov, O., Cuevas, C. A., Acuña, A. U., Rivero, D., Plane, J. M. C., Kinnison, D. E., and Sonke, J. E.: Photoreduction of gaseous oxidized mercury changes global atmospheric mercury speciation, transport and deposition, Nat. Commun., 9, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07075-3, 2018.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Travnikov, O., Sonke, J. E., Thackray, C. P., Jacob, D. J., Carmona-García, J., Francés-Monerris, A., Roca-Sanjuán, D., Acuña, A. U., Dávalos, J. Z., Cuevas, C. A., Jiskra, M., Wang, F., Bieser, J., Plane, J. M. C., and Francisco, J. S.: Photochemistry of oxidized Hg(I) and Hg(II) species suggests missing mercury oxidation in the troposphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 30949–30956, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922486117, 2020.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Acuña, A. U., Mahajan, A. S., Dávalos, J. Z., Feng, W., Roca-Sanjuán, D., Carmona-García, J., Cuevas, C. A., Kinnison, D. E., Gómez Martín, J. C., Francisco, J. S., and Plane, J. M. C.: The chemistry of mercury in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL097953, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097953, 2022.
Sander, R., Kerkweg, A., Jöckel, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Technical note: The new comprehensive atmospheric chemistry module MECCA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 445–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-445-2005, 2005.
Sanei, H., Grasby, S. E., and Beauchamp, B.: Latest Permian mercury anomalies, Geology, 40, 63–66, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32596.1, 2012.
Sarmiento, J. L., Slater, R., Barber, R., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Hirst, A. C., Kleypas, J., Matear, R., Mikolajewicz, U., Monfray, P., Soldatov, V., Spall, S. A., and Stouffer, R.: Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002134, 2004.
Saros, J. E., Anderson, N. J., Juggins, S., McGowan, S., Yde, J. C., Telling, J., Bullard, J. E., Yallop, M. L., Heathcote, A. J., Burpee, B. T., Fowler, R. A., Barry, C. D., Northington, R. M., Osburn, C. L., Pla-Rabes, S., Mernild, S. H., Whiteford, E. J., Grace Andrews, M., Kerby, J. T., and Post, E.: Arctic climate shifts drive rapid ecosystem responses across the West Greenland landscape, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 074027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2928, 2019.
Scanlon, T. M., Riscassi, A. L., Demers, J. D., Camper, T. D., Lee, T. R., and Druckenbrod, D. L.: Mercury Accumulation in Tree Rings: Observed Trends in Quantity and Isotopic Composition in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeos., 125, e2019JG005445, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005445, 2020.
Schaefer, K., Elshorbany, Y., Jafarov, E., Schuster, P. F., Striegl, R. G., Wickland, K. P., and Sunderland, E. M.: Potential impacts of mercury released from thawing permafrost, Nat. Commun., 11, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18398-5, 2020.
Schartup, A. T., Qureshi, A., Dassuncao, C., Thackray, C. P., Harding, G., and Sunderland, E. M.: A Model for Methylmercury Uptake and Trophic Transfer by Marine Plankton, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 654–662, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03821, 2018.
Schartup, A. T., Soerensen, A. L., Angot, H., Bowman, K., and Selin, N. E.: What are the likely changes in mercury concentration in the Arctic atmosphere and ocean under future emissions scenarios?, Sci. Total Environ., 836, 155477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155477, 2022.
Schneider, L., Allen, K., Walker, M., Morgan, C., and Haberle, S.: Using Tree Rings to Track Atmospheric Mercury Pollution in Australia: The Legacy of Mining in Tasmania, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 5697–5706, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06712, 2019.
Schneider, L., Fisher, J. A., Diéguez, M. C., Fostier, A.-H., Guimaraes, J. R. D., Leaner, J. J., and Mason, R.: A synthesis of mercury research in the Southern Hemisphere, part 1: Natural processes, Ambio, 52, 897–917, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01832-5, 2023.
Scholtz, M. T., Van Heyst, B. J., and Schroeder, W. H.: Modelling of mercury emissions from background soils, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 185–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00568-5, 2003.
Schröter, J., Rieger, D., Stassen, C., Vogel, H., Weimer, M., Werchner, S., Förstner, J., Prill, F., Reinert, D., Zängl, G., Giorgetta, M., Ruhnke, R., Vogel, B., and Braesicke, P.: ICON-ART 2.1: a flexible tracer framework and its application for composition studies in numerical weather forecasting and climate simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4043–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4043-2018, 2018.
Schuster, P. F., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Naftz, D. L., Cecil, L. D., Olson, M. L., Dewild, J. F., Susong, D. D., Green, J. R., and Abbott, M. L.: Atmospheric Mercury Deposition during the Last 270 Years: A Glacial Ice Core Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2303–2310, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0157503, 2002.
Schwarzenbach, R. P., Gschwend, P. M., and Imboden, D. M.: Environmental organic chemistry, in: 2nd Rdn., J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 1313 pp., https://doi.org/10.1002/0471649643, 2003.
Schwesig, D. and Matzner, E.: Pools and fluxes of mercury and methylmercury in two forested catchments in Germany, Sci. Total Environ., 260, 213–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00565-9, 2000.
Selin, N. E.: Global change and mercury cycling: Challenges for implementing a global mercury treaty, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 33, 1202–1210, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2374, 2014.
Selin, N. E.: A proposed global metric to aid mercury pollution policy, Science, 360, 607–609, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar8256, 2018.
Selin, N. E. and Jacob, D. J.: Seasonal and spatial patterns of mercury wet deposition in the United States: constraints on the contribution from North American anthropogenic sources, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5193–5204, 2008.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S., Jaeglé, L., and Jaffe, D. A.: Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: global constraints from observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007450, 2007.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S., Jaeglé, L., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: Present-day versus preindustrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003040, 2008.
Selin, N. E., Sunderland, E. M., Knightes, C. D., and Mason, R. P.: Sources of mercury exposure for US seafood consumers: implications for policy, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 137–143, 2010.
Semeniuk, K. and Dastoor, A.: Development of a global ocean mercury model with a methylation cycle: Outstanding issues, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 400–433, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005452, 2017.
Shah, V., Jaeglé, L., Gratz, L. E., Ambrose, J. L., Jaffe, D. A., Selin, N. E., Song, S., Campos, T. L., Flocke, F. M., Reeves, M., Stechman, D., Stell, M., Festa, J., Stutz, J., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Tyndall, G. S., Apel, E. C., Hornbrook, R. S., Hills, A. J., Riemer, D. D., Blake, N. J., Cantrell, C. A., and Mauldin III, R. L.: Origin of oxidized mercury in the summertime free troposphere over the southeastern US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1511–1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1511-2016, 2016.
Shah, V., Jacob, D. J., Thackray, C. P., Wang, X., Sunderland, E. M., Dibble, T. S., Saiz-Lopez, A., Èernušák, I., Kellö, V., Castro, P. J., Wu, R., and Wang, C.: Improved Mechanistic Model of the Atmospheric Redox Chemistry of Mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 14445–14456, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03160, 2021.
Sharif, A., Monperrus, M., Tessier, E., Bouchet, S., Pinaly, H., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, P., Maron, P., and Amouroux, D.: Fate of mercury species in the coastal plume of the Adour River estuary (Bay of Biscay, SW France), Sci. Total Environ., 496, 701–713, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.116, 2014.
Sharqawy, M. H., Lienhard, J. H., and Zubair, S. M.: Thermophysical properties of seawater: a review of existing correlations and data, Desalin. Water Treat., 16, 354–380, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1079, 2010.
Shetty, S. K., Lin, C.-J., Streets, D. G., and Jang, C.: Model estimate of mercury emission from natural sources in East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8674–8685, 2008.
Sheu, G.-R., Gay, D. A., Schmeltz, D., Olson, M., Chang, S.-C., Lin, D.-W., and Nguyen, L. S. P.: A New Monitoring Effort for Asia: The Asia Pacific Mercury Monitoring Network (APMMN), Atmosphere, 10, 481, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090481, 2019.
Shi, J., Chen, Y., Xu, L., Hong, Y., Li, M., Fan, X., Yin, L., Chen, Y., Yang, C., Chen, G., Liu, T., Ji, X., and Chen, J.: Measurement report: Atmospheric mercury in a coastal city of Southeast China – inter-annual variations and influencing factors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11187–11202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, 2022.
Shia, R.-L., Seigneur, C., Pai, P., Ko, M., and Sze, N. D.: Global simulation of atmospheric mercury concentrations and deposition fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 23747–23760, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900354, 1999.
Si, L. and Ariya, P. A.: Aqueous photoreduction of oxidized mercury species in presence of selected alkanethiols, Chemosphere, 84, 1079–1084, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.061, 2011.
Si, L. and Ariya, P. A.: Photochemical reactions of divalent mercury with thioglycolic acid: formation of mercuric sulfide particles, Chemosphere, 119, 467–472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.022, 2015.
Siegel, S. M. and Siegel, B. Z.: First estimate of annual mercury flux at the Kilauea main vent, Nature, 309, 146–147, https://doi.org/10.1038/309146a0, 1984.
Sirois, A., Olson, M., and Pabla, B.: The use of spectral analysis to examine model and observed O3 data, Atmos. Environ., 29, 411–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00268-P, 1995.
Siwik, E. I. H., Campbell, L. M., and Mierle, G.: Distribution and trends of mercury in deciduous tree cores, Environ. Pollut., 158, 2067–2073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.002, 2010.
Slemr, F., Martin, L., Labuschagne, C., Mkololo, T., Angot, H., Magand, O., Dommergue, A., Garat, P., Ramonet, M., and Bieser, J.: Atmospheric mercury in the Southern Hemisphere – Part 1: Trend and inter-annual variations in atmospheric mercury at Cape Point, South Africa, in 2007–2017, and on Amsterdam Island in 2012–2017, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7683–7692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7683-2020, 2020.
Smith-Downey, N. V., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Anthropogenic impacts on global storage and emissions of mercury from terrestrial soils: Insights from a new global model, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001124, 2010.
Soerensen, A. L., Sunderland, E. M., Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Skov, H., Christensen, J. H., Strode, S. A., and Mason, R. P.: An Improved Global Model for Air-Sea Exchange of Mercury: High Concentrations over the North Atlantic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8574–8580, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102032g, 2010.
Soerensen, A. L., Jacob, D. J., Streets, D. G., Witt, M. L. I., Ebinghaus, R., Mason, R. P., Andersson, M., and Sunderland, E. M.: Multi-decadal decline of mercury in the North Atlantic atmosphere explained by changing subsurface seawater concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053736, 2012.
Soerensen, A. L., Mason, R. P., Balcom, P. H., and Sunderland, E. M.: Drivers of Surface Ocean Mercury Concentrations and Air–Sea Exchange in the West Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7757–7765, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401354q, 2013.
Soerensen, A. L., Mason, R. P., Balcom, P. H., Jacob, D. J., Zhang, Y., Kuss, J., and Sunderland, E. M.: Elemental mercury concentrations and fluxes in the tropical atmosphere and ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11312–11319, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503109p, 2014.
Soerensen, A. L., Jacob, D. J., Schartup, A. T., Fisher, J. A., Lehnherr, I., Louis, V. L. S., Heimbürger, L.-E., Sonke, J. E., Krabbenhoft, D. P., and Sunderland, E. M.: A mass budget for mercury and methylmercury in the Arctic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 560–575, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005280, 2016a.
Soerensen, A. L., Schartup, A. T., Gustafsson, E., Gustafsson, B. G., Undeman, E., and Björn, E.: Eutrophication Increases Phytoplankton Methylmercury Concentrations in a Coastal Sea – A Baltic Sea Case Study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 11787–11796, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02717, 2016b.
Soerensen, A. L., Schartup, A. T., Skrobonja, A., Bouchet, S., Amouroux, D., Liem-Nguyen, V., and Björn, E.: Deciphering the Role of Water Column Redoxclines on Methylmercury Cycling Using Speciation Modeling and Observations From the Baltic Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 1498–1513, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB005942, 2018.
Solazzo, E. and Galmarini, S.: Error apportionment for atmospheric chemistry-transport models – a new approach to model evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6263–6283, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6263-2016, 2016.
Sommar, J., Zhu, W., Shang, L., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Seasonal variations in metallic mercury (Hg0) vapor exchange over biannual wheat–corn rotation cropland in the North China Plain, Biogeosciences, 13, 2029–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, 2016.
Sommar, J., Osterwalder, S., and Zhu, W.: Recent advances in understanding and measurement of Hg in the environment: Surface-atmosphere exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0), Sci. Total Environ., 721, 137648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137648, 2020.
Song, S., Selin, N. E., Soerensen, A. L., Angot, H., Artz, R., Brooks, S., Brunke, E.-G., Conley, G., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Holsen, T. M., Jaffe, D. A., Kang, S., Kelley, P., Luke, W. T., Magand, O., Marumoto, K., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Ren, X., Sheu, G.-R., Slemr, F., Warneke, T., Weigelt, A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Wip, D. C., and Zhang, Q.: Top-down constraints on atmospheric mercury emissions and implications for global biogeochemical cycling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7103–7125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7103-2015, 2015.
Song, S., Angot, H., Selin, N. E., Gallée, H., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Helmig, D., Savarino, J., Magand, O., and Dommergue, A.: Understanding mercury oxidation and air–snow exchange on the East Antarctic Plateau: a modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15825–15840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15825-2018, 2018.
Song, Z., Sun, R., and Zhang, Y.: Modeling mercury isotopic fractionation in the atmosphere, Environ. Pollut., 307, 119588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119588, 2022.
Sonke, J. E., Teisserenc, R., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Petrova, M. V., Marusczak, N., Dantec, T. L., Chupakov, A. V., Li, C., Thackray, C. P., Sunderland, E. M., Tananaev, N., and Pokrovsky, O. S.: Eurasian river spring flood observations support net Arctic Ocean mercury export to the atmosphere and Atlantic Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 11586–11594, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811957115, 2018.
Sonke, J. E., Angot, H., Zhang, Y., Poulain, A., Björn, E., and Schartup, A.: Global change effects on biogeochemical mercury cycling, Ambio, 52, 853–876, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01855-y, 2023.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Carbone, F., Cinnirella, S., Mannarino, V., Landis, M., Ebinghaus, R., Weigelt, A., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Martin, L., Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Artaxo, P., Morais, F., Barbosa, H. D. M. J., Brito, J., Cairns, W., Barbante, C., Diéguez, M. D. C., Garcia, P. E., Dommergue, A., Angot, H., Magand, O., Skov, H., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Read, K. A., Neves, L. M., Gawlik, B. M., Sena, F., Mashyanov, N., Obolkin, V., Wip, D., Feng, X. B., Zhang, H., Fu, X., Ramachandran, R., Cossa, D., Knoery, J., Marusczak, N., Nerentorp, M., and Norstrom, C.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11915–11935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, 2016.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Angot, H., Barbante, C., Brunke, E.-G., Arcega-Cabrera, F., Cairns, W., Comero, S., Diéguez, M. D. C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X. B., Fu, X., Garcia, P. E., Gawlik, B. M., Hageström, U., Hansson, K., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Labuschagne, C., Magand, O., Martin, L., Mashyanov, N., Mkololo, T., Munthe, J., Obolkin, V., Ramirez Islas, M., Sena, F., Somerset, V., Spandow, P., Vardè, M., Walters, C., Wängberg, I., Weigelt, A., Yang, X., and Zhang, H.: Five-year records of mercury wet deposition flux at GMOS sites in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2689–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, 2017.
Stacke, T. and Hagemann, S.: HydroPy (v1.0): a new global hydrology model written in Python, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7795–7816, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7795-2021, 2021.
Stamenkovic, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Nonstomatal versus Stomatal Uptake of Atmospheric Mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1367–1372, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801583a, 2009.
Steenhuisen, F. and Wilson, S. J.: Identifying and characterizing major emission point sources as a basis for geospatial distribution of mercury emissions inventories, Atmos. Environ., 112, 167–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.045, 2015.
Steenhuisen, F. and Wilson, S. J.: Development and application of an updated geospatial distribution model for gridding 2015 global mercury emissions, Atmos. Environ., 211, 138–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.05.003, 2019.
Steenhuisen, F. and Wilson, S. J.: Geospatially distributed (gridded) global mercury emissions to air from anthropogenic sources in 2015, V1, DataverseNL [data set], https://doi.org/10.34894/SZ2KOI, 2022.
Steenhuisen, F. and Wilson, S. J.: Geospatially distributed (gridded) global mercury emissions to air from anthropogenic sources in 2010.v2, V1, DataverseNL [data set], https://doi.org/10.34894/F3J91I, 2024.
Steffen, A., Lehnherr, I., Cole, A., Ariya, P., Dastoor, A., Durnford, D., Kirk, J., and Pilote, M.: Atmospheric mercury in the Canadian Arctic. Part I: A review of recent field measurements, Sci. Total Environ., 509–510, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.109, 2015.
Steffen, A., Angot, H., Dastoor, A., Dommergue, A., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Obrist, D., and Poulain, A.: Mercury in the Cryosphere, in: Chemistry in the Cryosphere, vol. 3, World Scientific, 459–502, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811230134_0009, 2021.
Stoof, C. R., Wesseling, J. G., and Ritsema, C. J.: Effects of fire and ash on soil water retention, Geoderma, 159, 276–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.08.002, 2010.
Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., and Wu, Y.: Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2983–2988, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802474j, 2009.
Streets, D. G., Devane, M. K., Lu, Z., Bond, T. C., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: All-Time Releases of Mercury to the Atmosphere from Human Activities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10485–10491, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202765m, 2011.
Streets, D. G., Horowitz, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Lu, Z., Levin, L., ter Schure, A. F. H., and Sunderland, E. M.: Total Mercury Released to the Environment by Human Activities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5969–5977, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00451, 2017.
Streets, D. G., Lu, Z., Levin, L., ter Schure, A. F. H., and Sunderland, E. M.: Historical releases of mercury to air, land, and water from coal combustion, Sci. Total Environ., 615, 131–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.207, 2018.
Streets, D. G., Horowitz, H. M., Lu, Z., Levin, L., Thackray, C. P., and Sunderland, E. M.: Five hundred years of anthropogenic mercury: spatial and temporal release profiles, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 084004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab281f, 2019a.
Streets, D. G., Horowitz, H. M., Lu, Z., Levin, L., Thackray, C. P., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global and regional trends in mercury emissions and concentrations, 2010–2015, Atmos. Environ., 201, 417–427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.031, 2019b.
Strode, S. A., Jaeglé, L., Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Mason, R. P., and Slemr, F.: Air-sea exchange in the glocal mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002766, 2007.
Sun, R., Hintelmann, H., Wiklund, J. A., Evans, M. S., Muir, D., and Kirk, J. L.: Mercury Isotope Variations in Lake Sediment Cores in Response to Direct Mercury Emissions from Non-Ferrous Metal Smelters and Legacy Mercury Remobilization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 8266–8277, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02692, 2022.
Sunderland, E. M. and Mason, R. P.: Human impacts on open ocean mercury concentrations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002876, 2007.
Sunderland, E. M., Li, M., and Bullard, K.: Decadal Changes in the Edible Supply of Seafood and Methylmercury Exposure in the United States, Environ. Health Perspect., 126, 017006, https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2644, 2018.
Sung, J.-H., Joo-Sung, O., M, M. A. H., Seung-Ki, B., Eun-Song, L., Seong-Heon, K., and Yong-Chil, S.: Estimation and Future Prediction of Mercury Emissions from Anthropogenic Sources in South Korea, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 51, 800–808, https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.17we129, 2018.
Tang, Y., Wu, Q., Gao, W., Wang, S., Li, Z., Liu, K., and Han, D.: Impacts of Anthropogenic Emissions and Meteorological Variation on Hg Wet Deposition in Chongming, China, Atmosphere, 11, 1301, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121301, 2020.
Tao, Z., Liu, Y., Zhou, M., and Chai, X.: Exchange pattern of gaseous elemental mercury in landfill: mercury deposition under vegetation coverage and interactive effects of multiple meteorological conditions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24, 26586–26593, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0275-9, 2017.
Temme, C., Blanchard, P., Steffen, A., Banic, C., Beauchamp, S., Poissant, L., Tordon, R., and Wiens, B.: Trend, seasonal and multivariate analysis study of total gaseous mercury data from the Canadian atmospheric mercury measurement network (CAMNet), Atmos. Environ., 41, 5423–5441, 2007.
Thunis, P., Pernigotti, D., and Gerboles, M.: Model quality objectives based on measurement uncertainty. Part I: Ozone, Atmos. Environ., 79, 861–868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.018, 2013.
Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjæraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Lund Myhre, C., Solberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447–5481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012, 2012.
Tournigand, P.-Y., Cigala, V., Lasota, E., Hammouti, M., Clarisse, L., Brenot, H., Prata, F., Kirchengast, G., Steiner, A. K., and Biondi, R.: A multi-sensor satellite-based archive of the largest SO2 volcanic eruptions since 2006, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3139–3159, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3139-2020, 2020.
Travnikov, O. and Ilyin, I.: The EMEP/MSC-E Mercury Modelling System, in: Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere: Emissions, Measurements, and Models, edited by: Pirrone, N. and Mason, R. P., Springer, 571–587, ISBN 978-0-387-93957-5, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93958-2, 2009.
Travnikov, O., Angot, H., Artaxo, P., Bencardino, M., Bieser, J., D'Amore, F., Dastoor, A., De Simone, F., Diéguez, M. D. C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X. B., Gencarelli, C. N., Hedgecock, I. M., Magand, O., Martin, L., Matthias, V., Mashyanov, N., Pirrone, N., Ramachandran, R., Read, K. A., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N. E., Sena, F., Song, S., Sprovieri, F., Wip, D., Wängberg, I., and Yang, X.: Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: atmospheric processes and model evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5271–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, 2017.
Turetsky, M. R., Harden, J. W., Friedli, H. R., Flannigan, M., Payne, N., Crock, J., and Radke, L.: Wildfires threaten mercury stocks in northern soils, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025595, 2006.
UNECE: PRTR Global map|PRTR, https://prtr.unece.org/prtr-global-map (last access: 2 May 2025), 2022.
UNEP: Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport, UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 44 pp., https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-mercury-assessment-2013-sources-emissions-releases (last access: 2 May 2025), 2013.
UNEP: Global Mercury Assessment 2018, https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018 (last access: 2 May 2025), 2019.
UNEP: Guidance on monitoring mercury and mercury compounds to support the effectiveness evaluation of the Minamata Convention|Minamata Convention on Mercury, https://www.unep.org/globalmercurypartnership/events/unep-event/guidance-monitoring-support-effectiveness-evaluation-reasoning (last access: 2 May 2025), 2021.
UNEP: Minamata Convention Initial Assessments (MIAs)|Minamata Convention on Mercury, https://minamataconvention.org/en/parties/minamata-initial-assessments (last access: 2 May 2025), 2022a.
UNEP: National Action Plans|Minamata Convention on Mercury, https://minamataconvention.org/en/parties/national-action-plans (last access: 2 May 2025), 2022b.
US EPA: 2020 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Data, https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/2020-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data (last access: 2 May 2025), 2022a.
US EPA, O.: TRI Data and Tools, https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-data-and-tools (last access: 2 May 2025), 2022b.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T. T., Chen, Y., Rogers, B. M., Mu, M., van Marle, M. J. E., Morton, D. C., Collatz, G. J., Yokelson, R. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017, 2017.
Varekamp, J. C. and Buseck, P. R.: Mercury emissions from Mount St Helens during September 1980, Nature, 293, 555–556, https://doi.org/10.1038/293555a0, 1981.
Varekamp, J. C. and Buseck, P. R.: Global mercury flux from volcanic and geothermal sources, Appl. Geochem., 1, 65–73, 1986.
Vishwanathan, S. S., Hanaoka, T., and Garg, A.: Impact of Glasgow Climate Pact and Updated Nationally Determined Contribution on Mercury Mitigation Abiding by the Minamata Convention in India, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 16265–16275, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01820, 2023.
Walcek, C., De Santis, S., and Gentile, T.: Preparation of mercury emissions inventory for eastern North America, Environ. Pollut., 123, 375–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00028-9, 2003.
Walker, X. J., Baltzer, J. L., Cumming, S. G., Day, N. J., Ebert, C., Goetz, S., Johnstone, J. F., Potter, S., Rogers, B. M., Schuur, E. A. G., Turetsky, M. R., and Mack, M. C.: Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils, Nature, 572, 520–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1474-y, 2019.
Wang, B., Yuan, W., Wang, X., Li, K., Lin, C.-J., Li, P., Lu, Z., Feng, X., and Sommar, J.: Canopy-Level Flux and Vertical Gradients of Hg0 Stable Isotopes in Remote Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Show Year-Around Net Hg0 Deposition, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 5950–5959, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00778, 2022.
Wang, C., Wang, Z., and Zhang, X.: Characteristics of mercury speciation in seawater and emission flux of gaseous mercury in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, Environ. Res., 182, 109092, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.109092, 2020a.
Wang, C., Wang, Z., Gao, Y., and Zhang, X.: Planular-vertical distribution and pollution characteristics of cropland soil Hg and the estimated soil–air exchange fluxes of gaseous Hg over croplands in northern China, Environ. Res., 195, 110810, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110810, 2021a.
Wang, J., Zhang, L., and Xie, Z.: Total gaseous mercury along a transect from coastal to central Antarctic: Spatial and diurnal variations, J. Hazard. Mater., 317, 362–372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.068, 2016a.
Wang, L., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Nielsen, C., McElroy, M. B., and Hao, J.: Source apportionment of atmospheric mercury pollution in China using the GEOS-Chem model, Environ. Pollut., 190, 166–175, 2014a.
Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Sensitivity analysis of an updated bidirectional air–surface exchange model for elemental mercury vapor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6273–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, 2014b.
Wang, X., Zhang, H., Lin, C.-J., Fu, X., Zhang, Y., and Feng, X.: Transboundary transport and deposition of Hg emission from springtime biomass burning in the Indo-China Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 9758–9771, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023525, 2015.
Wang, X., Bao, Z., Lin, C.-J., Yuan, W., and Feng, X.: Assessment of Global Mercury Deposition through Litterfall, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 8548–8557, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06351, 2016b.
Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., Yuan, W., Sommar, J., Zhu, W., and Feng, X.: Emission-dominated gas exchange of elemental mercury vapor over natural surfaces in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11125–11143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11125-2016, 2016c.
Wang, X., Yuan, W., Lin, C.-J., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., and Feng, X.: Climate and Vegetation As Primary Drivers for Global Mercury Storage in Surface Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 10665–10675, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02386, 2019.
Wang, X., Luo, J., Yuan, W., Lin, C.-J., Wang, F., Liu, C., Wang, G., and Feng, X.: Global warming accelerates uptake of atmospheric mercury in regions experiencing glacier retreat, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 2049–2055, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906930117, 2020b.
Wang, X., Yuan, W., Lin, C.-J., Luo, J., Wang, F., Feng, X., Fu, X., and Liu, C.: Underestimated Sink of Atmospheric Mercury in a Deglaciated Forest Chronosequence, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 8083–8093, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01667, 2020c.
Wang, X., Jacob, D. J., Downs, W., Zhai, S., Zhu, L., Shah, V., Holmes, C. D., Sherwen, T., Alexander, B., Evans, M. J., Eastham, S. D., Neuman, J. A., Veres, P. R., Koenig, T. K., Volkamer, R., Huey, L. G., Bannan, T. J., Percival, C. J., Lee, B. H., and Thornton, J. A.: Global tropospheric halogen (Cl, Br, I) chemistry and its impact on oxidants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13973–13996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13973-2021, 2021b.
Wang, X., Yuan, W., Lin, C.-J., Wu, F., and Feng, X.: Stable mercury isotopes stored in Masson Pinus tree rings as atmospheric mercury archives, J. Hazard. Mater., 415, 125678, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125678, 2021c.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 7373–7382, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00188, 1992.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 12, 351–362, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351, 2014.
Weiss-Penzias, P. S., Gay, D. A., Brigham, M. E., Parsons, M. T., Gustin, M. S., and ter Schure, A.: Trends in mercury wet deposition and mercury air concentrations across the U.S. and Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 568, 546–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.061, 2016.
Werner, C., Fischer, T. P., Aiuppa, A., Edmonds, M., Cardellini, C., Carn, S., Chiodini, G., Cottrell, E., Burton, M., Shinohara, H., and Allard, P.: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Subaerial Volcanic Regions: Two Decades in Review, in: Deep Carbon: Past to Present, edited by: Orcutt, B. N., Daniel, I., and Dasgupta, R., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 188–236, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950, 2019.
Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989.
Wiklund, J. A., Kirk, J. L., Muir, D. C. G., Evans, M., Yang, F., Keating, J., and Parsons, M. T.: Anthropogenic mercury deposition in Flin Flon Manitoba and the Experimental Lakes Area Ontario (Canada): A multi-lake sediment core reconstruction, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 685–695, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.046, 2017.
Wild, O., Zhu, X., and Prather, M. J.: Fast-J: Accurate Simulation of In- and Below-Cloud Photolysis in Tropospheric Chemical Models, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 245–282, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006415919030, 2000.
Wilke, C. R. and Chang, P.: Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions, AIChE J., 1, 264–270, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010222, 1955.
Witt, M. L. I., Fischer, T. P., Pyle, D. M., Yang, T. F., and Zellmer, G. F.: Fumarole compositions and mercury emissions from the Tatun Volcanic Field, Taiwan: Results from multi-component gas analyser, portable mercury spectrometer and direct sampling techniques, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 178, 636–643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.035, 2008.
Wongsoonthornchai, M., Kwonpongsagoon, S., and Scheidegger, R.: Modeling Mercury Flows in Thailand on the Basis of Mathematical Material Flow Analysis, CLEAN – Soil Air Water, 44, 16–24, https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400670, 2016.
Woodruff, L. G. and Cannon, W. F.: Immediate and Long-Term Fire Effects on Total Mercury in Forests Soils of Northeastern Minnesota, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5371–5376, https://doi.org/10.1021/es100544d, 2010.
Wright, L. P. and Zhang, L.: An approach estimating bidirectional air-surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury at AMNet sites, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000367, 2015.
Wu, L., Mao, H., Ye, Z., Dibble, T. S., Saiz-Lopez, A., and Zhang, Y.: Improving Simulation of Gas-Particle Partitioning of Atmospheric Mercury Using CMAQ-newHg-Br v2, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 16, e2023MS003823, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003823, 2024.
Wu, Q.: Summary of anthropogenic mercury emission inventories [Data set], Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11717314, 2024.
Wu, Q., Wang, S., Li, G., Liang, S., Lin, C.-J., Wang, Y., Cai, S., Liu, K., and Hao, J.: Temporal Trend and Spatial Distribution of Speciated Atmospheric Mercury Emissions in China During 1978–2014, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 13428–13435, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04308, 2016.
Wu, Q., Wang, S., Liu, K., Li, G., and Hao, J.: Emission-Limit-Oriented Strategy To Control Atmospheric Mercury Emissions in Coal-Fired Power Plants toward the Implementation of the Minamata Convention, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 11087–11093, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02250, 2018a.
Wu, Q., Li, G., Wang, S., Liu, K., and Hao, J.: Mitigation options of atmospheric Hg emissions in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 12368–12375, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03702, 2018b.
Wu, Q., Li, G., Wang, S., Liu, K., and Hao, J.: Mitigation Options of Atmospheric Hg Emissions in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 12368–12375, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03702, 2018c.
Wu, Q., Tang, Y., Wang, S., Li, L., Deng, K., Tang, G., Liu, K., Ding, D., and Zhang, H.: Developing a statistical model to explain the observed decline of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ., 243, 117868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117868, 2020.
Wunsch, C. and Ferrari, R.: Vertical Mixing, Energy, And The General Circulation Of The Oceans, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281–314, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122121, 2004.
Xia, J., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Yuan, W., Anderson, C. W. N., Chen, C., Peng, T., and Feng, X.: Significant mercury efflux from a Karst region in Southwest China – Results from mass balance studies in two catchments, Sci. Total Environ., 769, 144892, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144892, 2021.
Xu, X., Yang, X., R. Miller, D., Helble, J. J., and Carley, R. J.: Formulation of bi-directional atmosphere-surface exchanges of elemental mercury, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4345–4355, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00245-9, 1999.
Xu, X., Feng, X., Lin, H., Zhang, P., Huang, S., Song, Z., Peng, Y., Fu, T.-M., and Zhang, Y.: Modeling the high-mercury wet deposition in the southeastern US with WRF-GC-Hg v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3845–3859, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3845-2022, 2022.
Yamamoto, R., Dente, S., and Hashimoto, S.: Scenarios for reducing copper smelting-related atmospheric mercury emissions through copper recycling and mercury removal technologies in major countries, J. Mater. Cy. Waste Manage., 25, 2612–2618, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01656-1, 2023.
Yang, J., Kim, H., Kang, C.-K., Kim, K.-R., and Han, S.: Distributions and fluxes of methylmercury in the East/Japan Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 130, 47–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.10.009, 2017.
Yang, Y., Yanai, R. D., Driscoll, C. T., Montesdeoca, M., and Smith, K. T.: Concentrations and content of mercury in bark, wood, and leaves in hardwoods and conifers in four forested sites in the northeastern USA, PloS One, 13, e0196293, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196293, 2018.
Yang, Z., Fang, W., Lu, X., Sheng, G.-P., Graham, D. E., Liang, L., Wullschleger, S. D., and Gu, B.: Warming increases methylmercury production in an Arctic soil, Environ. Pollut., 214, 504–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.069, 2016.
Ye, Z., Mao, H., Driscoll, C. T., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Jaeglé, L.: Evaluation of CMAQ Coupled With a State-of-the-Art Mercury Chemical Mechanism (CMAQ-newHg-Br), J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10, 668–690, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001161, 2018a.
Ye, Z., Mao, H., and Driscoll, C. T.: Primary effects of changes in meteorology vs. anthropogenic emissions on mercury wet deposition: A modeling study, Atmos. Environ., 254, 118349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.052, 2018b.
Yu, Q., Luo, Y., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Hao, J., and Duan, L.: Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) fluxes over canopy of two typical subtropical forests in south China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 495–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-495-2018, 2018.
Yuan, T., Zhang, P., Song, Z., Huang, S., Wang, X., and Zhang, Y.: Buffering effect of global vegetation on the air-land exchange of mercury: Insights from a novel terrestrial mercury model based on CESM2-CLM5, Environ. Int., 174, 107904, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107904, 2023.
Yuan, W., Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., Sommar, J., Lu, Z., and Feng, X.: Process factors driving dynamic exchange of elemental mercury vapor over soil in broadleaf forest ecosystems, Atmos. Environ., 219, 117047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117047, 2019a.
Yuan, W., Sommar, J., Lin, C.-J., Wang, X., Li, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Lu, Z., Wu, C., and Feng, X.: Stable Isotope Evidence Shows Re-emission of Elemental Mercury Vapor Occurring after Reductive Loss from Foliage, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 651–660, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04865, 2019b.
Yuan, W., Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., Wu, F., Luo, K., Zhang, H., Lu, Z., and Feng, X.: Mercury Uptake, Accumulation, and Translocation in Roots of Subtropical Forest: Implications of Global Mercury Budget, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 14154–14165, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04217, 2022.
Yue, F., Xie, Z., Zhang, Y., Yan, J., and Zhao, S.: Latitudinal Distribution of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in Tropical Western Pacific: The Role of the Doldrums and the ITCZ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 2968–2976, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07229, 2022.
Yue, F., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, D., Wu, P., Liu, H., Lin, L., Li, D., Hu, J., and Xie, Z.: Elevated methylmercury in Antarctic surface seawater: The role of phytoplankton mass and sea ice, Sci. Total Environ., 882, 163646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163646, 2023.
Zaveri, R. A. and Peters, L. K.: A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 30387–30415, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900876, 1999.
Zdanowicz, C., Krümmel, E. M., Lean, D., Poulain, A. J., Yumvihoze, E., Chen, J., and Hintelmann, H.: Accumulation, storage and release of atmospheric mercury in a glaciated Arctic catchment, Baffin Island, Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 107, 316–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.028, 2013.
Zdanowicz, C., Kruemmel, E., Lean, D., Poulain, A., Kinnard, C., Yumvihoze, E., Chen, J., and Hintelmann, H.: Pre-industrial and recent (1970–2010) atmospheric deposition of sulfate and mercury in snow on southern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 509–510, 104–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.092, 2015.
Zdanowicz, C., Karlsson, P., Beckholmen, I., Roach, P., Poulain, A., Yumvihoze, E., Martma, T., Ryjkov, A., and Dastoor, A.: Snowmelt, glacial and atmospheric sources of mercury to a subarctic mountain lake catchment, Yukon, Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 238, 374–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.06.003, 2018.
Zdanowicz, C. M., Krümmel, E. M., Poulain, A. J., Yumvihoze, E., Chen, J., Štrok, M., Scheer, M., and Hintelmann, H.: Historical variations of mercury stable isotope ratios in Arctic glacier firn and ice cores, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1324–1347, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005411, 2016.
Zhang, C., Wu, S., Zhang, J., Christie, P., Wong, M., and Liang, P.: Soil Mercury Accumulation and Emissions in a Bamboo Forest in a Compact Fluorescent Lamp Manufacturing Area, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 103, 16–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2412-7, 2019a.
Zhang, H., Holmes, C. D., and Wu, S.: Impacts of Changes in Climate, Land Use and Land Cover on Atmospheric Mercury, Atmos. Environ., 141, 230–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.056, 2016a.
Zhang, H., Wu, S., and Leibensperger, E. M.: Source–Receptor Relationships for Atmospheric Mercury Deposition in the Context of Global Change, Atmos, Environ., 254, 118349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118349, 2021a.
Zhang, L., Qian, J.-L., and Planas, D.: Mercury concentration in tree rings of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) in boreal Quebec, Canada, Water Air Soil Pollut., 81, 163–173, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00477263, 1995.
Zhang, L., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2067–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003, 2003.
Zhang, L., Wright, L. P., and Blanchard, P.: A review of current knowledge concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5853–5864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.019, 2009.
Zhang, L., Wang, S., Wang, L., Wu, Y., Duan, L., Wu, Q., Wang, F., Yang, M., Yang, H., Hao, J., and Liu, X.: Updated Emission Inventories for Speciated Atmospheric Mercury from Anthropogenic Sources in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 3185–3194, https://doi.org/10.1021/es504840m, 2015a.
Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Cao, S., and Zhao, Y.: Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15587–15608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15587-2019, 2019b.
Zhang, P. and Zhang, Y.: Earth system modeling of mercury using CESM2 – Part 1: Atmospheric model CAM6-Chem/Hg v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3587–3601, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3587-2022, 2022.
Zhang, Y., Jaeglé, L., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Holmes, C. D., Amos, H. M., Wang, Q., Talbot, R., Artz, R., Brooks, S., Luke, W., Holsen, T. M., Felton, D., Miller, E. K., Perry, K. D., Schmeltz, D., Steffen, A., Tordon, R., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Zsolway, R.: Nested-grid simulation of mercury over North America, Atmos Chem Phys, 12, 6095–6111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6095-2012, 2012.
Zhang, Y., Jaeglé, L., and Thompson, L. A.: Natural biogeochemical cycle of mercury in a global-three dimensional ocean tracer model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 553–570, 2014a.
Zhang, Y., Jaeglé, L., Thompson, L., and Streets, D. G.: Six centuries of changing oceanic mercury, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1251–1261, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004939, 2014b.
Zhang, Y., Jacob, D. J., Dutkiewicz, S., Amos, H. M., Long, M. S., and Sunderland, E. M.: Biogeochemical drivers of the fate of riverine mercury discharged to the global and Arctic oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 854–864, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005124, 2015b.
Zhang, Y., Jacob, D. J., Horowitz, H. M., Chen, L., Amos, H. M., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Slemr, F., Louis, V. L. S., and Sunderland, E. M.: Observed decrease in atmospheric mercury explained by global decline in anthropogenic emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 526–531, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516312113, 2016b.
Zhang, Y., Horowitz, H., Wang, J., Xie, Z., Kuss, J., and Soerensen, A. L.: A Coupled Global Atmosphere-Ocean Model for Air-Sea Exchange of Mercury: Insights into Wet Deposition and Atmospheric Redox Chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 5052–5061, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06205, 2019c.
Zhang, Y., Soerensen, A. L., Schartup, A. T., and Sunderland, E. M.: A Global Model for Methylmercury Formation and Uptake at the Base of Marine Food Webs, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006348, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006348, 2020.
Zhang, Y., Song, Z., Huang, S., Zhang, P., Peng, Y., Wu, P., Gu, J., Dutkiewicz, S., Zhang, H., Wu, S., Wang, F., Chen, L., Wang, S., and Li, P.: Global health effects of future atmospheric mercury emissions, Nat. Commun., 12, 3035, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23391-7, 2021b.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, P., Song, Z., Huang, S., Yuan, T., Wu, P., Shah, V., Liu, M., Chen, L., Wang, X., Zhou, J., and Agnan, Y.: An updated global mercury budget from a coupled atmosphere-land-ocean model: 40 % more re-emissions buffer the effect of primary emission reductions, One Earth, 6, 316–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.02.004, 2023a.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Cao, S., Liu, X., Jin, J., and Zhao, Y.: Improved Anthropogenic Mercury Emission Inventories for China from 1980 to 2020: Toward More Accurate Effectiveness Evaluation for the Minamata Convention, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 8660–8670, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01065, 2023b.
Zhao, Y., Zhong, H., Zhang, J., and Nielsen, C. P.: Evaluating the effects of China's pollution controls on inter-annual trends and uncertainties of atmospheric mercury emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4317–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4317-2015, 2015.
Zheng, J.: Archives of total mercury reconstructed with ice and snow from Greenland and the Canadian High Arctic, Sci. Total Environ., 509–510, 133–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.078, 2015.
Zheng, J., Pelchat, P., Vaive, J., Bass, D., and Ke, F.: Total mercury in snow and ice samples from Canadian High Arctic ice caps and glaciers: A practical procedure and method for total Hg quantification at low pgg−1 level, Sci. Total Environ., 468–469, 487–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.078, 2014.
Zheng, W., Obrist, D., Weis, D., and Bergquist, B. A.: Mercury isotope compositions across North American forests, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 2015GB005323, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005323, 2016.
Zhou, J. and Obrist, D.: Global Mercury Assimilation by Vegetation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 14245–14257, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03530, 2021.
Zhou, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., and Gao, Y.: Mercury concentrations and pools in four adjacent coniferous and deciduous upland forests in Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 1260–1274, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003776, 2017.
Zhou, J., Du, B., Shang, L., Wang, Z., Cui, H., Fan, X., and Zhou, J.: Mercury fluxes, budgets, and pools in forest ecosystems of China: A review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 1411–1450, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1661176, 2020.
Zhou, J., Obrist, D., Dastoor, A., Jiskra, M., and Ryjkov, A.: Vegetation uptake of mercury and impacts on global cycling, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2, 269–284, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00146-y, 2021.
Zhu, C., Tian, H., and Hao, J.: Global anthropogenic atmospheric emission inventory of twelve typical hazardous trace elements, 1995–2012, Atmos. Environ., 220, 117061, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117061, 2020.
Zhu, S., Wu, P., Zhang, S., Jahn, O., Li, S., and Zhang, Y.: A high-resolution marine mercury model MITgcm-ECCO2-Hg with online biogeochemistry, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5915–5929, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5915-2023, 2023.
Zhu, W., Lin, C.-J., Wang, X., Sommar, J., Fu, X., and Feng, X.: Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4451–4480, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4451-2016, 2016.
Zhu, W., Li, Z., Li, P., Yu, B., Lin, C.-J., Sommar, J., and Feng, X.: Re-emission of legacy mercury from soil adjacent to closed point sources of Hg emission, Environ. Pollut., 242, 718–727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.002, 2018.
Zolkos, S., Zhulidov, A. V., Gurtovaya, T. Yu., Gordeev, V. V., Berdnikov, S., Pavlova, N., Kalko, E. A., Kuklina, Y. A., Zhulidov, D. A., Kosmenko, L. S., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Geyman, B. M., Thackray, C. P., Sunderland, E. M., Tank, S. E., McClelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Robarts, R., and Holmes, R. M.: Multidecadal declines in particulate mercury and sediment export from Russian rivers in the pan-Arctic basin, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2119857119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2119857119, 2022.
Short summary
This paper introduces the Multi-Compartment Mercury (Hg) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) aimed at informing the effectiveness evaluations of two multilateral environmental agreements: the Minamata Convention on Mercury and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The experimental design exploits a variety of models (atmospheric, land, oceanic ,and multimedia mass balance models) to assess the short- and long-term influences of anthropogenic Hg releases into the environment.
This paper introduces the Multi-Compartment Mercury (Hg) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP)...
