Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1375-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1375-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
05 Mar 2025
Model evaluation paper |
| 05 Mar 2025
| 05 Mar 2025
The Ross Sea and Amundsen Sea Ice–Sea Model (RAISE v1.0): a high-resolution ocean–sea ice–ice shelf coupling model for simulating the Dense Shelf Water and Antarctic Bottom Water in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Polar Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200136, China
Chuan Xie
Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Chuning Wang
Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Yuanjie Chen
Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Heng Hu
Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Xiaoqiao Wang
Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
High Impact Weather Key Laboratory, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Changsha, 410073, China
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We developed a high-resolution computer model to simulate how the ocean, sea ice, and ice shelves interact around Antarctica. This helps us understand their critical role in global climate and sea-level rise. Our model successfully captures essential features like major currents and seasonal ice changes. Despite some remaining biases, it provides a useful tool for predicting future changes in this vital and rapidly evolving region.
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The bottom water of the global ocean originates from high-salinity water formed in polynyas in the Southern Ocean where sea ice coverage is low. This study reveals the impacts of cyclones on sea ice and water mass formation in the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya using numerical simulations. Sea ice production is rapidly increased caused by enhancement in offshore wind, promoting high-salinity water formation in the polynya. Cyclones also modulate the transport of this water mass by wind-driven currents.
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Short summary
Short summary
We developed a high-resolution computer model to simulate how the ocean, sea ice, and ice shelves interact around Antarctica. This helps us understand their critical role in global climate and sea-level rise. Our model successfully captures essential features like major currents and seasonal ice changes. Despite some remaining biases, it provides a useful tool for predicting future changes in this vital and rapidly evolving region.
Zhaoru Zhang, Heng Hu, Xiaoqiao Wang, Yuanjie Chen, Chuning Wang, and Chuan Xie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-13, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
The Amundsen Sea Low, a key low-pressure system near West Antarctica, is projected to deepen and shift southward this century. This shift will enhance sea ice production in the Ross Sea polynyas that helps form dense shelf water (DSW)–precursor of Antarctic Botton Water. Weaker winds also reduce the transport of ice shelf meltwater into the Ross Sea, further favoring DSW formation. Together, these wind-driven changes could notably boost Ross Sea DSW production and offset its declining trend.
Xiaoqiao Wang, Zhaoru Zhang, Chuan Xie, Xi Zhao, Chuning Wang, Heng Hu, and Yuanjie Chen
The Cryosphere, 19, 2229–2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2229-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2229-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global bottom water originates from high-salinity shelf water (HSSW), formed by intense sea ice production (SIP) in the Southern Ocean. This study uses numerical outputs for the Ross Sea to examine the extreme HSSW event in 2007, when atmospheric circulations enhanced SIP, resulting in the highest HSSW volume in a decade. However, salinity was low, owing to increased meltwater. The findings highlight the complex interplay between SIP and ice shelf melting, with key implications for ocean processes.
Xiaoqiao Wang, Zhaoru Zhang, Michael S. Dinniman, Petteri Uotila, Xichen Li, and Meng Zhou
The Cryosphere, 17, 1107–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1107-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1107-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The bottom water of the global ocean originates from high-salinity water formed in polynyas in the Southern Ocean where sea ice coverage is low. This study reveals the impacts of cyclones on sea ice and water mass formation in the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya using numerical simulations. Sea ice production is rapidly increased caused by enhancement in offshore wind, promoting high-salinity water formation in the polynya. Cyclones also modulate the transport of this water mass by wind-driven currents.
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Short summary
A coupled fine-resolution ocean–ice model is developed for the Ross Sea and adjacent regions in Antarctica, a key area for the formation of global ocean bottom water, the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which affects global ocean circulation. The model has a high skill level in simulating sea ice production driving the AABW source water formation and AABW properties when assessed against observations. A model experiment shows a significant impact of ice shelf melting on the AABW characteristics.
A coupled fine-resolution ocean–ice model is developed for the Ross Sea and adjacent regions in...
