Articles | Volume 12, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3329-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3329-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
29 Jul 2019
Model experiment description paper |
| 29 Jul 2019
| 29 Jul 2019
The INALT family – a set of high-resolution nests for the Agulhas Current system within global NEMO ocean/sea-ice configurations
Franziska U. Schwarzkopf
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Arne Biastoch
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Claus W. Böning
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Jérôme Chanut
Mercator-Ocean, Parc Technologique du Canal, 8-10 rue Hermès, 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France
Jonathan V. Durgadoo
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Klaus Getzlaff
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Jan Harlaß
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Jan K. Rieck
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Christina Roth
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Markus M. Scheinert
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
René Schubert
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Related authors
Léo C. Aroucha, Joke F. Lübbecke, Peter Brandt, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 21, 661–678, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-661-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The west African coastal region sustains highly productive fisheries and marine ecosystems influenced by sea surface temperature. We use oceanic models to show that the freshwater input from land to ocean strengthens a surface northward (southward) coastal current north (south) of the Congo River mouth, promoting a transfer of cooler (warmer) waters to north (south) of the Congo discharge location. We highlight the significant impact of river discharge on ocean temperatures and circulation.
Tobias Schulzki, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, and Arne Biastoch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-571, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-571, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Exceptionally high ocean temperatures can cause long-lasting damage to marine ecosystems. Most existing knowledge about such temperature extremes is focused on near-surface waters, yet ecosystems also thrive at greater depths. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of temperature extremes across the entire Atlantic Ocean, from the surface to the seafloor. Our findings underscore the importance of the ocean circulation in driving extreme temperature events.
Kristin Burmeister, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Willi Rath, Arne Biastoch, Peter Brandt, Joke F. Lübbecke, and Mark Inall
Ocean Sci., 20, 307–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We apply two different forcing products to a high-resolution ocean model to investigate their impact on the simulated upper-current field in the tropical Atlantic. Where possible, we compare the simulated results to long-term observations. We find large discrepancies between the two simulations regarding the wind and current fields. We propose that long-term observations, once they have reached a critical length, need to be used to test the quality of wind-driven simulations.
Arne Biastoch, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Klaus Getzlaff, Siren Rühs, Torge Martin, Markus Scheinert, Tobias Schulzki, Patricia Handmann, Rebecca Hummels, and Claus W. Böning
Ocean Sci., 17, 1177–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1177-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1177-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) quantifies the impact of the ocean on climate and climate change. Here we show that a high-resolution ocean model is able to realistically simulate ocean currents. While the mean representation of the AMOC depends on choices made for the model and on the atmospheric forcing, the temporal variability is quite robust. Comparing the ocean model with ocean observations, we able to identify that the AMOC has declined over the past two decades.
Christina Schmidt, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Siren Rühs, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 17, 1067–1080, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate Agulhas leakage, water flowing from the Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic, in an ocean model with two different tools. The mean transport, variability and trend of Agulhas leakage is simulated comparably with both tools, emphasising the robustness of our method. If the experiments are designed differently, the mean transport of Agulhas leakage is altered, but not the trend. Agulhas leakage waters cool and become less salty south of Africa resulting in a density increase.
Katja Matthes, Arne Biastoch, Sebastian Wahl, Jan Harlaß, Torge Martin, Tim Brücher, Annika Drews, Dana Ehlert, Klaus Getzlaff, Fritz Krüger, Willi Rath, Markus Scheinert, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Tobias Bayr, Hauke Schmidt, and Wonsun Park
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2533–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2533-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2533-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new Earth system model, the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure (FOCI), is introduced, consisting of a high-top atmosphere, an ocean model, sea-ice and land surface model components. A unique feature of FOCI is the ability to explicitly resolve small-scale oceanic features, for example, the Agulhas Current and the Gulf Stream. It allows to study the evolution of the climate system on regional and seasonal to (multi)decadal scales and bridges the gap to coarse-resolution climate models.
Nele Tim, Eduardo Zorita, Kay-Christian Emeis, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Arne Biastoch, and Birgit Hünicke
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-847-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-847-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our study reveals that the latitudinal position and intensity of Southern Hemisphere trades and westerlies are correlated. In the last decades the westerlies have shifted poleward and intensified. Furthermore, the latitudinal shifts and intensity of the trades and westerlies impact the sea surface temperatures around southern Africa and in the South Benguela upwelling region. The future development of wind stress depends on the strength of greenhouse gas forcing.
Siren Rühs, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Sabrina Speich, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 15, 489–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-489-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-489-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We revisit the sources for the upper limb of the overturning circulation in the South Atlantic by tracking fluid particles in a high-resolution ocean model. Our results suggest that the upper limb’s transport is dominantly supplied by waters with Indian Ocean origin, but the contribution of waters with Pacific origin is substantially larger than previously estimated with coarse-resolution models. Yet, a large part of upper limb waters obtains thermohaline properties within the South Atlantic.
Yannick Wölker, Willi Rath, Matthias Renz, and Arne Biastoch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2782, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2782, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a large current system that helps regulate Earth's climate. Monitoring the AMOC relies on fixed instruments anchored to the seafloor. This study explores in a high-resolution model whether data from Argo floats, autonomous drifters collecting hydrographic profiles, can be used to monitor the AMOC cost-effectively with the help of Machine Learning. Results suggest that Argo floats can extend AMOC monitoring beyond current fixed arrays.
Léo C. Aroucha, Joke F. Lübbecke, Peter Brandt, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 21, 661–678, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-661-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The west African coastal region sustains highly productive fisheries and marine ecosystems influenced by sea surface temperature. We use oceanic models to show that the freshwater input from land to ocean strengthens a surface northward (southward) coastal current north (south) of the Congo River mouth, promoting a transfer of cooler (warmer) waters to north (south) of the Congo discharge location. We highlight the significant impact of river discharge on ocean temperatures and circulation.
Tobias Schulzki, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, and Arne Biastoch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-571, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-571, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Exceptionally high ocean temperatures can cause long-lasting damage to marine ecosystems. Most existing knowledge about such temperature extremes is focused on near-surface waters, yet ecosystems also thrive at greater depths. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of temperature extremes across the entire Atlantic Ocean, from the surface to the seafloor. Our findings underscore the importance of the ocean circulation in driving extreme temperature events.
Hendrik Großelindemann, Frederic S. Castruccio, Gokhan Danabasoglu, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 21, 93–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-93-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-93-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the Agulhas Leakage and examines its role in the global ocean circulation. It utilises a high-resolution Earth system model and a preindustrial climate to look at the response of the Agulhas Leakage to the wind field and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its evolution under climate change. The Agulhas Leakage could influence the stability of the AMOC, whose possible collapse would impact the climate in the Northern Hemisphere.
Kristin Burmeister, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Willi Rath, Arne Biastoch, Peter Brandt, Joke F. Lübbecke, and Mark Inall
Ocean Sci., 20, 307–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We apply two different forcing products to a high-resolution ocean model to investigate their impact on the simulated upper-current field in the tropical Atlantic. Where possible, we compare the simulated results to long-term observations. We find large discrepancies between the two simulations regarding the wind and current fields. We propose that long-term observations, once they have reached a critical length, need to be used to test the quality of wind-driven simulations.
Torge Martin and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 19, 141–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
How is the ocean affected by continued Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss? We show in a systematic set of model experiments that atmospheric feedback needs to be accounted for as the large-scale ocean circulation is more than twice as sensitive to the meltwater otherwise. Coastal winds, boundary currents, and ocean eddies play a key role in redistributing the meltwater. Eddy paramterization helps the coarse simulation to perform better in the Labrador Sea but not in the North Atlantic Current region.
Alan D. Fox, Patricia Handmann, Christina Schmidt, Neil Fraser, Siren Rühs, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Torge Martin, Marilena Oltmanns, Clare Johnson, Willi Rath, N. Penny Holliday, Arne Biastoch, Stuart A. Cunningham, and Igor Yashayaev
Ocean Sci., 18, 1507–1533, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the 2010s show exceptional freshening and cooling of the upper ocean, peaking in 2016 with the lowest salinities recorded for 120 years. Using results from a high-resolution ocean model, supported by observations, we propose that the leading cause is reduced surface cooling over the preceding decade in the Labrador Sea, leading to increased outflow of less dense water and so to freshening and cooling of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic.
Jörg Fröhle, Patricia V. K. Handmann, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 18, 1431–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Three deep-water masses pass the southern exit of the Labrador Sea. Usually they are defined by explicit density intervals linked to the formation region. We evaluate this relation in an ocean model by backtracking the paths the water follows for 40 years: 48 % densify without contact to the atmosphere, 24 % densify in contact with the atmosphere, and 19 % are from the Nordic Seas. All three contribute to a similar density range at 53° N with weak specific formation location characteristics.
Takaya Uchida, Julien Le Sommer, Charles Stern, Ryan P. Abernathey, Chris Holdgraf, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Brodeau, Eric P. Chassignet, Xiaobiao Xu, Jonathan Gula, Guillaume Roullet, Nikolay Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Qiang Wang, Dimitris Menemenlis, Clément Bricaud, Brian K. Arbic, Jay F. Shriver, Fangli Qiao, Bin Xiao, Arne Biastoch, René Schubert, Baylor Fox-Kemper, William K. Dewar, and Alan Wallcraft
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5829–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean and climate scientists have used numerical simulations as a tool to examine the ocean and climate system since the 1970s. Since then, owing to the continuous increase in computational power and advances in numerical methods, we have been able to simulate increasing complex phenomena. However, the fidelity of the simulations in representing the phenomena remains a core issue in the ocean science community. Here we propose a cloud-based framework to inter-compare and assess such simulations.
Jens Zinke, Takaaki K. Watanabe, Siren Rühs, Miriam Pfeiffer, Stefan Grab, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, and Arne Biastoch
Clim. Past, 18, 1453–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1453-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1453-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Salinity is an important and integrative measure of changes to the water cycle steered by changes to the balance between rainfall and evaporation and by vertical and horizontal movements of water parcels by ocean currents. However, salinity measurements in our oceans are extremely sparse. To fill this gap, we have developed a 334-year coral record of seawater oxygen isotopes that reflects salinity changes in the globally important Agulhas Current system and reveals its main oceanic drivers.
Ioana Ivanciu, Katja Matthes, Arne Biastoch, Sebastian Wahl, and Jan Harlaß
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 139–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-139-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-139-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas concentrations continue to increase, while the Antarctic ozone hole is expected to recover during the twenty-first century. We separate the effects of ozone recovery and of greenhouse gases on the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and we find that ozone recovery is generally reducing the impact of greenhouse gases, with the exception of certain regions of the stratosphere during spring, where the two effects reinforce each other.
Patrick Wagner and Claus W. Böning
Ocean Sci., 17, 1473–1487, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the pattern and magnitude of decadal sea-level variability in the Australasian Mediterranean Sea by using high-resolution ocean models. Our results suggest low-frequency ENSO variations and PDO-related changes as a primary source of variability. Sensitivity experiments indicate that anomalies are primarily driven by wind stress fluctuation but are also amplified by local heat and freshwater fluxes. Intrinsic variability is relevant in the South China Sea.
Arne Biastoch, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Klaus Getzlaff, Siren Rühs, Torge Martin, Markus Scheinert, Tobias Schulzki, Patricia Handmann, Rebecca Hummels, and Claus W. Böning
Ocean Sci., 17, 1177–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1177-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1177-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) quantifies the impact of the ocean on climate and climate change. Here we show that a high-resolution ocean model is able to realistically simulate ocean currents. While the mean representation of the AMOC depends on choices made for the model and on the atmospheric forcing, the temporal variability is quite robust. Comparing the ocean model with ocean observations, we able to identify that the AMOC has declined over the past two decades.
Patrick Wagner, Markus Scheinert, and Claus W. Böning
Ocean Sci., 17, 1103–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the importance of local heat and freshwater fluxes for sea level variability in the tropical Pacific on interannual to decadal timescales by using a global ocean model. Our results suggest that they amplify sea level variability in the eastern part of the basin and dampen it in the central and western part of the domain. We demonstrate that the oceanic response allows local sea level anomalies to propagate zonally which enables remote effects of local heat and freshwater fluxes.
Christina Schmidt, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Siren Rühs, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 17, 1067–1080, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate Agulhas leakage, water flowing from the Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic, in an ocean model with two different tools. The mean transport, variability and trend of Agulhas leakage is simulated comparably with both tools, emphasising the robustness of our method. If the experiments are designed differently, the mean transport of Agulhas leakage is altered, but not the trend. Agulhas leakage waters cool and become less salty south of Africa resulting in a density increase.
Ioana Ivanciu, Katja Matthes, Sebastian Wahl, Jan Harlaß, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5777–5806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic ozone hole has driven substantial dynamical changes in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere over the past decades. This study separates the historical impacts of ozone depletion from those of rising levels of greenhouse gases and investigates how these impacts are captured in two types of climate models: one using interactive atmospheric chemistry and one prescribing the CMIP6 ozone field. The effects of ozone depletion are more pronounced in the model with interactive chemistry.
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling-water disinfection at coastal power plants is a known source of atmospheric bromoform. A large source of anthropogenic bromoform is the industrial regions in East Asia. In current bottom-up flux estimates, these anthropogenic emissions are missing, underestimating the global air–sea flux of bromoform. With transport simulations, we show that by including anthropogenic bromoform from cooling-water treatment, the bottom-up flux estimates significantly improve in East and Southeast Asia.
Josefine Herrford, Peter Brandt, Torsten Kanzow, Rebecca Hummels, Moacyr Araujo, and Jonathan V. Durgadoo
Ocean Sci., 17, 265–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an important component of the climate system. Understanding its structure and variability is a key priority for many scientists. Here, we present the first estimate of AMOC variations for the tropical South Atlantic from the TRACOS array at 11° S. Over the observed period, the AMOC was dominated by seasonal variability. We investigate the respective mechanisms with an ocean model and find that different wind-forced waves play a big role.
Hiroyuki Tsujino, L. Shogo Urakawa, Stephen M. Griffies, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Alistair J. Adcroft, Arthur E. Amaral, Thomas Arsouze, Mats Bentsen, Raffaele Bernardello, Claus W. Böning, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Sergey Danilov, Raphael Dussin, Eleftheria Exarchou, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Chuncheng Guo, Mehmet Ilicak, Doroteaciro Iovino, Who M. Kim, Nikolay Koldunov, Vladimir Lapin, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Keith Lindsay, Hailong Liu, Matthew C. Long, Yoshiki Komuro, Simon J. Marsland, Simona Masina, Aleksi Nummelin, Jan Klaus Rieck, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Markus Scheinert, Valentina Sicardi, Dmitry Sidorenko, Tatsuo Suzuki, Hiroaki Tatebe, Qiang Wang, Stephen G. Yeager, and Zipeng Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3643–3708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3643-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3643-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The OMIP-2 framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations is assessed by comparing multi-model means from 11 CMIP6-class global ocean–sea-ice models calculated separately for the OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations. Many features are very similar between OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations, and yet key improvements in transitioning from OMIP-1 to OMIP-2 are also identified. Thus, the present assessment justifies that future ocean–sea-ice model development and analysis studies use the OMIP-2 framework.
Pedro Colombo, Bernard Barnier, Thierry Penduff, Jérôme Chanut, Julie Deshayes, Jean-Marc Molines, Julien Le Sommer, Polina Verezemskaya, Sergey Gulev, and Anne-Marie Treguier
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3347–3371, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3347-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3347-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the ocean circulation model NEMO, the representation of the overflow of dense Arctic waters through the Denmark Strait is investigated. In this
z-coordinate context, sensitivity tests show that the mixing parameterizations preferably act along the model grid slope. Thus, the representation of the overflow is more sensitive to resolution than to parameterization and is best when the numerical grid matches the local topographic slope.
Katja Matthes, Arne Biastoch, Sebastian Wahl, Jan Harlaß, Torge Martin, Tim Brücher, Annika Drews, Dana Ehlert, Klaus Getzlaff, Fritz Krüger, Willi Rath, Markus Scheinert, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Tobias Bayr, Hauke Schmidt, and Wonsun Park
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2533–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2533-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2533-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new Earth system model, the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure (FOCI), is introduced, consisting of a high-top atmosphere, an ocean model, sea-ice and land surface model components. A unique feature of FOCI is the ability to explicitly resolve small-scale oceanic features, for example, the Agulhas Current and the Gulf Stream. It allows to study the evolution of the climate system on regional and seasonal to (multi)decadal scales and bridges the gap to coarse-resolution climate models.
Nele Tim, Eduardo Zorita, Kay-Christian Emeis, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Arne Biastoch, and Birgit Hünicke
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-847-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-847-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our study reveals that the latitudinal position and intensity of Southern Hemisphere trades and westerlies are correlated. In the last decades the westerlies have shifted poleward and intensified. Furthermore, the latitudinal shifts and intensity of the trades and westerlies impact the sea surface temperatures around southern Africa and in the South Benguela upwelling region. The future development of wind stress depends on the strength of greenhouse gas forcing.
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Birgit Quack, Arne Biastoch, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Siren Rühs, Stephan Gollasch, and Matej David
Ocean Sci., 15, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In a large-scale analysis, the spread of disinfection by-products from oxidative ballast water treatment is investigated, with a focus on Southeast Asia where major ports are located. Halogenated compounds such as bromoform (CHBr3) are produced in the ballast water and, once emitted into the environment, can participate in ozone depletion. Anthropogenic bromoform is rapidly emitted into the atmosphere and can locally double around large ports. A large-scale impact cannot be found.
Siren Rühs, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Sabrina Speich, and Arne Biastoch
Ocean Sci., 15, 489–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-489-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-489-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We revisit the sources for the upper limb of the overturning circulation in the South Atlantic by tracking fluid particles in a high-resolution ocean model. Our results suggest that the upper limb’s transport is dominantly supplied by waters with Indian Ocean origin, but the contribution of waters with Pacific origin is substantially larger than previously estimated with coarse-resolution models. Yet, a large part of upper limb waters obtains thermohaline properties within the South Atlantic.
Olaf Duteil, Andreas Oschlies, and Claus W. Böning
Biogeosciences, 15, 7111–7126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7111-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7111-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen-depleted regions of the Pacific Ocean are currently expanding, which is threatening marine habitats. Based on numerical simulations, we show that the decrease in the intensity of the trade winds and the subsequent slowdown of the oceanic currents lead to a reduction in oxygen supply. Our study suggests that the prevailing positive conditions of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation since 1975, a major source of natural variability, may explain a significant part of the current deoxygenation.
Rafael Abel, Claus W. Böning, Richard J. Greatbatch, Helene T. Hewitt, and Malcolm J. Roberts
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-24, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In coupled global atmosphere ocean models a feedback from ocean surface currents to atmospheric winds was found. Surface winds are energized by about 30 % of the ocean currents. We were able to implement this feedback in uncoupled ocean models which results in a realistic surface flux coupling. Due to changes in the dissipation the kinetic energy of the time-variable flow is increased up to 10 % when this feedback is implemented. Implementation in other models should be straightforward.
Stephen M. Griffies, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Paul J. Durack, Alistair J. Adcroft, V. Balaji, Claus W. Böning, Eric P. Chassignet, Enrique Curchitser, Julie Deshayes, Helge Drange, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Peter J. Gleckler, Jonathan M. Gregory, Helmuth Haak, Robert W. Hallberg, Patrick Heimbach, Helene T. Hewitt, David M. Holland, Tatiana Ilyina, Johann H. Jungclaus, Yoshiki Komuro, John P. Krasting, William G. Large, Simon J. Marsland, Simona Masina, Trevor J. McDougall, A. J. George Nurser, James C. Orr, Anna Pirani, Fangli Qiao, Ronald J. Stouffer, Karl E. Taylor, Anne Marie Treguier, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Petteri Uotila, Maria Valdivieso, Qiang Wang, Michael Winton, and Stephen G. Yeager
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3231–3296, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) aims to provide a framework for evaluating, understanding, and improving the ocean and sea-ice components of global climate and earth system models contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). This document defines OMIP and details a protocol both for simulating global ocean/sea-ice models and for analysing their output.
C. Rousset, M. Vancoppenolle, G. Madec, T. Fichefet, S. Flavoni, A. Barthélemy, R. Benshila, J. Chanut, C. Levy, S. Masson, and F. Vivier
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2991–3005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2991-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2991-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
LIM3.6 presented in this paper is the last release of the Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model, and will be used for the next climate model intercomparison project (CMIP6). The model's robustness, versatility and sophistication have been improved.
H. Dietze, U. Löptien, and K. Getzlaff
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1713–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1713-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1713-2014, 2014
D. Le Bars, J. V. Durgadoo, H. A. Dijkstra, A. Biastoch, and W. P. M. De Ruijter
Ocean Sci., 10, 601–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-601-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-601-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Oceanography
GREAT v1.0: Global Real-time Early Assessment of Tsunamis
Using automatic calibration to improve the physics behind complex numerical models: an example from a 3D lake model using Delft3D (v6.02.10) and DYNO-PODS (v1.0)
Improvements to the Met Office's global ocean–sea ice forecasting system including model and data assimilation changes
Resolution dependence of interlinked Southern Ocean biases in global coupled HadGEM3 models
A new global high-resolution wave model for the tropical ocean using WAVEWATCH III version 7.14
sedInterFoam 1.0: a three-phase numerical model for sediment transport applications with free surfaces
The Ross Sea and Amundsen Sea Ice–Sea Model (RAISE v1.0): a high-resolution ocean–sea ice–ice shelf coupling model for simulating the Dense Shelf Water and Antarctic Bottom Water in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Sensitivity of the tropical Atlantic to vertical mixing in two ocean models (ICON-O v2.6.6 and FESOM v2.5)
HIDRA3: a deep-learning model for multipoint ensemble sea level forecasting in the presence of tide gauge sensor failures
A wave-resolving two-dimensional vertical Lagrangian approach to model microplastic transport in nearshore waters based on TrackMPD 3.0
HOTSSea v1: a NEMO-based physical Hindcast of the Salish Sea (1980–2018) supporting ecosystem model development
Comparing an idealized deterministic-stochastic model (SUP model, version 1) of the tide-and-wind driven sea surface currents in the Gulf of Trieste to HF Radar observations
Impacts of CICE sea ice model and ERA atmosphere on an Antarctic MetROMS ocean model, MetROMS-UHel-v1.0
DalROMS-NWA12 v1.0, a coupled circulation–ice–biogeochemistry modelling system for the northwest Atlantic Ocean: development and validation
A revised ocean mixed layer model for better simulating the diurnal variation in ocean skin temperature
Evaluating an accelerated forcing approach for improving computational efficiency in coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling
An optimal transformation method for inferring ocean tracer sources and sinks
Data-driven rolling model for global wave height
PPCon 1.0: Biogeochemical-Argo profile prediction with 1D convolutional networks
Wave forecast investigations on downscaling, source terms, and tides for Aotearoa New Zealand
An Effective Communication Topology for Performance Optimization: A Case Study of the Finite Volume WAve Modeling (FVWAM)
Experimental design for the Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project – phase 2 (MISOMIP2)
Development of a total variation diminishing (TVD) sea ice transport scheme and its application in an ocean (SCHISM v5.11) and sea ice (Icepack v1.3.4) coupled model on unstructured grids
Spurious numerical mixing under strong tidal forcing: a case study in the south-east Asian seas using the Symphonie model (v3.1.2)
Modelling the water isotope distribution in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution oceanic model (NEMO-MED12-watiso v1.0): evaluation of model results against in situ observations
LIGHT-bgcArgo-1.0: using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatiotemporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry
PIBM 1.0: An individual-based model for simulating phytoplankton acclimation, diversity, and evolution in the ocean
Towards a real-time modeling of global ocean waves by the fully GPU-accelerated spectral wave model WAM6-GPU v1.0
A simple approach to represent precipitation-derived freshwater fluxes into nearshore ocean models: an FVCOM4.1 case study of Quatsino Sound, British Columbia
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnose the ocean carbon budget
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 2: Towards a better representation of total alkalinity when modeling the carbonate system and air–sea CO2 fluxes
Development of a novel storm surge inundation model framework for efficient prediction
Skin sea surface temperature schemes in coupled ocean–atmosphere modelling: the impact of chlorophyll-interactive e-folding depth
DELWAVE 1.0: deep learning surrogate model of surface wave climate in the Adriatic Basin
StraitFlux – precise computations of water strait fluxes on various modeling grids
Comparison of the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) and NCAR-LES in non-hydrostatic simulations
Intercomparisons of Tracker v1.1 and four other ocean particle-tracking software packages in the Regional Ocean Modeling System
CAR36, a regional high-resolution ocean forecasting system for improving drift and beaching of Sargassum in the Caribbean archipelago
Implementation of additional spectral wave field exchanges in a three-dimensional wave–current coupled WAVEWATCH-III (version 6.07) and CROCO (version 1.2) configuration: assessment of their implications for macro-tidal coastal hydrodynamics
Comparison of 4-dimensional variational and ensemble optimal interpolation data assimilation systems using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (v3.4) configuration of the eddy-dominated East Australian Current system
LOCATE v1.0: numerical modelling of floating marine debris dispersion in coastal regions using Parcels v2.4.2
New insights into the South China Sea throughflow and water budget seasonal cycle: evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution configuration of the ocean model SYMPHONIE version 2.4
MQGeometry-1.0: a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic solver on non-rectangular geometries
Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on El Niño–Southern Oscillation forecasts
Great Lakes wave forecast system on high-resolution unstructured meshes
Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)
A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71)
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 1: Evolution of ecosystem composition under limited light and nutrient conditions
Ocean wave tracing v.1: a numerical solver of the wave ray equations for ocean waves on variable currents at arbitrary depths
Usama Kadri, Ali Abdolali, and Maxim Filimonov
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3487–3507, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3487-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3487-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The GREAT v1.0 software introduces a novel tsunami warning technology for global real-time analysis. It leverages acoustic signals generated by tsunamis, which propagate faster than the tsunami itself, enabling real-time detection and assessment. Integrating various models, the software provides reliable and rapid assessment, maps risk areas, and estimates tsunami amplitude. This advancement reduces false alarms and enhances global tsunami warning systems' accuracy and efficiency.
Marina Amadori, Abolfazl Irani Rahaghi, Damien Bouffard, and Marco Toffolon
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3473–3486, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Models simplify reality using assumptions, which can sometimes introduce flaws and affect their accuracy. Properly calibrating model parameters is essential, and although automated tools can speed up this process, they may occasionally produce incorrect values due to inconsistencies in the model. We demonstrate that by carefully applying automated tools, we were able to identify and correct a flaw in a widely used model for lake environments.
Davi Mignac, Jennifer Waters, Daniel J. Lea, Matthew J. Martin, James While, Anthony T. Weaver, Arthur Vidard, Catherine Guiavarc'h, Dave Storkey, David Ford, Edward W. Blockley, Jonathan Baker, Keith Haines, Martin R. Price, Michael J. Bell, and Richard Renshaw
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3405–3425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We describe major improvements of the Met Office's global ocean–sea ice forecasting system. The models and the way observations are used to improve the forecasts were changed, which led to a significant error reduction of 1 d forecasts. The new system performance in past conditions, where subsurface observations are scarce, was improved with more consistent ocean heat content estimates. The new system will be of better use for climate studies and will provide improved forecasts for end users.
David Storkey, Pierre Mathiot, Michael J. Bell, Dan Copsey, Catherine Guiavarc'h, Helene T. Hewitt, Jeff Ridley, and Malcolm J. Roberts
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2725–2745, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is a key region of the world ocean in the context of climate change studies. We show that the Met Office Hadley Centre coupled model with intermediate ocean resolution struggles to accurately simulate the Southern Ocean. Increasing the frictional drag that the seafloor exerts on ocean currents and introducing a representation of unresolved ocean eddies both appear to reduce the large-scale biases in this model.
Axelle Gaffet, Xavier Bertin, Damien Sous, Héloïse Michaud, Aron Roland, and Emmanuel Cordier
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1929–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1929-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1929-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new global wave model that improves predictions of sea states in tropical areas by using a high-resolution grid and corrected wind fields. The model is validated globally with satellite data and nearshore using in situ data. The model allows for the first time direct comparisons with in situ data collected at 10–30 m water depth, which is very close to shore due to the steep slope usually surrounding volcanic islands.
Antoine Mathieu, Yeulwoo Kim, Tian-Jian Hsu, Cyrille Bonamy, and Julien Chauchat
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1561–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1561-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1561-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the tools available to model sediment transport do not account for complex physical mechanisms such as surface-wave-driven processes. In this study, a new model, sedInterFoam, allows us to reproduce numerically complex configurations in order to investigate coastal sediment transport applications dominated by surface waves and to gain insight into the complex physical processes associated with breaking waves and morphodynamics.
Zhaoru Zhang, Chuan Xie, Chuning Wang, Yuanjie Chen, Heng Hu, and Xiaoqiao Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1375–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1375-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1375-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A coupled fine-resolution ocean–ice model is developed for the Ross Sea and adjacent regions in Antarctica, a key area for the formation of global ocean bottom water, the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which affects global ocean circulation. The model has a high skill level in simulating sea ice production driving the AABW source water formation and AABW properties when assessed against observations. A model experiment shows a significant impact of ice shelf melting on the AABW characteristics.
Swantje Bastin, Aleksei Koldunov, Florian Schütte, Oliver Gutjahr, Marta Agnieszka Mrozowska, Tim Fischer, Radomyra Shevchenko, Arjun Kumar, Nikolay Koldunov, Helmuth Haak, Nils Brüggemann, Rebecca Hummels, Mia Sophie Specht, Johann Jungclaus, Sergey Danilov, Marcus Dengler, and Markus Jochum
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1189–1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1189-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1189-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical mixing is an important process, for example, for tropical sea surface temperature, but cannot be resolved by ocean models. Comparisons of mixing schemes and settings have usually been done with a single model, sometimes yielding conflicting results. We systematically compare two widely used schemes with different parameter settings in two different ocean models and show that most effects from mixing scheme parameter changes are model-dependent.
Marko Rus, Hrvoje Mihanović, Matjaž Ličer, and Matej Kristan
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 605–620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-605-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-605-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
HIDRA3 is a deep-learning model for predicting sea levels and storm surges, offering significant improvements over previous models and numerical simulations. It utilizes data from multiple tide gauges, enhancing predictions even with limited historical data and during sensor outages. With its advanced architecture, HIDRA3 outperforms current state-of-the-art models by achieving a mean absolute error of up to 15 % lower, proving effective for coastal flood forecasting under diverse conditions.
Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Damien Sous, and Vincent Marieu
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 319–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-319-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-319-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel modeling approach for understanding microplastic transport in coastal waters. The model accurately replicates experimental data and reveals key transport mechanisms. The findings enhance our knowledge of how microplastics move in nearshore environments, aiding in coastal management and efforts to combat plastic pollution globally.
Greig Oldford, Tereza Jarníková, Villy Christensen, and Michael Dunphy
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 211–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-211-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-211-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a 3D ocean model called the Hindcast of the Salish Sea (HOTSSea v1) that recreates physical conditions throughout the Salish Sea from 1980 to 2018. It was not clear that acceptable accuracy could be achieved because of computational and data limitations, but the model's predictions agreed well with observations. When we used the model to examine ocean temperature trends in areas that lack observations, it indicated that some seasons and areas are warming faster than others.
Sofia Flora, Laura Ursella, and Achim Wirth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3391, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3391, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a hierarchy of idealized deterministic-stochastic models to simulate the sea surface currents in the Gulf of Trieste. They include tide-and-wind driven sea surface current components, resolving the slowly varying part of the flow and a stochastic signal, representing the fast-varying small-scale dynamics. The comparison with High Frequency Radar observations shows that the non-Gaussian stochastic model captures the essential dynamics and permits to mimic the observed fat-tailed PDF.
Cecilia Äijälä, Yafei Nie, Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Chiara De Falco, Siv Kari Lauvset, Bin Cheng, David A. Bailey, and Petteri Uotila
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-213, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice around Antarctica has experienced record lows in recent years. To understand these changes, models are needed. MetROMS-UHel is a new version of an ocean–sea ice model with updated sea ice code and the atmospheric data. We investigate the effect of our updates on different variables with a focus on sea ice and show an improved sea ice representation as compared with observations.
Kyoko Ohashi, Arnaud Laurent, Christoph Renkl, Jinyu Sheng, Katja Fennel, and Eric Oliver
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8697–8733, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a modelling system of the northwest Atlantic Ocean that simulates the currents, temperature, salinity, and parts of the biochemical cycle of the ocean, as well as sea ice. The system combines advanced, open-source models and can be used to study, for example, the ocean capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a key process in the global climate. The system produces realistic results, and we use it to investigate the roles of tides and sea ice in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Eui-Jong Kang, Byung-Ju Sohn, Sang-Woo Kim, Wonho Kim, Young-Cheol Kwon, Seung-Bum Kim, Hyoung-Wook Chun, and Chao Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8553–8568, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea surface temperature (SST) is vital in climate, weather, and ocean sciences because it influences air–sea interactions. Errors in the ECMWF model's scheme for predicting ocean skin temperature prompted a revision of the ocean mixed layer model. Validation against infrared measurements and buoys showed a good correlation with minimal deviations. The revised model accurately simulates SST variations and aligns with solar radiation distributions, showing promise for weather and climate models.
Qin Zhou, Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Tore Hattermann, David Gwyther, and Benjamin Galton-Fenzi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8243–8265, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an accelerated forcing approach to address timescale discrepancies between the ice sheets and ocean components in coupled modelling by reducing the ocean simulation duration. The approach is evaluated using idealized coupled models, and its limitations in real-world applications are discussed. Our results suggest it can be a valuable tool for process-oriented coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling and downscaling climate simulations with such models.
Jan D. Zika and Taimoor Sohail
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8049–8068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method to relate fluxes of heat and freshwater at the sea surface to the resulting distribution of seawater among categories such as warm and salty or cold and salty. The method exploits the laws that govern how heat and salt change when water mixes. The method will allow the climate community to improve estimates of how much heat the ocean is absorbing and how rainfall and evaporation are changing across the globe.
Xinxin Wang, Jiuke Wang, Wenfang Lu, Changming Dong, Hao Qin, and Haoyu Jiang
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-181, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-181, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale wave modeling is essential for science and society, typically relying on resource-intensive numerical methods to simulate wave dynamics. In this study, we introduce a rolling AI-based method for modeling global significant wave height. Our model achieves accuracy comparable to traditional numerical methods while significantly improving speed, making it operable on standard laptops. This work demonstrates AI's potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of global wave modeling.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Rafael Santana, Richard Gorman, Emily Lane, Stuart Moore, Cyprien Bosserelle, Glen Reeve, and Christo Rautenbach
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-110, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-110, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This research explores improving wave forecasts in New Zealand, particularly at Banks Peninsula and Baring Head. We used detailed models, finding that forecasts at Baring Head improved significantly due to its strong tidal currents, but changes at Banks Peninsula were minimal. The study demonstrates that local conditions greatly influence the effectiveness of wave prediction models, highlighting the need for tailored approaches in coastal forecasting to enhance accuracy in the predictions.
Renbo Pang, Fujiang Yu, Yuanyong Gao, Ye Yuan, Liang Yuan, and Zhiyi Gao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2515, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The application of the distributed graph communication topology in earth models has been rarely studied. We tested and compared this topology with the traditional point-to-point communication method using a global wave model. We found that this topology is more efficient. Additionally, using this topology can greatly improve the performance of the wave model and could help improve the performance of other earth models.
Jan De Rydt, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Mathias van Caspel, Ralph Timmermann, Pierre Mathiot, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Hélène Seroussi, Pierre Dutrieux, Ben Galton-Fenzi, David Holland, and Ronja Reese
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7105–7139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models do not reliably simulate sea-level change due to ice-sheet–ocean interactions. We propose a community modelling effort to conduct a series of well-defined experiments to compare models with observations and study how models respond to a range of perturbations in climate and ice-sheet geometry. The second Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project will continue to lay the groundwork for including ice-sheet–ocean interactions in global-scale IPCC-class models.
Qian Wang, Yang Zhang, Fei Chai, Y. Joseph Zhang, and Lorenzo Zampieri
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7067–7081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled an unstructured hydro-model with an advanced column sea ice model to meet the growing demand for increased resolution and complexity in unstructured sea ice models. Additionally, we present a novel tracer transport scheme for the sea ice coupled model and demonstrate that this scheme fulfills the requirements for conservation, accuracy, efficiency, and monotonicity in an idealized test. Our new coupled model also has good performance in realistic tests.
Adrien Garinet, Marine Herrmann, Patrick Marsaleix, and Juliette Pénicaud
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6967–6986, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6967-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6967-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing is a crucial aspect of the ocean, but its accurate representation in computer simulations is made challenging by errors that result in unwanted mixing, compromising simulation realism. Here we illustrate the spurious effect that tides can have on simulations of south-east Asia. Although they play an important role in determining the state of the ocean, they can increase numerical errors and make simulation outputs less realistic. We also provide insights into how to reduce these errors.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Camille Risi, and Gilles Ramstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6627–6655, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes (δ18O, δD) are one of the most widely used proxies in ocean climate research. Previous studies using water isotope observations and modelling have highlighted the importance of understanding spatial and temporal isotopic variability for a quantitative interpretation of these tracers. Here we present the first results of a high-resolution regional dynamical model (at 1/12° horizontal resolution) developed for the Mediterranean Sea, one of the hotspots of ongoing climate change.
Cara Nissen, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Mathew Maltrud, Alison R. Gray, Yohei Takano, Kristen Falcinelli, Jade Sauvé, and Katherine Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6415–6435, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Autonomous profiling floats have provided unprecedented observational coverage of the global ocean, but uncertainties remain about whether their sampling frequency and density capture the true spatiotemporal variability of physical, biogeochemical, and biological properties. Here, we present the novel synthetic biogeochemical float capabilities of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 and demonstrate their utility as a test bed to address these uncertainties.
Iria Sala and Bingzhang Chen
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-130, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-130, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton, tiny photosynthetic organisms, produce nearly half of Earth's oxygen. To analyze their physiology, diversity, and evolution in the ocean, we developed a model that treats phytoplankton as individual particles. Moreover, our model considers phytoplankton size, temperature, and light traits, and allows for mutations in phytoplankton cells. Thus, our model provides a valuable tool for advancing the study of phytoplankton physiology, diversity, and evolution.
Ye Yuan, Fujiang Yu, Zhi Chen, Xueding Li, Fang Hou, Yuanyong Gao, Zhiyi Gao, and Renbo Pang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6123–6136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and timely forecasting of ocean waves is of great importance to the safety of marine transportation and offshore engineering. In this study, GPU-accelerated computing is introduced in WAve Modeling Cycle 6 (WAM6). With this effort, global high-resolution wave simulations can now run on GPUs up to tens of times faster than the currently available models can on a CPU node with results that are just as accurate.
Krysten Rutherford, Laura Bianucci, and William Floyd
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6083–6104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearshore ocean models often lack complete information about freshwater fluxes due to numerous ungauged rivers and streams. We tested a simple rain-based hydrological model as inputs into an ocean model of Quatsino Sound, Canada, with the aim of improving the representation of the land–ocean connection in the nearshore model. Through multiple tests, we found that the performance of the ocean model improved when providing 60 % or more of the freshwater inputs from the simple runoff model.
Neill Mackay, Taimoor Sohail, Jan David Zika, Richard G. Williams, Oliver Andrews, and Andrew James Watson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5987–6005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change, but estimates of the uptake do not always agree. There is a need to reconcile these differing estimates and to improve our understanding of ocean carbon uptake. We present a new method for estimating ocean carbon uptake and test it with model data. The method effectively diagnoses the ocean carbon uptake from limited data and therefore shows promise for reconciling different observational estimates.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5851–5882, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbonate system is typically studied using measurements, but modeling can contribute valuable insights. Using a biogeochemical model, we propose a new representation of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2, and pH in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area, the Bay of Marseille, a useful addition to measurements. Through a detailed analysis of pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes, we show that variations are strongly impacted by the hydrodynamic processes that affect the bay.
Xuanxuan Gao, Shuiqing Li, Dongxue Mo, Yahao Liu, and Po Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5497–5509, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges generate coastal inundation and expose populations and properties to danger. We developed a novel storm surge inundation model for efficient prediction. Estimates compare well with in situ measurements and results from a numerical model. The new model is a significant improvement on existing numerical models, with much higher computational efficiency and stability, which allows timely disaster prevention and mitigation.
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
Susanna Winkelbauer, Michael Mayer, and Leopold Haimberger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4603–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic transports shape the global climate, but the evaluation and validation of this key quantity based on reanalysis and model data are complicated by the distortion of the used modelling grids and the large number of different grid types. We present two new methods that allow the calculation of oceanic fluxes of volume, heat, salinity, and ice through almost arbitrary sections for various models and reanalyses that are independent of the used modelling grids.
Xiaoyu Fan, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Qing Li, Patrick Marchesiello, Peter P. Sullivan, and Paul S. Hall
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4095–4113, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of the oceanic turbulent boundary layer using the nonhydrostatic CROCO ROMS and NCAR-LES models are compared. CROCO and the NCAR-LES are accurate in a similar manner, but CROCO’s additional features (e.g., nesting and realism) and its compressible turbulence formulation carry additional costs.
Jilian Xiong and Parker MacCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new offline particle tracking package, Tracker v1.1, is introduced to the Regional Ocean Modeling System, featuring an efficient nearest-neighbor algorithm to enhance particle-tracking speed. Its performance was evaluated against four other tracking packages and passive dye. Despite unique features, all packages yield comparable results. Running multiple packages within the same circulation model allows comparison of their performance and ease of use.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Gaetano Porcile, Anne-Claire Bennis, Martial Boutet, Sophie Le Bot, Franck Dumas, and Swen Jullien
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2829–2853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here a new method of modelling the interaction between ocean currents and waves is presented. We developed an advanced coupling of two models, one for ocean currents and one for waves. In previous couplings, some wave-related calculations were based on simplified assumptions. Our method uses more complex calculations to better represent wave–current interactions. We tested it in a macro-tidal coastal area and found that it significantly improves the model accuracy, especially during storms.
Colette Gabrielle Kerry, Moninya Roughan, Shane Keating, David Gwyther, Gary Brassington, Adil Siripatana, and Joao Marcos A. C. Souza
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2359–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting relies on the combination of numerical models and ocean observations through data assimilation (DA). Here we assess the performance of two DA systems in a dynamic western boundary current, the East Australian Current, across a common modelling and observational framework. We show that the more advanced, time-dependent method outperforms the time-independent method for forecast horizons of 5 d. This advocates the use of advanced methods for highly variable oceanic regions.
Ivan Hernandez, Leidy M. Castro-Rosero, Manuel Espino, and Jose M. Alsina Torrent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2221–2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2221-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The LOCATE numerical model was developed to conduct Lagrangian simulations of the transport and dispersion of marine debris at coastal scales. High-resolution hydrodynamic data and a beaching module that used particle distance to the shore for land–water boundary detection were used on a realistic debris discharge scenario comparing hydrodynamic data at various resolutions. Coastal processes and complex geometric structures were resolved when using nested grids and distance-to-shore beaching.
Ngoc B. Trinh, Marine Herrmann, Caroline Ulses, Patrick Marsaleix, Thomas Duhaut, Thai To Duy, Claude Estournel, and R. Kipp Shearman
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1831–1867, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution model was built to study the South China Sea (SCS) water, heat, and salt budgets. Model performance is demonstrated by comparison with observations and simulations. Important discards are observed if calculating offline, instead of online, lateral inflows and outflows of water, heat, and salt. The SCS mainly receives water from the Luzon Strait and releases it through the Mindoro, Taiwan, and Karimata straits. SCS surface interocean water exchanges are driven by monsoon winds.
Louis Thiry, Long Li, Guillaume Roullet, and Etienne Mémin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1749–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new way of solving the quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, a simple set of equations describing ocean dynamics. Our method is solely based on the numerical methods used to solve the equations and requires no parameter tuning. Moreover, it can handle non-rectangular geometries, opening the way to study QG equations on realistic domains. We release a PyTorch implementation to ease future machine-learning developments on top of the presented method.
Zheqi Shen, Yihao Chen, Xiaojing Li, and Xunshu Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1651–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Parameter estimation is the process that optimizes model parameters using observations, which could reduce model errors and improve forecasting. In this study, we conducted parameter estimation experiments using the CESM and the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The obtained initial conditions and parameters are used to perform ensemble forecast experiments for ENSO forecasting. The results revealed that parameter estimation could reduce analysis errors and improve ENSO forecast skills.
Ali Abdolali, Saeideh Banihashemi, Jose Henrique Alves, Aron Roland, Tyler J. Hesser, Mary Anderson Bryant, and Jane McKee Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an overview of the development and implementation of Great Lake Wave Unstructured (GLWUv2.0), including the core model and workflow design and development. The validation was conducted against in situ data for the re-forecasted duration for summer and wintertime (ice season). The article describes the limitations and challenges encountered in the operational environment and the path forward for the next generation of wave forecast systems in enclosed basins like the GL.
Qiang Wang, Qi Shu, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Andy McC. Hogg, Doroteaciro Iovino, Andrew E. Kiss, Nikolay Koldunov, Julien Le Sommer, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Igor Polyakov, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Shizhu Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 347–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing resolution improves model skills in simulating the Arctic Ocean, but other factors such as parameterizations and numerics are at least of the same importance for obtaining reliable simulations.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Luca Arpaia, Christian Ferrarin, Marco Bajo, and Georg Umgiesser
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a discrete multilayer shallow water model based on z-layers which, thanks to the insertion and removal of surface layers, can deal with an arbitrarily large tidal oscillation independently of the vertical resolution. The algorithm is based on a two-step procedure used in numerical simulations with moving boundaries (grid movement followed by a grid topology change, that is, the insertion/removal of surface layers), which avoids the appearance of very thin surface layers.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, France Van Wambeke, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6701–6739, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While several studies have shown that mixotrophs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, the impact of environmental forcings on their dynamics remains poorly investigated. Using a biogeochemical model that considers mixotrophs, we study the impact of light and nutrient concentration on the ecosystem composition in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille. We show that mixotrophs cope better with oligotrophic conditions compared to strict auto- and heterotrophs.
Trygve Halsne, Kai Håkon Christensen, Gaute Hope, and Øyvind Breivik
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6515–6530, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waves that propagate in oceanic or coastal environments get influenced by their surroundings. Changes in the ambient current or the depth profile affect the wave propagation path, and the change in wave direction is called refraction. Some analytical solutions to the governing equations exist under ideal conditions, but for realistic situations, the equations must be solved numerically. Here we present such a numerical solver under an open-source license.
Cited articles
Ansorge, I. J. and Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: Direct observations of eddy turbulence
at a ridge in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14603,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022588, 2005. a
Ansorge, I. J., Baringer, M. P., Campos, E., Dong, S., Fine, R. A., Goni, G.,
Meinen, C., Rerez, R. C., Piola, A. R., Roberts, M. J., Speich, S.,
Sprintall, J., Terre, T., and Van Den Berg, M. A.: Basin-Wide Oceanographic
Array Bridges the South Atlantic, EOS, 95, 53–54,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EO060001, 2014. a
Arakawa, A. and Hsu, Y.-J. G.: Energy Conserving and Potential-Enstrophy
Dissipating Schemes for the Shallow Water Equations, Mon. Weather Rev., 118,
1960–1969, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1960:ECAPED>2.0.CO;2, 1990. a
Arhan, M., Mercier, H., and Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: The disparate evolution of
three Agulhas rings in the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 104,
20987–21005, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900047, 1999. a
Arhan, M., Mercier, H., and Park, Y.-H.: On the deep water circulation of the
eastern South Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. I, 50, 889–916,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00072-4, 2003. a
Artana, C., Ferrari, R., Koenig, Z., Sennéchael, N., Saraceno, M., Piola,
A. R., and Provost, C.: Malvinas Current volume transport at 41∘ S: A 24
yearlong time series consistent with mooring data from 3 decades and
satellite altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 378–398,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013600, 2018. a, b, c
Backeberg, B., Johannessen, J., Bertino, L., and Reason, C.: The greater
Agulhas Current system: An integrated study of its mesoscale variability, J.
Operat. Oceanogr., 1, 29–44, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2008.11020093, 2008. a
Barnier, B., Madec, G., Penduff, T., Molines, J.-M., Treguier, A.-M.,
Le Sommer, J., Beckmann, A., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Dengg, J., Derval,
C., Durand, E., Gulev, S., Remy, E., Talandier, C., Theetten, S., Maltrud,
M., McClean, J., and De Cuevas, B.: Impact of partial steps and momentum
advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting
resolution, Ocean Dynam., 56, 543–567, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1,
2006. a, b, c, d
Beal, L. M.: A Time Series of Agulhas Undercurrent Transport, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 39, 2436–2450, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4195.1, 2009. a, b
Beal, L. M., de Ruijter, W. P. M., Biastoch, A., Zahn, R., SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO
Working Group 136, Cronin, M., Hermes, J., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Quartly,
G., Tozuka, T., Baker-Yeboah, S., Bornman, T., Cipollini, P., Dijkstra, H.,
Hall, I., Park, W., Peeters, F., Penven, P., Ridderinkhof, H., and Zinke, J.:
On the role of the Agulhas system in ocean circulation and climate, Nature,
472, 429–436, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09983, 2011. a, b
Beal, L. M., Elipot, S., Houk, A., and Leber, G. M.: Capturing the Transport
Variability of a Western Boundary Jet: Results from the Agulhas Current
Time-Series Experiment (ACT), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1302–1324,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0119.1, 2015. a, b, c
Beckmann, A. and Döscher, R.: A Method for Improved Representation of Dense
Water Spreading over Topography in Geopotential-Coordinate Models, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 27, 581–591,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0581:AMFIRO>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Behrens, E., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C. W.: Spurious AMOC trends in
global ocean sea-ice models related to subarctic freshwater forcing, Ocean
Modell., 69, 39–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.004, 2013. a
Behrens, E., Våge, K., Harden, B., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C. W.:
Composition and variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water in a
high-resolution numerical model hindcast simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 122,
2830–2846, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012158, 2017. a, b
Biastoch, A. and Böning, C. W.: Anthropogenic impact on Agulhas leakage,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1138–1143, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50243, 2013. a
Biastoch, A., Böning, C., and Lutjeharms, J.: Agulhas leakage dynamics
affects decadal variability in Atlantic overturning circulation, Nature, 456,
489–492, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07426, 2008a. a, b, c
Biastoch, A., Böning, C. W., Getzlaff, J., Molines, J.-M., and Madec, G.:
Causes of interannual-decadal variability in the meridional overturning
circulation of the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean, J. Climate, 21,
6599–6615, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2404.1, 2008b. a
Biastoch, A., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Böning, C. W., and Scheinert, M.:
Mesoscale perturbations control inter-ocean exchange south of Africa,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035132, 2008c. a
Biastoch, A., Beal, L. M., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., and Casal, T. G. D.:
Variability and Coherence of the Agulhas Undercurrent in a High-Resolution
Ocean General Circulation Model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2417–2435,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4184.1, 2009a. a, b, c, d
Biastoch, A., Sein, D., Durgadoo, J. V., Wang, Q., and Danilov, S.: Simulating
the Agulhas system in global ocean models – nesting vs. multi-resolution
unstructured meshes, Ocean Modell., 121, 117–131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.12.002, 2018. a, b, c
Blanke, B. and Delecluse, P.: Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Simulated by a General Circulation Model with Two Different Mixed-Layer
Physics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363–1388,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1363:VOTTAO>2.0.CO;2, 1993. a
Boebel, O., Lutjeharms, J., Schmid, C., Zenk, W., Rossby, T., and Barron, C.:
The Cape Cauldron: A regime of turbulent inter-ocean exchange, Deep Sea Res.
II, 50, 57–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00379-X, 2003. a
Böning, C., Behrens, E., Biastoch, A., and Bamber, J.: Emerging impact of
Greenland meltwater on deepwater formation in the North Atlantic Ocean, Nat.
Geosci., 9, 523–527, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2740, 2016. a, b
Bourdallé-Badie, R. and Treguier, A.: A climatology of runoff for the
global ocean-ice model ORCA025, Mercator-Ocean reference, MOO-RP-425-365-MER,
2006. a
Bryden, H., Beal, L., and Duncan, L.: Structure and Transport of theAgulhas
Current and its temporal variability, J. Oceanogr., 61, 479–492,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0057-8, 2005. a
Casal, T. G. D., Beal, L. M., and Lumpkin, R.: A North Atlantic deep-water eddy
in the Agulhas Current system, Deep Sea Res. I, 53, 1718–1728,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.08.007, 2006. a
Chassignet, E. P., Xu, X., Chassignet, E. P., and Xu, X.: Impact of Horizontal
Resolution (1/12∘ to 1/50∘) on Gulf Stream Separation, Penetration, and
Variability, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 1999–2021,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0031.1, 2017. a
Chelton, D. B., DeSzoeke, R. A., Schlax, M. G., El Naggar, K., and Siwertz,
N.: Geographical Variability of the First Baroclinic Rossby Radius of
Deformation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 433–460,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0433:GVOTFB>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a, b
Cronin, M. F., Tozuka, T., Biastoch, A., Durgadoo, J. V., and Beal, L. M.:
Prevalence of strong bottom currents in the greater Agulhas system, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 40, 1772–1776, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50400, 2013. a
Cunningham, S., Alderson, S., and King, B.: Transport and Variability of the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8084,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001147, 2003. a
de Boyer Montégut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A. S., Lazar, A., and
Iudicone, D.: Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of
profile data and a profile-based climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002378, 2004. a
de Ruijter, W. P. M., Biastoch, A., Drijfhout, S. S., Lutjeharms, J. R. E.,
Matano, R. P., Pichevin, T., van Leeuwen, P. J., and Weijer, W.:
Indian-Atlantic interocean exchange: Dynamics, estimation and impact, J.
Geophys. Res., 104, 20885–20910, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900099,
1999a. a
de Ruijter, W. P. M., van Leeuwen, P. J., and Lutjeharms, J. R. E.:
Generation and evolution of Natal Pulses, solitary meanders in the Agulhas
Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 3043–3055,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<3043:GAEONP>2.0.CO;2, 1999b. a
Debreu, L., Vouland, C., and Blayo, E.: AGRIF: Adaptive grid refinement in
Fortran, Comput. Geosci., 34, 8–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.01.009, 2008. a, b, c, d
DiMarco, S. F., Chapman, P., Nowlin, W. D., Hacker, P., Donohue, K., Luther,
M., Johnson, G. C., and Toole, J.: Volume transport and property
distributions of the Mozambique Channel, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 1481–1511,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00159-X, 2002. a
Donohue, K., Tracey, K., Watts, D., Chidichimo, M. P., and Chereskin, T.: Mean
Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake Passage, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 43, 11760–11767, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070319, 2016. a
Durgadoo, J. V., Rühs, S., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C. W.: Indian
Ocean sources of Agulhas leakage, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 3481–3499,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012676, 2017. a
Evans, G. R., McDonagh, E. L., King, B. A., Bryden, H. L., Bakker, D., Brown,
P. J., Schuster, U., Speer, K. G., and van Heuven, S. M. A. C.: South
Atlantic interbasin exchanges of mass, heat, salt and anthropogenic carbon,
Progr. Oceanogr., 151, 62–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.11.005, 2017. a
Farrow, D. and Stevens, D.: A new tracer advection scheme for Bryan and Cox
type ocean general circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1731–1741,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1731:ANTASF>2.0.CO;2, 1995. a
Fichefet, T. and Maqueda, M. M.: Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to the
treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 102,
12609–12646, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00480, 1997. a
Frajka-Williams, E., Cunningham, S. A., Bryden, H., and King, B. A.:
Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water at 24.5∘ N in the Atlantic, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, C12003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007168, 2011. a
Fricourt, Y., Drijfhout, S., Blanke, B., and Speich, S.: Water Mass Export from
Drake Passage to the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans: A Lagrangian Model
Analysis, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1206–1222, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2748.1, 2005. a
Garzoli, S. L., Baringer, M. O., Dong, S., Perez, R. C., and Yao, Q.: South
Atlantic meridional fluxes, Deep Sea Res. I, 71, 21–32,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.09.003, 2013. a
Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J.: Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:IMIOCM>2.0.CO;2, 1990. a
Goni, G., Bringas, F., and DiNezio, P. N.: Observed low frequency variability
of the Brazil Current front, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C10037,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007198, 2011. a
Gordon, A. L.: Interocean Exchange of Thermocline Water, J. Geophys. Res., 91,
5037–5046, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC091iC04p05037, 1986. a, b
Gordon, A. L.: Oceanography: The brawniest retroflection, Nature, 421,
904–905, https://doi.org/10.1038/421904a, 2003. a, b
Griffies, S. M., Biastoch, A., Böning, C. W., Bryan, F., Danabasoglu, G.,
Chassignet, E. P., England, M. H., Gerdes, R., Haak, H., Hallberg, R. W.,
Hazeleger, W., Jungclaus, J., Large, W. G., Madec, G., Pirani, A., Samuels,
B. L., Scheinert, M., Sen Guptay, A., Severijns, C. A., Simmons, H. L.,
Treguier, A.-M., Winton, M., Yeager, S., and Yin, J.: Coordinated Ocean-Ice
Reference Experiments (COREs), Ocean Modell., 26, 1–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.08.007, 2009. a
Hermes, J., Reason, C., and Lutjeharms, J.: Modeling the Variability of the
Greater Agulhas Current System, J. Climate, 20, 3131–3146,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4154.1, 2007. a
Hollingsworth, A., Kållberg, P., Renner, V., and Burridge, D. M.: An
internal symmetric computational instability, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 109,
417–428, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710946012, 1983. a
Holton, L., Deshayes, J., Backeberg, B. C., Loveday, B. R., Hermes, J. C., and
Reason, C. J. C.: Spatio-temporal characteristics of Agulhas leakage: a model
inter-comparison study, Clim. Dynam., 48, 2107–2121,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3193-5, 2017. a
Hummels, R., Brandt, P., Dengler, M., Fischer, J., Araujo, M., Veleda, D., and
Durgadoo, J. V.: Interannual to decadal changes in the western boundary
circulation in the Atlantic at 11 dg S, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7615–7622,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065254, 2015. a, b, c, d
Krug, M. and Tournadre, J.: Satellite observations of an annual cycle in the
Agulhas Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, C10037, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052335, 2012. a, b
Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.: The global climatology of an interannually
varying air-sea flux data set, Clim. Dynam., 33, 341–364,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3, 2009. a
Laxenaire, R., Speich, S., Blanke, B., Chaigneau, A., Pegliasco, C., and
Stegner, A.: Anticyclonic Eddies Connecting the Western Boundaries of Indian
and Atlantic Oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 7651–7677,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014270, 2018. a
Le Bars, D., Dijkstra, H. A., and de Ruijter, W. P. M.: Impact of the
Indonesian Throughflow on Agulhas leakage, Ocean Sci., 9, 773–785,
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-773-2013, 2013. a
Lee, S.-K., Park, W., van Sebille, E., Baringer, M. O., Wang, C., Enfield,
D. B., Yeager, S. G., and Kirtman, B. P.: What caused the significant
increase in Atlantic Ocean heat content since the mid-20th century?, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L17607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048856, 2011. a
Lemarié, F.: NEMO/AGRIF Nesting tools, User's Guide (30 January 2006),
available at: http://forge.ipsl.jussieu.fr/nemo/attachment/wiki/Users/SetupNewConfiguration/AGRIF-nesting-tool/doc_nesting_tools.pdf
(last access: 9 July 2019), 2006. a
Levitus, S., Boyer, T. P., Conkright, M. E., Brien, T. O., Antonov, J.,
Stephens, C., Stathoplos, L., Johnson, D., and Gelfeld, R.: NOAA Atlas NESDIS
18,World Ocean Database 1998: Volume 1: Introduction, U.S. Gov. Printing
Office, Wash., D.C., 1998. a
Loveday, B., Durgadoo, J. V., Reasnon, C. J., Biastoch, A., and Penven, P.:
Decoupling of the Agulhas Leakage from the Agulhas Current, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 44, 1776–1797, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-093.1, 2014. a, b, c
Lübbecke, J., Durgadoo, J., and Biastoch, A.: Contribution of Increased
Agulhas Leakage to Tropical Atlantic Warming, J. Climate, 28, 9697–9706,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0258.1, 2015. a, b, c
Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: The Agulhas Current, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-37212-1, 2006. a, b
Lutjeharms, J. R. E. and Ansorge, I. J.: The Agulhas Return Current, J. Mar.
Syst., 30, 115–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(01)00041-0, 1997. a
Malan, N., Backeberg, B., Biastoch, A., Durgadoo, J. V., Samuelsen, A., Reason,
C., and Hermes, J.: Agulhas Current Meanders Facilitate Shelf-Slope Exchange
on the Eastern Agulhas Bank, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 4762–4778,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013602, 2018. a
Malan, N., Durgadoo, J. V., A., . B., Reason, C., and Hermes, J.: Multidecadal
wind variability drives temperature shifts on the Agulhas Bank, J. Geophys.
Res., 124, 3021–3035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014614, 2019. a
Martin, T., Park, W., and Latif, M.: Southern Ocean forcing of the North
Atlantic at multi-centennial time scales in the Kiel Climate Model, Deep Sea
Res. II, 114, 39–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.018, 2015. a
Matthes, K., Biastoch, A., Wahl, S., Harlaß, J., Brücher, T., Drews, A.,
Ehlert, D., Getzlaff, K., Krüger, F., Martin, T., Park, W., Rath, W.,
Scheinert, M., Schwarzkopf, F. U., Bayr, T., and Schmidt, H.: The Flexible
Ocean Climate Infrastructure (FOCI): Mean State and Variability, Geosci.
Model Dev., in preperation, 2019. a
McWilliams, J. C.: Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proc. R. Soc. A, 472,
2189, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0117, 2016. a, b
Meinen, C. S., Speich, S., Piola, A. R., Ansorge, I., Campos, E., Kersalé, M.,
Terre, T., Chidichimo, M. P., Lamont, T., Sato, O. T., Perez, R. C., Valla,
D., Berg, M., Le Hénaff, M., Dong, S., and Garzoli, S. L.: Meridional
Overturning Circulation Transport Variability at 34.5∘ S During 2009–2017:
Baroclinic and Barotropic Flows and the Dueling Influence of the Boundaries,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 4180–4188, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077408, 2018. a, b
Molines, J.-M., Barnier, B., Penduff, T., Brodeau, L., Treguier, A., Thetten,
S., and Madec, G.: Definition of the global 1/2 experiment with interannual
forcing, ORCA05-G50 CORE, LEGI report, LEGI-DRA-1-11-2006, 2006. a
Penven, P., Lutjeharms, J., and Florenchie, P.: Madagascar: A pacemaker for the
Agulhas Current system?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026854, 2006. a
Pichevin, T., Nof, D., and Lutjeharms, J.: Why Are There Agulhas Rings?, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 693–707,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0693:WATAR>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a
Piola, A., Franco, B. C., Palma, E., and Saraceno, M.: Multiple jets in the
Malvinas Current, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 2107–2117,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20170, 2013. a
Quartly, G. D., de Cuevas, B. A., and Coward, A. C.: Mozambique Channel
eddies in GCMs: A question of resolution and slippage, Ocean Modell., 63,
56–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.12.011, 2013. a
Rayner, D., Hirschi, J. J. M., Kanzow, T., Johns, W. E., Wright, P.,
Frajka-Williams, E., Bryden, H. L., Meinen, C. S., Baringer, M. O., Marotzke,
J., Beal, L., and Cunningham, S. A.: Monitoring the Atlantic meridional
overturning circulation, Deep Sea Res. II, 58, 1744–1753,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.056, 2011. a
Renault, L., McWilliams, J. C., and Penven, P.: Modulation of the Agulhas
Current Retroflection and Leakage by Oceanic Current Interaction with the
Atmosphere in Coupled Simulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 2077–2100,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0168.1, 2017. a, b
Richardson, P.: Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic estimated with subsurface
floats and surface drifters, Deep Sea Res. I, 54, 1361–1389,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.010, 2007. a, b
Ridderinkhof, H., van der Werf, P. M., Ullgren, J. E., van Aken, H. M., van
Leeuwen, P. J., and de Ruijter, W. P. M.: Seasonal and interannual
variability in the Mozambique Channel from moored current observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 115, C06010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005619, 2010. a
Rouault, M. J. and Penven, P.: New perspectives on Natal Pulses from satellite
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C07013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006866, 2011. a, b
Roullet, G. and Madec, G.: Salt conservation, free surface and varying levels:
a new formulation for ocean general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.,
105, 23927–23942, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900089, 2000. a
Rühs, S., Durgadoo, J., Behrens, E., and Biastoch, A.: Advective timescales
and pathways of Agulhas leakage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3997–4000,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50782, 2013. a, b, c
Rühs, S., Getzlaff, K., Durgadoo, J., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C. W.:
On the suitability of North Brazil Current transport estimates for monitoring
basin-scale AMOC changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8072–8080,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065695, 2015. a, b
Rühs, S., Zhurbas, V., Koszalka, I. M., Durgadoo, J. V., and Biastoch,
A.: Eddy diffusivity estimates from Lagrangian trajectories simulated with
ocean models and surface drifter data – a case study for the greater Agulhas
system, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 175–196, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0048.1,
2017. a
Rühs, S., Schwarzkopf, F. U., Speich, S., and Biastoch, A.: Cold vs. warm
water route - sources for the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation revisited in a high-resolution ocean model, Ocean
Sci., 15, 489–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-489-2019, 2019. a, b
Schouten, M. W., de Ruijter, W. P. M., and van Leeuwen, P. J.: Upstream control
of Agulhas Ring shedding, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000804,
2002. a
Schwarzkopf, F. U.: Data supporting: The INALT family – a set of high-resolution nests of the Agulhas Current system within global NEMO ocean/sea-ice configurations, 2019. a
Scussolini, P., van Sebille, E., and Durgadoo, J. V.: Paleo Agulhas rings enter
the subtropical gyre during the penultimate deglaciation, Clim. Past, 9,
2631–2639, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2631-2013, 2013. a
Smeed, D., McCarthy, G., Rayner, D., Moat, B., Johns, W. Baringer, M., and
Meinen, C.: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the
RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux
Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2017, British
Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council,
https://doi.org/10.5285/5acfd143-1104-7b58-e053-6c86abc0d94b, 2017. a
Speich, S., Blanke, B., and Cai, W.: Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation and the Southern Hemisphere supergyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,
L23614,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031583, 2007. a, b
Steele, M., Morley, R., and Ermold, W.: PHC: A Global Ocean Hydrography with a High-Quality Arctic Ocean, J. Climate, 14, 2079–2087, 2001. a
Steinhardt, J., Cléroux, C., Ullgren, J., de Nooijer, L., Durgadoo, J. V.,
Brummer, G.-J., and Reichart, G.-J.: Anti-cyclonic eddy imprint on calcite
geochemistry of several planktonic foraminiferal species in the Mozambique
Channel, Mar. Micropaleontol., 113, 20–33,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.09.001, 2014. a
Stewart, K., Hogg, A. M., Griffies, S., Heerdegen, A., Ward, M., Spence, P.,
and England, M.: Vertical resolution of baroclinic modes in global ocean
models, Ocean Modell., 113, 50–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.03.012, 2017. a, b, c
Swart, N., Lutjeharms, J., Ridderinkhof, H., , and de Ruijter, W.: Observed
characteristics of Mozambique Channel eddies, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
C09006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005875, 2010. a
Swingedouw, D., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., and Loutre, M. F.: Impact of
transient freshwater releases in the Southern Ocean on the AMOC and climate,
Clim. Dynam., 33, 365–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0496-1, 2009. a
Tim, N., Zorita, E., Schwarzkopf, F. U., Rühs, S., Emeis, K., and Biastoch,
A.: The impact of Agulhas leakage on the central water masses in the Benguela
upwelling system from a high-resolution ocean simulation, J. Geophys. Res.,
123, 9416–9428, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014218, 2018. a
Tsujino, H., Urakawa, S., Nakano, H., Small, R. J., Kim, W. M., Yeager, S. G.,
Danabasoglu, G., Suzuki, T., Bamber, J. L., Bentsen, M., Böning, C. W.,
Bozec, A., Chassignet, E. P., Curchitser, E., Dias, F. B., Durack, P. J.,
Griffies, S. M., Harada, Y., Ilicak, M., Josey, S. A., Kobayashi, C.,
Kobayashi, S., Komuro, Y., Large, W. G., Sommer, J. L., Marsland, S. J.,
Masina, S., Scheinert, M., Tomita, H., Valdivieso, M., and Yamazaki, D.:
JRA-55 based surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do),
Ocean Modell., 130, 79–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.002, 2018. a
Ullgren, J. E., van Aken, H. M., Ridderinkhof, H., and de Ruijter, W. P. M.:
The hydrography of the Mozambique Channel from six years of continuous
temperature, salinity, and velocity observations, Deep Sea Res. I, 69,
36–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.07.003, 2012. a
van Aken, H. M., Van Veldhoven, A., Veth, C., De Ruijter, W., Van Leeuwen,
P., Drijfhout, S., Whittle, C., and Rouault, M.: Observations of a young
Agulhas ring, Astrid, during MARE in March 2000, Deep Sea Res. II, 50,
167–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00383-1, 2003. a
van der Werf, P., van Leeuwen, P., Ridderinkhof, H., and de Ruijter, W.:
Comparison between observations and models of the Mozambique Channel
transport: Seasonal cycle and eddy frequencies, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
C02002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005633, 2010. a, b, c
van Leeuwen, P., de Ruijter, W., and Lutjeharms, J.: Natal pulses and the
formation of Agulhas rings, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6425–6436,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900196, 2000. a
van Sebille, E., Scussolini, P., Durgadoo, J. V., Peeters, F. J., Biastoch, A.,
Weijer, W., Turney, C., Paris, C. B., and Zahn, R.: Ocean currents generate
large footprints in marine palaeoclimate proxies, Nat. Commun., 6,
6521, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7521, 2015. a
Webb, D. J., De Cuevas, B. A., and Richmond, C. S.: Improved advection schemes
for ocean models, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 15, 1171–1187,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<1171:IASFOM>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
Whitworth, T. and Peterson, R. G.: Volume Transport of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current from Bottom Pressure Measurements, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
15, 810–816, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0810:VTOTAC>2.0.CO;2, 1985. a
Zalesak, S. T.: Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for
fluids, Journal of Computational Physics, 31, 335–362,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(79)90051-2, 1979. a
Short summary
A family of nested global ocean general circulation model configurations, the INALT family, has been established with resolutions of 1/10°, 1/20° and 1/60° in the South Atlantic and western Indian oceans, covering the greater Agulhas Current (AC) system. The INALT family provides a consistent set of configurations that allows to address eddy dynamics in the AC system and their impact on the large-scale ocean circulation.
A family of nested global ocean general circulation model configurations, the INALT family, has...
Special issue