Articles | Volume 16, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5601-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5601-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
10 Oct 2023
Model description paper |
| 10 Oct 2023
| 10 Oct 2023
Simulations of idealised 3D atmospheric flows on terrestrial planets using LFRic-Atmosphere
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
Nathan J. Mayne
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
Thomas Bendall
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Ian A. Boutle
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
Alex Brown
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Iva Kavčič
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
James Kent
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Krisztian Kohary
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
James Manners
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Thomas Melvin
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Enrico Olivier
Research Software Engineering, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
Lokesh K. Ragta
Department of Information Technology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Ben Shipway
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Jon Wakelin
Department of Information Technology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Nigel Wood
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Mohamed Zerroukat
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Related authors
Danny McCulloch, Denis E. Sergeev, Nathan Mayne, Matthew Bate, James Manners, Ian Boutle, Benjamin Drummond, and Kristzian Kohary
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 621–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-621-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from the Met Office Unified Model (UM) to study the dry Martian climate. We describe our model set-up conditions and run two scenarios, with radiatively active/inactive dust. We compare both scenarios to results from an existing Mars climate model, the planetary climate model. We find good agreement in winds and air temperatures, but dust amounts differ between models. This study highlights the importance of using the UM for future Mars research.
Justin L. Willson, Kevin A. Reed, Christiane Jablonowski, James Kent, Peter H. Lauritzen, Ramachandran Nair, Mark A. Taylor, Paul A. Ullrich, Colin M. Zarzycki, David M. Hall, Don Dazlich, Ross Heikes, Celal Konor, David Randall, Thomas Dubos, Yann Meurdesoif, Xi Chen, Lucas Harris, Christian Kühnlein, Vivian Lee, Abdessamad Qaddouri, Claude Girard, Marco Giorgetta, Daniel Reinert, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoki Ohno, and Ryuji Yoshida
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential to understanding their behavior in a changing climate. One way this is accomplished is through model intercomparison projects, where results from multiple climate models are analyzed to provide benchmark solutions for the wider climate modeling community. This study describes and analyzes the previously developed TC test case for nine climate models in an intercomparison project, providing solutions that aid in model development.
Mike Bush, Ian Boutle, John Edwards, Anke Finnenkoetter, Charmaine Franklin, Kirsty Hanley, Aravindakshan Jayakumar, Huw Lewis, Adrian Lock, Marion Mittermaier, Saji Mohandas, Rachel North, Aurore Porson, Belinda Roux, Stuart Webster, and Mark Weeks
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1713–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Building on the baseline of RAL1, the RAL2 science configuration is used for regional modelling around the UM partnership and in operations at the Met Office. RAL2 has been tested in different parts of the world including Australia, India and the UK. RAL2 increases medium and low cloud amounts in the mid-latitudes compared to RAL1, leading to improved cloud forecasts and a reduced diurnal cycle of screen temperature. There is also a reduction in the frequency of heavier precipitation rates.
James Kent, Thomas Melvin, and Golo Albert Wimmer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1265–1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1265-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1265-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the Met Office's new shallow water model. The shallow water model is a building block towards the Met Office's new atmospheric dynamical core. The shallow water model is tested on a number of standard spherical shallow water test cases, including flow over mountains and unstable jets. Results show that the model produces similar results to other shallow water models in the literature.
Danny McCulloch, Denis E. Sergeev, Nathan Mayne, Matthew Bate, James Manners, Ian Boutle, Benjamin Drummond, and Kristzian Kohary
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 621–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-621-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from the Met Office Unified Model (UM) to study the dry Martian climate. We describe our model set-up conditions and run two scenarios, with radiatively active/inactive dust. We compare both scenarios to results from an existing Mars climate model, the planetary climate model. We find good agreement in winds and air temperatures, but dust amounts differ between models. This study highlights the importance of using the UM for future Mars research.
Ian Boutle, Wayne Angevine, Jian-Wen Bao, Thierry Bergot, Ritthik Bhattacharya, Andreas Bott, Leo Ducongé, Richard Forbes, Tobias Goecke, Evelyn Grell, Adrian Hill, Adele L. Igel, Innocent Kudzotsa, Christine Lac, Bjorn Maronga, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juerg Schmidli, Johannes Schwenkel, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Benoît Vié
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fog forecasting is one of the biggest problems for numerical weather prediction. By comparing many models used for fog forecasting with others used for fog research, we hoped to help guide forecast improvements. We show some key processes that, if improved, will help improve fog forecasting, such as how water is deposited on the ground. We also showed that research models were not themselves a suitable baseline for comparison, and we discuss what future observations are required to improve them.
Rachel E. Hawker, Annette K. Miltenberger, Jill S. Johnson, Jonathan M. Wilkinson, Adrian A. Hill, Ben J. Shipway, Paul R. Field, Benjamin J. Murray, and Ken S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17315–17343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We find that ice-nucleating particles (INPs), aerosols that can initiate the freezing of cloud droplets, cause substantial changes to the properties of radiatively important convectively generated anvil cirrus. The number concentration of INPs had a large effect on ice crystal number concentration while the INP temperature dependence controlled ice crystal size and cloud fraction. The results indicate information on INP number and source is necessary for the representation of cloud glaciation.
Craig Poku, Andrew N. Ross, Adrian A. Hill, Alan M. Blyth, and Ben Shipway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7271–7292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new aerosol activation scheme suitable for modelling both fog and convective clouds. Most current activation schemes are designed for convective clouds, and we demonstrate that using them to model fog can negatively impact its life cycle. Our scheme has been used to model an observed fog case in the UK, where we demonstrate that a more physically based representation of aerosol activation is required to capture the transition to a deeper layer – more in line with observations.
Rachel E. Hawker, Annette K. Miltenberger, Jonathan M. Wilkinson, Adrian A. Hill, Ben J. Shipway, Zhiqiang Cui, Richard J. Cotton, Ken S. Carslaw, Paul R. Field, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5439–5461, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of aerosols on clouds is a large source of uncertainty for future climate projections. Our results show that the radiative properties of a complex convective cloud field in the Saharan outflow region are sensitive to the temperature dependence of ice-nucleating particle concentrations. This means that differences in the aerosol source or composition, for the same aerosol size distribution, can cause differences in the outgoing radiation from regions dominated by tropical convection.
Mike Bush, Tom Allen, Caroline Bain, Ian Boutle, John Edwards, Anke Finnenkoetter, Charmaine Franklin, Kirsty Hanley, Humphrey Lean, Adrian Lock, James Manners, Marion Mittermaier, Cyril Morcrette, Rachel North, Jon Petch, Chris Short, Simon Vosper, David Walters, Stuart Webster, Mark Weeks, Jonathan Wilkinson, Nigel Wood, and Mohamed Zerroukat
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1999–2029, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we define the first Regional Atmosphere and Land (RAL) science configuration for kilometre-scale modelling using the Unified Model (UM) as the basis for the atmosphere and the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) for the land. RAL1 defines the science configuration of the dynamics and physics schemes of the atmosphere and land. This configuration will provide a model baseline for any future weather or climate model developments to be described against.
Thomas J. Fauchez, Martin Turbet, Eric T. Wolf, Ian Boutle, Michael J. Way, Anthony D. Del Genio, Nathan J. Mayne, Konstantinos Tsigaridis, Ravi K. Kopparapu, Jun Yang, Francois Forget, Avi Mandell, and Shawn D. Domagal Goldman
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 707–716, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-707-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-707-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric characterization of rocky exoplanets orbiting within the habitable zone of nearby M dwarf stars is around the corner with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), expected to be launch in 2021.
Global climate models (GCMs) are powerful tools to model exoplanet atmospheres and to predict their habitability. However, intrinsic differences between the models can lead to various predictions. This paper presents an experiment protocol to evaluate these differences.
David Walters, Anthony J. Baran, Ian Boutle, Malcolm Brooks, Paul Earnshaw, John Edwards, Kalli Furtado, Peter Hill, Adrian Lock, James Manners, Cyril Morcrette, Jane Mulcahy, Claudio Sanchez, Chris Smith, Rachel Stratton, Warren Tennant, Lorenzo Tomassini, Kwinten Van Weverberg, Simon Vosper, Martin Willett, Jo Browse, Andrew Bushell, Kenneth Carslaw, Mohit Dalvi, Richard Essery, Nicola Gedney, Steven Hardiman, Ben Johnson, Colin Johnson, Andy Jones, Colin Jones, Graham Mann, Sean Milton, Heather Rumbold, Alistair Sellar, Masashi Ujiie, Michael Whitall, Keith Williams, and Mohamed Zerroukat
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1909–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1909-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1909-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Global Atmosphere (GA) configurations of the Unified Model (UM) and Global Land (GL) configurations of JULES are developed for use in any global atmospheric modelling application. We describe a recent iteration of these configurations, GA7/GL7, which includes new aerosol and snow schemes and addresses the four critical errors identified in GA6. GA7/GL7 will underpin the UK's contributions to CMIP6, and hence their documentation is important.
Daniel T. McCoy, Paul R. Field, Gregory S. Elsaesser, Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo, Brian H. Kahn, Mark D. Zelinka, Chihiro Kodama, Thorsten Mauritsen, Benoit Vanniere, Malcolm Roberts, Pier L. Vidale, David Saint-Martin, Aurore Voldoire, Rein Haarsma, Adrian Hill, Ben Shipway, and Jonathan Wilkinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1147–1172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The largest single source of uncertainty in the climate sensitivity predicted by global climate models is how much low-altitude clouds change as the climate warms. Models predict that the amount of liquid within and the brightness of low-altitude clouds increase in the extratropics with warming. We show that increased fluxes of moisture into extratropical storms in the midlatitudes explain the majority of the observed trend and the modeled increase in liquid water within these storms.
Gary Lloyd, Thomas W. Choularton, Keith N. Bower, Martin W. Gallagher, Jonathan Crosier, Sebastian O'Shea, Steven J. Abel, Stuart Fox, Richard Cotton, and Ian A. Boutle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17191–17206, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17191-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17191-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The work deals with cold weather outbreaks at high latitudes that often bring severe weather such as heavy snow, lightning and high winds but are poorly forecast by weather models. Here we made measurements of these events and the clouds associated with them using a research aircraft. We found that the properties of these clouds were often very different to what the models predicted, and these results can potentially be used to bring significant improvement to the forecasting of these events.
Robin G. Stevens, Katharina Loewe, Christopher Dearden, Antonios Dimitrelos, Anna Possner, Gesa K. Eirund, Tomi Raatikainen, Adrian A. Hill, Benjamin J. Shipway, Jonathan Wilkinson, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juha Tonttila, Ari Laaksonen, Hannele Korhonen, Paul Connolly, Ulrike Lohmann, Corinna Hoose, Annica M. L. Ekman, Ken S. Carslaw, and Paul R. Field
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11041–11071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11041-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11041-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We perform a model intercomparison of summertime high Arctic clouds. Observed concentrations of aerosol particles necessary for cloud formation fell to extremely low values, coincident with a transition from cloudy to nearly cloud-free conditions. Previous analyses have suggested that at these low concentrations, the radiative properties of the clouds are determined primarily by these particle concentrations. The model results strongly support this hypothesis.
Annette K. Miltenberger, Paul R. Field, Adrian A. Hill, Ben J. Shipway, and Jonathan M. Wilkinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10593–10613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10593-2018, 2018
Ian Boutle, Jeremy Price, Innocent Kudzotsa, Harri Kokkola, and Sami Romakkaniemi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7827–7840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7827-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7827-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol processes are a key mechanism in the development of fog. Poor representation of aerosol–fog interaction can result in large biases in fog forecasts, such as surface temperatures which are too high and fog which is too deep and long lived. A relatively simple representation of aerosol–fog interaction can actually lead to significant improvements in forecasting. Aerosol–fog interaction can have a large effect on the climate system but is poorly represented in climate models.
Daniel T. McCoy, Paul R. Field, Anja Schmidt, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Frida A.-M. Bender, Ben J. Shipway, Adrian A. Hill, Jonathan M. Wilkinson, and Gregory S. Elsaesser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5821–5846, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5821-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5821-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use a combination of global convection-permitting models, satellite observations and the Holuhraun volcanic eruption to demonstrate that aerosol enhances the cloud liquid content and brightness of midlatitude cyclones. This is important because the strength of anthropogenic radiative forcing is uncertain, leading to uncertainty in the climate sensitivity consistent with observed temperature record.
Annette K. Miltenberger, Paul R. Field, Adrian A. Hill, Phil Rosenberg, Ben J. Shipway, Jonathan M. Wilkinson, Robert Scovell, and Alan M. Blyth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3119–3145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3119-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3119-2018, 2018
Daniel P. Grosvenor, Paul R. Field, Adrian A. Hill, and Benjamin J. Shipway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5155–5183, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5155-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5155-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We used a weather model to simulate low-level layer clouds that lie off the coast of Chile and tested how they would be affected by airborne particulate matter (aerosols) according to the model. We found that as aerosols were increased, the clouds reflected more and more of the sun’s incoming energy due to the combined effects of the cloud droplets becoming smaller, the thickening of clouds, and increased areal coverage. However, the latter two effects were only important at low aerosol levels.
David Walters, Ian Boutle, Malcolm Brooks, Thomas Melvin, Rachel Stratton, Simon Vosper, Helen Wells, Keith Williams, Nigel Wood, Thomas Allen, Andrew Bushell, Dan Copsey, Paul Earnshaw, John Edwards, Markus Gross, Steven Hardiman, Chris Harris, Julian Heming, Nicholas Klingaman, Richard Levine, James Manners, Gill Martin, Sean Milton, Marion Mittermaier, Cyril Morcrette, Thomas Riddick, Malcolm Roberts, Claudio Sanchez, Paul Selwood, Alison Stirling, Chris Smith, Dan Suri, Warren Tennant, Pier Luigi Vidale, Jonathan Wilkinson, Martin Willett, Steve Woolnough, and Prince Xavier
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1487–1520, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1487-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1487-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Global Atmosphere (GA) configurations of the Unified Model (UM) and Global Land (GL) configurations of JULES are developed for use in any global atmospheric modelling application.
We describe a recent iteration of these configurations: GA6/GL6. This includes ENDGame: a new dynamical core designed to improve the model's accuracy, stability and scalability. GA6 is now operational in a variety of Met Office and UM collaborators applications and hence its documentation is important.
We describe a recent iteration of these configurations: GA6/GL6. This includes ENDGame: a new dynamical core designed to improve the model's accuracy, stability and scalability. GA6 is now operational in a variety of Met Office and UM collaborators applications and hence its documentation is important.
B. J. Shipway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3803–3814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3803-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3803-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A new parametrization for cloud droplet nucleation is described. This revised approach makes use of a simple look-up table which is very efficient and computationally very cheap. Adopting this approach further allows for a more accurate treatment of the necessary approximations of supersaturation evolution and ultimately leads to a more accurate calculation of peak supersaturation and hence droplet nucleation.
D. N. Walters, K. D. Williams, I. A. Boutle, A. C. Bushell, J. M. Edwards, P. R. Field, A. P. Lock, C. J. Morcrette, R. A. Stratton, J. M. Wilkinson, M. R. Willett, N. Bellouin, A. Bodas-Salcedo, M. E. Brooks, D. Copsey, P. D. Earnshaw, S. C. Hardiman, C. M. Harris, R. C. Levine, C. MacLachlan, J. C. Manners, G. M. Martin, S. F. Milton, M. D. Palmer, M. J. Roberts, J. M. Rodríguez, W. J. Tennant, and P. L. Vidale
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 361–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-361-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-361-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Atmospheric sciences
Exploring the footprint representation of microwave radiance observations in an Arctic limited-area data assimilation system
Analysis of model error in forecast errors of extended atmospheric Lorenz 05 systems and the ECMWF system
Description and validation of Vehicular Emissions from Road Traffic (VERT) 1.0, an R-based framework for estimating road transport emissions from traffic flows
AeroMix v1.0.1: a Python package for modeling aerosol optical properties and mixing states
Impact of ITCZ width on global climate: ITCZ-MIP
Deep-learning-driven simulations of boundary layer clouds over the Southern Great Plains
Mixed-precision computing in the GRIST dynamical core for weather and climate modelling
A conservative immersed boundary method for the multi-physics urban large-eddy simulation model uDALES v2.0
RCEMIP-II: mock-Walker simulations as phase II of the radiative–convective equilibrium model intercomparison project
Objective identification of meteorological fronts and climatologies from ERA-Interim and ERA5
TAMS: a tracking, classifying, and variable-assigning algorithm for mesoscale convective systems in simulated and satellite-derived datasets
Development of the adjoint of the unified tropospheric–stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) in GEOS-Chem adjoint v36
New explicit formulae for the settling speed of prolate spheroids in the atmosphere: theoretical background and implementation in AerSett v2.0.2
ZJU-AERO V0.5: an Accurate and Efficient Radar Operator designed for CMA-GFS/MESO with the capability to simulate non-spherical hydrometeors
The Year of Polar Prediction site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) phase 1: project overview and Arctic winter forecast evaluation
Evaluating CHASER V4.0 global formaldehyde (HCHO) simulations using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based remote-sensing observations
Global variable-resolution simulations of extreme precipitation over Henan, China, in 2021 with MPAS-Atmosphere v7.3
The CHIMERE chemistry-transport model v2023r1
tobac v1.5: introducing fast 3D tracking, splits and mergers, and other enhancements for identifying and analysing meteorological phenomena
Merged Observatory Data Files (MODFs): an integrated observational data product supporting process-oriented investigations and diagnostics
Simulation of marine stratocumulus using the super-droplet method: numerical convergence and comparison to a double-moment bulk scheme using SCALE-SDM 5.2.6-2.3.1
WRF-Comfort: simulating microscale variability in outdoor heat stress at the city scale with a mesoscale model
Representing effects of surface heterogeneity in a multi-plume eddy diffusivity mass flux boundary layer parameterization
Can TROPOMI NO2 satellite data be used to track the drop in and resurgence of NOx emissions in Germany between 2019–2021 using the multi-source plume method (MSPM)?
A spatiotemporally separated framework for reconstructing the sources of atmospheric radionuclide releases
A parameterization scheme for the floating wind farm in a coupled atmosphere–wave model (COAWST v3.7)
RoadSurf 1.1: open-source road weather model library
Calibrating and validating the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) urban cooling model: case studies in France and the United States
The ddeq Python library for point source quantification from remote sensing images (version 1.0)
Incorporating Oxygen Isotopes of Oxidized Reactive Nitrogen in the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism, version 2 (ICOIN-RACM2)
A general comprehensive evaluation method for cross-scale precipitation forecasts
Implementation of a Simple Actuator Disk for Large-Eddy Simulation in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-SADLES v1.2) for wind turbine wake simulation
WRF-PDAF v1.0: implementation and application of an online localized ensemble data assimilation framework
Implementation and evaluation of diabatic advection in the Lagrangian transport model MPTRAC 2.6
An improved and extended parameterization of the CO2 15 µm cooling in the middle and upper atmosphere (CO2_cool_fort-1.0)
Development of a multiphase chemical mechanism to improve secondary organic aerosol formation in CAABA/MECCA (version 4.7.0)
Application of regional meteorology and air quality models based on the microprocessor without interlocked piped stages (MIPS) and LoongArch CPU platforms
Investigating ground-level ozone pollution in semi-arid and arid regions of Arizona using WRF-Chem v4.4 modeling
An objective identification technique for potential vorticity structures associated with African easterly waves
Importance of microphysical settings for climate forcing by stratospheric SO2 injections as modeled by SOCOL-AERv2
Assessment of surface ozone products from downscaled CAMS reanalysis and CAMS daily forecast using urban air quality monitoring stations in Iran
Open boundary conditions for atmospheric large-eddy simulations and their implementation in DALES4.4
Efficient and stable coupling of the SuperdropNet deep-learning-based cloud microphysics (v0.1.0) with the ICON climate and weather model (v2.6.5)
Three-dimensional variational assimilation with a multivariate background error covariance for the Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere with the Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI-MPAS 2.0.0-beta)
FUME 2.0 – Flexible Universal processor for Modeling Emissions
DEUCE v1.0: a neural network for probabilistic precipitation nowcasting with aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties
Evaluation of multi-season convection-permitting atmosphere – mixed-layer ocean simulations of the Maritime Continent
RASCAL v1.0.0: An Open Source Tool for Climatological Time Series Reconstruction and Extension
Selecting CMIP6 GCMs for CORDEX Dynamical Downscaling over Southeast Asia Using a Standardised Benchmarking Framework
Investigating the impact of coupling HARMONIE-WINS50 (cy43) meteorology to LOTOS-EUROS (v2.2.002) on a simulation of NO2 concentrations over the Netherlands
Máté Mile, Stephanie Guedj, and Roger Randriamampianina
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6571–6587, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations provide crucial information about atmospheric constituents in a global distribution that helps to better predict the weather over sparsely observed regions like the Arctic. However, the use of satellite data is usually conservative and imperfect. In this study, a better spatial representation of satellite observations is discussed and explored by a so-called footprint function or operator, highlighting its added value through a case study and diagnostics.
Hynek Bednář and Holger Kantz
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6489–6511, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The forecast error growth of atmospheric phenomena is caused by initial and model errors. When studying the initial error growth, it may turn out that small-scale phenomena, which contribute little to the forecast product, significantly affect the ability to predict this product. With a negative result, we investigate in the extended Lorenz (2005) system whether omitting these phenomena will improve predictability. A theory explaining and describing this behavior is developed.
Giorgio Veratti, Alessandro Bigi, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6465–6487, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present VERT (Vehicular Emissions from Road Traffic), an R package designed to estimate transport emissions using traffic estimates and vehicle fleet composition data. Compared to other tools available in the literature, VERT stands out for its user-friendly configuration and flexibility of user input. Case studies demonstrate its accuracy in both urban and regional contexts, making it a valuable tool for air quality management and transport scenario planning.
Sam P. Raj, Puna Ram Sinha, Rohit Srivastava, Srinivas Bikkina, and Damu Bala Subrahamanyam
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6379–6399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6379-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6379-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Python successor to the aerosol module of the OPAC model, named AeroMix, has been developed, with enhanced capabilities to better represent real atmospheric aerosol mixing scenarios. AeroMix’s performance in modeling aerosol mixing states has been evaluated against field measurements, substantiating its potential as a versatile aerosol optical model framework for next-generation algorithms to infer aerosol mixing states and chemical composition.
Angeline G. Pendergrass, Michael P. Byrne, Oliver Watt-Meyer, Penelope Maher, and Mark J. Webb
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6365–6378, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The width of the tropical rain belt affects many aspects of our climate, yet we do not understand what controls it. To better understand it, we present a method to change it in numerical model experiments. We show that the method works well in four different models. The behavior of the width is unexpectedly simple in some ways, such as how strong the winds are as it changes, but in other ways, it is more complicated, especially how temperature increases with carbon dioxide.
Tianning Su and Yunyan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6319–6336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using 2 decades of field observations over the Southern Great Plains, this study developed a deep-learning model to simulate the complex dynamics of boundary layer clouds. The deep-learning model can serve as the cloud parameterization within reanalysis frameworks, offering insights into improving the simulation of low clouds. By quantifying biases due to various meteorological factors and parameterizations, this deep-learning-driven approach helps bridge the observation–modeling divide.
Siyuan Chen, Yi Zhang, Yiming Wang, Zhuang Liu, Xiaohan Li, and Wei Xue
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6301–6318, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores strategies and techniques for implementing mixed-precision code optimization within an atmosphere model dynamical core. The coded equation terms in the governing equations that are sensitive (or insensitive) to the precision level have been identified. The performance of mixed-precision computing in weather and climate simulations was analyzed.
Sam O. Owens, Dipanjan Majumdar, Chris E. Wilson, Paul Bartholomew, and Maarten van Reeuwijk
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6277–6300, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Designing cities that are resilient, sustainable, and beneficial to health requires an understanding of urban climate and air quality. This article presents an upgrade to the multi-physics numerical model uDALES, which can simulate microscale airflow, heat transfer, and pollutant dispersion in urban environments. This upgrade enables it to resolve realistic urban geometries more accurately and to take advantage of the resources available on current and future high-performance computing systems.
Allison A. Wing, Levi G. Silvers, and Kevin A. Reed
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6195–6225, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the experimental design for a model intercomparison project to study tropical clouds and climate. It is a follow-up from a prior project that used a simplified framework for tropical climate. The new project adds one new component – a specified pattern of sea surface temperatures as the lower boundary condition. We provide example results from one cloud-resolving model and one global climate model and test the sensitivity to the experimental parameters.
Philip G. Sansom and Jennifer L. Catto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6137–6151, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6137-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6137-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Weather fronts bring a lot of rain and strong winds to many regions of the mid-latitudes. We have developed an updated method of identifying these fronts in gridded data that can be used on new datasets with small grid spacing. The method can be easily applied to different datasets due to the use of open-source software for its development and shows improvements over similar previous methods. We present an updated estimate of the average frequency of fronts over the past 40 years.
Kelly M. Núñez Ocasio and Zachary L. Moon
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6035–6049, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
TAMS is an open-source Python-based package for tracking and classifying mesoscale convective systems that can be used to study observed and simulated systems. Each step of the algorithm is described in this paper with examples showing how to make use of visualization and post-processing tools within the package. A unique and valuable feature of this tracker is its support for unstructured grids in the identification stage and grid-independent tracking.
Irene C. Dedoussi, Daven K. Henze, Sebastian D. Eastham, Raymond L. Speth, and Steven R. H. Barrett
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5689–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric model gradients provide a meaningful tool for better understanding the underlying atmospheric processes. Adjoint modeling enables computationally efficient gradient calculations. We present the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem unified chemistry extension (UCX). With this development, the GEOS-Chem adjoint model can capture stratospheric ozone and other processes jointly with tropospheric processes. We apply it to characterize the Antarctic ozone depletion potential of active halogen species.
Sylvain Mailler, Sotirios Mallios, Arineh Cholakian, Vassilis Amiridis, Laurent Menut, and Romain Pennel
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5641–5655, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose two explicit expressions to calculate the settling speed of solid atmospheric particles with prolate spheroidal shapes. The first formulation is based on theoretical arguments only, while the second one is based on computational fluid dynamics calculations. We show that the first method is suitable for virtually all atmospheric aerosols, provided their shape can be adequately described as a prolate spheroid, and we provide an implementation of the first method in AerSett v2.0.2.
Hejun Xie, Lei Bi, and Wei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5657–5688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A radar operator plays a crucial role in utilizing radar observations to enhance numerical weather forecasts. However, developing an advanced radar operator is challenging due to various complexities associated with the wave scattering by non-spherical hydrometeors, radar beam propagation, and multiple platforms. In this study, we introduce a novel radar operator named the Accurate and Efficient Radar Operator developed by ZheJiang University (ZJU-AERO) which boasts several unique features.
Jonathan J. Day, Gunilla Svensson, Barbara Casati, Taneil Uttal, Siri-Jodha Khalsa, Eric Bazile, Elena Akish, Niramson Azouz, Lara Ferrighi, Helmut Frank, Michael Gallagher, Øystein Godøy, Leslie M. Hartten, Laura X. Huang, Jareth Holt, Massimo Di Stefano, Irene Suomi, Zen Mariani, Sara Morris, Ewan O'Connor, Roberta Pirazzini, Teresa Remes, Rostislav Fadeev, Amy Solomon, Johanna Tjernström, and Mikhail Tolstykh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5511–5543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The YOPP site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP), which was designed to facilitate enhanced weather forecast evaluation in polar regions, is discussed here, focussing on describing the archive of forecast data and presenting a multi-model evaluation at Arctic supersites during February and March 2018. The study highlights an underestimation in boundary layer temperature variance that is common across models and a related inability to forecast cold extremes at several of the sites.
Hossain Mohammed Syedul Hoque, Kengo Sudo, Hitoshi Irie, Yanfeng He, and Md Firoz Khan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5545–5571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using multi-platform observations, we validated global formaldehyde (HCHO) simulations from a chemistry transport model. HCHO is a crucial intermediate in the chemical catalytic cycle that governs the ozone formation in the troposphere. The model was capable of replicating the observed spatiotemporal variability in HCHO. In a few cases, the model's capability was limited. This is attributed to the uncertainties in the observations and the model parameters.
Zijun Liu, Li Dong, Zongxu Qiu, Xingrong Li, Huiling Yuan, Dongmei Meng, Xiaobin Qiu, Dingyuan Liang, and Yafei Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5477–5496, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we completed a series of simulations with MPAS-Atmosphere (version 7.3) to study the extreme precipitation event of Henan, China, during 20–22 July 2021. We found the different performance of two built-in parameterization scheme suites (mesoscale and convection-permitting suites) with global quasi-uniform and variable-resolution meshes. This study holds significant implications for advancing the understanding of the scale-aware capability of MPAS-Atmosphere.
Laurent Menut, Arineh Cholakian, Romain Pennel, Guillaume Siour, Sylvain Mailler, Myrto Valari, Lya Lugon, and Yann Meurdesoif
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5431–5457, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5431-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5431-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new version of the CHIMERE model is presented. This version contains both computational and physico-chemical changes. The computational changes make it easy to choose the variables to be extracted as a result, including values of maximum sub-hourly concentrations. Performance tests show that the model is 1.5 to 2 times faster than the previous version for the same setup. Processes such as turbulence, transport schemes and dry deposition have been modified and updated.
G. Alexander Sokolowsky, Sean W. Freeman, William K. Jones, Julia Kukulies, Fabian Senf, Peter J. Marinescu, Max Heikenfeld, Kelcy N. Brunner, Eric C. Bruning, Scott M. Collis, Robert C. Jackson, Gabrielle R. Leung, Nils Pfeifer, Bhupendra A. Raut, Stephen M. Saleeby, Philip Stier, and Susan C. van den Heever
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5309–5330, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Building on previous analysis tools developed for atmospheric science, the original release of the Tracking and Object-Based Analysis (tobac) Python package, v1.2, was open-source, modular, and insensitive to the type of gridded input data. Here, we present the latest version of tobac, v1.5, which substantially improves scientific capabilities and computational efficiency from the previous version. These enhancements permit new uses for tobac in atmospheric science and potentially other fields.
Taneil Uttal, Leslie M. Hartten, Siri Jodha Khalsa, Barbara Casati, Gunilla Svensson, Jonathan Day, Jareth Holt, Elena Akish, Sara Morris, Ewan O'Connor, Roberta Pirazzini, Laura X. Huang, Robert Crawford, Zen Mariani, Øystein Godøy, Johanna A. K. Tjernström, Giri Prakash, Nicki Hickmon, Marion Maturilli, and Christopher J. Cox
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5225–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Merged Observatory Data File (MODF) format to systematically collate complex atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial data sets collected by multiple instruments during field campaigns is presented. The MODF format is also designed to be applied to model output data, yielding format-matching Merged Model Data Files (MMDFs). MODFs plus MMDFs will augment and accelerate the synergistic use of model results with observational data to increase understanding and predictive skill.
Chongzhi Yin, Shin-ichiro Shima, Lulin Xue, and Chunsong Lu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5167–5189, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate numerical convergence properties of a particle-based numerical cloud microphysics model (SDM) and a double-moment bulk scheme for simulating a marine stratocumulus case, compare their results with model intercomparison project results, and present possible explanations for the different results of the SDM and the bulk scheme. Aerosol processes can be accurately simulated using SDM, and this may be an important factor affecting the behavior and morphology of marine stratocumulus.
Alberto Martilli, Negin Nazarian, E. Scott Krayenhoff, Jacob Lachapelle, Jiachen Lu, Esther Rivas, Alejandro Rodriguez-Sanchez, Beatriz Sanchez, and José Luis Santiago
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5023–5039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present a model that quantifies the thermal stress and its microscale variability at a city scale with a mesoscale model. This tool can have multiple applications, from early warnings of extreme heat to the vulnerable population to the evaluation of the effectiveness of heat mitigation strategies. It is the first model that includes information on microscale variability in a mesoscale model, something that is essential for fully evaluating heat stress.
Nathan P. Arnold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5041–5056, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system models often represent the land surface at smaller scales than the atmosphere, but surface–atmosphere coupling uses only aggregated surface properties. This study presents a method to allow heterogeneous surface properties to modify boundary layer updrafts. The method is tested in single column experiments. Updraft properties are found to reasonably covary with surface conditions, and simulated boundary layer variability is enhanced over more heterogeneous land surfaces.
Enrico Dammers, Janot Tokaya, Christian Mielke, Kevin Hausmann, Debora Griffin, Chris McLinden, Henk Eskes, and Renske Timmermans
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4983–5007, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen dioxide (NOx) is produced by sources such as industry and traffic and is directly linked to negative impacts on health and the environment. The current construction of emission inventories to keep track of NOx emissions is slow and time-consuming. Satellite measurements provide a way to quickly and independently estimate emissions. In this study, we apply a consistent methodology to derive NOx emissions over Germany and illustrate the value of having such a method for fast projections.
Yuhan Xu, Sheng Fang, Xinwen Dong, and Shuhan Zhuang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4961–4982, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent atmospheric radionuclide leakages from unknown sources have posed a new challenge in nuclear emergency assessment. Reconstruction via environmental observations is the only feasible way to identify sources, but simultaneous reconstruction of the source location and release rate yields high uncertainties. We propose a spatiotemporally separated reconstruction strategy that avoids these uncertainties and outperforms state-of-the-art methods with respect to accuracy and uncertainty ranges.
Shaokun Deng, Shengmu Yang, Shengli Chen, Daoyi Chen, Xuefeng Yang, and Shanshan Cui
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4891–4909, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global offshore wind power development is moving from offshore to deeper waters, where floating offshore wind turbines have an advantage over bottom-fixed turbines. However, current wind farm parameterization schemes in mesoscale models are not applicable to floating turbines. We propose a floating wind farm parameterization scheme that accounts for the attenuation of the significant wave height by floating turbines. The results indicate that it has a significant effect on the power output.
Virve Eveliina Karsisto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4837–4853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
RoadSurf is an open-source library that contains functions from the Finnish Meteorological Institute’s road weather model. The evaluation of the library shows that it is well suited for making road surface temperature forecasts. The evaluation was done by making forecasts for about 400 road weather stations in Finland with the library. Accurate forecasts help road authorities perform salting and plowing operations at the right time and keep roads safe for drivers.
Perrine Hamel, Martí Bosch, Léa Tardieu, Aude Lemonsu, Cécile de Munck, Chris Nootenboom, Vincent Viguié, Eric Lonsdorf, James A. Douglass, and Richard P. Sharp
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4755–4771, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The InVEST Urban Cooling model estimates the cooling effect of vegetation in cities. We further developed an algorithm to facilitate model calibration and evaluation. Applying the algorithm to case studies in France and in the United States, we found that nighttime air temperature estimates compare well with reference datasets. Estimated change in temperature from a land cover scenario compares well with an alternative model estimate, supporting the use of the model for urban planning decisions.
Gerrit Kuhlmann, Erik Koene, Sandro Meier, Diego Santaren, Grégoire Broquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Janne Hakkarainen, Janne Nurmela, Laia Amorós, Johanna Tamminen, and Dominik Brunner
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4773–4789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a Python software library for data-driven emission quantification (ddeq). It can be used to determine the emissions of hot spots (cities, power plants and industry) from remote sensing images using different methods. ddeq can be extended for new datasets and methods, providing a powerful community tool for users and developers. The application of the methods is shown using Jupyter notebooks included in the library.
Wendell W. Walters, Masayuki Takeuchi, Nga L. Ng, and Meredith G. Hastings
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4673–4687, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study introduces a novel chemical mechanism for explicitly tracking oxygen isotope transfer in oxidized reactive nitrogen and odd oxygen using the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism, version 2. This model enhances our ability to simulate and compare oxygen isotope compositions of reactive nitrogen, revealing insights into oxidation chemistry. The approach shows promise for improving atmospheric chemistry models and tropospheric oxidation capacity predictions.
Bing Zhang, Mingjian Zeng, Anning Huang, Zhengkun Qin, Couhua Liu, Wenru Shi, Xin Li, Kefeng Zhu, Chunlei Gu, and Jialing Zhou
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4579–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4579-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4579-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By directly analyzing the proximity of precipitation forecasts and observations, a precipitation accuracy score (PAS) method was constructed. This method does not utilize a traditional contingency-table-based classification verification; however, it can replace the threat score (TS), equitable threat score (ETS), and other skill score methods, and it can be used to calculate the accuracy of numerical models or quantitative precipitation forecasts.
Hai Bui, Mostafa Bakhoday-Paskyabi, and Mohammadreza Mohammadpour-Penchah
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4447–4465, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new wind turbine wake model, the Simple Actuator Disc for Large Eddy Simulation (SADLES), integrated with the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. WRF-SADLES accurately simulates wind turbine wakes at resolutions of a few dozen meters, aligning well with idealized simulations and observational measurements. This makes WRF-SADLES a promising tool for wind energy research, offering a balance between accuracy, computational efficiency, and ease of implementation.
Changliang Shao and Lars Nerger
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4433–4445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces and evaluates WRF-PDAF, a fully online-coupled ensemble data assimilation (DA) system. A key advantage of the WRF-PDAF configuration is its ability to concurrently integrate all ensemble states, eliminating the need for time-consuming distribution and collection of ensembles during the coupling communication. The extra time required for DA amounts to only 20.6 % per cycle. Twin experiment results underscore the effectiveness of the WRF-PDAF system.
Jan Clemens, Lars Hoffmann, Bärbel Vogel, Sabine Grießbach, and Nicole Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4467–4493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Lagrangian transport models simulate the transport of air masses in the atmosphere. For example, one model (CLaMS) is well suited to calculating transport as it uses a special coordinate system and special vertical wind. However, it only runs inefficiently on modern supercomputers. Hence, we have implemented the benefits of CLaMS into a new model (MPTRAC), which is already highly efficient on modern supercomputers. Finally, in extensive tests, we showed that CLaMS and MPTRAC agree very well.
Manuel López-Puertas, Federico Fabiano, Victor Fomichev, Bernd Funke, and Daniel R. Marsh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4401–4432, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative infrared cooling of CO2 in the middle atmosphere is crucial for computing its thermal structure. It requires one however to include non-local thermodynamic equilibrium processes which are computationally very expensive, which cannot be afforded by climate models. In this work, we present an updated, efficient, accurate and very fast (~50 µs) parameterization of that cooling able to cope with CO2 abundances from half the pre-industrial values to 10 times the current abundance.
Felix Wieser, Rolf Sander, Changmin Cho, Hendrik Fuchs, Thorsten Hohaus, Anna Novelli, Ralf Tillmann, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4311–4330, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4311-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemistry scheme of the atmospheric box model CAABA/MECCA is expanded to achieve an improved aerosol formation from emitted organic compounds. In addition to newly added reactions, temperature-dependent partitioning of all new species between the gas and aqueous phases is estimated and included in the pre-existing scheme. Sensitivity runs show an overestimation of key compounds from isoprene, which can be explained by a lack of aqueous-phase degradation reactions and box model limitations.
Zehua Bai, Qizhong Wu, Kai Cao, Yiming Sun, and Huaqiong Cheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4383–4399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is relatively limited research on the application of scientific computing on RISC CPU platforms. The MIPS architecture CPUs, a type of RISC CPUs, have distinct advantages in energy efficiency and scalability. The air quality modeling system can run stably on the MIPS and LoongArch platforms, and the experiment results verify the stability of scientific computing on the platforms. The work provides a technical foundation for the scientific application based on MIPS and LoongArch.
Yafang Guo, Chayan Roychoudhury, Mohammad Amin Mirrezaei, Rajesh Kumar, Armin Sorooshian, and Avelino F. Arellano
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4331–4353, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research focuses on surface ozone (O3) pollution in Arizona, a historically air-quality-challenged arid and semi-arid region in the US. The unique characteristics of this kind of region, e.g., intense heat, minimal moisture, and persistent desert shrubs, play a vital role in comprehending O3 exceedances. Using the WRF-Chem model, we analyzed O3 levels in the pre-monsoon month, revealing the model's skill in capturing diurnal and MDA8 O3 levels.
Christoph Fischer, Andreas H. Fink, Elmar Schömer, Marc Rautenhaus, and Michael Riemer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4213–4228, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4213-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method for identifying and tracking 3-D potential vorticity structures within African easterly waves (AEWs). Each identified structure is characterized by descriptors, including its 3-D position and orientation, which have been validated through composite comparisons. A trough-centric perspective on the descriptors reveals the evolution and distinct characteristics of AEWs. These descriptors serve as valuable statistical inputs for the study of AEW-related phenomena.
Sandro Vattioni, Andrea Stenke, Beiping Luo, Gabriel Chiodo, Timofei Sukhodolov, Elia Wunderlin, and Thomas Peter
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4181–4197, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the sensitivity of aerosol size distributions in the presence of strong SO2 injections for climate interventions or after volcanic eruptions to the call sequence and frequency of the routines for nucleation and condensation in sectional aerosol models with operator splitting. Using the aerosol–chemistry–climate model SOCOL-AERv2, we show that the radiative and chemical outputs are sensitive to these settings at high H2SO4 supersaturations and how to obtain reliable results.
Najmeh Kaffashzadeh and Abbas-Ali Aliakbari Bidokhti
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4155–4179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4155-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4155-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses the capability of two state-of-the-art global datasets in simulating surface ozone over Iran using a new methodology. It is found that the global model data need to be downscaled for regulatory purposes or policy applications at local scales. The method can be useful not only for the evaluation but also for the prediction of other chemical species, such as aerosols.
Franciscus Liqui Lung, Christian Jakob, A. Pier Siebesma, and Fredrik Jansson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4053–4076, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Traditionally, high-resolution atmospheric models employ periodic boundary conditions, which limit simulations to domains without horizontal variations. In this research open boundary conditions are developed to replace the periodic boundary conditions. The implementation is tested in a controlled setup, and the results show minimal disturbances. Using these boundary conditions, high-resolution models can be forced by a coarser model to study atmospheric phenomena in realistic background states.
Caroline Arnold, Shivani Sharma, Tobias Weigel, and David S. Greenberg
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4017–4029, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In atmospheric models, rain formation is simplified to be computationally efficient. We trained a machine learning model, SuperdropNet, to emulate warm-rain formation based on super-droplet simulations. Here, we couple SuperdropNet with an atmospheric model in a warm-bubble experiment and find that the coupled simulation runs stable and produces reasonable results, making SuperdropNet a viable ML proxy for droplet simulations. We also present a comprehensive benchmark for coupling architectures.
Byoung-Joo Jung, Benjamin Ménétrier, Chris Snyder, Zhiquan Liu, Jonathan J. Guerrette, Junmei Ban, Ivette Hernández Baños, Yonggang G. Yu, and William C. Skamarock
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3879–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3879-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3879-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the multivariate static background error covariance (B) for the JEDI-MPAS 3D-Var data assimilation system. With tuned B parameters, the multivariate B gives physically balanced analysis increment fields in the single-observation test framework. In the month-long cycling experiment with a global 60 km mesh, 3D-Var with static B performs stably. Due to its simple workflow and minimal computational requirements, JEDI-MPAS 3D-Var can be useful for the research community.
Michal Belda, Nina Benešová, Jaroslav Resler, Peter Huszár, Ondřej Vlček, Pavel Krč, Jan Karlický, Pavel Juruš, and Kryštof Eben
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3867–3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For modeling atmospheric chemistry, it is necessary to provide data on emissions of pollutants. These can come from various sources and in various forms, and preprocessing of the data to be ingestible by chemistry models can be quite challenging. We developed the FUME processor to use a database layer that internally transforms all input data into a rigid structure, facilitating further processing to allow for emission processing from the continental to the street scale.
Bent Harnist, Seppo Pulkkinen, and Terhi Mäkinen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3839–3866, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Probabilistic precipitation nowcasting (local forecasting for 0–6 h) is crucial for reducing damage from events like flash floods. For this goal, we propose the DEUCE neural-network-based model which uses data and model uncertainties to generate an ensemble of potential precipitation development scenarios for the next hour. Trained and evaluated with Finnish precipitation composites, DEUCE was found to produce more skillful and reliable nowcasts than established models.
Emma Howard, Steven Woolnough, Nicholas Klingaman, Daniel Shipley, Claudio Sanchez, Simon C. Peatman, Cathryn E. Birch, and Adrian J. Matthews
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3815–3837, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a coupled atmosphere–mixed-layer ocean simulation setup that will be used to study weather processes in Southeast Asia. The set-up has been used to compare high-resolution simulations, which are able to partially resolve storms, to coarser simulations, which cannot. We compare the model performance at representing variability of rainfall and sea surface temperatures across length scales between the coarse and fine models.
Álvaro González-Cervera and Luis Durán
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-958, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-958, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
RASCAL is an open-source Python tool designed for reconstructing daily climate observations, especially in regions with complex local phenomena. It merges large-scale weather patterns with local weather using the Analog Method. Evaluations in central Spain show that RASCAL outperforms ERA20C reanalysis in reconstructing precipitation and temperature. RASCAL offers opportunities of broad scientific applications, from short-term forecasts to local-scale climate change scenarios.
Phuong Loan Nguyen, Lisa V. Alexander, Marcus J. Thatcher, Son C. H. Truong, Rachael N. Isphording, and John L. McGregor
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-84, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-84, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We apply a comprehensive approach to select a subset of CMIP6 that is suitable for dynamical downscaling over Southeast Asia by considering model performance, model independence, data availability, and future climate change spread. The standardised benchmarking framework is applied to identify a subset of models through two stages of assessment: statistical-based and process-based metrics. We finalize a sub-set of two independent models for dynamical downscaling over Southeast Asia.
Andrés Yarce Botero, Michiel van Weele, Arjo Segers, Pier Siebesma, and Henk Eskes
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3765–3781, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
HARMONIE WINS50 reanalysis data with 0.025° × 0.025° resolution from 2019 to 2021 were coupled with the LOTOS-EUROS Chemical Transport Model. HARMONIE and ECMWF meteorology configurations against Cabauw observations (52.0° N, 4.9° W) were evaluated as simulated NO2 concentrations with ground-level sensors. Differences in crucial meteorological input parameters (boundary layer height, vertical diffusion coefficient) between the hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models were analysed.
Cited articles
Adams, S., Ford, R., Hambley, M., Hobson, J., Kavčič, I., Maynard, C.,
Melvin, T., Müller, E., Mullerworth, S., Porter, A., Rezny, M., Shipway, B.,
and Wong, R.: LFRic: Meeting the challenges of scalability and
performance portability in Weather and Climate models, J.
Parall. Distr. Com., 132, 383–396,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.02.007, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Amundsen, D. S., Mayne, N. J., Baraffe, I., Manners, J., Tremblin, P.,
Drummond, B., Smith, C., Acreman, D. M., and Homeier, D.: The UK Met
Office global circulation model with a sophisticated radiation scheme
applied to the hot Jupiter HD 209458b, Astron. Astrophys., 595, A36,
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629183, 2016. a, b
Balaji, V., Couvreux, F., Deshayes, J., Gautrais, J., Hourdin, F., and Rio, C.:
Are general circulation models obsolete?, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 119, e2202075119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202075119, 2022. a
Barnes, R.: Tidal locking of habitable exoplanets, Celest. Mech.
Dyn. Astr., 129, 509–536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-017-9783-7, 2017. a
Bendall, T. M., Gibson, T. H., Shipton, J., Cotter, C. J., and Shipway, B.: A
compatible finite-element discretisation for the moist compressible Euler
equations, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146,
3187–3205, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3841, 2020. a
Bendall, T. M., Wood, N., Thuburn, J., and Cotter, C. J.: A solution to the
trilemma of the moist Charney–Phillips staggering, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 149, 262–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4406, 2022. a
Best, M. J., Pryor, M., Clark, D. B., Rooney, G. G., Essery, R. L. H., Ménard, C. B., Edwards, J. M., Hendry, M. A., Porson, A., Gedney, N., Mercado, L. M., Sitch, S., Blyth, E., Boucher, O., Cox, P. M., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Harding, R. J.: The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 677–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011, 2011. a, b
Boutle, I. A., Eyre, J. E. J., and Lock, A. P.: Seamless Stratocumulus
Simulation across the Turbulent Gray Zone, Mon. Weather Rev.,
142, 1655–1668, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00229.1, 2014. a
Boutle, I. A., Mayne, N. J., Drummond, B., Manners, J., Goyal, J.,
Hugo Lambert, F., Acreman, D. M., and Earnshaw, P. D.: Exploring the climate
of Proxima B with the Met Office Unified Model, Astron.
Astrophys., 601, A120, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630020, 2017. a
Boutle, I. A., Joshi, M., Lambert, F. H., Mayne, N. J., Lyster, D., Manners,
J., Ridgway, R., and Kohary, K.: Mineral dust increases the habitability of
terrestrial planets but confounds biomarker detection, Nat. Commun.,
11, 2731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16543-8, 2020. a, b
Braam, M., Palmer, P. I., Decin, L., Ridgway, R. J., Zamyatina, M., Mayne,
N. J., Sergeev, D. E., and Abraham, N. L.: Lightning-induced chemistry on
tidally-locked Earth-like exoplanets, Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 517, 2383–2402, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2722, 2022. a, b
Brown, A. R., Beare, R. J., Edwards, J. M., Lock, A. P., Keogh, S. J., Milton,
S. F., and Walters, D. N.: Upgrades to the Boundary-Layer Scheme in the
Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction Model, Bound.-Lay.
Meteorol., 128, 117–132, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9275-0,
2008. a
Carone, L., Keppens, R., and Decin, L.: Connecting the dots – II. Phase
changes in the climate dynamics of tidally locked terrestrial exoplanets,
Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 453, 2413–2438,
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1752, 2015. a
Carone, L., Keppens, R., and Decin, L.: Connecting the dots – III.
Nightside cooling and surface friction affect climates of tidally locked
terrestrial planets, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 461,
1981–2002, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1265,
2016. a
Carone, L., Keppens, R., Decin, L., and Henning, T.: Stratosphere circulation
on tidally locked ExoEarths, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 473, 4672–4685, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2732,
Publisher: Oxford Academic, 2018. a, b
Christie, D. A., Mayne, N. J., Lines, S., Parmentier, V., Manners, J., Boutle,
I., Drummond, B., Mikal-Evans, T., Sing, D. K., and Kohary, K.: The impact of
mixing treatments on cloud modelling in 3D simulations of hot Jupiters,
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 506, 4500–4515,
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2027, 2021. a, b
Christie, D. A., Lee, E. K. H., Innes, H., Noti, P. A., Charnay, B., Fauchez,
T. J., Mayne, N. J., Deitrick, R., Ding, F., Greco, J. J., Hammond, M.,
Malsky, I., Mandell, A., Rauscher, E., Roman, M. T., Sergeev, D. E., Sohl,
L., Steinrueck, M. E., Turbet, M., Wolf, E. T., Zamyatina, M., and Carone,
L.: CAMEMBERT: A Mini-Neptunes General Circulation Model
Intercomparison, Protocol Version 1.0.A CUISINES Model
Intercomparison Project, Planet. Sci. J., 3, 261,
https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac9dfe, 2022. a, b
Cohen, M., Bollasina, M. A., Palmer, P. I., Sergeev, D. E., Boutle, I. A.,
Mayne, N. J., and Manners, J.: Longitudinally Asymmetric Stratospheric
Oscillation on a Tidally Locked Exoplanet, Astrophys. J.,
930, 152, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac625d, 2022. a, b
Cotter, C. and Shipton, J.: Mixed finite elements for numerical weather
prediction, J. Comput. Phys., 231, 7076–7091,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2012.05.020, 2012. a
Dressing, C. D. and Charbonneau, D.: The occurrence of potentially
habitable planets orbiting m dwarfs estimated from the full
Kepler dataset and an empirical measurement of the
detection sensitivity, Astrophys. J., 807, 45,
https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/45, 2015. a
Drummond, B., Hébrard, E., Mayne, N. J., Venot, O., Ridgway, R. J., Changeat,
Q., Tsai, S.-M., Manners, J., Tremblin, P., Abraham, N. L., Sing, D., and
Kohary, K.: Implications of three-dimensional chemical transport in hot
Jupiter atmospheres: Results from a consistently coupled
chemistry-radiation-hydrodynamics model, Astron. Astrophys., 636, A68,
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937153, 2020. a
Eager-Nash, J. K., Reichelt, D. J., Mayne, N. J., Lambert, F. H., Sergeev,
D. E., Ridgway, R. J., Manners, J., Boutle, I. A., Lenton, T. M., and Kohary,
K.: Implications of different stellar spectra for the climate of tidally
locked Earth-like exoplanets, Astron. Astrophys., 639, A99,
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038089, 2020. a, b
Edson, A., Lee, S., Bannon, P., Kasting, J. F., and Pollard, D.: Atmospheric
circulations of terrestrial planets orbiting low-mass stars, Icarus, 212,
1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.023, 2011. a
Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A.: Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I:
Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 689–719, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107,
1996. a
Fauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Wolf, E. T., Boutle, I., Way, M. J., Del Genio, A. D., Mayne, N. J., Tsigaridis, K., Kopparapu, R. K., Yang, J., Forget, F., Mandell, A., and Domagal Goldman, S. D.: TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI): motivations and protocol version 1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 707–716, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-707-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Fauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Sergeev, D. E., Mayne, N. J., Spiga, A., Sohl, L.,
Saxena, P., Deitrick, R., Gilli, G., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Forget, F.,
Consentino, R., Barnes, R., Haqq-Misra, J., Way, M. J., Wolf, E. T., Olson,
S., Crouse, J. S., Janin, E., Bolmont, E., Leconte, J., Chaverot, G., Jaziri,
Y., Tsigaridis, K., Yang, J., Pidhorodetska, D., Kopparapu, R. K., Chen, H.,
Boutle, I. A., Lefevre, M., Charnay, B., Burnett, A., Cabra, J., and Bouldin,
N.: TRAPPIST Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) Workshop
Report, Planet. Sci. J., 2, 106, https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abf4df,
2021. a, b, c, d
Fauchez, T. J., Villanueva, G. L., Sergeev, D. E., Turbet, M., Boutle, I. A.,
Tsigaridis, K., Way, M. J., Wolf, E. T., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Forget, F.,
Haqq-Misra, J., Kopparapu, R. K., Manners, J., and Mayne, N. J.: The
TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). III.
Simulated Observables – the Return of the Spectrum, Planet.
Sci. J., 3, 213, https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac6cf1,
2022. a
Ge, H., Li, C., Zhang, X., and Lee, D.: A Global Nonhydrostatic
Atmospheric Model with a Mass- and Energy-conserving Vertically
Implicit Correction (VIC) Scheme, Astrophys. J., 898,
130, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ec7, 2020. a
Gillon, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Demory, B.-O., Jehin, E., Agol, E., Deck,
K. M., Lederer, S. M., de Wit, J., Burdanov, A., Ingalls, J. G., Bolmont, E.,
Leconte, J., Raymond, S. N., Selsis, F., Turbet, M., Barkaoui, K., Burgasser,
A., Burleigh, M. R., Carey, S. J., Chaushev, A., Copperwheat, C. M., Delrez,
L., Fernandes, C. S., Holdsworth, D. L., Kotze, E. J., Van Grootel, V.,
Almleaky, Y., Benkhaldoun, Z., Magain, P., and Queloz, D.: Seven temperate
terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1,
Nature, 542, 456–460, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21360, 2017. a
Gregory, D. and Rowntree, P. R.: A Mass Flux Convection Scheme with
Representation of Cloud Ensemble Characteristics and
Stability-Dependent Closure, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 1483–1506,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1483:AMFCSW>2.0.CO;2, iSBN: 0027-0644, 1990. a
Hammond, M. and Lewis, N. T.: The rotational and divergent components of
atmospheric circulation on tidally locked planets, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2022705118,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022705118, 2021. a
Haqq-Misra, J., Wolf, E. T., Joshi, M., Zhang, X., and Kopparapu, R. K.:
Demarcating Circulation Regimes of Synchronously Rotating
Terrestrial Planets within the Habitable Zone, Astrophys.
J., 852, 67, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9f1f, 2018. a
Haqq-Misra, J., Wolf, E. T., Fauchez, T. J., Shields, A. L., and Kopparapu,
R. K.: The Sparse Atmospheric Model Sampling Analysis (SAMOSA)
Intercomparison: Motivations and Protocol Version 1.0: A CUISINES
Model Intercomparison Project, Planet. Sci. J., 3, 260,
https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac9479, 2022. a
Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P.,
Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R.,
Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río,
J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., Gérard-Marchant, P., Sheppard, K., Reddy,
T., Weckesser, W., Abbasi, H., Gohlke, C., and Oliphant, T. E.: Array
programming with NumPy, Nature, 585, 357–362,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2, 2020a. a
Harris, L., Zhou, L., Lin, S., Chen, J., Chen, X., Gao, K., Morin, M., Rees,
S., Sun, Y., Tong, M., Xiang, B., Bender, M., Benson, R., Cheng, K., Clark,
S., Elbert, O. D., Hazelton, A., Huff, J. J., Kaltenbaugh, A., Liang, Z.,
Marchok, T., Shin, H. H., and Stern, W.: GFDL SHiELD: A Unified
System for Weather-to-Seasonal Prediction, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2020MS002223, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002223,
2020b. a
Heng, K. and Vogt, S. S.: Gliese 581g as a scaled-up version of Earth:
atmospheric circulation simulations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 415, 2145–2157,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18853.x, 2011. a, b
Hunter, J. D.: Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment, Comput.
Sci. Eng., 9, 90–95, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55, 2007. a
Joshi, M. M., Elvidge, A. D., Wordsworth, R., and Sergeev, D.: Earth’s
Polar Night Boundary Layer as an Analog for Dark Side
Inversions on Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Exoplanets,
Astrophys. J., 892, L33, https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab7fb3, 2020. a
Komacek, T. D. and Abbot, D. S.: The Atmospheric Circulation and Climate
of Terrestrial Planets Orbiting Sun-like and M Dwarf Stars over
a Broad Range of Planetary Parameters, Astrophys. J.,
871, 245, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafb33, 2019. a
Komacek, T. D., Gao, P., Thorngren, D. P., May, E. M., and Tan, X.: The
Effect of Interior Heat Flux on the Atmospheric Circulation of
Hot and Ultra-hot Jupiters, Astrophys. J. Lett., 941,
L40, https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca975, 2022. a, b
Kopparapu, R. K., Wolf, E. T., Arney, G., Batalha, N. E., Haqq-Misra, J.,
Grimm, S. L., and Heng, K.: Habitable Moist Atmospheres on Terrestrial
Planets near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around M
Dwarfs, Astrophys. J., 845, 5, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cf9,
2017. a
Kopparla, P., Deitrick, R., Heng, K., Mendonça, J. M., and Hammond, M.:
General Circulation Model Errors Are Variable across Exoclimate
Parameter Spaces, Astrophys. J., 923, 39,
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d27,
2021. a
Lawrence, B. N., Rezny, M., Budich, R., Bauer, P., Behrens, J., Carter, M., Deconinck, W., Ford, R., Maynard, C., Mullerworth, S., Osuna, C., Porter, A., Serradell, K., Valcke, S., Wedi, N., and Wilson, S.: Crossing the chasm: how to develop weather and climate models for next generation computers?, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1799–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1799-2018, 2018. a
Leconte, J., Forget, F., Charnay, B., Wordsworth, R., Selsis, F., Millour, E.,
and Spiga, A.: 3D climate modeling of close-in land planets: Circulation
patterns, climate moist bistability, and habitability, Astron.
Astrophys., 554, A69, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321042,
2013. a
Lee, E. K. H., Parmentier, V., Hammond, M., Grimm, S. L., Kitzmann, D., Tan,
X., Tsai, S.-M., and Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Simulating gas giant exoplanet
atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and
correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 506, 2695–2711, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1851, 2021. a, b, c
Li, C. and Chen, X.: Simulating Nonhydrostatic Atmospheres on Planets
(SNAP): Formulation, Validation, and Application to the Jovian
Atmosphere, Astrophys. J. Suppl. S., 240, 37,
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aafdaa,
2019. a
Lines, S., Mayne, N. J., Boutle, I. A., Manners, J., Lee, G. K. H., Helling,
C., Drummond, B., Amundsen, D. S., Goyal, J., Acreman, D. M., Tremblin, P.,
and Kerslake, M.: Simulating the cloudy atmospheres of HD 209458 b and HD
189733 b with the 3D Met Office Unified Model, Astron.
Astrophys., 615, A97, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732278,
2018. a
Lines, S., Mayne, N. J., Manners, J., Boutle, I. A., Drummond, B., Mikal-Evans,
T., Kohary, K., and Sing, D. K.: Overcast on Osiris: 3D
radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of a cloudy hot Jupiter using the
parametrized, phase-equilibrium cloud formation code EddySed, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 488, 1332–1355,
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1788, 2019. a, b
Little, B.: geovista, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7608302, 2023. a
Lock, A. P.: The Numerical Representation of Entrainment in
Parameterizations of Boundary Layer Turbulent Mixing, Mon.
Weather Rev., 129, 1148–1163,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<1148:TNROEI>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
Lock, A. P., Brown, A. R., Bush, M. R., Martin, G. M., and Smith, R. N. B.: A
New Boundary Layer Mixing Scheme. Part I: Scheme
Description and Single-Column Model Tests, Mon. Weather Rev.,
128, 3187–3199, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3187:ANBLMS>2.0.CO;2,
2000. a
Manners, J., Edwards, J. M., Hill, P., and Thelen, J.-C.: SOCRATES (Suite
Of Community RAdiative Transfer codes based on Edwards and
Slingo) Technical Guide, 1–125,
https://code.metoffice.gov.uk/trac/socrates (last access: 4 September 2023),
2022. a
Maynard, C., Melvin, T., and Müller, E. H.: Multigrid preconditioners for the
mixed finite element dynamical core of the LFRic atmospheric model,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 3917–3936,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3880,
2020. a, b, c
Mayne, N. J., Baraffe, I., Acreman, D. M., Smith, C., Browning, M. K.,
Amundsen, D. S., Wood, N., Thuburn, J., and Jackson, D. R.: The unified
model, a fully-compressible, non-hydrostatic, deep atmosphere global
circulation model, applied to hot Jupiters, Astron. Astrophys., 561,
A1, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322174, 2014a. a, b, c
Mayne, N. J., Baraffe, I., Acreman, D. M., Smith, C., Wood, N., Amundsen, D. S., Thuburn, J., and Jackson, D. R.: Using the UM dynamical cores to reproduce idealised 3-D flows, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 3059–3087, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-3059-2014, 2014b. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u
Mayne, N. J., Drummond, B., Debras, F., Jaupart, E., Manners, J., Boutle,
I. A., Baraffe, I., and Kohary, K.: The Limits of the Primitive
Equations of Dynamics for Warm, Slowly Rotating Small Neptunes
and Super Earths, Astrophys. J., 871, 56,
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf6e9, 2019. a, b
McCulloch, D., Sergeev, D. E., Mayne, N., Bate, M., Manners, J., Boutle, I., Drummond, B., and Kohary, K.: A modern-day Mars climate in the Met Office Unified Model: dry simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 621–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-621-2023, 2023. a
Melvin, T., Dubal, M., Wood, N., Staniforth, A., and Zerroukat, M.: An
inherently mass-conserving iterative semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian
discretization of the non-hydrostatic vertical-slice equations, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 799–814,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.603, 2010. a
Mendonça, J. M.: Mass transport in a moist planetary climate model, Astron.
Astrophys., 659, A43, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141638, 2022. a
Mendonça, J. M., Grimm, S. L., Grosheintz, L., and Heng, K.: THOR: a new
and flexible global circulation model to explore planetary
atmospheres, Astrophys. J., 829, 115,
https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/115, 2016. a, b
Met Office: Iris: A Python library for analysing and visualising
meteorological and oceanographic data sets,
http://scitools.org.uk/ (last access: 4 September 2023), 2022. a
Met Office: iris-esmf-regrid: A collection of structured and unstructured ESMF regridding schemes for Iris, Github [code], https://github.com/SciTools-incubator/iris-esmf-regrid, last access: 4 September 2023. a
Met Office Science Repository Service: LFRic-Atmosphere, https://code.metoffice.gov.uk, last access: 4 September 2023. a
Molod, A., Takacs, L., Suarez, M., and Bacmeister, J.: Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA2, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1339–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1339-2015, 2015. a
Noda, S., Ishiwatari, M., Nakajima, K., Takahashi, Y., Takehiro, S., Onishi,
M., Hashimoto, G., Kuramoto, K., and Hayashi, Y.-Y.: The circulation pattern
and day-night heat transport in the atmosphere of a synchronously rotating
aquaplanet: Dependence on planetary rotation rate, Icarus, 282, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.004, 2017. a, b, c
Paradise, A., Macdonald, E., Menou, K., Lee, C., and Fan, B. L.: ExoPlaSim:
Extending the Planet Simulator for exoplanets, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 511, 3272–3303, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac172,
2022. a, b, c
Polichtchouk, I., Cho, J.-K., Watkins, C., Thrastarson, H., Umurhan, O., and
de la Torre Juárez, M.: Intercomparison of general circulation models for
hot extrasolar planets, Icarus, 229, 355–377,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.027, 2014. a, b
Rajpurohit, A. S., Reylé, C., Allard, F., Homeier, D., Schultheis, M.,
Bessell, M. S., and Robin, A. C.: The effective temperature scale of M
dwarfs, Astron. Astrophys., 556, A15,
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321346, 2013. a
Ridgway, R. J., Zamyatina, M., Mayne, N. J., Manners, J., Lambert, F. H.,
Braam, M., Drummond, B., Hébrard, E., Palmer, P. I., and Kohary, K.: 3D
modelling of the impact of stellar activity on tidally locked terrestrial
exoplanets: atmospheric composition and habitability, Mon. Not.
R. Astron. Soc., 518, 2472–2496, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3105,
2023. a, b
Saffin, L., Lock, A., Tomassini, L., Blyth, A., Böing, S., Denby, L., and
Marsham, J.: Kilometer-Scale Simulations of Trade-Wind Cumulus
Capture Processes of Mesoscale Organization, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 15, e2022MS003295, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003295, 2023. a
Sergeev, D. E.: dennissergeev/lfric_exo_bench_code: Version 0, Zenodo [data set and code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7818107, 2023. a, b
Sergeev, D. E. and Zamyatina, M.: Aeolus – a Python library for the analysis
and visualisation of climate model output, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.6478085,
2022. a
Sergeev, D. E., Lambert, F. H., Mayne, N. J., Boutle, I. A., Manners, J., and
Kohary, K.: Atmospheric Convection Plays a Key Role in the Climate
of Tidally Locked Terrestrial Exoplanets: Insights from
High-resolution Simulations, Astrophys. J., 894, 84,
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab8882,
2020. a, b, c, d, e
Sergeev, D. E., Fauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Boutle, I. A., Tsigaridis, K., Way,
M. J., Wolf, E. T., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Forget, F., Haqq-Misra, J.,
Kopparapu, R. K., Lambert, F. H., Manners, J., and Mayne, N. J.: The
TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). II.
Moist Cases – The Two Waterworlds, Planet. Sci. J.,
3, 212, https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac6cf2,
2022a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u
Shashkin, V. V. and Goyman, G. S.: Semi-Lagrangian shallow water equations
solver on the cubed-sphere grid as a prototype of new-generation global
atmospheric model, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1740, 012073,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1740/1/012073, 2021. a
Showman, A. P., Fortney, J. J., Lian, Y., Marley, M. S., Freedman, R. S.,
Knutson, H. A., and Charbonneau, D.: Atmospheric circulation of hot
jupiters: coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model
simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b, Astrophys. J.,
699, 564–584, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/564, 2009. a, b
Smith, R. N. B.: A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content
in a general circulation model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 435–460, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711649210, 1990. a
Staniforth, A. and Thuburn, J.: Horizontal grids for global weather and climate
prediction models: a review, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 138, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.958, 2012. a, b, c, d
Stevens, B., Satoh, M., Auger, L., Biercamp, J., Bretherton, C. S., Chen, X.,
Düben, P., Judt, F., Khairoutdinov, M., Klocke, D., Kodama, C., Kornblueh,
L., Lin, S.-J., Neumann, P., Putman, W. M., Röber, N., Shibuya, R.,
Vanniere, B., Vidale, P. L., Wedi, N., and Zhou, L.: DYAMOND: the
DYnamics of the Atmospheric general circulation Modeled On
Non-hydrostatic Domains, Prog. Earth Planet. Sc., 6, 61,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0304-z, 2019. a
Turbet, M., Leconte, J., Selsis, F., Bolmont, E., Forget, F., Ribas, I.,
Raymond, S. N., and Anglada-Escudé, G.: The habitability of Proxima
Centauri b, Astron. Astrophys., 596, A112,
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629577, 2016. a
Turbet, M., Bolmont, E., Bourrier, V., Demory, B.-O., Leconte, J., Owen, J.,
and Wolf, E. T.: A Review of Possible Planetary Atmospheres in the
TRAPPIST-1 System, Space Sci. Rev., 216, 100,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00719-1, 2020. a
Turbet, M., Bolmont, E., Chaverot, G., Ehrenreich, D., Leconte, J., and Marcq,
E.: Day–night cloud asymmetry prevents early oceans on Venus but not on
Earth, Nature, 598, 276–280, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03873-w, 2021. a
Turbet, M., Fauchez, T. J., Sergeev, D. E., Boutle, I. A., Tsigaridis, K., Way,
M. J., Wolf, E. T., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Forget, F., Haqq-Misra, J.,
Kopparapu, R. K., Lambert, F. H., Manners, J., Mayne, N. J., and Sohl, L.:
The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). I.
Dry Cases – The Fellowship of the GCMs, Planet. Sci.
J., 3, 211, https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac6cf0, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s
Vallis, G. K., Colyer, G., Geen, R., Gerber, E., Jucker, M., Maher, P., Paterson, A., Pietschnig, M., Penn, J., and Thomson, S. I.: Isca, v1.0: a framework for the global modelling of the atmospheres of Earth and other planets at varying levels of complexity, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 843–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-843-2018, 2018. a, b
Walters, D., Baran, A. J., Boutle, I., Brooks, M., Earnshaw, P., Edwards, J., Furtado, K., Hill, P., Lock, A., Manners, J., Morcrette, C., Mulcahy, J., Sanchez, C., Smith, C., Stratton, R., Tennant, W., Tomassini, L., Van Weverberg, K., Vosper, S., Willett, M., Browse, J., Bushell, A., Carslaw, K., Dalvi, M., Essery, R., Gedney, N., Hardiman, S., Johnson, B., Johnson, C., Jones, A., Jones, C., Mann, G., Milton, S., Rumbold, H., Sellar, A., Ujiie, M., Whitall, M., Williams, K., and Zerroukat, M.: The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1909–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1909-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Way, M. J., Aleinov, I., Amundsen, D. S., Chandler, M. A., Clune, T. L., Genio,
A. D. D., Fujii, Y., Kelley, M., Kiang, N. Y., Sohl, L., and Tsigaridis, K.:
Resolving Orbital and Climate Keys of Earth and Extraterrestrial
Environments with Dynamics (ROCKE-3D) 1.0: A General
Circulation Model for Simulating the Climates of Rocky Planets,
Astrophys. J. Suppl. S., 231, 12,
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa7a06, 2017. a
Wedi, N. P. and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: A framework for testing global
non-hydrostatic models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 135, 469–484, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.377,
2009. a
White, A. A., Hoskins, B. J., Roulstone, I., and Staniforth, A.: Consistent
approximate models of the global atmosphere: shallow, deep, hydrostatic,
quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 131, 2081–2107, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.49, 2005. a
Wilson, D. R. and Ballard, S. P.: A microphysically based precipitation scheme
for the UK meteorological office unified model, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 1607–1636, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555707,
1999. a
Wilson, D. R., Bushell, A. C., Kerr-Munslow, A. M., Price, J. D., and
Morcrette, C. J.: PC2: A prognostic cloud fraction and condensation
scheme. I: Scheme description, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. So., 134, 2093–2107, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.333, 2008. a
Wiltshire, A. J., Duran Rojas, M. C., Edwards, J. M., Gedney, N., Harper, A. B., Hartley, A. J., Hendry, M. A., Robertson, E., and Smout-Day, K.: JULES-GL7: the Global Land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 7.0 and 7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 483–505, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-483-2020, 2020. a
Wolf, E. T., Kopparapu, R., Haqq-Misra, J., and Fauchez, T. J.: ExoCAM: A
3D Climate Model for Exoplanet Atmospheres, Planet. Sci.
J., 3, 7, https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/AC3F3D, 2022. a, b, c
Wood, N., Staniforth, A., White, A., Allen, T., Diamantakis, M., Gross, M.,
Melvin, T., Smith, C., Vosper, S., Zerroukat, M., and Thuburn, J.: An
inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of
the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 1505–1520, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2235,
2014. a, b, c, d
Wordsworth, R. and Kreidberg, L.: Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets, Annu.
Rev. Astron. Astr., 60, 159–201,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-125632, 2022. a
Wordsworth, R. D., Forget, F., Selsis, F., Millour, E., Charnay, B., and
Madeleine, J.-B.: Gliese 581D is the first discovered
terrestrial-mass exoplanet in the habitable zone,
Astrophys. J., 733, L48, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L48, 2011. a
Yang, J., Cowan, N. B., and Abbot, D. S.: Stabilizing cloud feedback
dramatically expands the habitable zone of tidally locked
planets, Astrophys. J., 771, L45,
https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/771/2/L45, 2013. a
Yang, J., Leconte, J., Wolf, E. T., Merlis, T., Koll, D. D. B., Forget, F., and
Abbot, D. S.: Simulations of Water Vapor and Clouds on Rapidly
Rotating and Tidally Locked Planets: A 3D Model
Intercomparison, Astrophys. J., 875, 46,
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab09f1, 2019. a
Zamyatina, M., Hébrard, E., Drummond, B., Mayne, N. J., Manners, J., Christie,
D. A., Tremblin, P., Sing, D. K., and Kohary, K.: Observability of signatures
of transport-induced chemistry in clear atmospheres of hot gas giant
exoplanets, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 519,
3129–3153, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3432, 2023.
a, b
Zhang, F. (Ed.): The Schur Complement and Its Applications, vol. 4,
Springer-Verlag, New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/b105056, 2005. a
Short summary
Three-dimensional climate models are one of the best tools we have to study planetary atmospheres. Here, we apply LFRic-Atmosphere, a new model developed by the Met Office, to seven different scenarios for terrestrial planetary climates, including four for the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1e, a primary target for future observations. LFRic-Atmosphere reproduces these scenarios within the spread of the existing models across a range of key climatic variables, justifying its use in future exoplanet studies.
Three-dimensional climate models are one of the best tools we have to study planetary...
