Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-157-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-157-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
04 Jan 2023
Development and technical paper |
| 04 Jan 2023
How does 4DVar data assimilation affect the vertical representation of mesoscale eddies? A case study with observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) using ROMS v3.9
Coastal and Regional Oceanography Lab, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Shane R. Keating
School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Colette Kerry
Coastal and Regional Oceanography Lab, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Moninya Roughan
Coastal and Regional Oceanography Lab, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Related authors
David E. Gwyther, Colette Kerry, Moninya Roughan, and Shane R. Keating
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6541–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean current flowing along the southeastern coast of Australia is called the East Australian Current (EAC). Using computer simulations, we tested how surface and subsurface observations might improve models of the EAC. Subsurface observations are particularly important for improving simulations, and if made in the correct location and time, can have impact 600 km upstream. The stability of the current affects model estimates could be capitalized upon in future observing strategies.
Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, and Tore Hattermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5421–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a coupled ice–ocean model to explore an oscillation feature found in several contributing models to MISOMIP1. The oscillation is closely related to the discretized grounding line retreat and likely strengthened by the buoyancy–melt feedback and/or melt–geometry feedback near the grounding line, and frequent ice–ocean coupling. Our model choices have a non-trivial impact on mean melt and ocean circulation strength, which might be interesting for the coupled ice–ocean community.
Ole Richter, David E. Gwyther, Matt A. King, and Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi
The Cryosphere, 16, 1409–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tidal currents may play an important role in Antarctic ice sheet retreat by changing the rate at which the ocean melts glaciers. Here, using a computational ocean model, we derive the first estimate of present-day tidal melting that covers all of Antarctica. Our results suggest that large-scale ocean models aiming to accurately predict ice melt rates will need to account for the effects of tides. The inclusion of tide-induced friction at the ice–ocean interface should be prioritized.
Ole Richter, David E. Gwyther, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, and Kaitlin A. Naughten
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 617–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present an improved model of the Antarctic continental shelf ocean and demonstrate that it is capable of reproducing present-day conditions. The improvements are fundamental and regard the inclusion of tides and ocean eddies. We conclude that the model is well suited to gain new insights into processes that are important for Antarctic ice sheet retreat and global ocean changes. Hence, the model will ultimately help to improve projections of sea level rise and climate change.
Chad A. Greene, Duncan A. Young, David E. Gwyther, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 12, 2869–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We show that Totten Ice Shelf accelerates each spring in response to the breakup of seasonal landfast sea ice at the ice shelf calving front. The previously unreported seasonal flow variability may have aliased measurements in at least one previous study of Totten's response to ocean forcing on interannual timescales. The role of sea ice in buttressing the flow of the ice shelf implies that long-term changes in sea ice cover could have impacts on the mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
D. E. Gwyther, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, J. R. Hunter, and J. L. Roberts
Ocean Sci., 10, 267–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-267-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-267-2014, 2014
Colette Gabrielle Kerry, Moninya Roughan, Shane Keating, David Gwyther, Gary Brassington, Adil Siripitana, and Joao Marcos A. C. Souza
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2355, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2355, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting relies on the combination of numerical models and ocean observations through data assimilation (DA). Here we assess the performance of two DA systems in a dynamic Western Boundary Current, the East Australian Current, across a common modelling and observational framework. We show that the more advanced, time-dependent method outperforms the time-independent method for forecast horizons of 5 days. This advocates the use of advanced methods for highly variable oceanic regions.
Michael Hemming, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-252, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-252, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We present new data sets that are useful for exploring extreme ocean temperature events in Australian coastal waters. These data sets span multiple decades, starting from the 1940s/50s and include observations from the surface to the bottom at four coastal sites. The data sets provide valuable insights into the intensity, frequency, and timing of extreme warm and cold temperature events, and include event characteristics such as duration, onset and decline rates, and their categorization.
Michael P. Hemming, Moninya Roughan, Neil Malan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Ocean Sci., 19, 1145–1162, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate subsurface linear and non-linear temperature trends at five coastal sites adjacent to the East Australian Current (EAC). We see accelerating trends at both 34.1 and 42.6 °S and place our results in the context of previously reported trends, highlighting that magnitudes are depth-dependent and vary across latitude. Our results indicate the important role of regional dynamics and show the necessity of subsurface data for the improved understanding of regional climate change impacts.
Joao Marcos Azevedo Correia de Souza, Sutara H. Suanda, Phellipe P. Couto, Robert O. Smith, Colette Kerry, and Moninya Roughan
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The current paper describes the configuration and evaluation of the Moana Ocean Hindcast, a > 25-year simulation of the ocean state around New Zealand using the Regional Ocean Modeling System v3.9. This is the first open-access, long-term, continuous, realistic ocean simulation for this region and provides information for improving the understanding of the ocean processes that affect the New Zealand exclusive economic zone.
David E. Gwyther, Colette Kerry, Moninya Roughan, and Shane R. Keating
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6541–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean current flowing along the southeastern coast of Australia is called the East Australian Current (EAC). Using computer simulations, we tested how surface and subsurface observations might improve models of the EAC. Subsurface observations are particularly important for improving simulations, and if made in the correct location and time, can have impact 600 km upstream. The stability of the current affects model estimates could be capitalized upon in future observing strategies.
Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, and Tore Hattermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5421–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a coupled ice–ocean model to explore an oscillation feature found in several contributing models to MISOMIP1. The oscillation is closely related to the discretized grounding line retreat and likely strengthened by the buoyancy–melt feedback and/or melt–geometry feedback near the grounding line, and frequent ice–ocean coupling. Our model choices have a non-trivial impact on mean melt and ocean circulation strength, which might be interesting for the coupled ice–ocean community.
Ole Richter, David E. Gwyther, Matt A. King, and Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi
The Cryosphere, 16, 1409–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tidal currents may play an important role in Antarctic ice sheet retreat by changing the rate at which the ocean melts glaciers. Here, using a computational ocean model, we derive the first estimate of present-day tidal melting that covers all of Antarctica. Our results suggest that large-scale ocean models aiming to accurately predict ice melt rates will need to account for the effects of tides. The inclusion of tide-induced friction at the ice–ocean interface should be prioritized.
Ole Richter, David E. Gwyther, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, and Kaitlin A. Naughten
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 617–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present an improved model of the Antarctic continental shelf ocean and demonstrate that it is capable of reproducing present-day conditions. The improvements are fundamental and regard the inclusion of tides and ocean eddies. We conclude that the model is well suited to gain new insights into processes that are important for Antarctic ice sheet retreat and global ocean changes. Hence, the model will ultimately help to improve projections of sea level rise and climate change.
Carlos Rocha, Christopher A. Edwards, Moninya Roughan, Paulina Cetina-Heredia, and Colette Kerry
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 441–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-441-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-441-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Off southeast Australia, the East Australian Current (EAC) moves warm nutrient-poor waters towards the pole. In this region, the EAC and a large number of vortices pinching off it strongly affect phytoplankton’s access to nutrients and light. To study these dynamics, we created a numerical model that is able to solve the ocean conditions and how they modulate the foundation of the region’s ecosystem. We validated model results against available data and this showed that the model performs well.
Chad A. Greene, Duncan A. Young, David E. Gwyther, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 12, 2869–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We show that Totten Ice Shelf accelerates each spring in response to the breakup of seasonal landfast sea ice at the ice shelf calving front. The previously unreported seasonal flow variability may have aliased measurements in at least one previous study of Totten's response to ocean forcing on interannual timescales. The role of sea ice in buttressing the flow of the ice shelf implies that long-term changes in sea ice cover could have impacts on the mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Colette Kerry, Brian Powell, Moninya Roughan, and Peter Oke
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3779–3801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3779-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3779-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean circulation drives weather and climate and supports marine ecosystems, so providing accurate predictions is important. The ocean circulation is complex, 3-D and highly variable, and its prediction requires advanced numerical models combined with real-time measurements. Focusing on the dynamic East Austr. Current, we use novel mathematical techniques to combine an ocean model with measurements to better estimate the circulation. This is an important step towards improving ocean forecasts.
Peter R. Oke, Roger Proctor, Uwe Rosebrock, Richard Brinkman, Madeleine L. Cahill, Ian Coghlan, Prasanth Divakaran, Justin Freeman, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Moninya Roughan, Paul A. Sandery, Amandine Schaeffer, and Sarath Wijeratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3297–3307, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3297-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3297-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Marine Virtual Laboratory (MARVL) is designed to help ocean modellers hit the ground running. Usually, setting up an ocean model involves a handful of technical steps that time and effort. MARVL provides a user-friendly interface that allows users to choose what options they want for their model, including the region, time period, and input data sets. The user then hits "go", and MARVL does the rest – delivering a "take-away bundle" that contains all the files needed to run the model.
Amandine Schaeffer, Moninya Roughan, Emlyn M. Jones, and Dana White
Biogeosciences, 13, 1967–1975, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1967-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1967-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The water properties of the coastal ocean such as temperature, salt, oxygen, or chlorophyll content vary spatially, and estimates need to be made regarding the scales of variability. Here, we use statistical techniques to determine the spatial variability of ocean properties from high-resolution measurements by gliders. We show that biological activity is patchy compared to the distribution of physical characteristics, and that the size and shape of this is determined by coastal ocean processes.
Paulina Cetina-Heredia, Erik van Sebille, Richard Matear, and Moninya Roughan
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-53, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Characterizing phytoplankton growth influences fisheries and climate. We use a lagrangian approach to identify phytoplankton blooms in the Great Australian Bight (GAB), and associate them with nitrate sources. We find that 88 % of the nitrate utilized in blooms is originated between the GAB and the SubAntarctic Front. Large nitrate concentrations are supplied at depth but do not reach the euphotic zone often. As a result, 55 % of blooms utilize nitrate supplied in the top 100 m.
D. E. Gwyther, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, J. R. Hunter, and J. L. Roberts
Ocean Sci., 10, 267–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-267-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-267-2014, 2014
A. M. Waite, V. Rossi, M. Roughan, B. Tilbrook, P. A. Thompson, M. Feng, A. S. J. Wyatt, and E. J. Raes
Biogeosciences, 10, 5691–5702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5691-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5691-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Oceanography
Ocean wave tracing v.1: a numerical solver of the wave ray equations for ocean waves on variable currents at arbitrary depths
Design and evaluation of an efficient high-precision ocean surface wave model with a multiscale grid system (MSG_Wav1.0)
Evaluation of the CMCC global eddying ocean model for the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP2)
Barents-2.5km v2.0: an operational data-assimilative coupled ocean and sea ice ensemble prediction model for the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O, version icon-2.6.6
Using Probability Density Functions to Evaluate Models (PDFEM, v1.0) to compare a biogeochemical model with satellite-derived chlorophyll
A high-resolution physical-biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the Northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)
Data assimilation sensitivity experiments in the East Auckland Current system using 4D-Var
Using the COAsT Python package to develop a standardised validation workflow for ocean physics models
Improving Antarctic Bottom Water precursors in NEMO for climate applications
Formulation, optimization, and sensitivity of NitrOMZv1.0, a biogeochemical model of the nitrogen cycle in oceanic oxygen minimum zones
Waves in SKRIPS: WAVEWATCH III coupling implementation and a case study of Tropical Cyclone Mekunu
Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact
Enhanced ocean wave modeling by including effect of breaking under both deep- and shallow-water conditions
An internal solitary wave forecasting model in the northern South China Sea (ISWFM-NSCS)
The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish
Global seamless tidal simulation using a 3D unstructured-grid model (SCHISM v5.10.0)
Arctic Ocean simulations in the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)
ChemicalDrift 1.0: an open-source Lagrangian chemical-fate and transport model for organic aquatic pollutants
The Met Office operational wave forecasting system: the evolution of the regional and global models
4DVarNet-SSH: end-to-end learning of variational interpolation schemes for nadir and wide-swath satellite altimetry
Development and validation of a global 1∕32° surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model: FIO-COM32
Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) (Part I): Evolution of ecosystem composition under limited light and nutrient conditions
Reproducible and relocatable regional ocean modelling: fundamentals and practices
Barotropic tides in MPAS-Ocean (E3SM V2): impact of ice shelf cavities
Using the two-way nesting technique AGRIF with MARS3D V11.2 to improve hydrodynamics and estimate environmental indicators
Multidecadal and climatological surface current simulations for the southwestern Indian Ocean at 1∕50° resolution
A flexible z-coordinate approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71)
The tidal effects in the Finite-volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM2.1): a comparison between parameterised tidal mixing and explicit tidal forcing
HIDRA2: deep-learning ensemble sea level and storm tide forecasting in the presence of seiches – the case of the northern Adriatic
Moana Ocean Hindcast – a > 25-year simulation for New Zealand waters using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) v3.9 model
A nonhydrostatic oceanic regional model, ORCTM v1, for internal solitary wave simulation
An ensemble Kalman filter-based ocean data assimilation system improved by adaptive observation error inflation (AOEI)
GULF18, a high-resolution NEMO-based tidal ocean model of the Arabian/Persian Gulf
The Baltic Sea Model Intercomparison Project (BMIP) – a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment
An ensemble Kalman filter system with the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model v1.0
Wind work at the air-sea interface: a modeling study in anticipation of future space missions
Improved upper-ocean thermodynamical structure modeling with combined effects of surface waves and M2 internal tides on vertical mixing: a case study for the Indian Ocean
The bulk parameterizations of turbulent air–sea fluxes in NEMO4: the origin of sea surface temperature differences in a global model study
NeverWorld2: an idealized model hierarchy to investigate ocean mesoscale eddies across resolutions
Observing system simulation experiments reveal that subsurface temperature observations improve estimates of circulation and heat content in a dynamic western boundary current
Parallel implementation of the SHYFEM (System of HydrodYnamic Finite Element Modules) model
Block-structured, equal-workload, multi-grid-nesting interface for the Boussinesq wave model FUNWAVE-TVD (Total Variation Diminishing)
Evaluation of an emergent feature of sub-shelf melt oscillations from an idealized coupled ice sheet–ocean model using FISOC (v1.1) – ROMSIceShelf (v1.0) – Elmer/Ice (v9.0)
GNOM v1.0: an optimized steady-state model of the modern marine neodymium cycle
Implementation and evaluation of open boundary conditions for sea ice in a regional coupled ocean (ROMS) and sea ice (CICE) modeling system
ROMSPath v1.0: offline particle tracking for the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)
DINCAE 2.0: multivariate convolutional neural network with error estimates to reconstruct sea surface temperature satellite and altimetry observations
RADIv1: a non-steady-state early diagenetic model for ocean sediments in Julia and MATLAB/GNU Octave
IBI-CCS: a regional high-resolution model to simulate sea level in western Europe
Trygve Halsne, Kai Håkon Christensen, Gaute Hope, and Øyvind Breivik
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6515–6530, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waves that propagate in oceanic or coastal environments get influenced by their surroundings. Changes in the ambient current or the depth profile affect the wave propagation path, and the change in wave direction is called refraction. Some analytical solutions to the governing equations exist under ideal conditions, but for realistic situations, the equations must be solved numerically. Here we present such a numerical solver under an open-source license.
Jiangyu Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu, Xiaolin Yu, and Zhiwei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6393–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface waves play an important role in the air–sea interface but are rarely activated in high-resolution Earth system simulations due to their expensive computational costs. To alleviate this situation, this paper designs a new wave modeling framework with a multiscale grid system. Evaluations of a series of numerical experiments show that it has good feasibility and applicability in the WAVEWATCH III model, WW3, and can achieve the goals of efficient and high-precision wave simulation.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Johannes Röhrs, Yvonne Gusdal, Edel S. U. Rikardsen, Marina Durán Moro, Jostein Brændshøi, Nils Melsom Kristensen, Sindre Fritzner, Keguang Wang, Ann Kristin Sperrevik, Martina Idžanović, Thomas Lavergne, Jens Boldingh Debernard, and Kai H. Christensen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5401–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A model to predict ocean currents, temperature, and sea ice is presented, covering the Barents Sea and northern Norway. To quantify forecast uncertainties, the model calculates ensemble forecasts with 24 realizations of ocean and ice conditions. Observations from satellites, buoys, and ships are ingested by the model. The model forecasts are compared with observations, and we show that the ocean model has skill in predicting sea surface temperatures.
Jin-Song von Storch, Eileen Hertwig, Veit Lüschow, Nils Brüggemann, Helmuth Haak, Peter Korn, and Vikram Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5179–5196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The new ocean general circulation model ICON-O is developed for running experiments at kilometer scales and beyond. One targeted application is to simulate internal tides crucial for ocean mixing. To ensure their realism, which is difficult to assess, we evaluate the barotropic tides that generate internal tides. We show that ICON-O is able to realistically simulate the major aspects of the observed barotropic tides and discuss the aspects that impact the quality of the simulated tides.
Bror F. Jönsson, Christopher L. Follett, Jacob Bien, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Sangwon Hyun, Gemma Kulk, Gael L. Forget, Christian Müller, Marie-Fanny Racault, Christopher N. Hill, Thomas Jackson, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4639–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While biogeochemical models and satellite-derived ocean color data provide unprecedented information, it is problematic to compare them. Here, we present a new approach based on comparing probability density distributions of model and satellite properties to assess model skills. We also introduce Earth mover's distances as a novel and powerful metric to quantify the misfit between models and observations. We find that how 3D chlorophyll fields are aggregated can be a significant source of error.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-99, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-99, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for Northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model’s ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living marine resource applications.
Rafael Santana, Helen Macdonald, Joanne O'Callaghan, Brian Powell, Sarah Wakes, and Sutara H. Suanda
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3675–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show the importance of assimilating subsurface temperature and velocity data in a model of the East Auckland Current. Assimilation of velocity increased the representation of large oceanic vortexes. Assimilation of temperature is needed to correctly simulate temperatures around 100 m depth, which is the most difficult region to simulate in ocean models. Our simulations showed improved results in comparison to the US Navy global model and highlight the importance of regional models.
David Byrne, Jeff Polton, Enda O'Dea, and Joanne Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3749–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Validation is a crucial step during the development of models for ocean simulation. The purpose of validation is to assess how accurate a model is. It is most commonly done by comparing output from a model to actual observations. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate usage of the COAsT Python package to standardise the validation process for physical ocean models. We also discuss our five guiding principles for standardised validation.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Daniele Bianchi, Daniel McCoy, and Simon Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3581–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3581-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present NitrOMZ, a new model of the oceanic nitrogen cycle that simulates chemical transformations within oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We describe the model formulation and its implementation in a one-dimensional representation of the water column before evaluating its ability to reproduce observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific. We conclude by describing the model sensitivity to parameter choices and environmental factors and its application to nitrogen cycling in the ocean.
Rui Sun, Alison Cobb, Ana B. Villas Bôas, Sabique Langodan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Matthew R. Mazloff, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Arthur J. Miller, Raju Pathak, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3435–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we integrated the WAVEWATCH III model into the regional coupled model SKRIPS. We then performed a case study using the newly implemented model to study Tropical Cyclone Mekunu, which occurred in the Arabian Sea. We found that the coupled model better simulates the cyclone than the uncoupled model, but the impact of waves on the cyclone is not significant. However, the waves change the sea surface temperature and mixed layer, especially in the cold waves produced due to the cyclone.
Pengcheng Wang and Natacha B. Bernier
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3335–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of sea ice are typically neglected in operational flood forecast systems. In this work, we capture these effects via the addition of a parameterized ice–ocean stress. The parameterization takes advantage of forecast fields from an advanced ice–ocean model and features a novel, consistent representation of the tidal relative ice–ocean velocity. The new parameterization leads to improved forecasts of tides and storm surges in polar regions. Associated physical processes are discussed.
Yue Xu and Xiping Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2811–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate description of the wind energy input into ocean waves is crucial to ocean wave modeling, and a physics-based consideration of the effect of wave breaking is absolutely necessary to obtain such an accurate description, particularly under extreme conditions. This study evaluates the performance of a recently improved formula, taking into account not only the effect of breaking but also the effect of airflow separation on the leeside of steep wave crests in a reasonably consistent way.
Yankun Gong, Xueen Chen, Jiexin Xu, Jieshuo Xie, Zhiwu Chen, Yinghui He, and Shuqun Cai
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2851–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) play crucial roles in mass transport and ocean mixing in the northern South China Sea. Massive numerical investigations have been conducted in this region, but there was no systematic evaluation of a three-dimensional model about precisely simulating ISWs. Here, an ISW forecasting model is employed to evaluate the roles of resolution, tidal forcing and stratification in accurately reproducing wave properties via comparison to field and remote-sensing observations.
Johannes Bieser, David J. Amptmeijer, Ute Daewel, Joachim Kuss, Anne L. Soerensen, and Corinna Schrum
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MERCY is a 3D model to study mercury (Hg) cycling in the ocean. Hg is a highly harmful pollutant regulated by the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury due to widespread human emissions. These emissions eventually reach the oceans, where Hg transforms into the even more toxic and bioaccumulative pollutant methylmercury. MERCY predicts the fate of Hg in the ocean and its buildup in the food chain. It is the first model to consider Hg accumulation in fish, a major source of Hg exposure for humans.
Y. Joseph Zhang, Tomas Fernandez-Montblanc, William Pringle, Hao-Cheng Yu, Linlin Cui, and Saeed Moghimi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2565–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating global ocean from deep basins to coastal areas is a daunting task but is important for disaster mitigation efforts. We present a new 3D global ocean model on flexible mesh to study both tidal and nontidal processes and total water prediction. We demonstrate the potential for
seamlesssimulation, on a single mesh, from the global ocean to a few estuaries along the US West Coast. The model can serve as the backbone of a global tide surge and compound flooding forecasting framework.
Qi Shu, Qiang Wang, Chuncheng Guo, Zhenya Song, Shizhu Wang, Yan He, and Fangli Qiao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2539–2563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Manuel Aghito, Loris Calgaro, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Christian Ferrarin, Antonio Marcomini, Øyvind Breivik, and Lars Robert Hole
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2477–2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed ChemicalDrift model can simulate the transport and fate of chemicals in the ocean and in coastal regions. The model combines ocean physics, including transport due to currents, turbulence due to surface winds and the sinking of particles to the sea floor, with ocean chemistry, such as the partitioning, the degradation and the evaporation of chemicals. The model will be utilized for risk assessment of ocean and sea-floor contamination from pollutants emitted from shipping.
Nieves G. Valiente, Andrew Saulter, Breogan Gomez, Christopher Bunney, Jian-Guo Li, Tamzin Palmer, and Christine Pequignet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2515–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We document the Met Office operational global and regional wave models which provide wave forecasts up to 7 d ahead. Our models present coarser resolution offshore to higher resolution near the coastline. The increased resolution led to replication of the extremes but to some overestimation during modal conditions. If currents are included, wave directions and long period swells near the coast are significantly improved. New developments focus on the optimisation of the models with resolution.
Maxime Beauchamp, Quentin Febvre, Hugo Georgenthum, and Ronan Fablet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2119–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
4DVarNet is a learning-based method based on traditional data assimilation (DA). This new class of algorithms can be used to provide efficient reconstructions of a dynamical system based on single observations. We provide a 4DVarNet application to sea surface height reconstructions based on nadir and future Surface Water and Ocean and Topography data. It outperforms other methods, from optimal interpolation to sophisticated DA algorithms. This work is part of on-going AI Chair Oceanix projects.
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1755–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model (FIO-COM32) with a resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are shown to be important contributors to the significant improvements in FIO-COM32 simulations. It is time to merge these separated model components (surface waves, tidal currents and ocean circulation) and start a new generation of ocean model development.
Lucille Barré, Frédéric Diaz, Thibaut Wagener, France Van Wambeke, Camille Mazoyer, Christophe Yohia, and Christel Pinazo
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-33, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
While several studies have shown that mixotrophs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, the impact of environmental forcings on their dynamics remains poorly investigated. Using a biogeochemical model that considers mixotrophs, we study the impact of light and nutrient concentration on the ecosystem composition, in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal area: the Bay of Marseille. We show that mixotrophs cope better with oligotrophic conditions compared to strict auto- and heterotrophs.
Jeff Polton, James Harle, Jason Holt, Anna Katavouta, Dale Partridge, Jenny Jardine, Sarah Wakelin, Julia Rulent, Anthony Wise, Katherine Hutchinson, David Byrne, Diego Bruciaferri, Enda O'Dea, Michela De Dominicis, Pierre Mathiot, Andrew Coward, Andrew Yool, Julien Palmiéri, Gennadi Lessin, Claudia Gabriela Mayorga-Adame, Valérie Le Guennec, Alex Arnold, and Clément Rousset
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1481–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The aim is to increase the capacity of the modelling community to respond to societally important questions that require ocean modelling. The concept of reproducibility for regional ocean modelling is developed: advocating methods for reproducible workflows and standardised methods of assessment. Then, targeting the NEMO framework, we give practical advice and worked examples, highlighting key considerations that will the expedite development cycle and upskill the user community.
Nairita Pal, Kristin N. Barton, Mark R. Petersen, Steven R. Brus, Darren Engwirda, Brian K. Arbic, Andrew F. Roberts, Joannes J. Westerink, and Damrongsak Wirasaet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1297–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding tides is essential to accurately predict ocean currents. Over the next several decades coastal processes such as flooding and erosion will be severely impacted due to climate change. Tides affect currents along the coastal regions the most. In this paper we show the results of implementing tides in a global ocean model known as MPAS–Ocean. We also show how Antarctic ice shelf cavities affect global tides. Our work points towards future research with tide–ice interactions.
Sébastien Petton, Valérie Garnier, Matthieu Caillaud, Laurent Debreu, and Franck Dumas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1191–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The nesting AGRIF library is implemented in the MARS3D hydrodynamic model, a semi-implicit, free-surface numerical model which uses a time scheme as an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) algorithm. Two applications at the regional and coastal scale are introduced. We compare the two-nesting approach to the classic offline one-way approach, based on an in situ dataset. This method is an efficient means to significantly improve the physical hydrodynamics and unravel ecological challenges.
Noam S. Vogt-Vincent and Helen L. Johnson
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1163–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean currents transport things over large distances across the ocean surface. Predicting this transport is key for tackling many environmental problems, such as marine plastic pollution and coral reef resilience. However, doing this requires a good understanding ocean currents, which is currently lacking. Here, we present and validate state-of-the-art simulations for surface currents in the southwestern Indian Ocean, which will support future marine dispersal studies across this region.
Luca Arpaia, Christian Ferrarin, Marco Bajo, and Georg Umgiesser
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-13, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a z-coordinate vertical algorithm for coastal ocean models which, thanks to the insertion and removal of surface layers, can deal with an arbitrarily large tidal oscillation, independently of the vertical resolution, in a stable and accurate fashion. With simple analysis and realistic numerical experiments we show that it can be used to simulate effectively coastal flows with wetting and drying.
Pengyang Song, Dmitry Sidorenko, Patrick Scholz, Maik Thomas, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 383–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tides have essential effects on the ocean and climate. Most previous research applies parameterised tidal mixing to discuss their effects in models. By comparing the effect of a tidal mixing parameterisation and tidal forcing on the ocean state, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Our results show that tidal mixing in the North Pacific Ocean strongly affects the global thermohaline circulation. We also list some effects that are not considered in the parameterisation.
Marko Rus, Anja Fettich, Matej Kristan, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 271–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new fast and reliable deep-learning architecture HIDRA2 for sea level and storm surge modeling. HIDRA2 features new feature encoders and a fusion-regression block. We test HIDRA2 on Adriatic storm surges, which depend on an interaction between tides and seiches. We demonstrate that HIDRA2 learns to effectively mimic the timing and amplitude of Adriatic seiches. This is essential for reliable HIDRA2 predictions of total storm surge sea levels.
Joao Marcos Azevedo Correia de Souza, Sutara H. Suanda, Phellipe P. Couto, Robert O. Smith, Colette Kerry, and Moninya Roughan
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The current paper describes the configuration and evaluation of the Moana Ocean Hindcast, a > 25-year simulation of the ocean state around New Zealand using the Regional Ocean Modeling System v3.9. This is the first open-access, long-term, continuous, realistic ocean simulation for this region and provides information for improving the understanding of the ocean processes that affect the New Zealand exclusive economic zone.
Hao Huang, Pengyang Song, Shi Qiu, Jiaqi Guo, and Xueen Chen
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 109–133, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-109-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-109-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Oceanic Regional Circulation and Tide Model (ORCTM) is developed to reproduce internal solitary wave dynamics. The three-dimensional nonlinear momentum equations are involved with the nonhydrostatic pressure obtained via solving the Poisson equation. The validation experimental results agree with the internal wave theories and observations, demonstrating that the ORCTM can successfully describe the life cycle of nonlinear internal solitary waves under different oceanic environments.
Shun Ohishi, Takemasa Miyoshi, and Misako Kachi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9057–9073, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9057-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9057-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An adaptive observation error inflation (AOEI) method was proposed for atmospheric data assimilation to mitigate erroneous analysis updates caused by large observation-minus-forecast differences for satellite brightness temperature around clear- and cloudy-sky boundaries. This study implemented the AOEI with an ocean data assimilation system, leading to an improvement of analysis accuracy and dynamical balance around the frontal regions with large meridional temperature differences.
Diego Bruciaferri, Marina Tonani, Isabella Ascione, Fahad Al Senafi, Enda O'Dea, Helene T. Hewitt, and Andrew Saulter
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8705–8730, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
More accurate predictions of the Gulf's ocean dynamics are needed. We investigate the impact on the predictive skills of a numerical shelf sea model of the Gulf after changing a few key aspects. Increasing the lateral and vertical resolution and optimising the vertical coordinate system to best represent the leading physical processes at stake significantly improve the accuracy of the simulated dynamics. Additional work may be needed to get real benefit from using a more realistic bathymetry.
Matthias Gröger, Manja Placke, H. E. Markus Meier, Florian Börgel, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Cyril Dutheil, Ulf Gräwe, Magnus Hieronymus, Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Semjon Schimanke, Jian Su, and Germo Väli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different model setups, forcing fields, and output of variables. This paper provides a protocol to harmonize these elements to set up multidecadal simulations for the Baltic Sea, a marginal sea in Europe. First results are shown from six different model simulations from four different model platforms. Topical studies for upwelling, marine heat waves, and stratification are also assessed.
Shun Ohishi, Tsutomu Hihara, Hidenori Aiki, Joji Ishizaka, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Misako Kachi, and Takemasa Miyoshi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8395–8410, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop an ensemble-Kalman-filter-based regional ocean data assimilation system in which satellite and in situ observations are assimilated at a daily frequency. We find the best setting for dynamical balance and accuracy based on sensitivity experiments focused on how to inflate the ensemble spread and how to apply the analysis update to the model evolution. This study has a broader impact on more general data assimilation systems in which the initial shocks are a significant issue.
Hector S. Torres, Patrice Klein, Jinbo Wang, Alexander Wineteer, Bo Qiu, Andrew F. Thompson, Lionel Renault, Ernesto Rodriguez, Dimitris Menemenlis, Andrea Molod, Christopher N. Hill, Ehud Strobach, Hong Zhang, Mar Flexas, and Dragana Perkovic-Martin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8041–8058, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8041-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8041-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind work at the air-sea interface is the scalar product of winds and currents and is the transfer of kinetic energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. Using a new global coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation performed at kilometer resolution, we show that all scales of winds and currents impact the ocean dynamics at spatial and temporal scales. The consequential interplay of surface winds and currents in the numerical simulation motivates the need for a winds and currents satellite mission.
Zhanpeng Zhuang, Quanan Zheng, Yongzeng Yang, Zhenya Song, Yeli Yuan, Chaojie Zhou, Xinhua Zhao, Ting Zhang, and Jing Xie
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7221–7241, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impacts of surface waves and internal tides on the upper-ocean mixing in the Indian Ocean. The surface-wave-generated turbulent mixing is dominant if depth is < 30 m, while the internal-tide-induced mixing is larger than surface waves in the ocean interior from 40
to 130 m. The simulated thermal structure, mixed layer depth and surface current are all improved when the mixing schemes are jointly incorporated into the ocean model because of the strengthened vertical mixing.
Giulia Bonino, Doroteaciro Iovino, Laurent Brodeau, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6873–6889, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea surface temperature (SST) is highly influenced by the transfer of energy driven by turbulent air–sea fluxes (TASFs). In the NEMO ocean general circulation model, TASFs are computed by means of bulk formulas. Bulk formulas require the choice of a given bulk parameterization, which influences the magnitudes of the TASFs. Our results show that parameterization-related SST differences are primarily sensitive to the wind stress differences across parameterizations.
Gustavo M. Marques, Nora Loose, Elizabeth Yankovsky, Jacob M. Steinberg, Chiung-Yin Chang, Neeraja Bhamidipati, Alistair Adcroft, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Stephen M. Griffies, Robert W. Hallberg, Malte F. Jansen, Hemant Khatri, and Laure Zanna
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6567–6579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6567-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6567-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an idealized ocean model configuration and a set of simulations performed using varying horizontal grid spacing. While the model domain is idealized, it resembles important geometric features of the Atlantic and Southern oceans. The simulations described here serve as a framework to effectively study mesoscale eddy dynamics, to investigate the effect of mesoscale eddies on the large-scale dynamics, and to test and evaluate eddy parameterizations.
David E. Gwyther, Colette Kerry, Moninya Roughan, and Shane R. Keating
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6541–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean current flowing along the southeastern coast of Australia is called the East Australian Current (EAC). Using computer simulations, we tested how surface and subsurface observations might improve models of the EAC. Subsurface observations are particularly important for improving simulations, and if made in the correct location and time, can have impact 600 km upstream. The stability of the current affects model estimates could be capitalized upon in future observing strategies.
Giorgio Micaletto, Ivano Barletta, Silvia Mocavero, Ivan Federico, Italo Epicoco, Giorgia Verri, Giovanni Coppini, Pasquale Schiano, Giovanni Aloisio, and Nadia Pinardi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6025–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6025-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6025-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The full exploitation of supercomputing architectures requires a deep revision of the current climate models. This paper presents the parallelization of the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model SHYFEM (System of HydrodYnamic Finite Element Modules). Optimized numerical libraries were used to partition the model domain and solve the sparse linear system of equations in parallel. The performance assessment demonstrates a good level of scalability with a realistic configuration used as a benchmark.
Young-Kwang Choi, Fengyan Shi, Matt Malej, Jane M. Smith, James T. Kirby, and Stephan T. Grilli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5441–5459, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5441-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5441-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The multi-grid-nesting technique is an important methodology used for modeling transoceanic tsunamis and coastal effects. In this study, we developed a two-way nesting interface in a multi-grid-nesting system for the Boussinesq wave model FUNWAVE-TVD. The interface acts as a
backboneof the nesting framework, handling data input, output, time sequencing, and internal interactions between grids at different scales.
Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, and Tore Hattermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5421–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a coupled ice–ocean model to explore an oscillation feature found in several contributing models to MISOMIP1. The oscillation is closely related to the discretized grounding line retreat and likely strengthened by the buoyancy–melt feedback and/or melt–geometry feedback near the grounding line, and frequent ice–ocean coupling. Our model choices have a non-trivial impact on mean melt and ocean circulation strength, which might be interesting for the coupled ice–ocean community.
Benoît Pasquier, Sophia K. V. Hines, Hengdi Liang, Yingzhe Wu, Steven L. Goldstein, and Seth G. John
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4625–4656, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4625-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4625-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Neodymium isotopes in seawater have the potential to provide key information about ocean circulation, both today and in the past. This can shed light on the underlying drivers of global climate, which will improve our ability to predict future climate change, but uncertainties in our understanding of neodymium cycling have limited use of this tracer. We present a new model of neodymium in the modern ocean that runs extremely fast, matches observations, and is freely available for development.
Pedro Duarte, Jostein Brændshøi, Dmitry Shcherbin, Pauline Barras, Jon Albretsen, Yvonne Gusdal, Nicholas Szapiro, Andreas Martinsen, Annette Samuelsen, Keguang Wang, and Jens Boldingh Debernard
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4373–4392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models are often implemented for very large domains beyond the regions of sea ice formation, such as the whole Arctic or all of Antarctica. In this study, we implement changes in the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model, allowing it to be implemented for relatively small regions within the Arctic or Antarctica and yet considering the presence and influence of sea ice outside the represented areas. Such regional implementations are important when spatially detailed results are required.
Elias J. Hunter, Heidi L. Fuchs, John L. Wilkin, Gregory P. Gerbi, Robert J. Chant, and Jessica C. Garwood
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4297–4311, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4297-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4297-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
ROMSPath is an offline particle tracking model tailored for use with output from Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) simulations. It is an update to an established system, the Lagrangian TRANSport (LTRANS) model, including a number of improvements. These include a modification of the model coordinate system which improved accuracy and numerical efficiency, and added functionality for nested grids and Stokes drift.
Alexander Barth, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Charles Troupin, and Jean-Marie Beckers
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2183–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earth-observing satellites provide routine measurement of several ocean parameters. However, these datasets have a significant amount of missing data due to the presence of clouds or other limitations of the employed sensors. This paper describes a method to infer the value of the missing satellite data based on a convolutional autoencoder (a specific type of neural network architecture). The technique also provides a reliable error estimate of the interpolated value.
Olivier Sulpis, Matthew P. Humphreys, Monica M. Wilhelmus, Dustin Carroll, William M. Berelson, Dimitris Menemenlis, Jack J. Middelburg, and Jess F. Adkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2105–2131, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2105-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2105-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A quarter of the surface of the Earth is covered by marine sediments rich in calcium carbonates, and their dissolution acts as a giant antacid tablet protecting the ocean against human-made acidification caused by massive CO2 emissions. Here, we present a new model of sediment chemistry that incorporates the latest experimental findings on calcium carbonate dissolution kinetics. This model can be used to predict how marine sediments evolve through time in response to environmental perturbations.
Alisée A. Chaigneau, Guillaume Reffray, Aurore Voldoire, and Angélique Melet
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2035–2062, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate-change-induced sea level rise is a major threat for coastal and low-lying regions. Projections of coastal sea level changes are thus of great interest for coastal risk assessment and have significantly developed in recent years. In this paper, the objective is to provide high-resolution (6 km) projections of sea level changes in the northeastern Atlantic region bordering western Europe. For that purpose, a regional model is used to refine existing coarse global projections.
Cited articles
Abernathey, R. and Haller, G.: Transport by Lagrangian Vortices in the Eastern
Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 667–685,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0102.1, 2018. a
Ballabrera-Poy, J., Hackert, E., Murtugudde, R., and Busalacchi, A. J.: An
Observing System Simulation Experiment for an Optimal Moored Instrument Array
in the Tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 20, 3284–3299,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4149.1, 2007. a
Bannister, R. N.: A review of forecast error covariance statistics in
atmospheric variational data assimilation. I: Characteristics and
measurements of forecast error covariances, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 134, 1951–1970, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.339,
2008a. a, b
Bannister, R. N.: A review of forecast error covariance statistics in
atmospheric variational data assimilation. II: Modelling the forecast error
covariance statistics, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
134, 1971–1996, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.340, 2008b. a
Bonavita, M., Raynaud, L., and Isaksen, L.: Estimating background-error
variances with the ECMWF Ensemble of Data Assimilations system: some
effects of ensemble size and day-to-day variability, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 423–434, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.756, 2011. a, b
Brassington, G., Pugh, T., Spillman, C., Schulz, E., Beggs, H., Schiller, A.,
and Oke, P.: BLUElink> Development of Operational Oceanography and Servicing
in Australia, J. Res. Pract. Inf. Tech., 39, 151–164,
2007. a
Brink, K.: Cross-Shelf Exchange, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, 59–78,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015717, 2016. a
Chamberlain, M. A., Oke, P. R., Fiedler, R. A. S., Beggs, H. M., Brassington, G. B., and Divakaran, P.: Next generation of Bluelink ocean reanalysis with multiscale data assimilation: BRAN2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5663–5688, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5663-2021, 2021. a
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., and Samelson, R. M.: Global observations of
nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Progr. Oceanogr., 91, 167–216,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002, 2011. a
Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS): Global ocean along-track L3 sea surface heights reprocessed (1993–ongoing) tailored for data assimilation (SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L3_MY_008_062), https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00146,
2022. a
Denes, M. C., Froyland, G., and Keating, S. R.: Persistence and material
coherence of a mesoscale ocean eddy, Phys. Rev. Fl., 7, 034501,
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevfluids.7.034501, 2022. a
de Paula, T. P., Lima, J. A. M., Tanajura, C. A. S., Andrioni, M., Martins,
R. P., and Arruda, W. Z.: The impact of ocean data assimilation on the
simulation of mesoscale eddies at São Paulo plateau (Brazil) using the
regional ocean modeling system, Ocean Model., 167, 101889,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101889, 2021. a
Dong, C., McWilliams, J. C., Liu, Y., and Chen, D.: Global heat and salt
transports by eddy movement, Nat. Commun., 5, 3294,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4294, 2014. a
Elzahaby, Y., Schaeffer, A., Roughan, M., and Delaux, S.: Oceanic Circulation
Drives the Deepest and Longest Marine Heatwaves in the East Australian
Current System, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094785,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094785, 2021. a
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Rogers, D. P., Edson, J. B., and Young, G. S.:
Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere
Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 101, 3747–3764, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jc03205, 1996. a
Fiedler, P. C.: Comparison of objective descriptions of the thermocline,
Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 8, 313–325,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2010.8.313, 2010. a, b, c
Gasparin, F., Guinehut, S., Mao, C., Mirouze, I., Rémy, E., King, R. R.,
Hamon, M., Reid, R., Storto, A., Traon, P.-Y. L., Martin, M. J., and Masina,
S.: Requirements for an Integrated in situ Atlantic Ocean Observing System
From Coordinated Observing System Simulation Experiments, Front.
Mar. Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00083, 2019. a
Gill, A., Green, J., and Simmons, A.: Energy partition in the large-scale ocean
circulation and the production of mid-ocean eddies, Deep-Sea Res., 21, 499–528, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90010-2,
1974. a
Gwyther, D. E., Kerry, C., Roughan, M., and Keating, S. R.: Observing system simulation experiments reveal that subsurface temperature observations improve estimates of circulation and heat content in a dynamic western boundary current, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6541–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6541-2022, 2022a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o
Gwyther, D. E., Kerry, C., Roughan, M., and Keating, S.: A high-resolution, 1-year, suite of 4D-Var Observing System Simulation Experiments of the East Australian Current System using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6804480, 2022b. a
Gwyther, D. E., Kerry, C., Roughan, M., and Keating, S.: A high-resolution, 1-year, suite of 4D-Var Observing System Simulation Experiments of the East Australian Current System using the Regional Ocean Modeling System, UNSW Sydney [data set], https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/24146, 2022c. a
Halliwell, G. R., Srinivasan, A., Kourafalou, V., Yang, H., Willey, D.,
Hénaff, M. L., and Atlas, R.: Rigorous Evaluation of a Fraternal Twin
Ocean OSSE System for the Open Gulf of Mexico, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 31, 105–130, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00011.1, 2014. a, b
Halliwell, G. R., Kourafalou, V., Hénaff, M. L., Shay, L. K., and Atlas,
R.: OSSE impact analysis of airborne ocean surveys for improving
upper-ocean dynamical and thermodynamical forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico,
Prog. Oceanogr., 130, 32–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.004,
2015. a
Halliwell, G. R., Mehari, M. F., Hénaff, M. L., Kourafalou, V. H.,
Androulidakis, I. S., Kang, H. S., and Atlas, R.: North Atlantic Ocean
OSSE system: Evaluation of operational ocean observing system components
and supplemental seasonal observations for potentially improving tropical
cyclone prediction in coupled systems, J. Oper. Oceanogr.,
10, 154–175, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876x.2017.1322770, 2017. a
Kang, D. and Curchitser, E. N.: Energetics of Eddy–Mean Flow
Interactions in the Gulf Stream Region, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45,
1103–1120, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0200.1, 2015. a
Keating, S.: shane-keating/normal-modes: Initial release (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6999169, 2022. a
Kelly, S. M.: The Vertical Mode Decomposition of Surface and Internal Tides in
the Presence of a Free Surface and Arbitrary Topography, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 46, 3777–3788, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0131.1, 2016. a
Kerry, C. and Roughan, M.: Downstream Evolution of the East Australian Current
System: Mean Flow, Seasonal, and Intra-annual Variability, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015227, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015227, 2020. a, b
Kerry, C., Powell, B., Roughan, M., and Oke, P.: Development and evaluation of a high-resolution reanalysis of the East Australian Current region using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS 3.4) and Incremental Strong-Constraint 4-Dimensional Variational (IS4D-Var) data assimilation, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3779–3801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3779-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Kerry, C., Roughan, M., Powell, B., and Oke, P: A high-resolution reanalysis of the East Australian Current System assimilating an unprecedented observational data set using 4D-Var data assimilation over a two-year period (2012–2013), Version 2017, UNSW Sydney [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.26190/5ebe1f389dd87, 2020. a
Kerry, C., Roughan, M., and Powell, B.: Observation Impact in a Regional
Reanalysis of the East Australian Current System, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 123, 7511–7528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jc013685, 2018. a, b
Klocker, A. and Abernathey, R.: Global Patterns of Mesoscale Eddy Properties
and Diffusivities, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1030–1046,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0159.1, 2014. a
Lee, J. C. K. and Huang, X.-Y.: Background error statistics in the Tropics:
Structures and impact in a convective-scale numerical weather prediction
system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146,
2154–2173, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3785, 2020. a, b
Li, B., de Queiroz, A. R., DeCarolis, J. F., Bane, J., He, R., Keeler, A. G.,
and Neary, V. S.: The economics of electricity generation from Gulf Stream
currents, Energy, 134, 649–658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.048, 2017. a
Li, J., Kerry, C., and Roughan, M.: A high-resolution, 22-year, free-running, hydrodynamic simulation of the East Australia Current System using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (Version 2.0), UNSW Sydney [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.26190/TT1Q-NP46, 2021. a
Li, J., Roughan, M., and Kerry, C.: Variability and Drivers of Ocean
Temperature Extremes in a Warming Western Boundary Current, J.
Climate, 35, 1097–1111, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0622.1,
2022a. a, b
Li, J., Roughan, M., Kerry, C., and Rao, S.: Impact of Mesoscale Circulation on
the Structure of River Plumes During Large Rainfall Events Inshore of the
East Australian Current, Front. Mar. Sci., 9,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.815348, 2022b. a
Li, Z., McWilliams, J. C., Ide, K., and Farrara, J. D.: A Multiscale
Variational Data Assimilation Scheme: Formulation and Illustration, Mon.
Weather Rev., 143, 3804–3822, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00384.1, 2015. a, b
Lorenc, A. C. and Jardak, M.: A comparison of hybrid variational data
assimilation methods for global NWP, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 144, 2748–2760, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3401, 2018. a
Malan, N., Archer, M., Roughan, M., Cetina-Heredia, P., Hemming, M., Rocha, C.,
Schaeffer, A., Suthers, I., and Queiroz, E.: Eddy-Driven Cross-Shelf
Transport in the East Australian Current Separation Zone, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015613, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015613, 2020. a
Mata, M. M., Wijffels, S. E., Church, J. A., and Tomczak, M.: Eddy shedding
and energy conversions in the East Australian Current, J.
Geophys. Res., 111, C09034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003592, 2006. a
McGillicuddy, D. J., Robinson, A. R., Siegel, D. A., Jannasch, H. W., Johnson,
R., Dickey, T. D., McNeil, J., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H.: Influence of
mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea, Nature, 394,
263–266, https://doi.org/10.1038/28367, 1998. a
Melet, A., Verron, J., and Brankart, J.-M.: Potential outcomes of glider data
assimilation in the Solomon Sea: Control of the water mass properties and
parameter estimation, J. Marine Syst., 94, 232–246,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.12.003, 2012. a
Michel, Y. and Auligné, T.: Inhomogeneous Background Error Modeling and
Estimation over Antarctica, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 2229–2252,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3139.1, 2010. a
Moore, A. M., Arango, H. G., Broquet, G., Powell, B. S., Weaver, A. T., and
Zavala-Garay, J.: The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) 4-dimensional
variational data assimilation systems: Part I – System overview and
formulation, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 34–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.05.004, 2011. a
Moore, A. M., Martin, M. J., Akella, S., Arango, H. G., Balmaseda, M., Bertino,
L., Ciavatta, S., Cornuelle, B., Cummings, J., Frolov, S., Lermusiaux, P.,
Oddo, P., Oke, P. R., Storto, A., Teruzzi, A., Vidard, A., and Weaver, A. T.:
Synthesis of Ocean Observations Using Data Assimilation for Operational,
Real-Time and Reanalysis Systems: A More Complete Picture of the State of the
Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00090, 2019. a
Oke, P. R. and Griffin, D. A.: The cold-core eddy and strong upwelling off the
coast of New South Wales in early 2007, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 574–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.006,
2011. a
Oke, P. R. and Schiller, A.: A Model-Based Assessment and Design of a Tropical
Indian Ocean Mooring Array, J. Climate, 20, 3269–3283,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4170.1, 2007. a
Oke, P. R., Brassington, G. B., Griffin, D. A., and Schiller, A.: The Bluelink
ocean data assimilation system (BODAS), Ocean Model., 21, 46–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.11.002, 2008. a
Penny, S. G., Behringer, D. W., Carton, J. A., and Kalnay, E.: A Hybrid Global
Ocean Data Assimilation System at NCEP, Mon. Weather Rev., 143,
4660–4677, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00376.1, 2015. a
Pilo, G. S., Oke, P. R., Coleman, R., Rykova, T., and Ridgway, K.: Impact of
data assimilation on vertical velocities in an eddy resolving ocean model,
Ocean Model., 131, 71–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.09.003, 2018. a
Puri, K., Dietachmayer, G., Steinle, P., Dix, M., Rikus, L., Logan, L.,
Naughton, M., Tingwell, C., Xiao, Y., Barras, V., Bermous, I., Bowen, R., Deschamps, L., Franklin, C., Fraser, J., Glowacki, T., Harris, B., Lee, J., Le, T., Roff, G., Sulaiman, A., Sims, H., Sun, X., Sun, Z., Zhu, H., Chattopadhyay, M., and Engel, C.: Implementation of
the initial ACCESS numerical weather prediction system, Austr.
Meteorol. Ocean. J., 63, 265–284, 2013. a
Research Technology Services, UNSW Sydney:
Katana computational cluster, https://doi.org/10.26190/669x-a286, 2022. a
Rocha, C., Edwards, C. A., Roughan, M., Cetina-Heredia, P., and Kerry, C.: A high-resolution biogeochemical model (ROMS 3.4 + bio_Fennel) of the East Australian Current system, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 441–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-441-2019, 2019. a
Roughan, M., Keating, S. R., Schaeffer, A., Heredia, P. C., Rocha, C., Griffin,
D., Robertson, R., and Suthers, I. M.: A tale of two eddies: The biophysical
characteristics of two contrasting cyclonic eddies in the East Australian
Current System, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 2494–2518,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012241, 2017. a
Schiller, A., Wijffels, S. E., and Meyers, G. A.: Design Requirements for an
Argo Float Array in the Indian Ocean Inferred from Observing System
Simulation Experiments, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21,
1598–1620, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1598:drfaaf>2.0.co;2, 2004. a
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: The regional oceanic modeling system
(ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate
oceanic model, Ocean Model., 9, 347–404,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002, 2005. a
Siripatana, A., Kerry, C., Roughan, M., Souza, J. M. A. C., and Keating, S.:
Assessing the Impact of Nontraditional Ocean Observations for Prediction of
the East Australian Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016580,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016580, 2020. a, b, c, d
Smith, K. S.: The geography of linear baroclinic instability in
Earth′s oceans, J. Mar. Res., 65, 655–683,
https://doi.org/10.1357/002224007783649484, 2007. a, b
Smith, K. S. and Vallis, G. K.: The Scales and Equilibration of Midocean
Eddies: Freely Evolving Flow, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 554–571,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0554:tsaeom>2.0.co;2, 2001. a
Su, C.-H., Eizenberg, N., Steinle, P., Jakob, D., Fox-Hughes, P., White, C. J., Rennie, S., Franklin, C., Dharssi, I., and Zhu, H.: BARRA v1.0: the Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high-resolution Regional Reanalysis for Australia, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2049–2068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2049-2019, 2019. a
Wang, Y., Beron-Vera, F. J., and Olascoaga, M. J.: The life cycle of a coherent
Lagrangian Agulhas ring, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121,
3944–3954, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011620, 2016. a
Weaver, A. and Courtier, P.: Correlation modelling on the sphere using a
generalized diffusion equation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 127, 1815–1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757518, 2001. a, b
Whiteway, T.: Australian bathymetry and topography grid, June 2009, Record 2009/021, Geoscience Australia [data set], Canberra,
https://doi.org/10.4225/25/53D99B6581B9A, 2009. a
Wong, A. P. S., Wijffels, S. E., Riser, S. C., Pouliquen, S., Hosoda, S.,
Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Johnson, G. C., Martini, K., Murphy, D. J.,
Scanderbeg, M., Bhaskar, T. V. S. U., Buck, J. J. H., Merceur, F., Carval,
T., Maze, G., Cabanes, C., André, X., Poffa, N., Yashayaev, I., Barker,
P. M., Guinehut, S., Belbéoch, M., Ignaszewski, M., Baringer, M. O.,
Schmid, C., Lyman, J. M., McTaggart, K. E., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N.,
Alkire, M. B., Swift, D., Owens, W. B., Jayne, S. R., Hersh, C., Robbins, P.,
West-Mack, D., Bahr, F., Yoshida, S., Sutton, P. J. H., Cancouët, R.,
Coatanoan, C., Dobbler, D., Juan, A. G., Gourrion, J., Kolodziejczyk, N.,
Bernard, V., Bourlès, B., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio,
F., Reste, S. L., Traon, P.-Y. L., Rannou, J.-P., Saout-Grit, C., Speich, S.,
Thierry, V., Verbrugge, N., Angel-Benavides, I. M., Klein, B., Notarstefano,
G., Poulain, P.-M., Vélez-Belchí, P., Suga, T., Ando, K.,
Iwasaska, N., Kobayashi, T., Masuda, S., Oka, E., Sato, K., Nakamura, T.,
Sato, K., Takatsuki, Y., Yoshida, T., Cowley, R., Lovell, J. L., Oke, P. R.,
van Wijk, E. M., Carse, F., Donnelly, M., Gould, W. J., Gowers, K., King,
B. A., Loch, S. G., Mowat, M., Turton, J., Rao, E. P. R., Ravichandran, M.,
Freeland, H. J., Gaboury, I., Gilbert, D., Greenan, B. J. W., Ouellet, M.,
Ross, T., Tran, A., Dong, M., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Kang, K., Jo, H., Kim, S.-D.,
and Park, H.-M.: Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million
Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a
Global Array of Profiling Floats, Front. Mar. Sci., 7,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700, 2020. a
Wunsch, C.: The Vertical Partition of Oceanic Horizontal Kinetic Energy,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1770–1794,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1770:tvpooh>2.0.co;2, 1997. a
Zavala-Garay, J., Wilkin, J. L., and Arango, H. G.: Predictability of
Mesoscale Variability in the East Australian Current Given Strong-Constraint
Data Assimilation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1402–1420,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0168.1, 2012. a, b
Zhang, W. G., Wilkin, J. L., and Arango, H. G.: Towards an integrated
observation and modeling system in the New York Bight using variational
methods. Part I: 4DVAR data assimilation, Ocean Model., 35, 119–133,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.08.003, 2010.
a, b
Zhang, Z., Wang, W., and Qiu, B.: Oceanic mass transport by mesoscale eddies,
Science, 345, 322–324, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252418, 2014. a
Short summary
Ocean eddies are important for weather, climate, biology, navigation, and search and rescue. Since eddies change rapidly, models that incorporate or assimilate observations are required to produce accurate eddy timings and locations, yet the model accuracy is rarely assessed below the surface. We use a unique type of ocean model experiment to assess three-dimensional eddy structure in the East Australian Current and explore two pathways in which this subsurface structure is being degraded.
Ocean eddies are important for weather, climate, biology, navigation, and search and rescue....
