Articles | Volume 19, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4725-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4725-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Process-based evaluation of ENSO simulation sensitivity to horizontal resolution in the Chinese Academy of Sciences FGOALS-f3 Climate System Model
Meng-Er Song
State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Yongqiang Yu
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Jiuwei Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Hai Zhi
State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Short summary
This study evaluates how horizontal resolution (~ 25 vs. ~ 100 km) affects El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (CAS FGOALS-f3) climate model. A reproducible, process-based framework reveals ENSO biases stem from resolution-dependent air–sea feedbacks and high-frequency atmospheric variability. This work informs future development for the FGOALS-f3 family and serves as a reference for CMIP6/CMIP7 evaluation.
This study evaluates how horizontal resolution (~ 25 vs. ~ 100 km) affects El Niño–Southern...