Articles | Volume 19, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4725-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4725-2026
Model evaluation paper
 | 
02 Jun 2026
Model evaluation paper |  | 02 Jun 2026

Process-based evaluation of ENSO simulation sensitivity to horizontal resolution in the Chinese Academy of Sciences FGOALS-f3 Climate System Model

Meng-Er Song, Lin Chen, Yongqiang Yu, Bo An, Jiuwei Zhao, and Hai Zhi

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Cited articles

Adler, R. F., Huffman, G. J., Chang, A., Ferrao, R., Xie, P.-P., Janowiak, J., Rudolf, B., Schneiser, U., Curtis, S., Bolvin, D., Gruber, A., Susskind, J., Arkin, P., and Nelkin, E.: The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979–present), J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 1147–1167, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2, 2003. 
An, B., Yu, Y. Q., Bao, Q., He, B., Li, J. X., Luan, Y. H., Chen, K. J., and Zheng, W. P.: CAS FGOALS-f3-H dataset for the high-resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP) Tier 2, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1873–1884, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2030-5, 2022. 
Bacmeister, J. T., Wehner, M. F., Neale, R. B., Gettelman, A., Hannay, C., Lauritzen, P. H., Caron, J. M., and Truesdale, J. E.: Exploratory high-resolution climate simulations using the community atmosphere model (CAM), J. Climate, 27, 3073–3099, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00387.1, 2014. 
Bao, Q. and He, B.: CAS FGOALS-f3-H model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highresSST-present, Earth System Grid Federation [data set], https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3312, 2019. 
Bao, Q., Liu, Y. M., Wu, G. X., He, B., Li, J. X., Wang, L., Wu, X. F., Chen, K. J., Wang, X. C., Yang, J., and Zhang, X. Q.: CAS FGOALS-f3-H and CAS FGOALS-f3-L outputs for the high-resolution model intercomparison project simulation of CMIP6, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 13, 576–581, https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2020.1814675, 2020. 
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Short summary
This study evaluates how horizontal resolution (~ 25 vs. ~ 100 km) affects El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (CAS FGOALS-f3) climate model. A reproducible, process-based framework reveals ENSO biases stem from resolution-dependent air–sea feedbacks and high-frequency atmospheric variability. This work informs future development for the FGOALS-f3 family and serves as a reference for CMIP6/CMIP7 evaluation.
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