Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 11
Articles | Volume 19, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4725-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4725-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 11
Model evaluation paper
 | 
02 Jun 2026
Model evaluation paper |  | 02 Jun 2026

Process-based evaluation of ENSO simulation sensitivity to horizontal resolution in the Chinese Academy of Sciences FGOALS-f3 Climate System Model

Meng-Er Song, Lin Chen, Yongqiang Yu, Bo An, Jiuwei Zhao, and Hai Zhi

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Short summary
This study evaluates how horizontal resolution (~ 25 vs. ~ 100 km) affects El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (CAS FGOALS-f3) climate model. A reproducible, process-based framework reveals ENSO biases stem from resolution-dependent air–sea feedbacks and high-frequency atmospheric variability. This work informs future development for the FGOALS-f3 family and serves as a reference for CMIP6/CMIP7 evaluation.
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