The 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption injected sulfur gases and massive water vapor into the stratosphere. With observations and simulations, we assessed effects on the tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Pollutants lingered over a year; the water-rich eruption notably altered QBO winds. Cooling from excess vapor and particles, concentrated south of 15° N, reshaped upper circulation and drove downward wind anomalies modulating the QBO, with April–October 2022 cooling causing more wind shifts.

We created a global dataset of clear‑sky energy at the top of the atmosphere over the ocean that matches real satellite overpass times. Knowing how much energy the Earth reflects and emits under cloud‑free conditions helps assess how clouds influence climate. We trained a model with satellite measurements and atmospheric data to estimate clear‑sky energy fluxes at observation times. This dataset can support studies of atmospheric processes and improve comparisons between models and observations.

Observations of low-level, single-layer clouds above the North Slope of Alaska, within the Arctic circle, are used to assess how cloud properties have changed from 2004 to 2023. Evidence is provided for a cooling influence of cloud property changes on Arctic amplified warming. Local temperature changes result in clouds becoming more opaque, driven by changes in cloud liquid water content. This work represents an avenue for the evaluation and improvement of model representations of Arctic clouds.

This study examines how radionuclides released from nuclear power plants are transported and transformed in the global ocean over time. Using an advanced ocean simulation model, it focuses on radionuclides released during the Fukushima accident and from planned wastewater discharges. The findings show that some radionuclides can travel across the Pacific within a few years and gradually spread to other ocean basins by mid-century, emphasizing potential long-term environmental impacts.

Based on a deep-learning method, we established a global classification dataset of daytime and nighttime marine low-cloud mesoscale morphology. This aims to promote a comprehensive understanding of cloud dynamics and cloud–climate feedback. Closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) clouds occur more frequently at night, while suppressed cumulus clouds exhibit remarkable decreases. Solid stratus and MCC cloud types show clear seasonal variations.