Articles | Volume 18, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-287-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-287-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
21 Jan 2025
Model evaluation paper |
| 21 Jan 2025
| 21 Jan 2025
Systematic underestimation of type-specific ecosystem process variability in the Community Land Model v5 over Europe
Christian Poppe Terán
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Bio and Geosciences – Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
HPSC TerrSys, Geoverbund ABC/J, 52428 Jülich, Germany
Bibi S. Naz
Institute of Bio and Geosciences – Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
HPSC TerrSys, Geoverbund ABC/J, 52428 Jülich, Germany
Harry Vereecken
Institute of Bio and Geosciences – Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
HPSC TerrSys, Geoverbund ABC/J, 52428 Jülich, Germany
Roland Baatz
Research Platform Data Analysis & Simulation, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
Rosie A. Fisher
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway
Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Institute of Bio and Geosciences – Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
HPSC TerrSys, Geoverbund ABC/J, 52428 Jülich, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Devavat Chiru Naik, Chandrika Thulaseedharan Dhanya, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1296, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the CLM5 over India to support the development of a national drought monitoring framework. Soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and runoff simulations are assessed against multiple observational datasets using two atmospheric forcing datasets (IMDAA and ERA5). The results highlight the role of atmospheric forcing and irrigation representation in controlling hydrological partitioning and demonstrate CLM5’s ability to reproduce historical drought events across India.
Abigail L. S. Swann, Charles D. Koven, Cristian Proistosecu, Rosie A. Fisher, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Victor Brovkin, Tomohiro Hajima, Chris D. Jones, Nancy Y. Kiang, David M. Lawrence, Spencer Liddicoat, Hannah Liddy, Anastasia Romanou, Roland Séférian, Lori T. Sentman, Norman J. Steinert, Jerry Tjiputra, and Tilo Ziehn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1673, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed simulations from Earth system models (ESM) with a constant rate of emissions, zero emissions, and negative emissions of CO2 to quantify the response of land carbon sinks. We found that under positive emissions vegetation in the tropics gained carbon. Under zero emissions and negative emissions most ESMs lost carbon from vegetation in the tropics but gained carbon in mid- and high-latitudes, mostly in soils. Our findings imply that tropical carbon is vulnerable under zero emissions.
Francois Rineau, Alexander H. Frank, Jannis Groh, Kristof Grosjean, Arnaud Legout, Daniil I. Kolokolov, Michel Mench, Maria Moreno-Druet, Benoît Pollier, Virmantas Povilaitis, Johanna Pausch, Thomas Puetz, Tjalling Rooks, Peter Schröder, Wieslaw Szulc, Beata Rutkowska, Xander Swinnen, Sofie Thijs, Harry Vereecken, Janna V. Veselovskaya, Mwahija Zubery, Renaldas Žydelis, and Evelin Loit
Biogeosciences, 23, 2261–2276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2261-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2261-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Enhanced weathering can significantly slow climate change by capturing CO2 and converting it into stable bicarbonate. In study, this method removed up to 1.5 tons of carbon per hectare in a single growing season. We had however very little evidence of bicarbonate formation. Our findings show that enhanced weathering facilitated instead carbon accrual via not only carbonate precipitation but also enhanced biogeochemical activities promoting additional carbon storage.
Youri Rothfuss, Samuel Le Gall, Nicolas Brüggemann, Sharmin Jahan, Mathieu Javaux, Julian Klaus, Harry Vereecken, and Dagmar van Dusschoten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1518, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1518, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
How plants cope with water stress is relevant when studying plant water sources in soil. We associated two techniques for measuring the content in water stable isotopes in the stem of sunflower plants and for locating where they take up water in a non-destructive manner. We highlight the role of stem water as a source of water to transpiration flux.
Wenhong Wang, Shiao Feng, Yonggen Zhang, Zhongwang Wei, Jianzhi Dong, Lutz Weihermüller, Cong-Qiang Liu, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 1061–1088, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1061-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1061-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Current soil moisture data often suffers from gaps or errors. We combined the long-term coverage of ERA5-Land with the high accuracy of SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) satellites to create a corrected global moisture dataset spanning 1950–2025. Validated against 3.8 million ground measurements, our product reduces errors by ~ 25 % in the modern period (2015–2020) and maintains ~ 20 % improvement historically (1960–2015). This reliable, daily 75-year record is essential for monitoring long-term climate trends and droughts.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Susanne Baur, Carl-Freidrich Schleussner, Glen P. Peters, Shivika Mittal, Marit Sandstad, Steffen Kallbekken, Chris Smith, Sabine Fuss, Bas van Ruijven, Rosie A. Fisher, Joeri Rogelj, Roland Séférian, Bjørn Samset, Norman J. Steinert, Laurent Terray, and Jan Fuglestvedt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-28, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Solar Radiation Modification by adding aerosols to the stratosphere could rapidly and temporarily cool the Earth, but this speed creates unprecedented risks. Fast climate responses coupled with political instability create risks of failure to decarbonise, super-rapid climate change, and conflict. Idealized scenarios or conventional modeling tools could lead to systematic ignorance of these risks. We thus introduce a framework outlining what must be represented in future modeling and assessment.
Robert Reinecke, Tanjila Akhter, Annemarie Bäthge, Ricarda Dietrich, Sebastian Gnann, Simon N. Gosling, Danielle Grogan, Andreas Hartmann, Stefan Kollet, Rohini Kumar, Richard Lammers, Sida Liu, Yan Liu, Nils Moosdorf, Bibi Naz, Sara Nazari, Chibuike Orazulike, Yadu Pokhrel, Jacob Schewe, Mikhail Smilovic, Maryna Strokal, Wim Thiery, Yoshihide Wada, Shan Zuidema, and Inge de Graaf
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 523–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-523-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-523-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Here we describe a collaborative effort to improve predictions of how climate change will affect groundwater. The ISIMIP (The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project) groundwater sector combines multiple global groundwater models to capture a range of possible outcomes and reduce uncertainty. Initial comparisons reveal significant differences between models in key metrics like water table depth and recharge rates, highlighting the need for structured model intercomparisons.
Heye R. Bogena, Frank Herrmann, Andreas Lücke, Thomas Pütz, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 6965–6992, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Wüstebach catchment, which is part of the German TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories) network, was partially deforested in 2013 to promote natural forest regrowth. This data paper provides 16 years of hourly concentrations and fluxes of 11 solutes and runoff rates (2010–2024) from two runoff gauging stations, one affected by deforestation and one not, illustrating forest-management effects on solute transport processes at the catchment scale.
Jordan Steven Bates, Carsten Montzka, Rajina Bajracharya, Harry Vereecken, and François Jonard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5336, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5336, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used drone-based laser, multispectral, and thermal sensors to measure crop growth and health throughout the season. By combining these different data sources with an artificial intelligence model, we found that laser signal strength provides a powerful new way to estimate plant biomass. This method can improve how farmers and researchers monitor crop productivity and manage resources more sustainably.
Joschka Neumann, Nicolas Brüggemann, Patrick Chaumet, Normen Hermes, Jan Huwer, Peter Kirchner, Werner Lesmeister, Wilhelm August Mertens, Thomas Pütz, Jörg Wolters, Harry Vereecken, and Ghaleb Natour
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 14, 353–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-14-353-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-14-353-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change in combination with a steadily growing world population and a simultaneous decrease in agricultural land is one of the greatest global challenges facing mankind. In this context, Forschungszentrum Jülich established an "agricultural simulator" (AgraSim), which enables research into the effects of climate change on agricultural ecosystems and the optimization of agricultural cultivation and management strategies with the aid of combined experimental and numerical simulation.
Fang Li, Heye Reemt Bogena, Johannes Keller, Bagher Bayat, Rahul Raj, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks-Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 6419–6443, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6419-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6419-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to improve hydrological modeling by jointly using soil moisture and groundwater level data from field sensors in a catchment in Germany. By updating the model separately for shallow and deep soil zones, we achieved more accurate predictions of soil water, groundwater depth, and evapotranspiration. Our results show that combining both data types gives more balanced and reliable outcomes than using either alone.
Stefan Poll, Paul Rigor, Slavko Brdar, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Carl Hartick, Marco van Hulten, Ana Gonzalez-Nicolas, Johannes Keller, Daniel Caviedes-Voullieme, Harrie-Jan Hendricks-Franssen, Klaus Goergen, and Stefan Kollet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5468, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5468, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents TSMP2, a new version of an regional Earth system model that allows to simulate and analyze the complex interactions within terrestrial ecosystems from groundwater to atmosphere. TSMP2 links an atmospheric, a land surface model and an hydrological model through an external coupler and is fully open-source. We describe the TSMP2 model system, present the impact of coupling approaches, and outline our development strategy along with technical and performance aspects.
Loudi Yap, Jürgen Kusche, Bamidele Oloruntoba, Helena Gerdener, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4600, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4600, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall shifts in West Africa strongly affect the agricultural productivity, making it vital to understand how much water is stored in the soil. We investigated soil moisture from 2003 to 2019 using satellite, models and in-situ data. Results show that ESA CCI v0.81 tracks local conditions best, while CLM5.0 and GLWS2.0 capture broader climate patterns. By linking surface signals to deeper layers, we improved insight into root-zone water, helping to guide farming and water planning.
Salar Saeed Dogar, Cosimo Brogi, Dave O'Leary, Ixchel M. Hernández-Ochoa, Marco Donat, Harry Vereecken, and Johan Alexander Huisman
SOIL, 11, 655–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-655-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-655-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Farmers need precise information about their fields to use water, fertilizers, and other resources efficiently. This study combines underground soil data and satellite images to create detailed field maps using advanced machine learning. By testing different ways of processing data, we ensured a balanced and accurate approach. The results help farmers manage their land more effectively, leading to better harvests and more sustainable farming practices.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Victor Brovkin, Rosie A. Fisher, David Hohn, Tatiana Ilyina, Chris D. Jones, Torben Koenigk, Charles Koven, Hongmei Li, David M. Lawrence, Peter Lawrence, Spencer Liddicoat, Andrew H. MacDougall, Nadine Mengis, Zebedee Nicholls, Eleanor O'Rourke, Anastasia Romanou, Marit Sandstad, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Lori T. Sentman, Isla R. Simpson, Chris Smith, Norman J. Steinert, Abigail L. S. Swann, Jerry Tjiputra, and Tilo Ziehn
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5699–5724, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5699-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5699-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how climate models warm in response to simplified carbon emissions trajectories, refining the understanding of climate reversibility and commitment. Metrics are defined for warming response to cumulative emissions and for the cessation of emissions or ramp-down to net-zero and net-negative levels. Results indicate that previous concentration-driven experiments may have overstated the Zero Emissions Commitment due to emissions rates exceeding historical levels.
Jordan Bates, Carsten Montzka, Harry Vereecken, and François Jonard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3919, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3919, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with advanced cameras and laser scanning to measure crop water use and detect early signs of plant stress. By combining 3D views of crop structure with surface temperature and reflectance data, we improved estimates of water loss, especially in dense crops like wheat. This approach can help farmers use water more efficiently, respond quickly to stress, and support sustainable agriculture in a changing climate.
Roland Baatz, Patrick Davies, Paolo Nasta, and Heye Bogena
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2583–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2583-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2583-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The data-driven approach enhances soil water content measurements by improving the precision of cosmic ray neutron sensors (CRNSs). This study demonstrates a new method to account for dynamics in air pressure, atmospheric humidity, and incoming neutron intensity. Soil water content measured by CRNSs showed reduced errors compared to reference measurements. The findings highlight the need for precise adjustments to better measure soil moisture for agricultural, water, and climate monitoring.
Manuela S. Kaufmann, Anja Klotzsche, Jan van der Kruk, Anke Langen, Harry Vereecken, and Lutz Weihermüller
SOIL, 11, 267–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-267-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-267-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To use fertilizers more effectively, non-invasive geophysical methods can be used to understand nutrient distributions in the soil. We utilize, in a long-term field study, geophysical techniques to study soil properties and conditions under different fertilizer treatments. We compared the geophysical response with soil samples and soil sensor data. In particular, electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity tomography were effective in monitoring changes in nitrate levels over time.
Bamidele Oloruntoba, Stefan Kollet, Carsten Montzka, Harry Vereecken, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1659–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1659-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1659-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how soil and weather data affect land model simulations over Africa. By combining soil data processed in different ways with weather data of varying time intervals, we found that weather inputs had a greater impact on water processes than soil data type. However, the way soil data were processed became crucial when paired with high-frequency weather inputs, showing that detailed weather data can improve local and regional predictions of how water moves and interacts with the land.
Roland Baatz, Gohar Ghazaryan, Michael Hagenlocher, Claas Nendel, Andrea Toreti, and Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1379–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1379-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1379-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our global review of 130 000 peer-reviewed articles reveals that drought forecasting and plant genetics dominate drought research priorities. Using topic modelling, we traced evolving themes from 1901 to 2022, highlighting a shift from ecology to cutting-edge technologies. By applying unsupervised machine learning, we offer insights into how integrated approaches matter, guiding future priorities to strengthen drought resilience and to safeguard water resources.
Paolo Nasta, Günter Blöschl, Heye R. Bogena, Steffen Zacharias, Roland Baatz, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Karsten H. Jensen, Salvatore Manfreda, Laurent Pfister, Ana M. Tarquis, Ilja van Meerveld, Marc Voltz, Yijian Zeng, William Kustas, Xin Li, Harry Vereecken, and Nunzio Romano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 465–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-465-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Unsolved Problems in Hydrology (UPH) initiative has emphasized the need to establish networks of multi-decadal hydrological observatories to tackle catchment-scale challenges on a global scale. This opinion paper provocatively discusses two endmembers of possible future hydrological observatory (HO) networks for a given hypothesized community budget: a comprehensive set of moderately instrumented observatories or, alternatively, a small number of highly instrumented supersites.
Teng Xu, Sinan Xiao, Sebastian Reuschen, Nils Wildt, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Wolfgang Nowak
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5375–5400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5375-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5375-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a set of benchmarking scenarios for geostatistical inversion, and we encourage the scientific community to use these to compare their newly developed methods. To facilitate transparent, appropriate, and uncertainty-aware comparison of novel methods, we provide some accurate reference solutions, a high-end reference algorithm, and a diverse set of benchmarking metrics, all of which are publicly available. With this, we seek to foster more targeted and transparent progress in the field.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Ben B. B. Booth, John Dunne, Veronika Eyring, Rosie A. Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew J. Gidden, Tomohiro Hajima, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Andrew King, Charles D. Koven, David M. Lawrence, Jason Lowe, Nadine Mengis, Glen P. Peters, Joeri Rogelj, Chris Smith, Abigail C. Snyder, Isla R. Simpson, Abigail L. S. Swann, Claudia Tebaldi, Tatiana Ilyina, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Roland Séférian, Bjørn H. Samset, Detlef van Vuuren, and Sönke Zaehle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8141–8172, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss how, in order to provide more relevant guidance for climate policy, coordinated climate experiments should adopt a greater focus on simulations where Earth system models are provided with carbon emissions from fossil fuels together with land use change instructions, rather than past approaches that have largely focused on experiments with prescribed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We discuss how these goals might be achieved in coordinated climate modeling experiments.
Ying Zhao, Mehdi Rahmati, Harry Vereecken, and Dani Or
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4059–4063, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gao et al. (2023) question the importance of soil in hydrology, sparking debate. We acknowledge some valid points but critique their broad, unsubstantiated views on soil's role. Our response highlights three key areas: (1) the false divide between ecosystem-centric and soil-centric approaches, (2) the vital yet varied impact of soil properties, and (3) the call for a scale-aware framework. We aim to unify these perspectives, enhancing hydrology's comprehensive understanding.
Tobias Karl David Weber, Lutz Weihermüller, Attila Nemes, Michel Bechtold, Aurore Degré, Efstathios Diamantopoulos, Simone Fatichi, Vilim Filipović, Surya Gupta, Tobias L. Hohenbrink, Daniel R. Hirmas, Conrad Jackisch, Quirijn de Jong van Lier, John Koestel, Peter Lehmann, Toby R. Marthews, Budiman Minasny, Holger Pagel, Martine van der Ploeg, Shahab Aldin Shojaeezadeh, Simon Fiil Svane, Brigitta Szabó, Harry Vereecken, Anne Verhoef, Michael Young, Yijian Zeng, Yonggen Zhang, and Sara Bonetti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3391–3433, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are used to predict parameters of models describing the hydraulic properties of soils. The appropriateness of these predictions critically relies on the nature of the datasets for training the PTFs and the physical comprehensiveness of the models. This roadmap paper is addressed to PTF developers and users and critically reflects the utility and future of PTFs. To this end, we present a manifesto aiming at a paradigm shift in PTF research.
Lukas Strebel, Heye Bogena, Harry Vereecken, Mie Andreasen, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1001–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from using soil water content measurements from 13 European forest sites in a state-of-the-art land surface model. We use data assimilation to perform a combination of observed and modeled soil water content and show the improvements in the representation of soil water content. However, we also look at the impact on evapotranspiration and see no corresponding improvements.
Denise Degen, Daniel Caviedes Voullième, Susanne Buiter, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Harry Vereecken, Ana González-Nicolás, and Florian Wellmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7375–7409, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, we often use simulations based on physical laws. These simulations can be computationally expensive, which is a problem if simulations must be performed many times (e.g., to add error bounds). We show how a novel machine learning method helps to reduce simulation time. In comparison to other approaches, which typically only look at the output of a simulation, the method considers physical laws in the simulation itself. The method provides reliable results faster than standard.
Junyan Ding, Polly Buotte, Roger Bales, Bradley Christoffersen, Rosie A. Fisher, Michael Goulden, Ryan Knox, Lara Kueppers, Jacquelyn Shuman, Chonggang Xu, and Charles D. Koven
Biogeosciences, 20, 4491–4510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used a vegetation model to investigate how the different combinations of plant rooting depths and the sensitivity of leaves and stems to drying lead to differential responses of a pine forest to drought conditions in California, USA. We found that rooting depths are the strongest control in that ecosystem. Deep roots allow trees to fully utilize the soil water during a normal year but result in prolonged depletion of soil moisture during a severe drought and hence a high tree mortality risk.
Chonggang Xu, Bradley Christoffersen, Zachary Robbins, Ryan Knox, Rosie A. Fisher, Rutuja Chitra-Tarak, Martijn Slot, Kurt Solander, Lara Kueppers, Charles Koven, and Nate McDowell
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6267–6283, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6267-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a plant hydrodynamic model for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored model, the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES). To better understand this new model system and its functionality in tropical forest ecosystems, we conducted a global parameter sensitivity analysis at Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We identified the key parameters that affect the simulated plant hydrodynamics to guide both modeling and field campaign studies.
Theresa Boas, Heye Reemt Bogena, Dongryeol Ryu, Harry Vereecken, Andrew Western, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3143–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we tested the utility and skill of a state-of-the-art forecasting product for the prediction of regional crop productivity using a land surface model. Our results illustrate the potential value and skill of combining seasonal forecasts with modelling applications to generate variables of interest for stakeholders, such as annual crop yield for specific cash crops and regions. In addition, this study provides useful insights for future technical model evaluations and improvements.
Lingcheng Li, Yilin Fang, Zhonghua Zheng, Mingjie Shi, Marcos Longo, Charles D. Koven, Jennifer A. Holm, Rosie A. Fisher, Nate G. McDowell, Jeffrey Chambers, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4017–4040, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4017-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4017-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately modeling plant coexistence in vegetation demographic models like ELM-FATES is challenging. This study proposes a repeatable method that uses machine-learning-based surrogate models to optimize plant trait parameters in ELM-FATES. Our approach significantly improves plant coexistence modeling, thus reducing errors. It has important implications for modeling ecosystem dynamics in response to climate change.
Bibi S. Naz, Wendy Sharples, Yueling Ma, Klaus Goergen, and Stefan Kollet
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1617–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1617-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1617-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is challenging to apply a high-resolution integrated land surface and groundwater model over large spatial scales. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of such a model over a pan-European domain at 3 km resolution and perform an extensive evaluation of simulated water states and fluxes by comparing with in situ and satellite data. This study can serve as a benchmark and baseline for future studies of climate change impact projections and for hydrological forecasting.
Cosimo Brogi, Heye Reemt Bogena, Markus Köhli, Johan Alexander Huisman, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Olga Dombrowski
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 451–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate monitoring of water in soil can improve irrigation efficiency, which is important considering climate change and the growing world population. Cosmic-ray neutrons sensors (CRNSs) are a promising tool in irrigation monitoring due to a larger sensed area and to lower maintenance than other ground-based sensors. Here, we analyse the feasibility of irrigation monitoring with CRNSs and the impact of the irrigated field dimensions, of the variations of water in soil, and of instrument design.
Marius S. A. Lambert, Hui Tang, Kjetil S. Aas, Frode Stordal, Rosie A. Fisher, Yilin Fang, Junyan Ding, and Frans-Jan W. Parmentier
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8809–8829, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8809-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8809-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we implement a hardening mortality scheme into CTSM5.0-FATES-Hydro and evaluate how it impacts plant hydraulics and vegetation growth. Our work shows that the hydraulic modifications prescribed by the hardening scheme are necessary to model realistic vegetation growth in cold climates, in contrast to the default model that simulates almost nonexistent and declining vegetation due to abnormally large water loss through the roots.
Olga Dombrowski, Cosimo Brogi, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Damiano Zanotelli, and Heye Bogena
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5167–5193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5167-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5167-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon storage and food production of fruit orchards will be influenced by climate change. However, they lack representation in models that study such processes. We developed and tested a new sub-model, CLM5-FruitTree, that describes growth, biomass distribution, and management practices in orchards. The model satisfactorily predicted yield and exchange of carbon, energy, and water in an apple orchard and can be used to study land surface processes in fruit orchards at different scales.
Jordan Bates, Francois Jonard, Rajina Bajracharya, Harry Vereecken, and Carsten Montzka
AGILE GIScience Ser., 3, 23, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-23-2022, 2022
Wei Qu, Heye Bogena, Christoph Schüth, Harry Vereecken, Zongmei Li, and Stephan Schulz
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-131, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-131, 2022
Publication in GMD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
We applied the global sensitivity analysis LH-OAT to the integrated hydrology model ParFlow-CLM to investigate the sensitivity of the 12 parameters for different scenarios. And we found that the general patterns of the parameter sensitivities were consistent, however, for some parameters a significantly larger span of the sensitivities was observed, especially for the higher slope and in subarctic climatic scenarios.
Nicholas Jarvis, Jannis Groh, Elisabet Lewan, Katharina H. E. Meurer, Walter Durka, Cornelia Baessler, Thomas Pütz, Elvin Rufullayev, and Harry Vereecken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2277–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We apply an eco-hydrological model to data on soil water balance and grassland growth obtained at two sites with contrasting climates. Our results show that the grassland in the drier climate had adapted by developing deeper roots, which maintained water supply to the plants in the face of severe drought. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering such plastic responses of plant traits to environmental stress in the modelling of soil water balance and plant growth under climate change.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Lukas Strebel, Heye R. Bogena, Harry Vereecken, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 395–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the technical coupling between a land surface model (CLM5) and the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (PDAF). This coupling enables measurement data to update simulated model states and parameters in a statistically optimal way. We demonstrate the viability of the model framework using an application in a forested catchment where the inclusion of soil water measurements significantly improved the simulation quality.
Veronika Forstner, Jannis Groh, Matevz Vremec, Markus Herndl, Harry Vereecken, Horst H. Gerke, Steffen Birk, and Thomas Pütz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6087–6106, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lysimeter-based manipulative and observational experiments were used to identify responses of water fluxes and aboveground biomass (AGB) to climatic change in permanent grassland. Under energy-limited conditions, elevated temperature actual evapotranspiration (ETa) increased, while seepage, dew, and AGB decreased. Elevated CO2 mitigated the effect on ETa. Under water limitation, elevated temperature resulted in reduced ETa, and AGB was negatively correlated with an increasing aridity.
Yafei Huang, Jonas Weis, Harry Vereecken, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-569, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-569, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Trends in agricultural droughts cannot be easily deduced from measurements. Here trends in agricultural droughts over 31 German and Dutch sites were calculated with model simulations and long-term observed meteorological data as input. We found that agricultural droughts are increasing although precipitation hardly decreases. The increase is driven by increase in evapotranspiration. The year 2018 was for half of the sites the year with the most extreme agricultural drought in the last 55 years.
Mengna Li, Yijian Zeng, Maciek W. Lubczynski, Jean Roy, Lianyu Yu, Hui Qian, Zhenyu Li, Jie Chen, Lei Han, Han Zheng, Tom Veldkamp, Jeroen M. Schoorl, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Kai Hou, Qiying Zhang, Panpan Xu, Fan Li, Kai Lu, Yulin Li, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4727–4757, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau is the source of most of Asia's major rivers and has been called the Asian Water Tower. Due to its remoteness and the harsh environment, there is a lack of field survey data to investigate its hydrogeology. Borehole core lithology analysis, an altitude survey, soil thickness measurement, hydrogeological surveys, and hydrogeophysical surveys were conducted in the Maqu catchment within the Yellow River source region to improve a full–picture understanding of the water cycle.
Bernd Schalge, Gabriele Baroni, Barbara Haese, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Pablo Saavedra, Vincent Haefliger, Harry Vereecken, Sabine Attinger, Harald Kunstmann, Olaf A. Cirpka, Felix Ament, Stefan Kollet, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Clemens Simmer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4437–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
Jan Vanderborght, Valentin Couvreur, Felicien Meunier, Andrea Schnepf, Harry Vereecken, Martin Bouda, and Mathieu Javaux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4835–4860, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Root water uptake is an important process in the terrestrial water cycle. How this process depends on soil water content, root distributions, and root properties is a soil–root hydraulic problem. We compare different approaches to implementing root hydraulics in macroscopic soil water flow and land surface models.
Youri Rothfuss, Maria Quade, Nicolas Brüggemann, Alexander Graf, Harry Vereecken, and Maren Dubbert
Biogeosciences, 18, 3701–3732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The partitioning of evapotranspiration into evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants is crucial for a wide range of parties, from farmers to policymakers. In this work, we focus on a particular partitioning method, based on the stable isotopic analysis of water. In particular, we aim at highlighting the challenges that this method is currently facing and, in light of recent methodological developments, propose ways forward for the isotopic-partitioning community.
Cosimo Brogi, Johan A. Huisman, Lutz Weihermüller, Michael Herbst, and Harry Vereecken
SOIL, 7, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There is a need in agriculture for detailed soil maps that carry quantitative information. Geophysics-based soil maps have the potential to deliver such products, but their added value has not been fully investigated yet. In this study, we compare the use of a geophysics-based soil map with the use of two commonly available maps as input for crop growth simulations. The geophysics-based product results in better simulations, with improvements that depend on precipitation, soil, and crop type.
Cited articles
Ali, A. A., Xu, C., Rogers, A., Fisher, R. A., Wullschleger, S. D., Massoud, E. C., Vrugt, J. A., Muss, J. D., McDowell, N. G., Fisher, J. B., Reich, P. B., and Wilson, C. J.: A global scale mechanistic model of photosynthetic capacity (LUNA V1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 587–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-587-2016, 2016.
Anderegg, L. D. L., Griffith, D. M., Cavender-Bares, J., Riley, W. J., Berry, J. A., Dawson, T. E., and Still, C. J.: Representing plant diversity in land models: An evolutionary approach to make “Functional Types” more functional, Global Change Biol., 28, 2541–2554, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16040, 2022.
Baatz, R., Sullivan, P. L., Li, L., Weintraub, S. R., Loescher, H. W., Mirtl, M., Groffman, P. M., Wall, D. H., Young, M., White, T., Wen, H., Zacharias, S., Kühn, I., Tang, J., Gaillardet, J., Braud, I., Flores, A. N., Kumar, P., Lin, H., Ghezzehei, T., Jones, J., Gholz, H. L., Vereecken, H., and Van Looy, K.: Steering operational synergies in terrestrial observation networks: opportunity for advancing Earth system dynamics modelling, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018.
Baatz, R., Hendricks Franssen, H. J., Euskirchen, E., Sihi, D., Dietze, M., Ciavatta, S., Fennel, K., Beck, H., De Lannoy, G., Pauwels, V. R. N., Raiho, A., Montzka, C., Williams, M., Mishra, U., Poppe, C., Zacharias, S., Lausch, A., Samaniego, L., Van Looy, K., Bogena, H., Adamescu, M., Mirtl, M., Fox, A., Goergen, K., Naz, B. S., Zeng, Y., and Vereecken, H.: Reanalysis in Earth System Science: Toward Terrestrial Ecosystem Reanalysis, Rev. Geophys., 59, e2020RG000715, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000715, 2021.
Baker, E., Harper, A. B., Williamson, D., and Challenor, P.: Emulation of high-resolution land surface models using sparse Gaussian processes with application to JULES, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1913–1929, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1913-2022, 2022.
Bates, J. S., Montzka, C., Schmidt, M., and Jonard, F.: Estimating Canopy Density Parameters Time-Series for Winter Wheat Using UAS Mounted LiDAR, Remote Sens., 13, 710, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040710, 2021.
Birch, L., Schwalm, C. R., Natali, S., Lombardozzi, D., Keppel-Aleks, G., Watts, J., Lin, X., Zona, D., Oechel, W., Sachs, T., Black, T. A., and Rogers, B. M.: Addressing biases in Arctic–boreal carbon cycling in the Community Land Model Version 5, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3361–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3361-2021, 2021.
Bloom, A. A., Bowman, K. W., Liu, J., Konings, A. G., Worden, J. R., Parazoo, N. C., Meyer, V., Reager, J. T., Worden, H. M., Jiang, Z., Quetin, G. R., Smallman, T. L., Exbrayat, J.-F., Yin, Y., Saatchi, S. S., Williams, M., and Schimel, D. S.: Lagged effects regulate the inter-annual variability of the tropical carbon balance, Biogeosciences, 17, 6393–6422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020, 2020.
Boas, T., Bogena, H. R., Ryu, D., Vereecken, H., Western, A., and Hendricks Franssen, H.-J.: Seasonal soil moisture and crop yield prediction with fifth-generation seasonal forecasting system (SEAS5) long-range meteorological forecasts in a land surface modelling approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3143–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3143-2023, 2023.
Bollmeyer, C., Keller, J. D., Ohlwein, C., Wahl, S., Crewell, S., Friederichs, P., Hense, A., Keune, J., Kneifel, S., Pscheidt, I., Redl, S., and Steinke, S.: Towards a high-resolution regional reanalysis for the European CORDEX domain: High-Resolution Regional Reanalysis for the European CORDEX Domain, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2486, 2015.
Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., Kergoat, L., and Oleson, K. W.: Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models: PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES AND CLIMATE MODELS, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16, 5-1–5-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001360, 2002.
Bonan, G. B., Lawrence, P. J., Oleson, K. W., Levis, S., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Lawrence, D. M., and Swenson, S. C.: Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G02014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001593, 2011.
Bonan, G. B., Williams, M., Fisher, R. A., and Oleson, K. W.: Modeling stomatal conductance in the earth system: linking leaf water-use efficiency and water transport along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2193–2222, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2193-2014, 2014.
Caldararu, S., Purves, D. W., and Smith, M. J.: The effect of using the plant functional type paradigm on a data-constrained global phenology model, Biogeosciences, 13, 925–941, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-925-2016, 2016.
Cheng, Y., Huang, M., Zhu, B., Bisht, G., Zhou, T., Liu, Y., Song, F., and He, X.: Validation of the Community Land Model Version 5 Over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) Using In Situ and Remote Sensing Data Sets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033539, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033539, 2021.
Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., and Zona, D.: Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 301–302, 108350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350, 2021.
Cooley, S. S., Fisher, J. B., and Goldsmith, G. R.: Convergence in Water Use Efficiency within Plant Functional Types across Contrasting Climates, Nature Plants, 8, 341–345, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01131-z, 2022.
Cranko Page, J., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., and Pitman, A. J.: Are Plant Functional Types Fit for Purpose?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL104962, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104962, 2024.
CTSM Development Team: Toeroeoe/CLM5_freezer: Paper_CLM5EU3_GPP-ET_GMD (GMD), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11091890, 2024.
Dagon, K., Sanderson, B. M., Fisher, R. A., and Lawrence, D. M.: A machine learning approach to emulation and biophysical parameter estimation with the Community Land Model, version 5, Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 6, 223–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-6-223-2020, 2020.
Deng, M., Meng, X., Lu, Y., Li, Z., Zhao, L., Hu, Z., Chen, H., Shang, L., Wang, S., and Li, Q.: Impact and Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Water and Heat Transfer Parameterizations in Community Land Surface Model on the Tibetan Plateau, J. Adv. Model Earth Sy., 13, e2021MS002670, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002670, 2021.
De Pue, J., Wieneke, S., Bastos, A., Barrios, J. M., Liu, L., Ciais, P., Arboleda, A., Hamdi, R., Maleki, M., Maignan, F., Gellens-Meulenberghs, F., Janssens, I., and Balzarolo, M.: Temporal variability of observed and simulated gross primary productivity, modulated by vegetation state and hydrometeorological drivers, Biogeosciences, 20, 4795–4818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, 2023.
Earth Resources Observation And Science (EROS) Center: Global Topographic 30 Arc-Second Hydrologic Digital Elevation Model 1 km, Earth Resources Observation And Science (EROS) Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5066/F77P8WN0, 2017.
Eshonkulov, R., Poyda, A., Ingwersen, J., Wizemann, H.-D., Weber, T. K. D., Kremer, P., Högy, P., Pulatov, A., and Streck, T.: Evaluating multi-year, multi-site data on the energy balance closure of eddy-covariance flux measurements at cropland sites in southwestern Germany, Biogeosciences, 16, 521–540, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-521-2019, 2019.
Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S., and Berry, J. A.: A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149, 78–90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386231, 1980.
Fisher, R. A. and Koven, C. D.: Perspectives on the Future of Land Surface Models and the Challenges of Representing Complex Terrestrial Systems, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2018MS001453, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001453, 2020.
Fisher, R. A., Wieder, W. R., Sanderson, B. M., Koven, C. D., Oleson, K. W., Xu, C., Fisher, J. B., Shi, M., Walker, A. P., and Lawrence, D. M.: Parametric Controls on Vegetation Responses to Biogeochemical Forcing in the CLM5, Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 2879–2895, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001609, 2019.
Futter, M. N., Dirnböck, T., Forsius, M., Bäck, J. K., Cools, N., Diaz-Pines, E., Dick, J., Gaube, V., Gillespie, L. M., Högbom, L., Laudon, H., Mirtl, M., Nikolaidis, N., Poppe Terán, C., Skiba, U., Vereecken, H., Villock, H., Weldon, J., Wohner, C., and Alam, S. A.: Leveraging research infrastructure co-location to evaluate constraints on terrestrial carbon cycling in northern European forests, Ambio, 52, 1819–1831, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01930-4, 2023.
Giorgi, F., Jones, C., and Asrar, G. R.: Addressing Climate Information Needs at the Regional Level: the CORDEX Framework, World Meteorological Organization Bulletin, 58, 175–183, 2009.
Graf, A., Klosterhalfen, A., Arriga, N., Bernhofer, C., Bogena, H., Bornet, F., Brüggemann, N., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Chi, J., Chipeaux, C., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Dušek, J., El-Madany, T. S., Fares, S., Fischer, M., Foltýnová, L., Gharun, M., Ghiasi, S., Gielen, B., Gottschalk, P., Grünwald, T., Heinemann, G., Heinesch, B., Heliasz, M., Holst, J., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Ingwersen, J., Jurasinski, G., Klatt, J., Knohl, A., Koebsch, F., Konopka, J., Korkiakoski, M., Kowalska, N., Kremer, P., Kruijt, B., Lafont, S., Léonard, J., De Ligne, A., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Magliulo, V., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Mauder, M., Migliavacca, M., Mölder, M., Neirynck, J., Ney, P., Nilsson, M., Paul-Limoges, E., Peichl, M., Pitacco, A., Poyda, A., Rebmann, C., Roland, M., Sachs, T., Schmidt, M., Schrader, F., Siebicke, L., Šigut, L., Tuittila, E.-S., Varlagin, A., Vendrame, N., Vincke, C., Völksch, I., Weber, S., Wille, C., Wizemann, H.-D., Zeeman, M., and Vereecken, H.: Altered energy partitioning across terrestrial ecosystems in the European drought year 2018, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 20190524, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0524, 2020.
Graf, A., Wohlfahrt, G., Aranda-Barranco, S., Arriga, N., Brümmer, C., Ceschia, E., Ciais, P., Desai, A. R., Di Lonardo, S., Gharun, M., Grünwald, T., Hörtnagl, L., Kasak, K., Klosterhalfen, A., Knohl, A., Kowalska, N., Leuchner, M., Lindroth, A., Mauder, M., Migliavacca, M., Morel, A. C., Pfennig, A., Poorter, H., Terán, C. P., Reitz, O., Rebmann, C., Sanchez-Azofeifa, A., Schmidt, M., Šigut, L., Tomelleri, E., Yu, K., Varlagin, A., and Vereecken, H.: Joint optimization of land carbon uptake and albedo can help achieve moderate instantaneous and long-term cooling effects, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 298, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00958-4, 2023.
Green, J. K., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., and Keenan, T. F.: Systematic Underestimation of Canopy Conductance Sensitivity to Drought by Earth System Models, AGU Adv., 5, e2023AV001026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV001026, 2024.
Guo, T.: Extreme Precipitation Strongly Impacts the Interaction of Skewness and Kurtosis of Annual Precipitation Distribution on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, Atmosphere, 13, 1857, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111857, 2022.
Harding, B., Tremblay, C., and Cousineau, D.: Standard errors: A review and evaluation of standard error estimators using Monte Carlo simulations, TQMP, 10, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.10.2.p107, 2014.
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L., Sahajpal, R., Frolking, S., Bodirsky, B. L., Calvin, K., Doelman, J. C., Fisk, J., Fujimori, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heinimann, A., Humpenöder, F., Jungclaus, J., Kaplan, J. O., Kennedy, J., Krisztin, T., Lawrence, D., Lawrence, P., Ma, L., Mertz, O., Pongratz, J., Popp, A., Poulter, B., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Stehfest, E., Thornton, P., Tubiello, F. N., van Vuuren, D. P., and Zhang, X.: Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5425–5464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5425-2020, 2020.
ICOS RI: Ecosystem final quality (L2) product in ETC-Archive format – release 2021-1, 911 MB, https://doi.org/10.18160/FZMY-PG92, 2021.
IGBP: Global Soil Data Task (IGBP-DIS, ISO-image of CD), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.869912, 2000.
Jafari, M., Tavili, A., Panahi, F., Zandi Esfahan, E., and Ghorbani, M.: Introduction, in: Reclamation of Arid Lands, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1–19, 2018.
Jülich Supercomputing Centre: JURECA: Data Centric and Booster Modules implementing the Modular Supercomputing Architecture at Jülich Supercomputing Centre Journal of large-scale research facilities, 7, A182, https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-7-182, 2021.
Jung, M., Schwalm, C., Migliavacca, M., Walther, S., Camps-Valls, G., Koirala, S., Anthoni, P., Besnard, S., Bodesheim, P., Carvalhais, N., Chevallier, F., Gans, F., Goll, D. S., Haverd, V., Köhler, P., Ichii, K., Jain, A. K., Liu, J., Lombardozzi, D., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nelson, J. A., O'Sullivan, M., Pallandt, M., Papale, D., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Rödenbeck, C., Sitch, S., Tramontana, G., Walker, A., Weber, U., and Reichstein, M.: Scaling carbon fluxes from eddy covariance sites to globe: synthesis and evaluation of the FLUXCOM approach, Biogeosciences, 17, 1343–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, 2020.
Kanavi, M. S. P., Somu, G., Marappa, N., and Koler Prakash: Studies on Skewness and Kurtosis of Quantitative Traits in Green Gram Germplasm Accessions [Vigna Radiata (L.)] under Drought Condition, J. Pharmacognosy Phytochem., 9, 501–509, 2020.
Kühn, N., Tovar, C., Carretero, J., Vandvik, V., Enquist, B. J., and Willis, K. J.: Globally important plant functional traits for coping with climate change, Front. Biogeogr., 13, e53774, https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG53774, 2021.
Lawrence, D. M., Fisher, R., Koven, C., Oleson, K., Swenson, S., Vertenstein, M., Andre, B., Bonan, G., Ghimire, B., van Kampenhout, L., Kennedy, D., Kluzek, E., Knox, R., Lawrence, P., Li, F., Li, H., Lombardozzi, D., Lu, Y., Perket, J., Riley, W., Sacks, W., Shi, M., Wieder, W., Xu, C., Ali, A., Badger, A., Bisht, G., Broxton, P., Brunke, M., Buzan, J., Clark, M., Craig, T., Dahlin, K., Drewniak, B., Emmons, L., Fisher, J., Flanner, M., Gentine, P., Lenaerts, J., Levis, S., Leung, L. R., Lipscomb, W., Pelletier, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Sanderson, B., Shuman, J., Slater, A., Subin, Z., Tang, J., Tawfik, A., Thomas, Q., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., and Zeng, X.: CLM5 Documentation (Technical Note), https://www2.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm2/land/CLM50_Tech_Note.pdf (last access: 8 March 2021), February 2018.
Lawrence, D. M., Fisher, R. A., Koven, C. D., Oleson, K. W., Swenson, S. C., Bonan, G., Collier, N., Ghimire, B., Kampenhout, L., Kennedy, D., Kluzek, E., Lawrence, P. J., Li, F., Li, H., Lombardozzi, D., Riley, W. J., Sacks, W. J., Shi, M., Vertenstein, M., Wieder, W. R., Xu, C., Ali, A. A., Badger, A. M., Bisht, G., Broeke, M., Brunke, M. A., Burns, S. P., Buzan, J., Clark, M., Craig, A., Dahlin, K., Drewniak, B., Fisher, J. B., Flanner, M., Fox, A. M., Gentine, P., Hoffman, F., Keppel-Aleks, G., Knox, R., Kumar, S., Lenaerts, J., Leung, L. R., Lipscomb, W. H., Lu, Y., Pandey, A., Pelletier, J. D., Perket, J., Randerson, J. T., Ricciuto, D. M., Sanderson, B. M., Slater, A., Subin, Z. M., Tang, J., Thomas, R. Q., Val Martin, M., and Zeng, X.: The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of New Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 4245–4287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001583, 2019.
Lawrence, P. J. and Chase, T. N.: Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the Community Land Model (CLM 3.0), J. Geophys. Res., 112, G01023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000168, 2007.
Lehner, F., Coats, S., Stocker, T. F., Pendergrass, A. G., Sanderson, B. M., Raible, C. C., and Smerdon, J. E.: Projected drought risk in 1.5° C and 2° C warmer climates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7419–7428, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074117, 2017.
Li, N., Xiao, J., Bai, R., Wang, J., Wu, L., Gao W., Li, W., Chen, M., and Li, Q.: Preseason Sunshine Duration Determines the Start of Growing Season of Natural Rubber Forests, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 124, 103513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103513, 2023.
Lian, X., Piao, S., Li, L. Z. X., Li, Y., Huntingford, C., Ciais, P., Cescatti, A., Janssens, I. A., Peñuelas, J., Buermann, W., Chen, A., Li, X., Myneni, R. B., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Zeng, Z., Zhang, Y., and McVicar, T. R: Summer Soil Drying Exacerbated by Earlier Spring Greening of Northern Vegetation, Sci. Adv., 6, eaax0255, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0255, 2020.
Liang, S., Cheng, J., Jia, K., Jiang, B., Liu, Q., Xiao, Z., Yao, Y., Yuan, W., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., and Zhou, J.: The Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Product Suite, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E323–E337, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0341.1, 2021.
Lin, Y.-S., Medlyn, B. E., Duursma, R. A., Prentice, I. C., Wang, H., Baig, S., Eamus, D., De Dios, V., Mitchell, P., Ellsworth, D. S., De Beeck, M. O., Wallin, G., Uddling, J., Tarvainen, L., Linderson, M.-L., Cernusak, L. A., Nippert, J. B., Ocheltree, T. W., Tissue, D. T., Martin-StPaul, N. K., Rogers, A., Warren, J. M., De Angelis, P., Hikosaka, K., Han, Q., Onoda, Y., Gimeno, T. E., Barton, C. V. M., Bennie, J., Bonal, D., Bosc, A., Löw, M., Macinins-Ng, C., Rey, A., Rowland, L., Setterfield, S. A., Tausz-Posch, S., Zaragoza-Castells, J., Broadmeadow, M. S. J., Drake, J. E., Freeman, M., Ghannoum, O., Hutley, Lindsay B., Kelly, J. W., Kikuzawa, K., Kolari, P., Koyama, K., Limousin, J.-M., Meir, P., Lola Da Costa, A. C., Mikkelsen, T. N., Salinas, N., Sun, W., and Wingate, L.: Optimal stomatal behaviour around the world, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 459–464, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2550, 2015.
Liu, C., Sack, L., Li, Y., and He, N.: Contrasting Adaptation and Optimization of Stomatal Traits across Communities at Continental Scale, edited by: Lawson, T., J. Exp. Botany, 73, 6405–6416, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac266, 2022.
Ma, H. and Liang, S: Development of the GLASS 250-m Leaf Area Index Product (Version 6) from MODIS Data Using the Bidirectional LSTM Deep Learning Model, Remote Sens. Environ., 273, 112985, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112985, 2022.
Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R. A. M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H. E., Dorigo, W. A., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017, 2017 (data available at: https://www.gleam.eu/, last access: 12 December 2023).
Medlyn, B. E., Duursma, R. A., Eamus, D., Ellsworth, D. S., Prentice, I. C., Barton, C. V. M., Crous, K. Y., De Angelis, P., Freeman, M., and Wingate, L.: Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance: RECONCILING OPTIMAL AND EMPIRICAL STOMATAL MODELS, Global Change Biol., 17, 2134–2144, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02375.x, 2011.
Migliavacca, M., Musavi, T., Mahecha, M. D., Nelson, J. A., Knauer, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Perez-Priego, O., Christiansen, R., Peters, J., Anderson, K., Bahn, M., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bonal, D., Buchmann, N., Caldararu, S., Carrara, A., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Cleverly, J., Cremonese, E., Desai, A. R., El-Madany, T. S., Farella, M. M., Fernández-Martínez, M., Filippa, G., Forkel, M., Galvagno, M., Gomarasca, U., Gough, C. M., Göckede, M., Ibrom, A., Ikawa, H., Janssens, I. A., Jung, M., Kattge, J., Keenan, T. F., Knohl, A., Kobayashi, H., Kraemer, G., Law, B. E., Liddell, M. J., Ma, X., Mammarella, I., Martini, D., Macfarlane, C., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Pabon-Moreno, D. E., Panigada, C., Papale, D., Pendall, E., Penuelas, J., Phillips, R. P., Reich, P. B., Rossini, M., Rotenberg, E., Scott, R. L., Stahl, C., Weber, U., Wohlfahrt, G., Wolf, S., Wright, I. J., Yakir, D., Zaehle, S., and Reichstein, M.: The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function, Nature, 598, 468–472, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03939-9, 2021.
Mirtl, M., T. Borer, E., Djukic, I., Forsius, M., Haubold, H., Hugo, W., Jourdan, J., Lindenmayer, D., McDowell, W. H., Muraoka, H., Orenstein, D. E., Pauw, J. C., Peterseil, J., Shibata, H., Wohner, C., Yu, X., and Haase, P.: Genesis, goals and achievements of Long-Term Ecological Research at the global scale: A critical review of ILTER and future directions, Sci. Total Environ., 626, 1439–1462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.001, 2018.
Mirtl, M., Kuhn, I., Montheith, D., Bäck, J., Orenstein, D., Provenzale, A., Zacharias, S., Haase, P., and Shachak, M.: Whole System Approach for in-situ research on Life Supporting Systems in the Anthropocene (WAILS), EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 April 2021, EGU21-16425, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16425, 2021.
Muñoz Sabater, J.: ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.e2161bac, 2019.
Ohnemus, T., Zacharias, S., Dirnböck, T., Bäck, J., Brack, W., Forsius, M., Mallast, U., Nikolaidis, N. P., Peterseil, J., Piscart, C., Pando, F., Poppe Terán, C., and Mirtl, M.: The eLTER Research Infrastructure: Current Design and Coverage of Environmental and Socio-Ecological Gradients, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 23, 100456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2024.100456, 2024.
Pilli, R., Grassi, G., Kurz, W. A., Fiorese, G., and Cescatti, A.: The European forest sector: past and future carbon budget and fluxes under different management scenarios, Biogeosciences, 14, 2387–2405, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2387-2017, 2017.
Poppe Terán, C.: Toeroeoe/CLM5_cases: Paper_CLM5EU3_GPP-ET_GMD (GMD), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11091845, 2024a.
Poppe Terán, C.: Toeroeoe/Paper_CLM5EU3_ET-GPP_GMD: Paper_CLM5EU3_GPP-ET_GMD_revision (GMC_revision), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13885473, 2024b.
Poppe Terán, C.: Toeroeoe/my_: Paper_CLM5EU3_GPP-ET_GMD_revision (GMD_revision), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13885466, 2024c.
Poppe Terán, C.: Toeroeoe/Paper_CLM5EU3_ET-GPP_GMD: Paper_CLM5EU3_GPP-ET_GMD (GMD), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11091898, 2024d.
Poppe Terán, C., Naz, B. S., Graf, A., Qu, Y., Hendricks Franssen, H.-J., Baatz, R., Ciais, P., and Vereecken, H.: Rising water-use efficiency in European grasslands is driven by increased primary production, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 95, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00757-x, 2023.
Prein, A. F., Gobiet, A., Truhetz, H., Keuler, K., Goergen, K., Teichmann, C., Fox Maule, C., van Meijgaard, E., Déqué, M., Nikulin, G., Vautard, R., Colette, A., Kjellström, E., and Jacob, D.: Precipitation in the EURO-CORDEX 0.11° and 0.44° simulations: high resolution, high benefits?, Clim. Dynam., 46, 383–412, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2589-y, 2016.
Rahmati, M., Graf, A., Poppe Terán, C., Amelung, W., Dorigo, W., Franssen, H.-J. H., Montzka, C., Or, D., Sprenger, M., Vanderborght, J., Verhoest, N. E. C., and Vereecken, H.: Continuous increase in evaporative demand shortened the growing season of European ecosystems in the last decade, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 236, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00890-7, 2023.
Reichstein, M., Stoy, P. C., Desai, A. R., Lasslop, G., and Richardson, A. D.: Partitioning of Net Fluxes, in: Eddy Covariance, edited by: Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 263–289, 2012.
Rousi, E., Kornhuber, K., Beobide-Arsuaga, G., Luo, F., and Coumou, D.: Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia, Nat. Commun., 13, 3851, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y, 2022.
Scott, D. W.: Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization, 1st edn., Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316849, 1992.
Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Gruber, N., Jones, S. D., Murray-Tortarolo, G., Ahlström, A., Doney, S. C., Graven, H., Heinze, C., Huntingford, C., Levis, S., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Poulter, B., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., Arneth, A., Bonan, G., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Ellis, R., Gloor, M., Peylin, P., Piao, S. L., Le Quéré, C., Smith, B., Zhu, Z., and Myneni, R.: Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, 12, 653–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-653-2015, 2015.
Solomon, A. M. and Shugart, H. H. (Eds.): Vegetation dynamics & global change, Chapman & Hall, IIASA, New York, Laxenburg, Austria, 338 pp., 1993.
Song, J., Miller, G. R., Cahill, A. T., Aparecido, L. M. T., and Moore, G. W.: Modeling land surface processes over a mountainous rainforest in Costa Rica using CLM4.5 and CLM5, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5147–5173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5147-2020, 2020.
Strebel, L., Bogena, H., Vereecken, H., Andreasen, M., Aranda-Barranco, S., and Hendricks Franssen, H.-J.: Evapotranspiration prediction for European forest sites does not improve with assimilation of in situ soil water content data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1001–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1001-2024, 2024.
Taylor, K. E.: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 7183–7192, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900719, 2001.
Ukkola, A. M., De Kauwe, M. G., Pitman, A. J., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Haverd, V., Decker, M., and Haughton, N.: Land surface models systematically overestimate the intensity, duration and magnitude of seasonal-scale evaporative droughts, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 104012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104012, 2016.
Umair, M., Kim, D., and Choi, M.: Impact of climate, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, and other environmental factors on water-use efficiency at multiple land cover types, Sci. Rep., 10, 11644, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68472-7, 2020.
Van Bodegom, P. M., Douma, J. C., Witte, J. P. M., Ordoñez, J. C., Bartholomeus, R. P., and Aerts, R.: Going beyond limitations of plant functional types when predicting global ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes: exploring the merits of traits-based approaches: Merits of traits-based vegetation modelling, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 21, 625–636, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00717.x, 2012.
Van Bodegom, P. M., Douma, J. C., and Verheijen, L. M.: A fully traits-based approach to modeling global vegetation distribution, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 13733–13738, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1304551110, 2014.
Van Der Woude, A. M., Peters, W., Joetzjer, E., Lafont, S., Koren, G., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., Xu, Y., Bastos, A., Botía, S., Sitch, S., De Kok, R., Kneuer, T., Kubistin, D., Jacotot, A., Loubet, B., Herig-Coimbra, P.-H., Loustau, D., and Luijkx, I. T.: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe, Nat. Commun., 14, 6218, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41851-0, 2023.
Vautard, R., Cattiaux, J., Happé, T., Singh, J., Bonnet, R., Cassou, C., Coumou, D., D'Andrea, F., Faranda, D., Fischer, E., Ribes, A., Sippel, S., and Yiou, P.: Heat extremes in Western Europe increasing faster than simulated due to atmospheric circulation trends, Nat. Commun., 14, 6803, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42143-3, 2023.
Wahl, S., Bollmeyer, C., Crewell, S., Figura, C., Friederichs, P., Hense, A., Keller, J. D., and Ohlwein, C.: A novel convective-scale regional reanalysis COSMO-REA2: Improving the representation of precipitation, metz, 26, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2017/0824, 2017.
Warm Winter 2020 Team and ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Centre: Warm Winter 2020 ecosystem eddy covariance flux product for 73 stations in FLUXNET-Archive format – release 2022-1 (Version 1.0), ICOS Carbon Portal [data set], https://doi.org/10.18160/2G60-ZHAK, 2022.
Whitcraft, A. K., Becker-Reshef, I., and Justice, C. O.: Agricultural Growing Season Calendars Derived from MODIS Surface Reflectance. Int. J. Digit. Earth, 8, 173–197, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2014.894147, 2015.
Winkler, K., Yang, H., Ganzenmüller, R., Fuchs, R., Ceccherini, G., Duveiller, G., Grassi, G., Pongratz, J., Bastos, A., Shvidenko, A., Araza, A., Herold, M., Wigneron, J.-P., and Ciais, P.: Changes in land use and management led to a decline in Eastern Europe's terrestrial carbon sink, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 237, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00893-4, 2023.
Wozniak, M. C., Bonan, G. B., Keppel-Aleks, G., and Steiner, A. L.: Influence of Vertical Heterogeneities in the Canopy Microenvironment on Interannual Variability of Carbon Uptake in Temperate Deciduous Forests, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 125, e2020JG005658, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005658, 2020.
Wu, H., Fu, C., Wu, H., and Zhang, L.: Plant Hydraulic Stress Strategy Improves Model Predictions of the Response of Gross Primary Productivity to Drought Across China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033476, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033476, 2020.
Xie, X., Li, A., Tan, J., Lei, G., Jin, H., and Zhang, Z.: Uncertainty analysis of multiple global GPP datasets in characterizing the lagged effect of drought on photosynthesis, Ecol. Indic., 113, 106224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106224, 2020.
Zhang, L., Ning, F., Bai, X., Zeng, X., and He, C.: Performance evaluation of CLM5.0 in simulating liquid soil water in high mountainous area, Northwest China, J. Mt. Sci., 20, 1865–1883, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7803-x, 2023.
Zhang, W., Nelson, J. A., Miralles, D. G., Mauder, M., Migliavacca, M., Poyatos, R., Reichstein, M., and Jung, M.: A New Post-Hoc Method to Reduce the Energy Imbalance in Eddy Covariance Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107084, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107084, 2024.
Zheng, Y., Shen, R., Wang, Y., Li, X., Liu, S., Liang, S., Chen, J. M., Ju, W., Zhang, L., and Yuan, W.: Improved estimate of global gross primary production for reproducing its long-term variation, 1982–2017, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2725–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, 2020.
Short summary
Carbon and water exchanges between the atmosphere and the land surface contribute to water resource availability and climate change mitigation. Land surface models, like the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5), simulate these. This study finds that CLM5 and other data sets underestimate the magnitudes of and variability in carbon and water exchanges for the most abundant plant functional types compared to observations. It provides essential insights for further research into these processes.
Carbon and water exchanges between the atmosphere and the land surface contribute to water...
