Articles | Volume 17, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
08 Jul 2024
Model description paper |
| 08 Jul 2024
| 08 Jul 2024
Linking global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry with process-based, coupled freshwater algae–nutrient–solid dynamics in LM3-FANSY v1.0
Minjin Lee
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Charles A. Stock
NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
John P. Dunne
NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Elena Shevliakova
NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Andrew Ross, Charles Stock, Vimal Koul, Liwei Jia, Nathaniel Johnson, and Colleen McHugh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5262, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the accuracy of forecasts of ocean oxygen and acidity, both critical for the healthy functioning of fish and marine ecosystems, along the continental shelf off the Northeast U.S. coastline. The forecasts are produced using a novel numerical model able to resolve fine oceanographic details. Comparison with a reference dataset shows that the model often accurately predicts oxygen and acidity up to several months in advance.
Joseph Mouallem, Sergey Malyshev, Zhihong Tan, Elena Shevliakova, Kun Gao, Lucas Harris, Rusty Benson, William Cooke, Niki Zadeh, and Lauren Chilutti
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 8427–8446, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8427-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8427-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We integrate GFDL's (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) land model in the high resolution global atmospheric model SHiELD (System for High-resolution modeling for Earth-to-Local Domains), unlocking new capabilities in simulating new suite of land-atmosphere conditions and extreme hydrological processes such as flooding. A single global simulation captures Hurricane Helene's 2024 landfall, including soil saturation, runoff generation, and river flooding in Western North Carolina, while simultaneously capturing an independent extreme rainfall and flooding event in Nepal.
Nana Hocke, Lavinia Patara, John Dunne, Florian Schütte, Mariana Maia Pacheco, and Ivy Frenger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4347, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4347, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how ocean eddies influence carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange between the ocean and atmosphere using a high-resolution coupled ocean–biogeochemical climate model. We find that mesoscale variability explains 6–7 % of flux variance globally, with regional contributions exceeding 30 %. Biological processes dominate globally integrated mesoscale flux anomalies, accounting for about two-thirds of the signal, while temperature-driven effects become more important under warming.
Forrest M. Hoffman, Birgit Hassler, Ranjini Swaminathan, Jared Lewis, Bouwe Andela, Nathan Collier, Dóra Hegedűs, Jiwoo Lee, Charlotte Pascoe, Mika Pflüger, Martina Stockhause, Paul Ullrich, Min Xu, Lisa Bock, Felicity Chun, Bettina K. Gier, Douglas I. Kelley, Axel Lauer, Julien Lenhardt, Manuel Schlund, Mohanan G. Sreeush, Katja Weigel, Ed Blockley, Rebecca Beadling, Romain Beucher, Demiso D. Dugassa, Valerio Lembo, Jianhua Lu, Swen Brands, Jerry Tjiputra, Elizaveta Malinina, Brian Medeiros, Enrico Scoccimarro, Jeremy Walton, Phil Kershaw, André Lanfer Marquez, Malcolm J. Roberts, Eleanor O'Rourke, Beth Dingley, Briony Turner, Helene Hewitt, and John P. Dunne
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 7415–7455, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-7415-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-7415-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Rapid Evaluation Framework (REF) is a community-driven platform for benchmarking and performance assessment of Earth system models. Built upon four disparate community evaluation tools, the REF is designed to provide model-data comparisons for the Assessment Fast Track for the Seventh Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The REF will be run at the Earth System Grid Federation to enable model devleopers and scientists to quickly identify model biases and performance issues.
Gabriela Negrete García, Dax Matthews, Charles A. Stock, Brian Powell, Ryan R. Rykaczewski, Kisei Tanaka, Hannah Barkley, Tobias Friedrich, Jessica Y. Luo, Andrew C. Ross, and Yi-Cheng Teng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1877, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean waters near the Hawaiian Islands support billions of dollars in fisheries, tourism, and coral reefs, yet managing these resources requires understanding ocean dynamics at multiple scales. We developed and tested a high-resolution ocean model for the central North Pacific against satellite data, long-term ocean monitoring, and coral temperatures. The model reliably reproduced key patterns across all scales, offering a tool for forecasting fish habitat, reef health, and ocean acidification.
Colin Jones, Isaline Bossert, Donovan P. Dennis, Hazel A. Jeffery, Chris D. Jones, Torben Koenigk, Sina Loriani, Benjamin Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Manabu Abe, Sebastian Bathiany, Pascale Braconnot, Victor Brovkin, Friedrich A. Burger, Patrica Cadule, Frederic S. Castruccio, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Andrea Dittus, Jonathan F. Donges, Friederike Fröb, Thomas L. Frölicher, Goran Georgievski, Chuncheng Guo, Aixue Hu, Peter Lawrence, Paul Lerner, José Licón-Saláiz, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Anastasia Romanou, Elena Shevliakova, Yona Silvy, Didier Swingedouw, Jerry Tjiputra, Jeremy Walton, Andy Wiltshire, Ricarda Winkelmann, Richard Wood, Tokuta Yokohata, and Tilo Ziehn
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 6941–6966, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6941-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6941-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new Earth system model experiment protocol to help researchers understand how Earth might respond to positive, zero, and negative carbon emissions. This protocol enables different models to be compared following similar warming and cooling rates. Researchers use the models to explore how the Earth reacts to different climate futures, including the risk of tipping points being exceeded and whether changes can be reversed. The results will support improved long-term climate policy.
Xiao Liu, John P. Dunne, Liwei Jia, Charles A. Stock, Xiaosong Yang, Matthew J. Harrison, Liping Zhang, and Anthony Rosati
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4194, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4194, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses NOAA GFDL’s SPEAR model to improve predictions of how the ocean absorbs human emitted CO2. While standard models capture long-term trends, they struggle with yearly fluctuations. Researchers found that "initializing" the model with observed data significantly boosts their prediction accuracy for up to two years. This framework helps separate the predictions of natural variability from human-driven carbon changes, a vital step for verifying future marine carbon removal efforts.
Dongmin Kim, Andrew C. Ross, Sang-Ik Shin, Fabian A. Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Denis L. Volkov, Sang-Ki Lee, Michael A. Alexander, and Charles A. Stock
Ocean Sci., 22, 1987–2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1987-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1987-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Using high-resolution Modular Ocean Model version 6, we projected Northwest Atlantic changes under four future emission scenarios. Results show a weakening Gulf Stream reduces upwelling, causing significant shelf warming and salinification. This also leads to dynamic sea-level rise along the US East Coast, particularly in the South Atlantic Bight, with critical implications for marine ecosystems and coastal risks.
Meena Raju, David J. Cannon, Peter Alsip, He Wang, Jia Wang, Theresa Cordero, Robert W. Hallberg, Charles A. Stock, and Joseph A. Langan
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 4331–4356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4331-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4331-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed the Modular Ocean Model version 6.0 coupled with Sea Ice Simulator version 2.0 for the Great Lakes, validated against observations and an operational model. This study also tested two vertical coordinate systems, z* and hybrid. The model reproduced lake physics with good skill. The hybrid vertical coordinate improved thermocline representation and preserved deep cold-water during stratification, demonstrating the model’s suitability for large freshwater systems.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Marit Sandstad, Alejandro Romero-Prieto, Stuart Jenkins, Charles Koven, Glen Peters, Roland Séfèrian, Andrew H. MacDougall, Ashwin Seshadri, Victor Brovkin, John Dunne, Abigail L. S. Swann, Torben Koenigk, Rosie A. Fisher, David Hohn, Tatiana Ilyina, Chris D. Jones, Hongmei Li, Peter Lawrence, Spencer Liddicoat, Nadine Mengis, Anastasia Romanou, Lori T. Sentman, Chris Smith, Norman J. Steinert, Jerry Tjiputra, and Tilo Ziehn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1875, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1875, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
When humanity stops emitting carbon dioxide, will temperatures keep rising, stabilize, or fall? Our study reveals in most models, temperatures remain nearly stable, but this hides a balance between the warming in response to radiation imbalance, and the cooling due to uptake of carbon in the land and ocean. Understanding this balance helps refine how much more CO2 we can safely emit.
Vimal Koul, Andrew Ross, Charles Stock, Liping Zhang, Andrew Wittenberg, and Thomas Delworth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-481, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-481, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting coastal ocean conditions years ahead has been difficult due to complex regional dynamics. This work shows we can forecast bottom temperature, oxygen, and acidity up to a decade ahead for the Northeast U.S. Shelf. Our forecasts indicate increasing Labrador water may accelerate acidification, threatening shell-forming organisms. This provides a foundation for early warning systems to help communities and fisheries adapt proactively.
Vivek Seelanki, Wei Cheng, Phyllis J. Stabeno, Albert J. Hermann, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Charles A. Stock, and Katherine Hedstrom
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7681–7705, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7681-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7681-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Both physical and ecosystem properties of the ocean are rapidly changing. These changes anticipating ecosystem responses to environmental change and effectively managing marine. The model-based predictions and their performance in the historical states of the ocean must be carefully evaluated against observations. In this study a coupled ocean and sea-ice simulation during 1993–2018 using observations. We focus on the Bering Sea shelf, which is the largest productive ecosystem in the US.
John P. Dunne, Helene T. Hewitt, Julie M. Arblaster, Frédéric Bonou, Olivier Boucher, Tereza Cavazos, Beth Dingley, Paul J. Durack, Birgit Hassler, Martin Juckes, Tomoki Miyakawa, Matt Mizielinski, Vaishali Naik, Zebedee Nicholls, Eleanor O'Rourke, Robert Pincus, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Isla R. Simpson, and Karl E. Taylor
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6671–6700, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6671-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6671-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The seventh phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7) coordinates efforts to answer key and timely climate science questions and facilitate delivery of relevant multi-model simulations for prediction and projection; characterization, attribution, and process understanding; and vulnerability, impact, and adaptation analysis. Key to the CMIP7 design are the mandatory Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima and optional Assessment Fast Track experiments.
Enhui Liao, Laure Resplandy, Fan Yang, Yangyang Zhao, Sam Ditkovsky, Manon Malsang, Jenna Pearson, Andrew C. Ross, Robert Hallberg, and Charles Stock
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6553–6596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6553-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6553-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Indian Ocean is central to the livelihoods and economies of countries that comprise about one-third of the world's population. We present a high-resolution (~10 km) ocean model that simulates seasonal and year-to-year variability in ocean, including currents, oxygen levels, and phytoplankton growth. This model is a powerful tool to study how climate change and human activities influence the northern Indian Ocean, which can be used for marine resource applications and management.
Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Yi-Cheng Teng, Theresa Cordero, Wei Cheng, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Raphael Dussin, Robert Hallberg, Claudine Hauri, Katherine Hedstrom, Albert Hermann, Michael G. Jacox, Kelly A. Kearney, Rémi Pagès, Darren J. Pilcher, Mercedes Pozo Buil, Vivek Seelanki, and Niki Zadeh
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5245–5290, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5245-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5245-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We made a new regional ocean model to assist fisheries and ecosystem managers in making decisions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP). We found that the model did well simulating past ocean conditions like temperature and nutrient and oxygen levels and can even reproduce metrics used by, and important to, ecosystem managers.
Amali A. Amali, Clemens Schwingshackl, Akihiko Ito, Alina Barbu, Christine Delire, Daniele Peano, David M. Lawrence, David Wårlind, Eddy Robertson, Edouard L. Davin, Elena Shevliakova, Ian N. Harman, Nicolas Vuichard, Paul A. Miller, Peter J. Lawrence, Tilo Ziehn, Tomohiro Hajima, Victor Brovkin, Yanwu Zhang, Vivek K. Arora, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 803–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explored the impact of anthropogenic land-use change (LUC) on climate dynamics, focusing on biogeophysical (BGP) and biogeochemical (BGC) effects using data from the Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We found that LUC-induced carbon emissions contribute to a BGC warming of 0.21 °C, with BGC effects dominating globally over BGP effects, which show regional variability. Our findings highlight discrepancies in model simulations and emphasize the need for improved representations of LUC processes.
Mathieu A. Poupon, Laure Resplandy, Jessica Garwood, Charles Stock, Niki Zadeh, and Jessica Y. Luo
Ocean Sci., 21, 851–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-851-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-851-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) shapes ocean biogeochemical cycles. We present a new DVM model that reproduces migration depths observed in the North Atlantic Ocean. We show that chlorophyll shading contributes to reducing zooplankton migration depth and mainly controls its spatial and temporal variability. Thus, high chlorophyll concentrations may limit carbon sequestration caused by zooplankton migration despite the general abundance of zooplankton migration in these environments.
Minki Hong, Nathaniel Chaney, Sergey Malyshev, Enrico Zorzetto, Anthony Preucil, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2275–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2275-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2275-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the significance of groundwater in resolving the coupled terrestrial water–energy cycle. LM4-SHARC (soil–hillslope aquifer–river continuum) describes the hillslope groundwater using its emergent properties, yielding noticeable improvements in soil moisture/temperature and groundwater discharge predictions. The implications of groundwater-mediated hydrologic interactions between hillslopes and streams need further exploration in the Earth system modeling community.
Enrico Zorzetto, Paul Ginoux, Sergey Malyshev, and Elena Shevliakova
The Cryosphere, 19, 1313–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1313-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1313-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing particle (LAP) deposition on snow leads to a darkening of the snow surface and can thus accelerate snow melt. Understanding the extent to which different types of LAPs contribute to snow melt is important to both predict changes in water availability and improve global climate model predictions. Here, we extend a recently developed snow model to account for the deposition of LAPs in the snowpack and evaluate the effect of snow darkening on accelerating snow melt.
Tomohiro Hajima, Michio Kawamiya, Akihiko Ito, Kaoru Tachiiri, Chris D. Jones, Vivek Arora, Victor Brovkin, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Elena Shevliakova
Biogeosciences, 22, 1447–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global carbon budgets simulated by multiple Earth system models, using several types of simulations (CO2 concentration- and emission-driven experiments). We successfully identified problems with regard to the global carbon budget in each model. We also found urgent issues with regard to land use change CO2 emissions that should be solved in the latest generation of models.
Paul J. Durack, Karl E. Taylor, Peter J. Gleckler, Gerald A. Meehl, Bryan N. Lawrence, Curt Covey, Ronald J. Stouffer, Guillaume Levavasseur, Atef Ben-Nasser, Sebastien Denvil, Martina Stockhause, Jonathan M. Gregory, Martin Juckes, Sasha K. Ames, Fabrizio Antonio, David C. Bader, John P. Dunne, Daniel Ellis, Veronika Eyring, Sandro L. Fiore, Sylvie Joussaume, Philip Kershaw, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Michael Lautenschlager, Jiwoo Lee, Chris F. Mauzey, Matthew Mizielinski, Paola Nassisi, Alessandra Nuzzo, Eleanor O’Rourke, Jeffrey Painter, Gerald L. Potter, Sven Rodriguez, and Dean N. Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
CMIP6 was the most expansive and ambitious Model Intercomparison Project (MIP), the latest in a history, extending four decades. CMIP engaged a growing community focused on improving climate understanding, and quantifying and attributing observed climate change being experienced today. The project's profound impact is due to the combining the latest climate science and technology, enabling the latest-generation climate simulations and increasing community attention in every successive phase.
Yona Silvy, Thomas L. Frölicher, Jens Terhaar, Fortunat Joos, Friedrich A. Burger, Fabrice Lacroix, Myles Allen, Raffaele Bernardello, Laurent Bopp, Victor Brovkin, Jonathan R. Buzan, Patricia Cadule, Martin Dix, John Dunne, Pierre Friedlingstein, Goran Georgievski, Tomohiro Hajima, Stuart Jenkins, Michio Kawamiya, Nancy Y. Kiang, Vladimir Lapin, Donghyun Lee, Paul Lerner, Nadine Mengis, Estela A. Monteiro, David Paynter, Glen P. Peters, Anastasia Romanou, Jörg Schwinger, Sarah Sparrow, Eric Stofferahn, Jerry Tjiputra, Etienne Tourigny, and Tilo Ziehn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1591–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The adaptive emission reduction approach is applied with Earth system models to generate temperature stabilization simulations. These simulations provide compatible emission pathways and budgets for a given warming level, uncovering uncertainty ranges previously missing in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project scenarios. These target-based emission-driven simulations offer a more coherent assessment across models for studying both the carbon cycle and its impacts under climate stabilization.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Vimal Koul, Thomas L. Delworth, Feiyu Lu, Andrew Wittenberg, and Michael A. Alexander
Ocean Sci., 20, 1631–1656, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use a high-resolution regional ocean model to downscale seasonal ocean forecasts from the Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research (SPEAR) model of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). We find that the downscaled model has significantly higher prediction skill in many cases.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Ben B. B. Booth, John Dunne, Veronika Eyring, Rosie A. Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew J. Gidden, Tomohiro Hajima, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Andrew King, Charles D. Koven, David M. Lawrence, Jason Lowe, Nadine Mengis, Glen P. Peters, Joeri Rogelj, Chris Smith, Abigail C. Snyder, Isla R. Simpson, Abigail L. S. Swann, Claudia Tebaldi, Tatiana Ilyina, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Roland Séférian, Bjørn H. Samset, Detlef van Vuuren, and Sönke Zaehle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8141–8172, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss how, in order to provide more relevant guidance for climate policy, coordinated climate experiments should adopt a greater focus on simulations where Earth system models are provided with carbon emissions from fossil fuels together with land use change instructions, rather than past approaches that have largely focused on experiments with prescribed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We discuss how these goals might be achieved in coordinated climate modeling experiments.
Enrico Zorzetto, Sergey Malyshev, Paul Ginoux, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7219–7244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new snow scheme developed for use in global climate models, which simulates the interactions of snowpack with vegetation, atmosphere, and soil. We test the new snow model over a set of sites where in situ observations are available. We find that when compared to a simpler snow model, this model improves predictions of seasonal snow and of soil temperature under the snowpack, important variables for simulating both the hydrological cycle and the global climate system.
Mathilde Dugenne, Marco Corrales-Ugalde, Jessica Y. Luo, Rainer Kiko, Todd D. O'Brien, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Fabien Lombard, Lars Stemmann, Charles Stock, Clarissa R. Anderson, Marcel Babin, Nagib Bhairy, Sophie Bonnet, Francois Carlotti, Astrid Cornils, E. Taylor Crockford, Patrick Daniel, Corinne Desnos, Laetitia Drago, Amanda Elineau, Alexis Fischer, Nina Grandrémy, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Lionel Guidi, Cecile Guieu, Helena Hauss, Kendra Hayashi, Jenny A. Huggett, Laetitia Jalabert, Lee Karp-Boss, Kasia M. Kenitz, Raphael M. Kudela, Magali Lescot, Claudie Marec, Andrew McDonnell, Zoe Mériguet, Barbara Niehoff, Margaux Noyon, Thelma Panaïotis, Emily Peacock, Marc Picheral, Emilie Riquier, Collin Roesler, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Heidi M. Sosik, Gretchen Spencer, Jan Taucher, Chloé Tilliette, and Marion Vilain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2971–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton and particles influence carbon cycling and energy flow in marine ecosystems. We used three types of novel plankton imaging systems to obtain size measurements from a range of plankton and particle sizes and across all major oceans. Data were compiled and cross-calibrated from many thousands of images, showing seasonal and spatial changes in particle size structure in different ocean basins. These datasets form the first release of the Pelagic Size Structure database (PSSdb).
Katja Frieler, Jan Volkholz, Stefan Lange, Jacob Schewe, Matthias Mengel, María del Rocío Rivas López, Christian Otto, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Johanna T. Malle, Simon Treu, Christoph Menz, Julia L. Blanchard, Cheryl S. Harrison, Colleen M. Petrik, Tyler D. Eddy, Kelly Ortega-Cisneros, Camilla Novaglio, Yannick Rousseau, Reg A. Watson, Charles Stock, Xiao Liu, Ryan Heneghan, Derek Tittensor, Olivier Maury, Matthias Büchner, Thomas Vogt, Tingting Wang, Fubao Sun, Inga J. Sauer, Johannes Koch, Inne Vanderkelen, Jonas Jägermeyr, Christoph Müller, Sam Rabin, Jochen Klar, Iliusi D. Vega del Valle, Gitta Lasslop, Sarah Chadburn, Eleanor Burke, Angela Gallego-Sala, Noah Smith, Jinfeng Chang, Stijn Hantson, Chantelle Burton, Anne Gädeke, Fang Li, Simon N. Gosling, Hannes Müller Schmied, Fred Hattermann, Jida Wang, Fangfang Yao, Thomas Hickler, Rafael Marcé, Don Pierson, Wim Thiery, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Robert Ladwig, Ana Isabel Ayala-Zamora, Matthew Forrest, and Michel Bechtold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper provides an overview of all observational climate-related and socioeconomic forcing data used as input for the impact model evaluation and impact attribution experiments within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. The experiments are designed to test our understanding of observed changes in natural and human systems and to quantify to what degree these changes have already been induced by climate change.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Weiyi Tang, Bess B. Ward, Michael Beman, Laura Bristow, Darren Clark, Sarah Fawcett, Claudia Frey, François Fripiat, Gerhard J. Herndl, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Fabien Paulot, Xuefeng Peng, Alyson E. Santoro, Takuhei Shiozaki, Eva Sintes, Charles Stock, Xin Sun, Xianhui S. Wan, Min N. Xu, and Yao Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrification and nitrifiers play an important role in marine nitrogen and carbon cycles by converting ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification could affect microbial community structure, marine productivity, and the production of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas. We introduce the newly constructed database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the marine water column and guide future research efforts in field observations and model development of nitrification.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Gregory C. Johnson, Cristina Schultz, and John P. Dunne
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4481–4518, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of autonomous platforms that measure oxygen in the ocean have produced a wealth of new data. We leverage machine learning to take advantage of this growing global dataset, producing a gridded data product of ocean interior dissolved oxygen at monthly resolution over nearly 2 decades. This work provides novel information for investigations of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in ocean oxygen.
Fabian A. Gomez, Sang-Ki Lee, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Laure Resplandy, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Filippos Tagklis, and Joseph E. Salisbury
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2223–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a river chemistry and discharge dataset for 140 rivers in the United States, which integrates information from the Water Quality Database of the US Geological Survey (USGS), the USGS’s Surface-Water Monthly Statistics for the Nation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This dataset includes dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, two key properties to characterize the carbonate system, as well as nutrient concentrations, such as nitrate, phosphate, and silica.
Enrico Zorzetto, Sergey Malyshev, Nathaniel Chaney, David Paynter, Raymond Menzel, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1937–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we develop a methodology to model the spatial distribution of solar radiation received by land over mountainous terrain. The approach is designed to be used in Earth system models, where coarse grid cells hinder the description of fine-scale land–atmosphere interactions. We adopt a clustering algorithm to partition the land domain into a set of homogeneous sub-grid
tiles, and for each tile we evaluate solar radiation received by land based on terrain properties.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Zun Yin, Kirsten L. Findell, Paul Dirmeyer, Elena Shevliakova, Sergey Malyshev, Khaled Ghannam, Nina Raoult, and Zhihong Tan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 861–872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-861-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-861-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions typically focus on daytime processes connecting the land state with the overlying atmospheric boundary layer. However, much prior L–A work used monthly or daily means due to the lack of daytime-only data products. Here we show that monthly smoothing can significantly obscure the L–A coupling signal, and including nighttime information can mute or mask the daytime processes of interest. We propose diagnosing L–A coupling within models or archiving subdaily data.
Cited articles
Adcroft, A., Anderson, W., Balaji, V., Blanton, C., Bushuk, M., Dufour, C. O., Dunne, J. P., Griffies, S. M., Hallberg, R., Harrison, M. J., Held, I. M., Jansen, M. F., John, J. G., Krasting, J. P., Langenhorst, A. R., Legg, S., Liang, Z., McHugh, C., Radhakrishnan, A., Reichl, B. G., Rosati, T., Samuels, B. L., Shao, A., Stouffer, R. Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., Xiang, B., Zadeh, N., and Zhang, R..: The GFDL global ocean and sea ice model OM4.0: Model description and simulation features, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 3167–3211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001726, 2019.
Anderson, D. M., Glibert, P. M., and Burkholder, J. M.: Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition, and consequences, Estuaries, 25, 704–726, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804901, 2002.
Anderson, D. M., Fensin, E., Gobler, C. J., Hoeglund, A. E., Hubbard, K. A., Kulis, D. M., Landsberg, J. H., Lefebvre, K. A., Provoost, P., Richlen, M. L., Smith, J. L., Solow, A. R., and Trainer, V, L.: Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends, Harmful Algae, 102, 1568–9883, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975, 2021.
Beusen, A. H. W. and Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL): Global riverine nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) input, retention and export during the 20th century, V2, DANS Data Station Physical and Technical Sciences [data set], https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-zgs-9k9m, 2016.
Beusen, A. H. W., Dekkers, A. L. M., Bouwman, A. F., Ludwig, W., and Harrison, J.: Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002453, 2005.
Beusen, A. H. W., Van Beek, L. P. H., Bouwman, A. F., Mogollón, J. M., and Middelburg, J. J.: Coupling global models for hydrology and nutrient loading to simulate nitrogen and phosphorus retention in surface water – description of IMAGE–GNM and analysis of performance, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 4045–4067, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-4045-2015, 2015.
Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Van Beek, L. P. H., Mogollón, J. M., and Middelburg, J. J.: Global riverine N and P transport to ocean increased during the 20th century despite increased retention along the aquatic continuum, Biogeosciences, 13, 2441–2451, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2441-2016, 2016.
Bian, Z., Pan, S., Wang, Z., Yao, Y., Xu, R., Shi, H., Kalin, L., Anderson, C., Justic, D., Lohrenz, S., and Tian, H.: A Century-Long Trajectory of Phosphorus Loading and Export From Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico: Contributions of Multiple Environmental Changes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 36, e2022GB007347, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007347, 2022.
Billen, G., Garnier, J., and Hanset, P.: Modelling phytoplankton development in whole drainage networks: The riverstrahler model applied to the Seine River system, Hydrobiologia, 289, 119–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2670-2_11, 1994.
Bouwman, A. F., Pawłowski, M., Liu, C., Beusen, A. H. W., Shumway, S. E., Glibert, P. M., and Overbeek, C. C.: Global hindcasts and future projections of coastal nitrogen and phosphorus loads due to shellfish and seaweed aquaculture, Rev. Fish Sci., 19, 331–357, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2011.603849, 2011.
Bouwman, A. F., Beusen, A. H. W., Overbeek, C. C., Bureau, D. P., Pawlowski, M., and Glibert, P. M.: Hindcasts and future projections of global inland and coastal nitrogen and phosphorus loads due to finfish aquaculture, Rev. Fish Sci., 21, 112–156, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2013.790340, 2013a.
Bouwman, A. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Van der Hoek, K. W., Beusen, A. H. W., Van Vuuren, D. P., Willems, W. J., Rufino, M. C., and Stehfest, E.: Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900–2050 period, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 20882–20887, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012878108, 2013b.
Bowie, G. L., Mills, W. B., Porcella, D. B., Campbell, C. L., Pagenkopf, J. R., Rupp, G. L., Johnson, K.M., Chan, P. W. H., Gherini, S. A., and Chamberlin, C. E.: Rates, Constants, and Kinetic Formulations in Surface Water Quality Modeling, U.S. Envir. Prot. Agency, ORD, Athens, GA, ERL, EPA/600/3-85/040, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100R3IW.PDF?Dockey=9100R3IW.PDF (last access: 20 June 2024), 1985.
Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Green, P. A., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1S91, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002537, 2006.
Cerdan, O., Govers, G., Le Bissonnais, Y., Van Oost, K., Poesen, J., Saby, N., Gobin, A., Vacca, A., Quinton, J., Auerswald, K., Klik, A., Kwaad, F. J. P. M., Raclot, D., Ionita, I., Rejman, J., Rousseva, S., Muxart, T., Roxo, M. J., and Dostal, T.: Rates and spatial variations of soil erosion in Europe: A study based on erosion plot data, Geomorphology, 122, 167–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.06.011, 2010.
Chapra, S. C.: Surface Water-Quality Modeling, Waveland Press, Long Grove, IL, USA, ISBN 1-57766-605-4, 1997.
Chapra, S. C., Pelletier, G. J., and Tao, H. QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality, Version 2.11: Documentation and Users Manual, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University, Medford, MA, https://csdms.colorado.edu/csdms_wiki/images/Q2KDocv2_11b8.pdf (last access: 23 June 2024), 2008.
Cordell, D., Drangert, J., and White, S.: The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought, Glob. Environ. Change, 19, 292–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009, 2009.
Danielson, J. J. and Gesch, D. B.: Global multi-resolution terrain elevation data 2010 (GMTED2010): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1073, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1073/pdf/of2011-1073.pdf (last access: 20 June 2024), 2011.
Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Ellingsen, K., Noije, T. v., Schultz, M., Amann, M., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Bouwman, L., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Drevet, J., Doherty, R., Eickhout, B., Eskes, H., Fiore, A., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I. S. A., Josse, B., Lawrence, M., Krol, M., Lamarque, J. F., Montanaro, V.,Müller, J. F., Peuch, V. H., Pitari, G., Pyle, J., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D., Strahan, S., Szopa, S., Sudo, K., Dingenen, R. V., Wild, O., and Zeng, G.: The global atmospheric environment for the next generation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3586–3594, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0523845, 2006.
Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R.: Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems, Science, 321, 926–929, 2008.
Di Toro, D. M.: Optics of turbid estuarine waters: approximations and applications, Water Res., 12, 1059–1068, 1978.
Di Toro, D. M.: Sediment Flux Modeling. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA, ISBN 978-0-471-13535-7, 2001.
Dumont, E., Harrison, J. A., Kroeze, C., Bakker, E. J., and Seitzinger, S. P.: Global distribution and sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002488, 2005.
Dunne, J. P., Armstrong, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Empirical and mechanistic models for the particle export ratio, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002390, 2005.
Durack, P. J., Taylor, K. E., and those preparing forcing datasets: CMIP6 Forcing Datasets Summary, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pU9IiJvPJwRvIgVaSDdJ4O0Jeorv_2ekEtted34K9cA/edit, last access: 20 June 2024.
Environment and Natural Resources Department: Wastewater as a resource, European Investment Bank, https://www.eib.org/en/publications/wastewater-as-a-resource (last access: 20 June 2024), 2022.
Eppley, R. W.: Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull., 70, 1063–1085, 1972.
Ferguson, R. I. and Church, M.: A simple universal equation for grain settling velocity, J. Sediment. Res., 74, 933–937, 2004.
Fowler, D., Coyle, M., Skiba, U., Sutton, M. A., Cape, J. N., Reis, S., Sheppard, L. J., Jenkins, A., Grizzetti, B., Galloway, J. N., Vitousek, P., Leach, A., Bouwman, A. F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Amann, M., and Voss, M.: The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 368, 20130164, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164, 2013.
Frost, B. W. and Franzen, N. C.: Grazing and iron limitation in the control of phytoplankton stock and nutrient concentration: a chemostat analogue of the Pacific equatorial upwelling zone, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 83, 291–303, 1992.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vöosmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0, 2004.
Garnier, J., Nemery, J., Billen, G., and Thery, S.: Nutrient dynamics and control of eutrophication in the Marne River system: modelling the role of exchangeable phosphorus, J. Hydrol., 304, 397–412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.040, 2005.
Geider, R. J., MacIntyre, H. L., and Kana, T. M.: Dynamic model of phytoplankton growth and acclimation: responses of the balanced growth rate and the chlorophyll a:carbon ratio to light, nutrient-limitation and temperature, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 148, 187–200, 1997.
Gerber, S., Hedin, L. O., Oppenheimer, M., Pacala, S. W., and Shevliakova, E.: Nitrogen cycling and feedbacks in a global dynamic land model, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003336, 2010.
Glibert, P. M. and Terlizzi, D. E.: Cooccurrence of elevated urea levels and dinoflagellate blooms in temperate estuarine aquaculture ponds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 5594–5596, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.12.5594-5596.1999, 1999.
Glibert, P. M., Magnien, R., Lomas, M. W., Alexander, J., Fan, C., Haramoto, E., Trice, M., and Kana, T. M.: Harmful algal blooms in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA: Comparison of 1997, 1998, and 1999 events, Estuaries, 24, 875–883, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353178, 2001.
Glibert, P. M., Mayorga, E., and Seitzinger, S.: Prorocentrum minimum tracks anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on a global basis: Application of spatially explicit nutrient export models, Harmful Algae, 8, 33–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.023, 2008.
Green, P. A., Vörösmarty, C. J., Meybeck, M., Galloway, J. N., Peterson, B. J., and Boyer, E. W.: Pre-industrial and contemporary fluxes of nitrogen through rivers: a global assessment based on typology, Biogeochemistry, 68, 71–105, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000025742.82155.92, 2004.
Harrison, J. A., Caraco, N., and Seitzinger, S. P.: Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002480, 2005.
Harrison, J. A., Bouwman, A. F., Mayorga, E., and Seitzinger, S.: Magnitudes and sources of dissolved inorganic phosphorus inputs to surface fresh waters and the coastal zone: A new global model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003590, 2010.
Harrison, J. A., Beusen, A. H. W., Fink, G., Tang, T., Strokal, M., Bouwman, A. F., Metson, G. S., and Vilmin, L.: Modeling phosphorus in rivers at the global scale: recent successes, remaining challenges, and near-term opportunities, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 36, 68–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.010, 2019.
Hartmann, J., Moosdorf, N., Lauerwald, R., Hinderer, M., and West, A. J.: Global chemical weathering and associated P-release – The role of lithology, temperature and soil properties, Chem. Geol., 363, 145–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.10.025, 2014.
Hatono, M. and Yoshimura, K.: Development of a global sediment dynamics model, Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 7, 59, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-00368-6, 2020.
He, B., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Hirabayashi, Y., Yamashiki, Y., and Takara, K.: Assessment of global nitrogen pollution in rivers using an integrated biogeochemical modeling framework, Water Res., 45, 2573–2586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.011, 2011.
Hegglin, M. I., Kinnison, D., and Lamarque, J. F.: input4MIPs, ESGF [data set], https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/input4mips, last access: 20 June 2024.
Heisler, J., Glibert, P. M., Burkholder, J. M., Anderson, D. M., Cochlan, W., Dennison, W. C., Dortch, Q., Gobler, C. J., Heil, C. A., Humphries, E., Lewitus, A., Magnien, R., Marshallm, H. G., Sellner, K., Stockwell, D. A., Stoecker, D. K., and Suddleson, M.: Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus, Harmful Algae, 8, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006, 2008.
Howarth, R. W. and Marino, R.: Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 364–376, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0364, 2006.
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L., Sahajpal, R., Frolking, S., Bodirsky, B. L., Calvin, K., Doelman, J. C., Fisk, J., Fujimori, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heinimann, A., Humpenöder, F., Jungclaus, J., Kaplan, J. O., Kennedy, J., Krisztin, T., Lawrence, D., Lawrence, P., Ma, L., Mertz, O., Pongratz, J., Popp, A., Poulter, B., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Stehfest, E., Thornton, P., Tubiello, F. N., van Vuuren, D. P., and Zhang, X.: Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5425–5464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5425-2020, 2020a.
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L., Sahajpal, R., Frolking, S., Bodirsky, B. L., Calvin, K., Doelman, J. C., Fisk, J., Fujimori, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heinimann, A., Humpenöder, F., Jungclaus, J., Kaplan, J. O., Kennedy, J., Krisztin, T., Lawrence, D., Lawrence, P., Ma, L., Mertz, O., Pongratz, J., Popp, A., Poulter, B., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Stehfest, E., Thornton, P., Tubiello, F. N., van Vuuren, D. P., and Zhang, X.: Land Use Harmonization 2, Global Ecology Laboratory, University of Maryland [data set], https://luh.umd.edu/data.shtml (last access: 20 June 2024), 2020b.
Kaushal, S., Groffman, P. M., Band, L. E., Shields, C. A., Morgan, R. P., Palmer, M. A., Belt, K. T., Swan, C. M., Findlay, S. E. G., and Fisher, G. T.: Interaction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in Maryland, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5872–5878, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800264f, 2008.
Kemp, W. M., Boynton, W. R., Adolf, J. E., Boesch, D. F., Boicourt, W. C., Brush, G., Cornwell, J. C., Fisher, T. R., Glibert, P.M., Hagy, J. D., Harding, L. W., Houde, E. D., Kimmel, D. G., Miller, W. D., Newell, R. I. E., Roman, M. R., Smith, E. M., and Stevenson, J. C.: Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 303, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.3354/MEPS303001, 2005.
Lacoul, P. and Freedman, B.: Environmental influences on aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems, Environ. Rev., 14, 89–136, https://doi.org/10.1139/a06-001, 2006.
Lee, C.: Nutrient and pesticide data collected from the USGS National Water Quality Network and previous networks, 1950–2021, U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P948Z0VZ, 2022.
Lee, C. J., Murphy, J. C., Crawford, C. G., and Deacon, J. R.: Methods for computing water-quality loads at sites in the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Network (ver. 1.3, August 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2017–1120, 20 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171120, 2017.
Lee, C. J., Hirsch, R. M., and Crawford, C. G.: An evaluation of methods for computing annual water-quality loads: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5084, 59 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195084, 2019.
Lee, M.: minjinl/LM3-FANSY: LM3-FANSY v1.0 (v1.0), Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10962725, Lee, 2024.
Lee, M., Malyshev, S., Shevliakova, E., Milly, P. C. D., and Jaffé, P. R.: Capturing interactions between nitrogen and hydrological cycles under historical climate and land use: Susquehanna watershed analysis with the GFDL land model LM3-TAN, Biogeosciences, 11, 5809–5826, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5809-2014, 2014.
Lee, M., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., Milly, P. C. D., and Jaffé, P. R.: Climate variability and extremes, interacting with nitrogen storage, amplify eutrophication risk, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7520–7528, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069254, 2016.
Lee, M., Shevliakova, E., Stock, C. A., Malyshev, S., and Milly, P. C. D.: Prominence of the tropics in the recent rise of global nitrogen pollution, Nat. Commun., 10, 1437, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09468-4, 2019.
Lee, M., Stock, C. A., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., and Milly, P. C. D.: Globally prevalent land nitrogen memory amplifies water pollution following drought years, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 014049, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd1a0, 2021.
Leong, S. C. Y., Murata, A., Nagashima, Y., and Taguchi, S.: Variability in toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to different nitrogen sources and concentrations, Toxicon, 43, 407–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.01.015, 2004.
Liu, X., Stock, C. A., Dunne, J. P., Lee, M., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., and Milly, P. C. D.: Simulated global coastal ecosystem responses to a half-century increase in river nitrogen loads, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094367, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094367, 2021.
Maavara, T., Parsons, C. T., Ridenour, C., Stojanovic, S., Dürr, H. H., Powley, H. R., and Van Cappellen, P.: Global phosphorus retention by river damming, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 15603–15608, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511797112, 2015.
Mayorga, E., Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F. Fekete, B. M., Kroeze, C., and Van Drecht, G.: Global Nutrient Export from WaterSheds 2 (NEWS 2): Model development and implementation, Environ. Model. Softw., 25, 837–853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.01.007, 2010.
Meinshausen, M., Vogel, E., Nauels, A., Lorbacher, K., Meinshausen, N., Etheridge, D. M., Fraser, P. J., Montzka, S. A., Rayner, P. J., Trudinger, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Beyerle, U., Canadell, J. G., Daniel, J. S., Enting, I. G., Law, R. M., Lunder, C. R., O'Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Reimann, S., Rubino, M., Velders, G. J. M., Vollmer, M. K., Wang, R. H. J., and Weiss, R.: Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling (CMIP6), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2057–2116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2057-2017, 2017a.
Meinshausen, M., Vogel, E., Nauels, A., Lorbacher, K., Meinshausen, N., Etheridge, D. M., Fraser, P. J., Montzka, S. A., Rayner, P. J., Trudinger, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Beyerle, U., Canadell, J. G., Daniel, J. S., Enting, I. G., Law, R. M., Lunder, C. R., O'Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Reimann, S., Rubino, M., Velders, G. J. M., Vollmer, M. K., Wang, R. H. J., and Weiss, R.: input4MIPs, ESGF [data set], https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/input4mips (last access: 20 June 2024), 2017b.
McGechan, M. B. and Lewis, D. R.: SW – Soil and Water: Sorption of Phosphorus by Soil, Part 1: Principles, Equations and Models, Biosyst. Eng., 82, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2002.0054, 2002.
McLaughlin, C. J., Smith, C. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Bartley, J. D., and Maxwell, B. A.: Rivers, runoff, and reefs, Glob. Planet. Change, 39, 191–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00024-9, 2003.
Meinshausen, M., Vogel, E., Nauels, A., Lorbacher, K., Meinshausen, N., Etheridge, D. M., Fraser, P. J., Montzka, S. A., Rayner, P. J., Trudinger, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Beyerle, U., Canadell, J. G., Daniel, J. S., Enting, I. G., Law, R. M., Lunder, C. R., O'Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Reimann, S., Rubino, M., Velders, G. J. M., Vollmer, M. K., Wang, R. H. J., and Weiss, R.: Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling (CMIP6), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2057–2116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2057-2017, 2017.
Meybeck, M. and Ragu, A.: Presenting the GEMS-GLORI, a compendium of world river discharge to the oceans, Freshwater Contamination, 243, 3–14, 1997.
Meybeck, M. and Ragu, A.: GEMS-GLORI world river discharge database, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.804574, 2012.
Milly, P. C. D., Malyshev, S., Shevliakova, E., Dunne, K. A., Findell, K. L., Gleeson, T., Liang, Z., Phillipps, P., Stouffer, R. J., and Swenson, S.: An enhanced model of land water and energy for global hydrologic and earth-system studies, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 1739–1761, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0162.1, 2014.
Morée, A. L., Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., and Willems, W. J.: Exploring global nitrogen and phosphorus flows in urban wastes during the twentieth century, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 836–846, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20072, 2013.
Nemery, J.: Origine et devenir du phosphore dans le continuum aquatique de la Seine, des petits basins à l'estuaire. Ro^le du phosphore échangeable sur l'eutrophisation, PhD thesis, University of Paris, France, 258 pp., 2003.
Paerl, H. W., Otten, T. G., and Kudela, R.: Mitigating the expansion of harmful algal blooms across the freshwater-to-marine continuum, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 5519–5529, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05950, 2018.
Parsons, M. L. and Dortch, Q.: Sedimentological evidence of an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) abundance in response to coastal eutrophication, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 551–558, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.2.0551, 2002.
Pelletier, G. J., Chapra, S. C., and Tao, H.: QUAL2Kw – A framework for modeling water quality in streams and rivers using a genetic algorithm for calibration, Environ. Modell. Softw., 21, 419–425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.07.002, 2006.
Pelletier, J. D.: A spatially distributed model for the long-term suspended sediment discharge and delivery ratio of drainage basins, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F02028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002129, 2012.
Poesen, J., Boardman, J., Wilcox, B., and Valentin, C.: Water erosion monitoring and experimentation for global change studies, J. Soil Water Conserv., 51, 386–390, 1996.
Post, W. M., Pastor, J., Zinke, P. J., and Stangenberger, A. G.: Global patterns of soil nitrogen storage, Nature, 317, 613–616, 1985.
Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.: The Influence of Organisms on the Composition of Seawater, in: The Sea, edited by: Hill, M. N., Wiley-Interscience, NY, 27–46, 1963.
Renschler, C. S. and Harbor, J.: Soil erosion assessment tools from point to regional scales – The role of geomorphologists in land management research and implementation, Geomorphology, 47, 189–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00082-X, 2002.
Restrepo, J. D., Zapata, P., Díaz, J. M., Garzón-Ferreira, J., and García, C. B.: Fluvial fluxes into the Caribbean Sea and their impact on coastal ecosystems: The Magdalena River, Colombia, Glob. Planet. Change, 50, 33–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.002, 2006.
Riley, G. A.: Oceanography of Long Island sound 1952–54, Bull. Bingham. Oceanog. Collection., 15, 15–16, 1956.
Sayers, M. J., Grimm, A. G., Shuchman, R. A., Deines, A. M., Bunnell, D. B., Raymer, Z. B., Rogers, M. W., Woelmer, W., Bennion, D. H., Brooks, C. N., Whitley, M. A., Warner, D. M., and Mychek-Londer, J.: A new method to generate a high-resolution global distribution map of lake chlorophyll, Int. J. Remote Sens., 36, 1942–1964, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1029099, 2015.
Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J. A., Böhlke, J. K., Bouwman, A. F., Lowrance, R., Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Van Drecht G.: Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: a synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 6, 2064–2090, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2064:DALAWA]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Seitzinger, S. P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A. F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A. H. W., Billen, G., Van Drecht, G., Dumont, E., Fekete, B. M., Garnier, J., and Harrison, J. A.: Global river nutrient export: A scenario analysis of past and future trends, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB0A08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003587, 2010.
Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E. F.: Development of a 50-year high resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling, J. Climate, 19, 3088–3111, 2006a.
Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E. F.: Princeton Global Forcings, Princeton University [data set], https://hydrology.soton.ac.uk/data/pgf (last access: 20 June 2024), 2006b.
Shevliakova, E., Pacala, S. W., Malyshev, S., Hurtt, G. C., Milly, P. C. D., Caspersen, J. P., Sentman, L. T., Fisk, J. P., Wirth, C., and Crevoisier, C.: Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use changes: Importance of the secondary vegetation sink, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003176, 2009.
Sipler, R. E. and Bronk, D. A.: Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, in: Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, C. A., Academic Press, Kidlington, Oxford, UK, 128–233, ISBN 978-0-12-405940-5, 2014.
Smith, V. H.: Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10, 126–139, https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2002.12.142, 2003.
Smith, S. V., Swaney, D. P., Talaue-Mcmanus, L., Bartley, J. D., Sandhei, P. T., McLaughlin, C. J., Dupra, V. C., Crossland, C. J., Buddemeier, R. W., Maxwell, B. A., and Wulff, F.: Humans, Hydrology, and the Distribution of Inorganic Nutrient Loading to the Ocean, BioScience, 53, 234–245, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0235:HHATDO]2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Steele, J. H. and Henderson, E. W., The significance of interannual variability, in: Towards a Model of Ocean Biogeochemical Processes, edited by: Evans, G. T. and Fasham, M. J. R., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 227–260, ISBN 978-3-642-84604-5, 1992.
Stock, C. A., Dunne, J. P., and John, J. G.: Global-scale carbon and energy flows through the marine planktonic food web: An analysis with a coupled physical–biological model, Prog. Oceanogr., 120, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.001, 2014.
Syvitski, J. P. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., Kettner, A. J., and Green, P.: Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean, Science, 308, 376–380, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109454, 2005.
Tan, Z., Leung, L. R., Li, H., Tesfa, T., Vanmaercke, M., Poesen, J., Zhang, X., Lu, H., and Hartmann, J.: A Global data analysis for representing sediment and particulate organic carbon yield in Earth System Models, Water Resour. Res., 53, 10674–10700, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020806, 2017.
Thomas, S. C. and Martin, A. R.: Carbon Content of Tree Tissues: A Synthesis, Forests, 3, 332–352, https://doi.org/10.3390/f3020332, 2012.
Tian, H., Yang, Q., Najjar, R. G., Ren, W., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hopkinson, C. S., and Pan, S.: Anthropogenic and climatic influences on carbon fluxes from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean: A process-based modeling study, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 757–772, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002760, 2015.
Tian, H., Xu, R., Pan, S., Yao, Y., Bian, Z., Cai, W.-J., Hopkinson, C. S., Justic, D., Lohrenz, S., Lu, C., Ren, W., and Yang, J.: Long-term trajectory of nitrogen loading and delivery from Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006475, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006475, 2020.
Trainer, V. L., Cochlan, W. P., Erickson, A., Bill, B. D., Cox, F. H., Borchert, J. A., and Lefebvre, K. A.: Recent domoic acid closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland waterways, Harmful Algae, 6, 449–459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.12.001, 2007.
Turowski, J. M., Rickenmann, D., and Dadson, S. J.: The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: A review of empirical data, Sedimentology, 57, 1126–1146, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01140.x, 2010.
Van Meter, K. J. and Van Cappellen, P., and Basu, N. B.: Legacy nitrogen may prevent achievement of water quality goals in the Gulf of Mexico, Science, 360, 427–430, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4462, 2018.
Vilmin, L., Mogollón, J. M., Beusen, A. H. W., and Bouwman, A. F.: Forms and subannual variability of nitrogen and phosphorus loading to global river networks over the 20th century, Glob. Planet. Change, 163, 67–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.02.007, 2018.
Vilmin, L., Mogollón, J. M., Beusen, A. H. W., van Hoek, W. J., Liu, X., Middelburg, J. J., and Bouwman, A. F.: Modeling process-based biogeochemical dynamics in surface fresh waters of large watersheds with the IMAGE-DGNM framework, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001796, 2020.
Vilmin, L., Bouwman, A. F. , Beusen, A. H. W., van Hoek, W. J., and Mogollón, J. M.: Past anthropogenic activities offset dissolved inorganic phosphorus retention in the Mississippi River basin, Biogeochemistry, 161, 157–169, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00973-1, 2022.
Vorosmarty, C. J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P., and Syvitski, J. P. M.: Anthropogenic sediment retention: major global impact from registered river impoundments, Glob. Planet. Change, 39, 169–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00023-7, 2003.
Wade, A. J., Durand, P., Beaujouan, V., Wessel, W. W., Raat, K. J., Whitehead, P. G., Butterfield, D., Rankinen, K., and Lepisto, A.: A nitrogen model for European catchments: INCA, new model structure and equations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 559–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-559-2002, 2002.
Yao, Y., Tian, H., Shi, H., Pan, S., Xu, R., Pan, N., and Canadell, J. G..: Increased global nitrous oxide emissions from streams and rivers in the Anthropocene, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 138–142, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0665-8, 2020.
Zhang, H., Lauerwald, R., Regnier, P., Ciais, P., Van Oost, K., Naipal, V., Guenet, B., and Yuan, W.: Estimating the lateral transfer of organic carbon through the European river network using a land surface model, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1119–1144, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1119-2022, 2022.
Zhu, Z., Bi, J., Pan, Y., Ganguly, S., Anav, A., Xu, L., Samanta, A., Piao, S., Nemani, R. R., and Myneni, R. B.: Global Data Sets of Vegetation Leaf Area Index (LAI)3g and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR)3g Derived from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI3g) for the Period 1981 to 2011, Remote Sens., 5, 927–948, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5020927, 2013.
Short summary
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative for understanding emerging eutrophication problems. Such efforts, however, have been challenged by the difficulty of balancing details of freshwater biogeochemical processes with limited knowledge, input, and validation datasets. Here we develop a global freshwater model that resolves intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics and provide performance assessment against measurement-based estimates.
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative...
