Articles | Volume 16, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6857-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6857-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A sub-grid parameterization scheme for topographic vertical motion in CAM5-SE
Yaqi Wang
China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China
College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Lanning Wang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Juan Feng
College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Zhenya Song
Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
Qizhong Wu
College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Huaqiong Cheng
College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Xiaole Li, Zhenya Song, Xiongbo Zheng, Zhanpeng Zhuang, Fangli Qiao, Haibin Zhou, and Mingze Ji
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2636, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2636, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the variable-limit integration method, this study developed a novel numerical approach for the thermohaline equations in ocean models. This method significantly enhances the simulation accuracy of temperature and salinity, improves model stability, and better simulates seawater overflow dynamics across steep ridges. The variable-limit integral method designed herein for thermohaline equations can be readily applied to other ocean numerical models.
Jiayi Lai, Lanning Wang, Qizhong Wu, Yizhou Yang, and Fang Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1089–1102, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1089-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1089-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
High-performance computing limitations often hinder numerical model development. Traditional models use double precision for accuracy, which is computationally expensive. Lower precision reduces costs but can introduce errors. The quasi-double-precision (QDP) algorithm helps mitigate these errors. This study applies the QDP algorithm to the Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere, showing reduced errors and computational time, making it an efficient solution for large-scale simulations.
Zichen Wu, Xueshun Chen, Zifa Wang, Huansheng Chen, Zhe Wang, Qing Mu, Lin Wu, Wending Wang, Xiao Tang, Jie Li, Ying Li, Qizhong Wu, Yang Wang, Zhiyin Zou, and Zijian Jiang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8885–8907, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8885-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a model to simulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from global to regional scales. The model can reproduce PAH distribution well. The concentration of BaP (indicator species for PAHs) could exceed the target values of 1 ng m-3 over some areas (e.g., in central Europe, India, and eastern China). The change in BaP is lower than that in PM2.5 from 2013 to 2018. China still faces significant potential health risks posed by BaP although the Action Plan has been implemented.
Lei Kong, Xiao Tang, Zifa Wang, Jiang Zhu, Jianjun Li, Huangjian Wu, Qizhong Wu, Huansheng Chen, Lili Zhu, Wei Wang, Bing Liu, Qian Wang, Duohong Chen, Yuepeng Pan, Jie Li, Lin Wu, and Gregory R. Carmichael
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4351–4387, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4351-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4351-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new long-term inversed emission inventory for Chinese air quality (CAQIEI) is developed in this study, which contains constrained monthly emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, PM2.5, PM10, and NMVOCs in China from 2013 to 2020 with a horizontal resolution of 15 km. Emissions of different air pollutants and their changes during 2013–2020 were investigated and compared with previous emission inventories, which sheds new light on the complex variations of air pollutant emissions in China.
Falei Xu, Shuang Wang, Yan Li, and Juan Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10689–10705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affect dust activities in North China during the following spring. The results show that the NAO and ENSO, particularly in their negative phases, greatly influence dust activities. When both are negative, their combined effect on dust activities is even greater. This research highlights the importance of these climate patterns in predicting spring dust activities in North China.
Kai Cao, Qizhong Wu, Lingling Wang, Hengliang Guo, Nan Wang, Huaqiong Cheng, Xiao Tang, Dongxing Li, Lina Liu, Dongqing Li, Hao Wu, and Lanning Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6887–6901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
AMD’s heterogeneous-compute interface for portability was implemented to port the piecewise parabolic method solver from NVIDIA GPUs to China's GPU-like accelerators. The results show that the larger the model scale, the more acceleration effect on the GPU-like accelerator, up to 28.9 times. The multi-level parallelism achieves a speedup of 32.7 times on the heterogeneous cluster. By comparing the results, the GPU-like accelerators have more accuracy for the geoscience numerical models.
Zehua Bai, Qizhong Wu, Kai Cao, Yiming Sun, and Huaqiong Cheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4383–4399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is relatively limited research on the application of scientific computing on RISC CPU platforms. The MIPS architecture CPUs, a type of RISC CPUs, have distinct advantages in energy efficiency and scalability. The air quality modeling system can run stably on the MIPS and LoongArch platforms, and the experiment results verify the stability of scientific computing on the platforms. The work provides a technical foundation for the scientific application based on MIPS and LoongArch.
Jiaxu Guo, Juepeng Zheng, Yidan Xu, Haohuan Fu, Wei Xue, Lanning Wang, Lin Gan, Ping Gao, Wubing Wan, Xianwei Wu, Zhitao Zhang, Liang Hu, Gaochao Xu, and Xilong Che
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3975–3992, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To enhance the efficiency of experiments using SCAM, we train a learning-based surrogate model to facilitate large-scale sensitivity analysis and tuning of combinations of multiple parameters. Employing a hybrid method, we investigate the joint sensitivity of multi-parameter combinations across typical cases, identifying the most sensitive three-parameter combination out of 11. Subsequently, we conduct a tuning process aimed at reducing output errors in these cases.
Xianwei Wu, Liang Hu, Lanning Wang, Haitian Lu, and Juepeng Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-164, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-164, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In order to build an effective surrogate model for the community atmospheric model (CAM). We present a surrogate model-based parameter tuning framework for the CAM and apply it to improve the CAM5 precipitation performance and propose a multilevel surrogate model-based optimization method. We design a nonuniform parameter parameterization scheme and integrate the parameters using a parameter smoothing scheme, and the experimental results improve in four regions.
Kai Cao, Qizhong Wu, Lingling Wang, Nan Wang, Huaqiong Cheng, Xiao Tang, Dongqing Li, and Lanning Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4367–4383, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4367-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4367-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Offline performance experiment results show that the GPU-HADVPPM on a V100 GPU can achieve up to 1113.6 × speedups to its original version on an E5-2682 v4 CPU. A series of optimization measures are taken, and the CAMx-CUDA model improves the computing efficiency by 128.4 × on a single V100 GPU card. A parallel architecture with an MPI plus CUDA hybrid paradigm is presented, and it can achieve up to 4.5 × speedup when launching eight CPU cores and eight GPU cards.
Jinming Feng, Meng Luo, Jun Wang, Yuan Qiu, Qizhong Wu, and Ke Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-867, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-867, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We modified the code of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) v3.8.1 to include the forcing components more than the Greenhouse Gases and evaluate the impact of forcing configurations on the climate simulation results in China. It showed that different external forcing configurations in WRF could result in considerable impact on the annual temperature and precipitation trend, which was stronger than parameterization schemes but was weaker than spectral nudging.
Yan Li, Falei Xu, Juan Feng, Mengying Du, Wenjun Song, Chao Li, and Wenjing Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6021–6042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There is a significantly negative relationship between boreal winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and dust aerosols (DAs) in the eastern part of China (30–40°N, 105–120°E), which is not a DA source area but is severely affected by the dust events (DEs). Under the effect of the NAO negative phase, main atmospheric circulation during the DEs is characterized by variation of the transient eddy flux. The work is of reference value to the prediction of DEs and the understanding of their causes.
Qi Shu, Qiang Wang, Chuncheng Guo, Zhenya Song, Shizhu Wang, Yan He, and Fangli Qiao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2539–2563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Zhanpeng Zhuang, Quanan Zheng, Yongzeng Yang, Zhenya Song, Yeli Yuan, Chaojie Zhou, Xinhua Zhao, Ting Zhang, and Jing Xie
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7221–7241, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impacts of surface waves and internal tides on the upper-ocean mixing in the Indian Ocean. The surface-wave-generated turbulent mixing is dominant if depth is < 30 m, while the internal-tide-induced mixing is larger than surface waves in the ocean interior from 40
to 130 m. The simulated thermal structure, mixed layer depth and surface current are all improved when the mixing schemes are jointly incorporated into the ocean model because of the strengthened vertical mixing.
Yuejin Ye, Zhenya Song, Shengchang Zhou, Yao Liu, Qi Shu, Bingzhuo Wang, Weiguo Liu, Fangli Qiao, and Lanning Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5739–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The swNEMO_v4.0 is developed with ultrahigh scalability through the concepts of hardware–software co-design based on the characteristics of the new Sunway supercomputer and NEMO4. Three breakthroughs, including an adaptive four-level parallelization design, many-core optimization and mixed-precision optimization, are designed. The simulations achieve 71.48 %, 83.40 % and 99.29 % parallel efficiency with resolutions of 2 km, 1 km and 500 m using 27 988 480 cores, respectively.
Qian Ma, Kaicun Wang, Yanyi He, Liangyuan Su, Qizhong Wu, Han Liu, and Youren Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 463–477, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-463-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-463-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface incident solar radiation plays a key role in atmospheric circulation, the water cycle, and ecological equilibrium on Earth. A homogenized century-long surface incident solar radiation dataset was obtained over Japan.
Ying Wei, Xueshun Chen, Huansheng Chen, Yele Sun, Wenyi Yang, Huiyun Du, Qizhong Wu, Dan Chen, Xiujuan Zhao, Jie Li, and Zifa Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4411–4428, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sub-grid particle formation (SGPF) in plumes plays an important role in air pollution and climate. We coupled an SGPF scheme to a chemical transport model with an aerosol microphysics module and applied it to investigate the SGPF impact over China. The scheme clearly improved the model performance in simulating aerosol components and particle number at typical sites influenced by point sources. The results indicate the significant effects of SGPF on aerosol particles in industrial areas.
Xueshun Chen, Fangqun Yu, Wenyi Yang, Yele Sun, Huansheng Chen, Wei Du, Jian Zhao, Ying Wei, Lianfang Wei, Huiyun Du, Zhe Wang, Qizhong Wu, Jie Li, Junling An, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9343–9366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9343-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosol particles have significant climate and health effects that depend on aerosol size, composition, and mixing state. A new global-regional nested aerosol model with an advanced particle microphysics module and a volatility basis set organic aerosol module was developed to simulate aerosol microphysical processes. Simulations strongly suggest the important role of anthropogenic organic species in particle formation over the areas influenced by anthropogenic sources.
Hui Wang, Qizhong Wu, Alex B. Guenther, Xiaochun Yang, Lanning Wang, Tang Xiao, Jie Li, Jinming Feng, Qi Xu, and Huaqiong Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4825–4848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4825-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4825-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the influence of the greening trend on BVOC emission in China. The comparison among different scenarios showed that vegetation changes resulting from land cover management are the main driver of BVOC emission change in China. Climate variability contributed significantly to interannual variations but not much to the long-term trend during the study period.
Claudia Tebaldi, Kevin Debeire, Veronika Eyring, Erich Fischer, John Fyfe, Pierre Friedlingstein, Reto Knutti, Jason Lowe, Brian O'Neill, Benjamin Sanderson, Detlef van Vuuren, Keywan Riahi, Malte Meinshausen, Zebedee Nicholls, Katarzyna B. Tokarska, George Hurtt, Elmar Kriegler, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Gerald Meehl, Richard Moss, Susanne E. Bauer, Olivier Boucher, Victor Brovkin, Young-Hwa Byun, Martin Dix, Silvio Gualdi, Huan Guo, Jasmin G. John, Slava Kharin, YoungHo Kim, Tsuyoshi Koshiro, Libin Ma, Dirk Olivié, Swapna Panickal, Fangli Qiao, Xinyao Rong, Nan Rosenbloom, Martin Schupfner, Roland Séférian, Alistair Sellar, Tido Semmler, Xiaoying Shi, Zhenya Song, Christian Steger, Ronald Stouffer, Neil Swart, Kaoru Tachiiri, Qi Tang, Hiroaki Tatebe, Aurore Voldoire, Evgeny Volodin, Klaus Wyser, Xiaoge Xin, Shuting Yang, Yongqiang Yu, and Tilo Ziehn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 253–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an overview of CMIP6 ScenarioMIP outcomes from up to 38 participating ESMs according to the new SSP-based scenarios. Average temperature and precipitation projections according to a wide range of forcings, spanning a wider range than the CMIP5 projections, are documented as global averages and geographic patterns. Times of crossing various warming levels are computed, together with benefits of mitigation for selected pairs of scenarios. Comparisons with CMIP5 are also discussed.
Lei Kong, Xiao Tang, Jiang Zhu, Zifa Wang, Jianjun Li, Huangjian Wu, Qizhong Wu, Huansheng Chen, Lili Zhu, Wei Wang, Bing Liu, Qian Wang, Duohong Chen, Yuepeng Pan, Tao Song, Fei Li, Haitao Zheng, Guanglin Jia, Miaomiao Lu, Lin Wu, and Gregory R. Carmichael
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 529–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
China's air pollution has changed substantially since 2013. Here we have developed a 6-year-long high-resolution air quality reanalysis dataset over China from 2013 to 2018 to illustrate such changes and to provide a basic dataset for relevant studies. Surface fields of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 concentrations are provided, and the evaluation results indicate that the reanalysis dataset has excellent performance in reproducing the magnitude and variation of air pollution in China.
Han Xiao, Qizhong Wu, Xiaochun Yang, Lanning Wang, and Huaqiong Cheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 223–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Few studies have investigated the effects of initial conditions on the simulation or prediction of PM2.5 concentrations. Here, sensitivity experiments are used to explore the effects of three initial mechanisms (clean, restart, and continuous) and emissions in Xi’an in December 2016. According to this work, if the restart mechanism cannot be used due to computing resource and storage space limitations when forecasting PM2.5 concentrations, a spin-up time of at least 27 h is needed.
Shaoqing Zhang, Haohuan Fu, Lixin Wu, Yuxuan Li, Hong Wang, Yunhui Zeng, Xiaohui Duan, Wubing Wan, Li Wang, Yuan Zhuang, Hongsong Meng, Kai Xu, Ping Xu, Lin Gan, Zhao Liu, Sihai Wu, Yuhu Chen, Haining Yu, Shupeng Shi, Lanning Wang, Shiming Xu, Wei Xue, Weiguo Liu, Qiang Guo, Jie Zhang, Guanghui Zhu, Yang Tu, Jim Edwards, Allison Baker, Jianlin Yong, Man Yuan, Yangyang Yu, Qiuying Zhang, Zedong Liu, Mingkui Li, Dongning Jia, Guangwen Yang, Zhiqiang Wei, Jingshan Pan, Ping Chang, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Stephen Yeager, Nan Rosenbloom, and Ying Guo
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4809–4829, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4809-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4809-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Science advancement and societal needs require Earth system modelling with higher resolutions that demand tremendous computing power. We successfully scale the 10 km ocean and 25 km atmosphere high-resolution Earth system model to a new leading-edge heterogeneous supercomputer using state-of-the-art optimizing methods, promising the solution of high spatial resolution and time-varying frequency. Corresponding technical breakthroughs are of significance in modelling and HPC design communities.
Baozhu Ge, Syuichi Itahashi, Keiichi Sato, Danhui Xu, Junhua Wang, Fan Fan, Qixin Tan, Joshua S. Fu, Xuemei Wang, Kazuyo Yamaji, Tatsuya Nagashima, Jie Li, Mizuo Kajino, Hong Liao, Meigen Zhang, Zhe Wang, Meng Li, Jung-Hun Woo, Junichi Kurokawa, Yuepeng Pan, Qizhong Wu, Xuejun Liu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10587–10610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Performances of the simulated deposition for different reduced N (Nr) species in China were conducted with the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia. Results showed that simulated wet deposition of oxidized N was overestimated in northeastern China and underestimated in south China, but Nr was underpredicted in all regions by all models. Oxidized N has larger uncertainties than Nr, indicating that the chemical reaction process is one of the most importance factors affecting model performance.
Juan Feng, Jianlei Zhu, Jianping Li, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9883–9893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9883-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9883-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the month-to-month variability of aerosol concentrations (ACs) over China. The AC variability is dominated by the monopole mode and the meridional dipole mode. The associated dynamic and thermal impacts of the climate systems are examined to explain their contributions to the formation of the two modes. The result suggests the variations are originating from the tropical Pacific, and extratropical atmospheric systems contribute to the dominant variabilities of ACs over China.
Cited articles
Akinsanola, A. A., Ongoma, V., and Kooperman, G. J.: Evaluation of CMIP6 models in simulating the statistics of extreme precipitation over Eastern Africa, Atmos. Res., 254, 105509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105509, 2021.
Alpert, P. and Shafir, H.: Mesoγ-Scale Distribution of Orographic Precipitation: Numerical Study and Comparison with Precipitation Derived from Radar Measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 28, 1105–1117, 1989.
Alpert, P., Jin, F., and Shafir, H.: Orographic precipitation simulated by a super-high resolution global climate model over the Middle East, National Security and Human Health Implications of Climate Change, 1, 301–306, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2430-3_26, 2012.
Attada, R., Dasari, H. P., Kumar, R. K., Langodan, S., Kumar, K. N., Knio, O., and Hoteit, I: Evaluating cumulus parameterization schemes for the simulation of Arabian Peninsula winter rainfall, J. Hydrometeorol., 21, 1089–1114, 2020.
Bretherton, C. S. and Park, S.: A new moist turbulence parameterization in the community atmosphere model, J. Climate, 22, 3422–3448, 2009a.
Chan, S. C., Kendon, E. J., Fowler, H. J., Blenkinsop, S., Ferro, C. A. T., and Stephenson, D. B.: Does increasing the spatial resolution of a regional climate model improve the simulated daily precipitation?, Clim. Dynam., 41, 1475–1495, 2013.
Chao, W. C.: Correction of excessive precipitation over steep and high mountains in a GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1547–1561, 2012.
Chen, H. M., Zhou, T. J., Neale, R. B., Wu, X. Q., and Zhang, G. J.: Performance of the new NCAR CAM3.5 in East Asian summer monsoon simulations: sensitivity to modifications of the convection scheme, J. Climate, 23, 3657–3675, 2010.
Codron, F. and Sadourny, R.: Saturation limiters for water vapour advection schemes: impact on orographic precipitation, Tellus A, 54, 338–349, 2002.
Cui, T., Li, C., and Tian, F.: Evaluation of temperature and precipitation simulations in CMIP6 models over the Tibetan Plateau, Earth Space Sci., 8, e2020EA001620, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ea001620, 2021.
Dennis, J., Edwards, K., Evans, J., Guba, O., Lauritzen, P. H., Mirin, A. A., St-Cyr, A., Taylor, M. A., and Worley, P. H.: CAM-SE: A scalable spectral element dynamical core for the Community Atmosphere Model, Int. J. High Perform. C., 26, 74–89, 2012.
Done, J. M., Leung, L. R., Davis, C. A., and Kuo, B.: Regional climate simulation using the WRF model. Preprints, Fifth WRF/14th MM5 Users' Workshop, Boulder, CO, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P8, http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/workshop/ws04/PosterSession/Done.James.pdf (last access: 29 June 2022), 2004.
Fonseca, R. M., Zhang, T., and Yong, K.-T.: Improved simulation of precipitation in the tropics using a modified BMJ scheme in the WRF model, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2915–2928, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2915-2015, 2015.
Gettelman, A., Liu, X., Ghan, S. J., Morrison, H., Park, S., Conley, A. J., Klein, S. A., Boyle, J., Mitchell, D. L., and Li, J.-L. F.: Global simulations of ice nucleation and ice supersaturation with an improved cloud scheme in the community atmosphere model, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013797, 2010.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M.,Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 monthly averaged data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573 (last access: 29 June 2022), 2023.
Huffman, G. J., Bolvin, D. T., and Nelkin, E. J.: GES DISC Dataset: GPCP Precipitation Level 3 Monthly 0.5-Degree V3.0 Beta (GPCPMON 3.0), https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/GPCPMON_3.2/summary (last access: 29 June 2022), 2019.
Huffman, G. J., Behrangi, A., Bolvin, D. T., and Nelkin, E. J.: GPCP Version 3.2 Satellite-Gauge (SG) Combined Precipitation Data Set, edited by: Huffman, G. J., Behrangi, A., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/GPCP/DATA304 (last access: 29 June 2022), 2022.
Hurrell, J. W., Holland, M. M., Gent, P. R., Ghan, S., Kay, J. E., Kushner, P. J., Lamarque, J.-F., Large, W. G., Lawrence, D., Lindsay, K., Lipscomb, W. H., Long, M. C., Mahowald, N., Marsh, D. R., Neale, R. B., Rasch, P., Vavrus, S., Vertenstein, M., Bader, D., Collins, W. D., Hack, J. J., Kiehl, J., and Marshall, S.: The community earth system model: a framework for collaborative research, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 1339–1360, 2013.
Jia, K., Ruan, Y., Yang, Y., and Zhang, C.: Assessing the Performance of CMIP5 Global Climate Models for Simulating Future Precipitation Change in the Tibetan Plateau, Water, 11, 1771, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091771, 2019.
Kasahara, A.: Various vertical coordinate systems used for numerical weather prediction, Mon. Weather Rev., 102, 509–522, 1974.
Kimoto, M., Yasutomi, N., Yokoyama, C., and Emori, S.: Projected changes in precipitation characteristics around Japan under the global warming, SOLA, 1, 85–88, 2005.
Kornus, W., Alamus, R., Ruiz, A., and Talaya, J.: DEM generation from SPOT-5 3-fold along track stereoscopic imagery using autocalibration, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote, 60, 147–159, 2006.
Kunz, M. and Kottmeier, C.: Orographic enhancement of precipitation over low mountain ranges. Part II: Simulations of heavy precipitation events over Southwest Germany, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45, 1041–1055, 2006.
Li, G., Chen, H., Xu, M., Zhao, C., Zhong, L., Li, R., Fu, Y., and Gao, Y.: Impacts of Topographic Complexity on Modeling Moisture Transport and Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1151–1166, 2022.
Liang, Y., Yang, B., Wang, M., Tang, J., Sakaguchi, K., Leung, L. R., and Xu, X.: Multiscale Simulation of Precipitation Over East Asia by Variable Resolution CAM-MPAS, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2021MS002656, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002656, 2021.
Lin, C., Chen, D., Yang, K., and Ou, T.: Impact of model resolution on simulating the water vapor transport through the central Himalayas: implication for models' wet bias over the Tibetan Plateau, Clim. Dynam., 51, 3195–3207, 2018.
Liu, Z., Mehran, A., Phillips, T. J., and AghaKouchak, A.: Seasonal and regional biases in CMIP5 precipitation simulations, Clim. Res., 60, 35–50, 2014.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237, 1997.
Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A.: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3). Part I: Description and numerical tests, J. Climate, 21, 3642–3659, 2008.
Navale, A. and Singh, C.: Topographic sensitivity of WRF-simulated rainfall patterns over the North West Himalayan region, Atmos. Res., 242, 105003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033396, 2020.
NCAR: CESM Models, http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.2/, NCAR [code], last access: 20 April 2022.
Neale, R. B., Chen, C., Gettelman, A., Lauritzen, P. H., Park, S., Williamson, D. L., Conley, A. J., Carcia, R., Kinnison, D., Lamarque, J., Marsh, D., Mills, M., Smith, A. K., Tilmes, S., Morrison, H., Cameron-Smith, P., Collins, W. D., Iacono, M. J., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Liu, X., Rasch, P. J., and Tayloy, M. A.: Description of the NCAR community atmosphere model (CAM 5.0), NCAR tech note TN-486, 2010.
Park, S. and Bretherton, C. S.: The University of Washington Shallow Convection and Moist Turbulence Schemes and Their Impact on Climate Simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model, J. Climate, 22, 3449–3469, 2009.
Rahimi, S. R., Wu, C. L., Liu, X. H., and Brown, H.: Exploring a variable-resolution approach for simulating regional climate over the Tibetan Plateau using VR-CESM, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 4490–4513, 2019.
Richter, J. H. and Rasch, P. J.: Effects of convective momentum transport on the atmospheric circulation in the community atmosphere model, version 3, J. Climate, 21, 1487–1499, 2008.
Roe, G. H.: Orographic precipitation, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 645–671, 2005.
Sandu, I., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A., Bozzo, A., Pithan, F., Shepherd, T. G., and Zadra, A.: Impacts of parameterized orographic drag on the Northern Hemisphere winter circulation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 8, 196–211, 2016.
Shen, S., Xiao, H., Yang, H., Fu, D., and Shu, W.: Variations of water vapor transport and water vapor-hydrometeor-precipitation conversions during a heavy rainfall event in the Three-River-Headwater region of the Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Res., 264, 105874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105874, 2021.
Shen, Y., Zhang, Y., and Qian, Y.: A Parameterization Scheme for the Dynamic Effects of Subgrid Topography and Its Impacts on Rainfall Simulation, Plateau Meteorology, 26, 655–665, 2007 (in Chinese).
Simmons, A. J. and Strüfing, R.: An Energy and Angularmomentum Conserving Finite-difference Scheme, Hybrid Coordinates and Medium-range Weather Prediction, Technical Report 28, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 1981.
Smith, R. B.: 100 Years of progress on mountain meteorology research. A Century of Progress in Atmospheric and Related Sciences: Celebrating the American Meteorological Society Centennial, Meteor. Monogr., No. 59, Amer. Meteor. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0022.1, 2019.
Stone, D., Risser, M. D., Angelil, O., Wehner, M., Cholia, S., Keen, N., Krishnan, H., Obrien, T. A., and Collins, W. D.: A basis set for exploration of sensitivity to prescribed ocean conditions for estimating human contributions to extreme weather in CAM5.1–1degree, Weather Clim. Extremes, 19, 10–19, 2018.
Su, F., Duan, X., Chen, D., Hao, Z., and Cuo, L.: Evaluation of the global climate models in the CMIP5 over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Climate, 26, 3187–3208, 2013.
Tao, S. Y. and Chen, L. X.: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China, in: Monsoon Meteorology, edited by: Chang, C. P. and Krishnamurti, T. N., Oxford University Press, 60–92, 1987.
Wang, X., Pang, G., and Yang, M.: Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: a review based on observations and simulations, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 1116–1131, 2018.
Wang, Y. and Zhang, G. J.: Global climate impacts of stochastic deep convection parameterization in the NCAR CAM5, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 8, 1641–1656, 2016.
Wang, Y., Zhang, G. J., and He, Y.-J.: Simulation of precipitation extremes using a stochastic convective parameterization in the NCAR CAM5 under different resolutions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 12875–12891, 2017.
Wang, Y., Yang, K., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Lu, H., Ouyang, L., Chen, Y., Lazhu, and Wang, B.: Synergy of orographic drag parameterization and high resolution greatly reduces biases of WRF-simulated precipitation in central Himalaya, Clim. Dynam., 54, 1729–1740, 2020.
Wang, Y., Wang, L., Feng, J., Song, Z., Wu, Q., and Cheng, H.: A statistical description method of global sub-grid topography for numerical models, Clim Dynam., 60, 2547–2561, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06447-2, 2022a.
Wang, Y., Wang, L., Feng, J., Song, Z., Wu, Q., and Cheng, H.: The dataset of the manuscript: A Sub-Grid Parameterization Scheme for Topographic Vertical Motion in CAM5-SE (version 1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256923, 2022b.
Yanai, M. and Wu, G. X.: Effects of the Tibetan Plateau, in: The Asian Monsoon, edited by: Wang, B., Springer, 513–549, 2006.
Yu, R., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Chen, H.: Improvement of rainfall simulation on the steep edge of the Tibetan Plateau by using a finite-difference transport scheme in CAM5, Clim. Dynam., 45, 2937–2948, 2015.
Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model, Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 407–446, 1995.
Zhu, Y. Y. and Yang, S.: Evaluation of CMIP6 for historical temperature and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and its comparison with CMIP5, Adv. Climate Change Res., 11, 239–251, 2020.
Short summary
In this study, to noticeably improve precipitation simulation in steep mountains, we propose a sub-grid parameterization scheme for the topographic vertical motion in CAM5-SE to revise the original vertical velocity by adding the topographic vertical motion. The dynamic lifting effect of topography is extended from the lowest layer to multiple layers, thus improving the positive deviations of precipitation simulation in high-altitude regions and negative deviations in low-altitude regions.
In this study, to noticeably improve precipitation simulation in steep mountains, we propose a...