Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-449-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-449-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
23 Jan 2023
Model description paper |
| 23 Jan 2023
| 23 Jan 2023
URANOS v1.0 – the Ultra Rapid Adaptable Neutron-Only Simulation for Environmental Research
Markus Köhli
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Martin Schrön
Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
Steffen Zacharias
Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
Ulrich Schmidt
Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Related authors
Daniel Rasche, Jannis Weimar, Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Markus Morgner, Andreas Güntner, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3059–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce passive downhole cosmic-ray neutron sensing (d-CRNS) as an approach for the non-invasive estimation of soil moisture in deeper layers of the unsaturated zone which exceed the observational window of above-ground CRNS applications. Neutron transport simulations are used to derive mathematical descriptions and transfer functions, while experimental measurements in an existing groundwater observation well illustrate the feasibility and applicability of the approach.
Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Lena Scheiffele, Katya Dimitrova Petrova, Christian Budach, Martin Schrön, Benjamin Trost, Daniel Rasche, Andreas Güntner, Veronika Döpper, Michael Förster, Markus Köhli, Lisa Angermann, Nikolaos Antonoglou, Manuela Zude-Sasse, and Sascha E. Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3243–3262, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3243-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3243-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) allows for the non-invasive estimation of root-zone soil water content (SWC). The signal observed by a single CRNS sensor is influenced by the SWC in a radius of around 150 m (the footprint). Here, we have put together a cluster of eight CRNS sensors with overlapping footprints at an agricultural research site in north-east Germany. That way, we hope to represent spatial SWC heterogeneity instead of retrieving just one average SWC estimate from a single sensor.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 723–738, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new analytical concept to answer long-lasting questions of the cosmic-ray neutron sensing community, such as
what is the influence of a distant area or patches of different land use on the measurement signal?or
is the detector sensitive enough to detect a change of soil moisture (e.g. due to irrigation) in a remote field at a certain distance?The concept may support signal interpretation and sensor calibration, particularly in heterogeneous terrain.
Cosimo Brogi, Heye Reemt Bogena, Markus Köhli, Johan Alexander Huisman, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Olga Dombrowski
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 451–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate monitoring of water in soil can improve irrigation efficiency, which is important considering climate change and the growing world population. Cosmic-ray neutrons sensors (CRNSs) are a promising tool in irrigation monitoring due to a larger sensed area and to lower maintenance than other ground-based sensors. Here, we analyse the feasibility of irrigation monitoring with CRNSs and the impact of the irrigated field dimensions, of the variations of water in soil, and of instrument design.
Till Francke, Maik Heistermann, Markus Köhli, Christian Budach, Martin Schrön, and Sascha E. Oswald
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-75-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-75-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive tool for measuring hydrogen pools like soil moisture, snow, or vegetation. This study presents a directional shielding approach, aiming to measure in specific directions only. The results show that non-directional neutron transport blurs the signal of the targeted direction. For typical instruments, this does not allow acceptable precision at a daily time resolution. However, the mere statistical distinction of two rates is feasible.
Daniel Rasche, Markus Köhli, Martin Schrön, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6547–6566, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing provides areal average soil moisture measurements. We investigated how distinct differences in spatial soil moisture patterns influence the soil moisture estimates and present two approaches to improve the estimate of soil moisture close to the instrument by reducing the influence of soil moisture further afield. Additionally, we show that the heterogeneity of soil moisture can be assessed based on the relationship of different neutron energies.
Benjamin Fersch, Till Francke, Maik Heistermann, Martin Schrön, Veronika Döpper, Jannis Jakobi, Gabriele Baroni, Theresa Blume, Heye Bogena, Christian Budach, Tobias Gränzig, Michael Förster, Andreas Güntner, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Mandy Kasner, Markus Köhli, Birgit Kleinschmit, Harald Kunstmann, Amol Patil, Daniel Rasche, Lena Scheiffele, Ulrich Schmidt, Sandra Szulc-Seyfried, Jannis Weimar, Steffen Zacharias, Marek Zreda, Bernd Heber, Ralf Kiese, Vladimir Mares, Hannes Mollenhauer, Ingo Völksch, and Sascha Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2289–2309, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, 2020
Martin Schrön, Steffen Zacharias, Gary Womack, Markus Köhli, Darin Desilets, Sascha E. Oswald, Jan Bumberger, Hannes Mollenhauer, Simon Kögler, Paul Remmler, Mandy Kasner, Astrid Denk, and Peter Dietrich
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 83–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a unique technology to monitor water storages in complex environments, non-invasively, continuously, autonomuously, and representatively in large areas. However, neutron detector signals are not comparable per se: there is statistical noise, technical differences, and locational effects. We found out what it takes to make CRNS consistent in time and space to ensure reliable data quality. We further propose a method to correct for sealed areas in the footrint.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Lena Scheiffele, Joost Iwema, Heye R. Bogena, Ling Lv, Edoardo Martini, Gabriele Baroni, Rafael Rosolem, Jannis Weimar, Juliane Mai, Matthias Cuntz, Corinna Rebmann, Sascha E. Oswald, Peter Dietrich, Ulrich Schmidt, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A field-scale average of near-surface water content can be sensed by cosmic-ray neutron detectors. To interpret, calibrate, and validate the integral signal, it is important to account for its sensitivity to heterogeneous patterns like dry or wet spots. We show how point samples contribute to the neutron signal based on their depth and distance from the detector. This approach robustly improves the sensor performance and data consistency, and even reveals otherwise hidden hydrological features.
Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Martin Schrön, and Sascha E. Oswald
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 989–1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive technique used to obtain estimates of soil water content (SWC) at a horizontal footprint of around 150 m and a vertical penetration depth of up to 30 cm. However, typical CRNS applications require the local calibration of a function which converts neutron counts to SWC. As an alternative, we propose a generalized function as a way to avoid the use of local reference measurements of SWC and hence a major source of uncertainty.
Daniel Rasche, Jannis Weimar, Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Markus Morgner, Andreas Güntner, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3059–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce passive downhole cosmic-ray neutron sensing (d-CRNS) as an approach for the non-invasive estimation of soil moisture in deeper layers of the unsaturated zone which exceed the observational window of above-ground CRNS applications. Neutron transport simulations are used to derive mathematical descriptions and transfer functions, while experimental measurements in an existing groundwater observation well illustrate the feasibility and applicability of the approach.
Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Lena Scheiffele, Katya Dimitrova Petrova, Christian Budach, Martin Schrön, Benjamin Trost, Daniel Rasche, Andreas Güntner, Veronika Döpper, Michael Förster, Markus Köhli, Lisa Angermann, Nikolaos Antonoglou, Manuela Zude-Sasse, and Sascha E. Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3243–3262, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3243-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3243-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) allows for the non-invasive estimation of root-zone soil water content (SWC). The signal observed by a single CRNS sensor is influenced by the SWC in a radius of around 150 m (the footprint). Here, we have put together a cluster of eight CRNS sensors with overlapping footprints at an agricultural research site in north-east Germany. That way, we hope to represent spatial SWC heterogeneity instead of retrieving just one average SWC estimate from a single sensor.
Eshrat Fatima, Rohini Kumar, Sabine Attinger, Maren Kaluza, Oldrich Rakovec, Corinna Rebmann, Rafael Rosolem, Sascha Oswald, Luis Samaniego, Steffen Zacharias, and Martin Schrön
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1548, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1548, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a framework to incorporate cosmic-ray neutron measurements into the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). We evaluate different approaches to estimate neutron counts within mHM, using the Desilets equation with uniformly and with non-uniformly weighted average soil moisture, and the physically-based code COSMIC. The data not only improved soil moisture simulations, but also the parameterization of evapotranspiration in the model.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 723–738, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new analytical concept to answer long-lasting questions of the cosmic-ray neutron sensing community, such as
what is the influence of a distant area or patches of different land use on the measurement signal?or
is the detector sensitive enough to detect a change of soil moisture (e.g. due to irrigation) in a remote field at a certain distance?The concept may support signal interpretation and sensor calibration, particularly in heterogeneous terrain.
Cosimo Brogi, Heye Reemt Bogena, Markus Köhli, Johan Alexander Huisman, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Olga Dombrowski
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 451–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate monitoring of water in soil can improve irrigation efficiency, which is important considering climate change and the growing world population. Cosmic-ray neutrons sensors (CRNSs) are a promising tool in irrigation monitoring due to a larger sensed area and to lower maintenance than other ground-based sensors. Here, we analyse the feasibility of irrigation monitoring with CRNSs and the impact of the irrigated field dimensions, of the variations of water in soil, and of instrument design.
Friedrich Boeing, Oldrich Rakovec, Rohini Kumar, Luis Samaniego, Martin Schrön, Anke Hildebrandt, Corinna Rebmann, Stephan Thober, Sebastian Müller, Steffen Zacharias, Heye Bogena, Katrin Schneider, Ralf Kiese, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Marx
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5137–5161, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we deliver an evaluation of the second generation operational German drought monitor (https://www.ufz.de/duerremonitor) with a state-of-the-art compilation of observed soil moisture data from 40 locations and four different measurement methods in Germany. We show that the expressed stakeholder needs for higher resolution drought information at the one-kilometer scale can be met and that the agreement of simulated and observed soil moisture dynamics can be moderately improved.
Maik Heistermann, Heye Bogena, Till Francke, Andreas Güntner, Jannis Jakobi, Daniel Rasche, Martin Schrön, Veronika Döpper, Benjamin Fersch, Jannis Groh, Amol Patil, Thomas Pütz, Marvin Reich, Steffen Zacharias, Carmen Zengerle, and Sascha Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2501–2519, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2501-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2501-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a dense network of cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) to measure spatio-temporal soil moisture patterns during a 2-month campaign in the Wüstebach headwater catchment in Germany. Stationary, mobile, and airborne CRNS technology monitored the root-zone water dynamics as well as spatial heterogeneity in the 0.4 km2 area. The 15 CRNS stations were supported by a hydrogravimeter, biomass sampling, and a wireless soil sensor network to facilitate holistic hydrological analysis.
Andreas Wieser, Andreas Güntner, Peter Dietrich, Jan Handwerker, Dina Khordakova, Uta Ködel, Martin Kohler, Hannes Mollenhauer, Bernhard Mühr, Erik Nixdorf, Marvin Reich, Christian Rolf, Martin Schrön, Claudia Schütze, and Ute Weber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-131, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We present an event-triggered observation concept which covers the entire process chain from heavy precipitation to flooding at the catchment scale. It combines flexible and mobile observing systems out of the fields of meteorology, hydrology and geophysics with stationary networks to capture atmospheric transport processes, heterogeneous precipitation patterns, land surface and subsurface storage processes, and runoff dynamics.
Mandy Kasner, Steffen Zacharias, and Martin Schrön
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-123, 2022
Publication in HESS not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive technique that is used to quantify field-scale root-zone soil moisture. We hypothesize that unaccounted spatiotemporal changes of soil density may have impact on the quality of CRNS soil moisture products. Our results indicate a significant dependency of neutrons on soil density, which also depends on the soil moisture state. A correction approach is provided that can be recommended for practical use.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Till Francke, Maik Heistermann, Markus Köhli, Christian Budach, Martin Schrön, and Sascha E. Oswald
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-75-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-75-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive tool for measuring hydrogen pools like soil moisture, snow, or vegetation. This study presents a directional shielding approach, aiming to measure in specific directions only. The results show that non-directional neutron transport blurs the signal of the targeted direction. For typical instruments, this does not allow acceptable precision at a daily time resolution. However, the mere statistical distinction of two rates is feasible.
Daniel Rasche, Markus Köhli, Martin Schrön, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6547–6566, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing provides areal average soil moisture measurements. We investigated how distinct differences in spatial soil moisture patterns influence the soil moisture estimates and present two approaches to improve the estimate of soil moisture close to the instrument by reducing the influence of soil moisture further afield. Additionally, we show that the heterogeneity of soil moisture can be assessed based on the relationship of different neutron energies.
Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Martin Schrön, and Sascha E. Oswald
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4807–4824, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4807-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4807-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a powerful technique for retrieving representative estimates of soil moisture in footprints extending over hectometres in the horizontal and decimetres in the vertical. This study, however, demonstrates the potential of CRNS to obtain spatio-temporal patterns of soil moisture beyond isolated footprints. To that end, we analyse data from a unique observational campaign that featured a dense network of more than 20 neutron detectors in an area of just 1 km2.
Edoardo Martini, Matteo Bauckholt, Simon Kögler, Manuel Kreck, Kurt Roth, Ulrike Werban, Ute Wollschläger, and Steffen Zacharias
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2529–2539, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the in situ data available from the soil monitoring network
STH-net, recently implemented at the Schäfertal Hillslope site (Germany). The STH-net provides data (soil water content, soil temperature, water level, and meteorological variables – measured at a 10 min interval since 1 January 2019) for developing and testing modelling approaches in the context of vadose zone hydrology at spatial scales ranging from the pedon to the hillslope.
Benjamin Fersch, Till Francke, Maik Heistermann, Martin Schrön, Veronika Döpper, Jannis Jakobi, Gabriele Baroni, Theresa Blume, Heye Bogena, Christian Budach, Tobias Gränzig, Michael Förster, Andreas Güntner, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Mandy Kasner, Markus Köhli, Birgit Kleinschmit, Harald Kunstmann, Amol Patil, Daniel Rasche, Lena Scheiffele, Ulrich Schmidt, Sandra Szulc-Seyfried, Jannis Weimar, Steffen Zacharias, Marek Zreda, Bernd Heber, Ralf Kiese, Vladimir Mares, Hannes Mollenhauer, Ingo Völksch, and Sascha Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2289–2309, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, 2020
Mehdi Rahmati, Lutz Weihermüller, Jan Vanderborght, Yakov A. Pachepsky, Lili Mao, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Niloofar Moosavi, Hossein Kheirfam, Carsten Montzka, Kris Van Looy, Brigitta Toth, Zeinab Hazbavi, Wafa Al Yamani, Ammar A. Albalasmeh, Ma'in Z. Alghzawi, Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo, Antônio Celso Dantas Antonino, George Arampatzis, Robson André Armindo, Hossein Asadi, Yazidhi Bamutaze, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Béatrice Béchet, Fabian Becker, Günter Blöschl, Klaus Bohne, Isabelle Braud, Clara Castellano, Artemi Cerdà, Maha Chalhoub, Rogerio Cichota, Milena Císlerová, Brent Clothier, Yves Coquet, Wim Cornelis, Corrado Corradini, Artur Paiva Coutinho, Muriel Bastista de Oliveira, José Ronaldo de Macedo, Matheus Fonseca Durães, Hojat Emami, Iraj Eskandari, Asghar Farajnia, Alessia Flammini, Nándor Fodor, Mamoun Gharaibeh, Mohamad Hossein Ghavimipanah, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Simone Giertz, Evangelos G. Hatzigiannakis, Rainer Horn, Juan José Jiménez, Diederik Jacques, Saskia Deborah Keesstra, Hamid Kelishadi, Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani, Mehdi Kouselou, Madan Kumar Jha, Laurent Lassabatere, Xiaoyan Li, Mark A. Liebig, Lubomír Lichner, María Victoria López, Deepesh Machiwal, Dirk Mallants, Micael Stolben Mallmann, Jean Dalmo de Oliveira Marques, Miles R. Marshall, Jan Mertens, Félicien Meunier, Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi, Binayak P. Mohanty, Mansonia Pulido-Moncada, Suzana Montenegro, Renato Morbidelli, David Moret-Fernández, Ali Akbar Moosavi, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Seyed Bahman Mousavi, Hasan Mozaffari, Kamal Nabiollahi, Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri, Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni, Theophilo Benedicto Ottoni Filho, Mohammad Reza Pahlavan-Rad, Andreas Panagopoulos, Stephan Peth, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Tommaso Picciafuoco, Jean Poesen, Manuel Pulido, Dalvan José Reinert, Sabine Reinsch, Meisam Rezaei, Francis Parry Roberts, David Robinson, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho, Tadaomi Saito, Hideki Suganuma, Carla Saltalippi, Renáta Sándor, Brigitta Schütt, Manuel Seeger, Nasrollah Sepehrnia, Ehsan Sharifi Moghaddam, Manoj Shukla, Shiraki Shutaro, Ricardo Sorando, Ajayi Asishana Stanley, Peter Strauss, Zhongbo Su, Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, Encarnación Taguas, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Ali Reza Vaezi, Mehdi Vafakhah, Tomas Vogel, Iris Vogeler, Jana Votrubova, Steffen Werner, Thierry Winarski, Deniz Yilmaz, Michael H. Young, Steffen Zacharias, Yijian Zeng, Ying Zhao, Hong Zhao, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1237–1263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents and analyzes a global database of soil infiltration data, the SWIG database, for the first time. In total, 5023 infiltration curves were collected across all continents in the SWIG database. These data were either provided and quality checked by the scientists or they were digitized from published articles. We are convinced that the SWIG database will allow for a better parameterization of the infiltration process in land surface models and for testing infiltration models.
Roland Baatz, Pamela L. Sullivan, Li Li, Samantha R. Weintraub, Henry W. Loescher, Michael Mirtl, Peter M. Groffman, Diana H. Wall, Michael Young, Tim White, Hang Wen, Steffen Zacharias, Ingolf Kühn, Jianwu Tang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Isabelle Braud, Alejandro N. Flores, Praveen Kumar, Henry Lin, Teamrat Ghezzehei, Julia Jones, Henry L. Gholz, Harry Vereecken, and Kris Van Looy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Focusing on the usage of integrated models and in situ Earth observatory networks, three challenges are identified to advance understanding of ESD, in particular to strengthen links between biotic and abiotic, and above- and below-ground processes. We propose developing a model platform for interdisciplinary usage, to formalize current network infrastructure based on complementarities and operational synergies, and to extend the reanalysis concept to the ecosystem and critical zone.
Martin Schrön, Steffen Zacharias, Gary Womack, Markus Köhli, Darin Desilets, Sascha E. Oswald, Jan Bumberger, Hannes Mollenhauer, Simon Kögler, Paul Remmler, Mandy Kasner, Astrid Denk, and Peter Dietrich
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 83–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a unique technology to monitor water storages in complex environments, non-invasively, continuously, autonomuously, and representatively in large areas. However, neutron detector signals are not comparable per se: there is statistical noise, technical differences, and locational effects. We found out what it takes to make CRNS consistent in time and space to ensure reliable data quality. We further propose a method to correct for sealed areas in the footrint.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Lena Scheiffele, Joost Iwema, Heye R. Bogena, Ling Lv, Edoardo Martini, Gabriele Baroni, Rafael Rosolem, Jannis Weimar, Juliane Mai, Matthias Cuntz, Corinna Rebmann, Sascha E. Oswald, Peter Dietrich, Ulrich Schmidt, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A field-scale average of near-surface water content can be sensed by cosmic-ray neutron detectors. To interpret, calibrate, and validate the integral signal, it is important to account for its sensitivity to heterogeneous patterns like dry or wet spots. We show how point samples contribute to the neutron signal based on their depth and distance from the detector. This approach robustly improves the sensor performance and data consistency, and even reveals otherwise hidden hydrological features.
Edoardo Martini, Ulrike Werban, Steffen Zacharias, Marco Pohle, Peter Dietrich, and Ute Wollschläger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 495–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-495-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-495-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
With a process-based interpretation of electromagnetic induction measurements, we discussed the potential and limitations of such a method for soil moisture mapping. Results will help clarify the complex and time-varying effect of stable soil properties and dynamic state variables on the physical parameters measured, with implications for future studies. We highlighted the importance of time-series data and the need for a multidisciplinary approach for proper interpretation.
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies
Modeling the effects of tropospheric ozone on the growth and yield of global staple crops with DSSAT v4.8.0
A one-dimensional urban flow model with an eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) scheme and refined turbulent transport (MLUCM v3.0)
DCMIP2016: the tropical cyclone test case
Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change – progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP
CD-type discretization for sea ice dynamics in FESOM version 2
CSDMS Data Components: data–model integration tools for Earth surface processes modeling
A generic algorithm to automatically classify urban fabric according to the local climate zone system: implementation in GeoClimate 0.0.1 and application to French cities
Modelling water isotopologues (1H2H16O, 1H217O) in the coupled numerical climate model iLOVECLIM (version 1.1.5)
Accurate assessment of land–atmosphere coupling in climate models requires high-frequency data output
Towards variance-conserving reconstructions of climate indices with Gaussian process regression in an embedding space
A diatom extension to the cGEnIE Earth system model – EcoGEnIE 1.1
Carbon isotopes in the marine biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1-REcoM3
Flux coupling approach on an exchange grid for the IOW Earth System Model (version 1.04.00) of the Baltic Sea region
Using EUREC4A/ATOMIC field campaign data to improve trade wind regimes in the Community Atmosphere Model
New model ensemble reveals how forcing uncertainty and model structure alter climate simulated across CMIP generations of the Community Earth System Model
Quantifying wildfire drivers and predictability in boreal peatlands using a two-step error-correcting machine learning framework in TeFire v1.0
Benchmarking GOCART-2G in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)
Energy-conserving physics for nonhydrostatic dynamics in mass coordinate models
Evaluation and optimisation of the soil carbon turnover routine in the MONICA model (version 3.3.1)
Assessing the sensitivity of aerosol mass budget and effective radiative forcing to horizontal grid spacing in E3SMv1 using a regional refinement approach
Towards the definition of a solar forcing dataset for CMIP7
ibicus: a new open-source Python package and comprehensive interface for statistical bias adjustment and evaluation in climate modelling (v1.0.1)
Disentangling the hydrological and hydraulic controls on streamflow variability in Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) V2 – a case study in the Pantanal region
Constraining the carbon cycle in JULES-ES-1.0
The utility of simulated ocean chlorophyll observations: a case study with the Chlorophyll Observation Simulator Package (version 1) in CESMv2.2
GeoPDNN 1.0: a semi-supervised deep learning neural network using pseudo-labels for three-dimensional shallow strata modelling and uncertainty analysis in urban areas from borehole data
The prototype NOAA Aerosol Reanalysis version 1.0: description of the modeling system and its evaluation
Performance and process-based evaluation of the BARPA-R Australasian regional climate model version 1
Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecast System version 2.0: model description and Indian monsoon simulations
Exploring the ocean mesoscale at reduced computational cost with FESOM 2.5: efficient modeling strategies applied to the Southern Ocean
Truly conserving with conservative remapping methods
High-resolution downscaling of CMIP6 Earth system and global climate models using deep learning for Iberia
Earth system modeling on modular supercomputing architecture: coupled atmosphere–ocean simulations with ICON 2.6.6-rc
Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (GDPCIR): preserving quantile trends for modeling future climate impacts
Understanding changes in cloud simulations from E3SM version 1 to version 2
WRF (v4.0)–SUEWS (v2018c) coupled system: development, evaluation and application
Scenario setup and forcing data for impact model evaluation and impact attribution within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a)
Deep learning model based on multi-scale feature fusion for precipitation nowcasting
The Framework for Assessing Changes To Sea-level (FACTS) v1.0: a platform for characterizing parametric and structural uncertainty in future global, relative, and extreme sea-level change
Getting the leaves right matters for estimating temperature extremes
The Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica (SOFIA) Initiative: scientific objectives and experimental design
Modeling and evaluating the effects of irrigation on land–atmosphere interaction in southwestern Europe with the regional climate model REMO2020–iMOVE using a newly developed parameterization
The Regional Climate-Chemistry-Ecology Coupling Model RegCM-Chem (v4.6)-YIBs (v1.0): Development and Application
Process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology: ways to sound calibration and implications of uncertain projections
An evaluation of the LLC4320 global-ocean simulation based on the submesoscale structure of modeled sea surface temperature fields
An emulation-based approach for interrogating reactive transport models
NEWTS1.0: Numerical model of coastal Erosion by Waves and Transgressive Scarps
A sub-grid parameterization scheme for topographic vertical motion in CAM5-SE
Objective Evaluation of Earth System Models: PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP) version 3
Daniele Visioni, Alan Robock, Jim Haywood, Matthew Henry, Simone Tilmes, Douglas G. MacMartin, Ben Kravitz, Sarah J. Doherty, John Moore, Chris Lennard, Shingo Watanabe, Helene Muri, Ulrike Niemeier, Olivier Boucher, Abu Syed, Temitope S. Egbebiyi, Roland Séférian, and Ilaria Quaglia
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2583–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new experimental protocol for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). In it, we describe the details of a new simulation of sunlight reflection using the stratospheric aerosols that climate models are supposed to run, and we explain the reasons behind each choice we made when defining the protocol.
Jose Rafael Guarin, Jonas Jägermeyr, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Fabio A. A. Oliveira, Senthold Asseng, Kenneth Boote, Joshua Elliott, Lisa Emberson, Ian Foster, Gerrit Hoogenboom, David Kelly, Alex C. Ruane, and Katrina Sharps
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2547–2567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of ozone (O3) stress on crop photosynthesis and leaf senescence were added to maize, rice, soybean, and wheat crop models. The modified models reproduced growth and yields under different O3 levels measured in field experiments and reported in the literature. The combined interactions between O3 and additional stresses were reproduced with the new models. These updated crop models can be used to simulate impacts of O3 stress under future climate change and air pollution scenarios.
Jiachen Lu, Negin Nazarian, Melissa Anne Hart, E. Scott Krayenhoff, and Alberto Martilli
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2525–2545, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study enhances urban canopy models by refining key assumptions. Simulations for various urban scenarios indicate discrepancies in turbulent transport efficiency for flow properties. We propose two modifications that involve characterizing diffusion coefficients for momentum and turbulent kinetic energy separately and introducing a physics-based
mass-fluxterm. These adjustments enhance the model's performance, offering more reliable temperature and surface flux estimates.
Justin L. Willson, Kevin A. Reed, Christiane Jablonowski, James Kent, Peter H. Lauritzen, Ramachandran Nair, Mark A. Taylor, Paul A. Ullrich, Colin M. Zarzycki, David M. Hall, Don Dazlich, Ross Heikes, Celal Konor, David Randall, Thomas Dubos, Yann Meurdesoif, Xi Chen, Lucas Harris, Christian Kühnlein, Vivian Lee, Abdessamad Qaddouri, Claude Girard, Marco Giorgetta, Daniel Reinert, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoki Ohno, and Ryuji Yoshida
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential to understanding their behavior in a changing climate. One way this is accomplished is through model intercomparison projects, where results from multiple climate models are analyzed to provide benchmark solutions for the wider climate modeling community. This study describes and analyzes the previously developed TC test case for nine climate models in an intercomparison project, providing solutions that aid in model development.
Stephanie Fiedler, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Christopher J. Smith, Paul Griffiths, Ryan J. Kramer, Toshihiko Takemura, Robert J. Allen, Ulas Im, Matthew Kasoar, Angshuman Modak, Steven Turnock, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Duncan Watson-Parris, Daniel M. Westervelt, Laura J. Wilcox, Alcide Zhao, William J. Collins, Michael Schulz, Gunnar Myhre, and Piers M. Forster
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2387–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate scientists want to better understand modern climate change. Thus, climate model experiments are performed and compared. The results of climate model experiments differ, as assessed in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. This article gives insights into the challenges and outlines opportunities for further improving the understanding of climate change. It is based on views of a group of experts in atmospheric composition–climate interactions.
Sergey Danilov, Carolin Mehlmann, Dmitry Sidorenko, and Qiang Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2287–2297, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models are a necessary component of climate models. At very high resolution they are capable of simulating linear kinematic features, such as leads, which are important for better prediction of heat exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Two new discretizations are described which improve the sea ice component of the Finite volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM version 2) by allowing simulations of finer scales.
Tian Gan, Gregory E. Tucker, Eric W. H. Hutton, Mark D. Piper, Irina Overeem, Albert J. Kettner, Benjamin Campforts, Julia M. Moriarty, Brianna Undzis, Ethan Pierce, and Lynn McCready
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2165–2185, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the design, implementation, and application of the CSDMS Data Components. The case studies demonstrate that the Data Components provide a consistent way to access heterogeneous datasets from multiple sources, and to seamlessly integrate them with various models for Earth surface process modeling. The Data Components support the creation of open data–model integration workflows to improve the research transparency and reproducibility.
Jérémy Bernard, Erwan Bocher, Matthieu Gousseff, François Leconte, and Elisabeth Le Saux Wiederhold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2077–2116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geographical features may have a considerable effect on local climate. The local climate zone (LCZ) system proposed by Stewart and Oke (2012) is seen as a standard approach for classifying any zone according to a set of geographic indicators. While many methods already exist to map the LCZ, only a few tools are openly and freely available. We present the algorithm implemented in GeoClimate software to identify the LCZ of any place in the world using OpenStreetMap data.
Thomas Extier, Thibaut Caley, and Didier M. Roche
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2117–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes are used to infer changes in the hydrological cycle for different time periods in climatic archive and climate models. We present the implementation of the δ2H and δ17O water isotopes in the coupled climate model iLOVECLIM and calculate the d- and 17O-excess. Results of a simulation under preindustrial conditions show that the model correctly reproduces the water isotope distribution in the atmosphere and ocean in comparison to data and other global circulation models.
Kirsten L. Findell, Zun Yin, Eunkyo Seo, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Nathan P. Arnold, Nathaniel Chaney, Megan D. Fowler, Meng Huang, David M. Lawrence, Po-Lun Ma, and Joseph A. Santanello Jr.
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1869–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a request for sub-daily data to accurately capture the process-level connections between land states, surface fluxes, and the boundary layer response. This high-frequency model output will allow for more direct comparison with observational field campaigns on process-relevant timescales, enable demonstration of inter-model spread in land–atmosphere coupling processes, and aid in targeted identification of sources of deficiencies and opportunities for improvement of the models.
Marlene Klockmann, Udo von Toussaint, and Eduardo Zorita
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1765–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of climate variability before the observational period rely on climate proxies and sophisticated statistical models to link the proxy information and climate variability. Existing models tend to underestimate the true magnitude of variability, especially if the proxies contain non-climatic noise. We present and test a promising new framework for climate-index reconstructions, based on Gaussian processes, which reconstructs robust variability estimates from noisy and sparse data.
Aaron A. Naidoo-Bagwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Katharine R. Hendry, Scott Burgan, Jamie D. Wilson, Ben A. Ward, Andy Ridgwell, and Daniel J. Conley
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1729–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As an extension to the EcoGEnIE 1.0 Earth system model that features a diverse plankton community, EcoGEnIE 1.1 includes siliceous plankton diatoms and also considers their impact on biogeochemical cycles. With updates to existing nutrient cycles and the introduction of the silicon cycle, we see improved model performance relative to observational data. Through a more functionally diverse plankton community, the new model enables more comprehensive future study of ocean ecology.
Martin Butzin, Ying Ye, Christoph Völker, Özgür Gürses, Judith Hauck, and Peter Köhler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1709–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the implementation of the carbon isotopes 13C and 14C into the marine biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1-REcoM3 and present results of long-term test simulations. Our model results are largely consistent with marine carbon isotope reconstructions for the pre-anthropogenic period, but also exhibit some discrepancies.
Sven Karsten, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Gröger, Ha T. M. Ho-Hagemann, Hossein Mashayekh, Thomas Neumann, and H. E. Markus Meier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the development of a regional Earth System Model for the Baltic Sea region. In contrast to conventional coupling approaches, the presented model includes a flux calculator operating on a common exchange grid. This approach automatically ensures a locally consistent treatment of fluxes and simplifies the exchange of model components. The presented model can be used for various scientific questions, such as studies of natural variability and ocean–atmosphere interactions.
Skyler Graap and Colin M. Zarzycki
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1627–1650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A key target for improving climate models is how low, bright clouds are predicted over tropical oceans, since they have important consequences for the Earth's energy budget. A climate model has been updated to improve the physical realism of the treatment of how momentum is moved up and down in the atmosphere. By comparing this updated model to real-world observations from balloon launches, it can be shown to more accurately depict atmospheric structure in trade-wind areas close to the Equator.
Marika M. Holland, Cecile Hannay, John Fasullo, Alexandra Jahn, Jennifer E. Kay, Michael Mills, Isla R. Simpson, William Wieder, Peter Lawrence, Erik Kluzek, and David Bailey
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1585–1602, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1585-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1585-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate evolves in response to changing forcings, as prescribed in simulations. Models and forcings are updated over time to reflect new understanding. This makes it difficult to attribute simulation differences to either model or forcing changes. Here we present new simulations which enable the separation of model structure and forcing influence between two widely used simulation sets. Results indicate a strong influence of aerosol emission uncertainty on historical climate.
Rongyun Tang, Mingzhou Jin, Jiafu Mao, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Anping Chen, and Yulong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1525–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon-rich boreal peatlands are at risk of burning. The reproducibility and predictability of rare peatland fire events are investigated by constructing a two-step error-correcting machine learning framework to tackle such complex systems. Fire occurrence and impacts are highly predictable with our approach. Factor-controlling simulations revealed that temperature, moisture, and freeze–thaw cycles control boreal peatland fires, indicating thermal impacts on causing peat fires.
Allison B. Collow, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo M. da Silva, Virginie Buchard, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Sampa Das, Ravi Govindaraju, Dongchul Kim, and Valentina Aquila
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1443–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1443-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1443-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The GOCART aerosol module within the Goddard Earth Observing System recently underwent a major refactoring and update to the representation of physical processes. Code changes that were included in GOCART Second Generation (GOCART-2G) are documented, and we establish a benchmark simulation that is to be used for future development of the system. The 4-year benchmark simulation was evaluated using in situ and spaceborne measurements to develop a baseline and prioritize future development.
Oksana Guba, Mark A. Taylor, Peter A. Bosler, Christopher Eldred, and Peter H. Lauritzen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1429–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We want to reduce errors in the moist energy budget in numerical atmospheric models. We study a few common assumptions and mechanisms that are used for the moist physics. Some mechanisms are more consistent with the underlying equations. Separately, we study how assumptions about models' thermodynamics affect the modeled energy of precipitation. We also explain how to conserve energy in the moist physics for nonhydrostatic models.
Konstantin Aiteew, Jarno Rouhiainen, Claas Nendel, and René Dechow
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1349–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the biogeochemical model MONICA and its performance in simulating soil organic carbon changes. MONICA can reproduce plant growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, soil water and temperature. The model results were compared with five established carbon turnover models. With the exception of certain sites, adequate reproduction of soil organic carbon stock change rates was achieved. The MONICA model was capable of performing similar to or even better than the other models.
Jianfeng Li, Kai Zhang, Taufiq Hassan, Shixuan Zhang, Po-Lun Ma, Balwinder Singh, Qiyang Yan, and Huilin Huang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1327–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1327-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1327-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By comparing E3SM simulations with and without regional refinement, we find that model horizontal grid spacing considerably affects the simulated aerosol mass budget, aerosol–cloud interactions, and the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols. The study identifies the critical physical processes strongly influenced by model resolution. It also highlights the benefit of applying regional refinement in future modeling studies at higher or even convection-permitting resolutions.
Bernd Funke, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Ilaria Ermolli, Margit Haberreiter, Doug Kinnison, Daniel Marsh, Hilde Nesse, Annika Seppälä, Miriam Sinnhuber, and Ilya Usoskin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a road map for the preparation of a solar forcing dataset for the upcoming Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), considering the latest scientific advances made in the reconstruction of solar forcing and in the understanding of climate response while also addressing the issues that were raised during CMIP6.
Fiona Raphaela Spuler, Jakob Benjamin Wessel, Edward Comyn-Platt, James Varndell, and Chiara Cagnazzo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1249–1269, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Before using climate models to study the impacts of climate change, bias adjustment is commonly applied to the models to ensure that they correspond with observations at a local scale. However, this can introduce undesirable distortions into the climate model. In this paper, we present an open-source python package called ibicus to enable the comparison and detailed evaluation of bias adjustment methods, facilitating their transparent and rigorous application.
Donghui Xu, Gautam Bisht, Zeli Tan, Chang Liao, Tian Zhou, Hong-Yi Li, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1197–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We aim to disentangle the hydrological and hydraulic controls on streamflow variability in a fully coupled earth system model. We found that calibrating only one process (i.e., traditional calibration procedure) will result in unrealistic parameter values and poor performance of the water cycle, while the simulated streamflow is improved. To address this issue, we further proposed a two-step calibration procedure to reconcile the impacts from hydrological and hydraulic processes on streamflow.
Douglas McNeall, Eddy Robertson, and Andy Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1059–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We can run simulations of the land surface and carbon cycle, using computer models to help us understand and predict climate change and its impacts. These simulations are not perfect reproductions of the real land surface, and that can make them less effective tools. We use new statistical and computational techniques to help us understand how different our models are from the real land surface, how to make them more realistic, and how well we can simulate past and future climate.
Genevieve L. Clow, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael N. Levy, Keith Lindsay, and Jennifer E. Kay
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 975–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations of chlorophyll allow us to study marine phytoplankton on a global scale; yet some of these observations are missing due to clouds and other issues. To investigate the impact of missing data, we developed a satellite simulator for chlorophyll in an Earth system model. We found that missing data can impact the global mean chlorophyll by nearly 20 %. The simulated observations provide a more direct comparison to real-world data and can be used to improve model validation.
Jiateng Guo, Xuechuang Xu, Luyuan Wang, Xulei Wang, Lixin Wu, Mark Jessell, Vitaliy Ogarko, Zhibin Liu, and Yufei Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 957–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-957-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-957-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a semi-supervised learning algorithm using pseudo-labels for 3D geological modelling. We establish a 3D geological model using borehole data from a complex real urban local survey area in Shenyang and make an uncertainty analysis of this model. The method effectively expands the sample space, which is suitable for geomodelling and uncertainty analysis from boreholes. The modelling results perform well in terms of spatial morphology and geological semantics.
Shih-Wei Wei, Mariusz Pagowski, Arlindo da Silva, Cheng-Hsuan Lu, and Bo Huang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 795–813, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the modeling system and the evaluation results for the first prototype version of a global aerosol reanalysis product at NOAA, prototype NOAA Aerosol ReAnalysis version 1.0 (pNARA v1.0). We evaluated pNARA v1.0 against independent datasets and compared it with other reanalyses. We identified deficiencies in the system (both in the forecast model and in the data assimilation system) and the uncertainties that exist in our reanalysis.
Emma Howard, Chun-Hsu Su, Christian Stassen, Rajashree Naha, Harvey Ye, Acacia Pepler, Samuel S. Bell, Andrew J. Dowdy, Simon O. Tucker, and Charmaine Franklin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 731–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The BARPA-R modelling configuration has been developed to produce high-resolution climate hazard projections within the Australian region. When using boundary driving data from quasi-observed historical conditions, BARPA-R shows good performance with errors generally on par with reanalysis products. BARPA-R also captures trends, known modes of climate variability, large-scale weather processes, and multivariate relationships.
Deepeshkumar Jain, Suryachandra A. Rao, Ramu A. Dandi, Prasanth A. Pillai, Ankur Srivastava, Maheswar Pradhan, and Kiran V. Gangadharan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 709–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present paper discusses and evaluates the new Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecast System model (MMCFS) version 2.0 which upgrades the currently operational MMCFS v1.0 at the Indian Meteorological Department, India. The individual model components have been substantially upgraded independently by their respective scientific groups. MMCFS v2.0 includes these upgrades in the operational coupled model. The new model shows significant skill improvement in simulating the Indian monsoon.
Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cost-reducing modeling strategies are applied to high-resolution simulations of the Southern Ocean in a changing climate. They are evaluated with respect to observations and traditional, lower-resolution modeling methods. The simulations effectively reproduce small-scale ocean flows seen in satellite data and are largely consistent with traditional model simulations after 4 °C of warming. Small-scale flows are found to intensify near bathymetric features and to become more variable.
Karl E. Taylor
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 415–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Remapping gridded data in a way that preserves the conservative properties of the climate system can be essential in coupling model components and for accurate assessment of the system’s energy and mass constituents. Remapping packages capable of handling a wide variety of grids can, for some common grids, calculate remapping weights that are somewhat inaccurate. Correcting for these errors, guidelines are provided to ensure conservation when the weights are used in practice.
Pedro M. M. Soares, Frederico Johannsen, Daniela C. A. Lima, Gil Lemos, Virgílio A. Bento, and Angelina Bushenkova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 229–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-229-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses deep learning (DL) to downscale global climate models for the Iberian Peninsula. Four DL architectures were evaluated and trained using historical climate data and then used to downscale future projections from the global models. These show agreement with the original models and reveal a warming of 2 ºC to 6 ºC, along with decreasing precipitation in western Iberia after 2040. This approach offers key regional climate change information for adaptation strategies in the region.
Abhiraj Bishnoi, Olaf Stein, Catrin I. Meyer, René Redler, Norbert Eicker, Helmuth Haak, Lars Hoffmann, Daniel Klocke, Luis Kornblueh, and Estela Suarez
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We enabled the weather and climate model ICON to run in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean setup on the JUWELS supercomputer, where the ocean and the model I/O runs on the CPU Cluster, while the atmosphere is running simultaneously on GPUs. Compared to a simulation performed on CPUs only, our approach reduces energy consumption by 45 % with comparable runtimes. The experiments serve as preparation for efficient computing of kilometer-scale climate models on future supercomputing systems.
Diana R. Gergel, Steven B. Malevich, Kelly E. McCusker, Emile Tenezakis, Michael T. Delgado, Meredith A. Fish, and Robert E. Kopp
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 191–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The freely available Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (GDPCIR) dataset gives researchers a new tool for studying how future climate will evolve at a local or regional level, corresponding to the latest global climate model simulations prepared as part of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report. Those simulations represent an enormous advance in quality, detail, and scope that GDPCIR translates to the local level.
Yuying Zhang, Shaocheng Xie, Yi Qin, Wuyin Lin, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Xue Zheng, Po-Lun Ma, Yun Qian, Qi Tang, Christopher R. Terai, and Meng Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 169–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed systematic evaluation of clouds simulated in the Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2) to document model performance and understand what updates in E3SMv2 have caused changes in clouds from E3SMv1 to E3SMv2. We find that stratocumulus clouds along the subtropical west coast of continents are dramatically improved, primarily due to the retuning done in CLUBB. This study offers additional insights into clouds simulated in E3SMv2 and will benefit future E3SM developments.
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2) to document model performance and understand what updates in E3SMv2 have caused changes in clouds from E3SMv1 to E3SMv2. We find that stratocumulus clouds along the subtropical west coast of continents are dramatically improved, primarily due to the retuning done in CLUBB. This study offers additional insights into clouds simulated in E3SMv2 and will benefit future E3SM developments.
Ting Sun, Hamidreza Omidvar, Zhenkun Li, Ning Zhang, Wenjuan Huang, Simone Kotthaus, Helen C. Ward, Zhiwen Luo, and Sue Grimmond
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 91–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-91-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-91-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we coupled a state-of-the-art urban land surface model – Surface Urban Energy and Water Scheme (SUEWS) – with the widely-used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, creating an open-source tool that may benefit multiple applications. We tested our new system at two UK sites and demonstrated its potential by examining how human activities in various areas of Greater London influence local weather conditions.
Katja Frieler, Jan Volkholz, Stefan Lange, Jacob Schewe, Matthias Mengel, María del Rocío Rivas López, Christian Otto, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Johanna T. Malle, Simon Treu, Christoph Menz, Julia L. Blanchard, Cheryl S. Harrison, Colleen M. Petrik, Tyler D. Eddy, Kelly Ortega-Cisneros, Camilla Novaglio, Yannick Rousseau, Reg A. Watson, Charles Stock, Xiao Liu, Ryan Heneghan, Derek Tittensor, Olivier Maury, Matthias Büchner, Thomas Vogt, Tingting Wang, Fubao Sun, Inga J. Sauer, Johannes Koch, Inne Vanderkelen, Jonas Jägermeyr, Christoph Müller, Sam Rabin, Jochen Klar, Iliusi D. Vega del Valle, Gitta Lasslop, Sarah Chadburn, Eleanor Burke, Angela Gallego-Sala, Noah Smith, Jinfeng Chang, Stijn Hantson, Chantelle Burton, Anne Gädeke, Fang Li, Simon N. Gosling, Hannes Müller Schmied, Fred Hattermann, Jida Wang, Fangfang Yao, Thomas Hickler, Rafael Marcé, Don Pierson, Wim Thiery, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Robert Ladwig, Ana Isabel Ayala-Zamora, Matthew Forrest, and Michel Bechtold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper provides an overview of all observational climate-related and socioeconomic forcing data used as input for the impact model evaluation and impact attribution experiments within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. The experiments are designed to test our understanding of observed changes in natural and human systems and to quantify to what degree these changes have already been induced by climate change.
Jinkai Tan, Qiqiao Huang, and Sheng Chen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 53–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-53-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-53-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a deep learning architecture, multi-scale feature fusion (MFF), to improve the forecast skills of precipitations especially for heavy precipitations. MFF uses multi-scale receptive fields so that the movement features of precipitation systems are well captured. MFF uses the mechanism of discrete probability to reduce uncertainties and forecast errors so that heavy precipitations are produced.
Robert E. Kopp, Gregory G. Garner, Tim H. J. Hermans, Shantenu Jha, Praveen Kumar, Alexander Reedy, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Matteo Turilli, Tamsin L. Edwards, Jonathan M. Gregory, George Koubbe, Anders Levermann, Andre Merzky, Sophie Nowicki, Matthew D. Palmer, and Chris Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7461–7489, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Future sea-level rise projections exhibit multiple forms of uncertainty, all of which must be considered by scientific assessments intended to inform decision-making. The Framework for Assessing Changes To Sea-level (FACTS) is a new software package intended to support assessments of global mean, regional, and extreme sea-level rise. An early version of FACTS supported the development of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report sea-level projections.
Gregory Duveiller, Mark Pickering, Joaquin Muñoz-Sabater, Luca Caporaso, Souhail Boussetta, Gianpaolo Balsamo, and Alessandro Cescatti
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7357–7373, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Some of our best tools to describe the state of the land system, including the intensity of heat waves, have a problem. The model currently assumes that the number of leaves in ecosystems always follows the same cycle. By using satellite observations of when leaves are present, we show that capturing the yearly changes in this cycle is important to avoid errors in estimating surface temperature. We show that this has strong implications for our capacity to describe heat waves across Europe.
Neil C. Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Riccardo Farneti, Stephen M. Griffies, Tore Hattermann, Judith Hauck, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Inga J. Smith, and Max Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7289–7309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Current climate models typically do not include full representation of ice sheets. As the climate warms and the ice sheets melt, they add freshwater to the ocean. This freshwater can influence climate change, for example by causing more sea ice to form. In this paper we propose a set of experiments to test the influence of this missing meltwater from Antarctica using multiple different climate models.
Christina Asmus, Peter Hoffmann, Joni-Pekka Pietikäinen, Jürgen Böhner, and Diana Rechid
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7311–7337, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigation modifies the land surface and soil conditions. The effects can be quantified using numerical climate models. Our study introduces a new irrigation parameterization, which simulates the effects of irrigation on land, atmosphere, and vegetation. We applied the parameterization and evaluated the results in terms of their physical consistency. We found an improvement in the model results in the 2 m temperature representation in comparison with observational data for our study.
Nanhong Xie, Tijian Wang, Xiaodong Xie, Xu Yue, Filippo Giorgi, Qian Zhang, Danyang Ma, Rong Song, Baiyao Xu, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang, Mengmeng Li, Min Xie, Natalya Andreeva Kilifarska, Georgi Gadzhev, and Reneta Dimitrova
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1733, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we coupled a regional climate chemistry model RegCM-Chem with a dynamic vegetation model YIBs to create a regional climate-chemistry-ecology model RegCM-Chem-YIBs. We applied it to simulate climatic, chemical and ecological parameters in East Asia and fully validated it on a variety of observational data. The research results show that RegCM-Chem-YIBs model is a valuable tool for studying terrestrial carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change in regional scale.
Michael Meier and Christof Bigler
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7171–7201, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed >2.3 million calibrations and 39 million projections of leaf coloration models, considering 21 models, 5 optimization algorithms, ≥7 sampling procedures, and 26 climate scenarios. Models based on temperature, day length, and leaf unfolding performed best, especially when calibrated with generalized simulated annealing and systematically balanced or stratified samples. Projected leaf coloration shifts between −13 and +20 days by 2080–2099.
Katharina Gallmeier, J. Xavier Prochaska, Peter Cornillon, Dimitris Menemenlis, and Madolyn Kelm
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7143–7170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces an approach to evaluate numerical models of ocean circulation. We compare the structure of satellite-derived sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa) instances determined by a machine learning algorithm at 10–80 km scales to those output by a high-resolution MITgcm run. The simulation over much of the ocean reproduces the observed distribution of SSTa patterns well. This general agreement, alongside a few notable exceptions, highlights the potential of this approach.
Angus Fotherby, Harold J. Bradbury, Jennifer L. Druhan, and Alexandra V. Turchyn
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7059–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate how, given a simulation of fluid and rock interacting, we can emulate the system using machine learning. This means that, for a given initial condition, we can predict the final state, avoiding the simulation step once the model has been trained. We present a workflow for applying this approach to any fluid–rock simulation and showcase two applications to different fluid–rock simulations. This approach has applications for improving model development and sensitivity analyses.
Rose V. Palermo, J. Taylor Perron, Jason M. Soderblom, Samuel P. D. Birch, Alexander G. Hayes, and Andrew D. Ashton
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-223, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-223, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Models of rocky coastal erosion help us understand the controls on coastal morphology and evolution. In this paper, we present a simplified model of coastline erosion by either uniform erosion processes where coastline erosion is constant or wave-driven erosion where coastline erosion is a function of the wave power. This model can be used to evaluate how coastline changes reflect climate, sea level history, material properties, and the relative influence of different erosional processes.
Yaqi Wang, Lanning Wang, Juan Feng, Zhenya Song, Qizhong Wu, and Huaqiong Cheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6857–6873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, to noticeably improve precipitation simulation in steep mountains, we propose a sub-grid parameterization scheme for the topographic vertical motion in CAM5-SE to revise the original vertical velocity by adding the topographic vertical motion. The dynamic lifting effect of topography is extended from the lowest layer to multiple layers, thus improving the positive deviations of precipitation simulation in high-altitude regions and negative deviations in low-altitude regions.
Jiwoo Lee, Peter J. Gleckler, Min-Seop Ahn, Ana Ordonez, Paul A. Ullrich, Kenneth R. Sperber, Karl E. Taylor, Yann Y. Planton, Eric Guilyardi, Paul Durack, Celine Bonfils, Mark D. Zelinka, Li-Wei Chao, Bo Dong, Charles Doutriaux, Chengzhu Zhang, Tom Vo, Jason Boutte, Michael F. Wehner, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Daehyun Kim, Zeyu Xue, Andrew T. Wittenberg, and John Krasting
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2720, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an open-source software, the PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP), developed for a comprehensive comparison of Earth System Models (ESMs) with real-world observations. Using diverse metrics evaluating climatology, variability, and extremes simulated in thousands of simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), PMP aids in benchmarking model improvements across generations. PMP also enables efficient tracking of performance evolutions during ESM developments.
Cited articles
Agostinelli, S., Allison, J., Amako, K., et al.: GEANT4 – a simulation toolkit, Nucl. Instrum.
Meth. A, 506, 250–303,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8, 2003. a
Andreasen, M., Jensen, H. K., Zreda, M., Desilets, D., Bogena, H., and Looms,
C.: Modeling cosmic ray neutron field measurements, Water Resour. Res.,
52, 6451–6471, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr018236, 2016. a
Badiee, A., Wallbank, J., Pulido Fentanes, J., Trill, E., Scarlet, P., Zhu,
Y., Cielniak, G., Cooper, H., Blake, J., Evans, J., Zreda, M., Köhli, M.,
and Pearson, S.: Using Additional Moderator to Control the Footprint of a
COSMOS Rover for Soil Moisture Measurement, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2020WR028478,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr028478, 2021. a, b
Baroni, G., Scheiffele, L., Schrön, M., Ingwersen, J., and Oswald, S.:
Uncertainty, sensitivity and improvements in soil moisture estimation with
cosmic-ray neutron sensing, J. Hydrol., 564, 873–887,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.053, 2018. a
Battistoni, G., Boehlen, T., Cerutti, F., Chin, P., Esposito, L., Fasso, A.,
Ferrari, A., Lechner, A., Empl, A., Mairani, A., Mereghetti, A., Ortega, P.,
Ranft, J., Roesler, S., Sala, P., Vlachoudis, V., and Smirnov, G.: Overview
of the FLUKA code, Ann. Nucl. Energ., 82, 10–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.11.007, 2015. a
Boudard, A., Cugnon, J., David, J.-C., Leray, S., and Mancusi, D.: New
potentialities of the Liège intranuclear cascade model for reactions
induced by nucleons and light charged particles, Phys. Rev. C, 87,
014606, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.014606, 2013. a
Bramblett, R. and Bonner, T.: Neutron evaporation spectra from (p, n)
reactions, Nucl. Phys., 20, 395–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5582(60)90182-6,
1960. a
Bramblett, R., Ewing, R., and Bonner, T.: A new type of neutron spectrometer,
Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 9, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(60)90043-4, 1960. a
Briesmeister, J.: MCNP-A general Monte Carlo N-particle
transport code, Version 4C, LA-13709-M,
https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-13709-M,
2000. a
Brown, D., Chadwick, M., Capote, R., Kahler, A., Trkov, A., Herman, M.,
Sonzogni, A., Danon, Y., Carlson, A., Dunn, M., Smith, D., Hale, G., Arbanas,
G., Arcilla, R., Bates, C., Beck, B., Becker, B., Brown, F., Casperson, R.,
Conlin, J., Cullen, D., Descalle, M.-A., Firestone, R., Gaines, T., Guber,
K., Hawari, A., Holmes, J., Johnson, T., Kawano, T., Kiedrowski, B., Koning,
A., Kopecky, S., Leal, L., Lestone, J., Lubitz, C., Damiá¡n, J. M.,
Mattoon, C., McCutchan, E., Mughabghab, S., Navratil, P., Neudecker, D.,
Nobre, G., Noguere, G., Paris, M., Pigni, M., Plompen, A., Pritychenko, B.,
Pronyaev, V., Roubtsov, D., Rochman, D., Romano, P., Schillebeeckx, P.,
Simakov, S., Sin, M., Sirakov, I., Sleaford, B., Sobes, V., Soukhovitskii,
E., Stetcu, I., Talou, P., Thompson, I., van der Marck, S.,
Welser-Sherrill, L., Wiarda, D., White, M., Wormald, J., Wright, R., Zerkle,
M., Žerovnik, G., and Zhu, Y.: ENDF/B-VIII.0: The 8th Major
Release of the Nuclear Reaction Data Library with CIELO-project Cross
Sections, New Standards and Thermal Scattering Data, Nucl. Data Sheets,
148, 1–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2018.02.001, 2018. a
Brun, R. and Rademakers, F.: ROOT – An Object Oriented Data Analysis
Framework, in: Proceedings of AIHENP’96 Workshop, Lausanne, vol. 389,
81–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00048-X, 1997. a, b
Caswell, R., Gabbard, R., Padgett, D., and Doering, W.: Attenuation of
14.1-Mev Neutrons in Water, Nucl. Sci. Eng., 2, 143–159,
https://doi.org/10.13182/NSE57-A25383, 1957. a, b, c, d
Chadwick, M., Herman, M., Obložinský, P., Dunn, M., Danon, Y.,
Kahler, A., Smith, D., Pritychenko, B., Arbanas, G., Arcilla, R., Brewer, R.,
Brown, D., Capote, R., Carlson, A., Cho, Y., Derrien, H., Guber, K., Hale,
G., Hoblit, S., Holloway, S., Johnson, T., Kawano, T., Kiedrowski, B., Kim,
H., Kunieda, S., Larson, N., Leal, L., Lestone, J., Little, R., McCutchan,
E., MacFarlane, R., MacInnes, M., Mattoon, C., McKnight, R., Mughabghab,
S., Nobre, G., Palmiotti, G., Palumbo, A., Pigni, M., Pronyaev, V., Sayer,
R., Sonzogni, A., Summers, N., Talou, P., Thompson, I., Trkov, A., Vogt, R.,
van der Marck, S., Wallner, A., White, M., Wiarda, D., and Young, P.:
ENDF/B-VII.1 Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections,
Covariances, Fission Product Yields and Decay Data, Nucl. Data Sheets, 112,
2887–2996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2011.11.002, 2011. a
Cnudde, V. and Boone, M.: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in
geosciences: A review of the current technology and applications,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 123, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.003,
2013. a
Cugnon, J., Volant, C., and Vuillier, S.: Nucleon and deuteron induced
spallation reactions, Nucl. Phys. A, 625, 729–757,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00602-7, 1997. a
Decker, A., McHale, S., Shannon, M., Clinton, J., and McClory, J.: Novel
Bonner Sphere Spectrometer Response Functions Using MCNP6, IEEE
T. Nucl. Sci., 62, 1689–1694,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2015.2416652, 2015. a
Desilets, D. and Zreda, M.: Footprint diameter for a cosmic-ray soil moisture
probe: Theory and Monte Carlo simulations, Water Resour. Res., 49,
3566–3575, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20187, 2013. a
Desilets, D., Zreda, M., and Prabu, T.: Extended scaling factors for in situ
cosmogenic nuclides: new measurements at low latitude, Earth Planet.
Sc. Lett., 246, 265–276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.051, 2006. a
Emmett, M.: The MORSE Monte Carlo Transport Code System, ORNL-4972/R2,
https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/16/029/16029296.pdf,
1975. a
Federico, C., Gonçalez, O., Fonseca, E., Martin, I., and Caldas, L.:
Neutron spectra measurements in the south Atlantic anomaly region,
Radiat. Meas., 45, 1526–1528, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.06.038,
2010. a
Francke, T., Heistermann, M., Köhli, M., Budach, C., Schrön, M., and Oswald, S. E.: Assessing the feasibility of a directional cosmic-ray neutron sensing sensor for estimating soil moisture, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-75-2022, 2022. a, b
Franz, T. E., Zreda, M., Rosolem, R., and Ferre, T. P. A.: A universal calibration function for determination of soil moisture with cosmic-ray neutrons, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-453-2013, 2013. a
Galassi, M., Davies, J., Theiler, J., Gough, B., Jungman, G., Alken, P., Booth,
M., Rossi, F., and Ulerich, R.: GNU Scientific Library: reference manual for GSL
version 2.7, Free Software Foundation,
https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/gsl-ref.pdf (last access: 18 January 2023), 2016. a
Garny, S., Mares, V., and Rühm, W.: Response functions of a Bonner
Sphere Spectrometer calculated with GEANT4, Nucl. Instrum.
Meth. A, 604, 612–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.02.044,
2009. a
Gelbard, E.: Epithermal scattering in VIM, Tech. Rep. FRA-TM-123, Argonne
National Laboratory, IL, USA, technical Memorandum, 1979. a
Goldhagen, P., Reginatto, M., Kniss, T., Wilson, J., Singleterry, R., Jones,
I., and Van Steveninck, W.: Measurement of the energy spectrum of
cosmic-ray induced neutrons aboard an ER-2 high-altitude airplane, Nucl. Instrum.
Meth. A, 476, 42–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01386-9, 2002. a
Goldman, L.: Principles of CT and CT Technology, J. Nucl.
Med. Tech., 35, 115–128, https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.107.042978, 2007. a
Goorley, T., James, M., Booth, T., Brown, F., Bull, J., Cox, L., Durkee, J.,
Elson, J., Fensin, M., Forster, R., Hendricks, J., Hughes, H., Johns, R.,
Kiedrowski, B., Martz, R., Mashnik, S., McKinney, G., Pelowitz, D., Prael,
R., Sweezy, J., Waters, L., Wilcox, T., and Zukaitis, T.: Initial MCNP6
Release Overview, Nucl. Tech., 180, 298–315, https://doi.org/10.13182/NT11-135,
2012. a, b
Gudima, K., Mashnik, S., and Toneev, V.: Cascade-exciton model of nuclear
reactions, Nucl. Phys. A, 401, 329–361,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(83)90532-8, 1983. a
Gudima, K., Mashnik, S., and Sierk, A.: User Manual for the Code LAQGSM,
LA-UR-01-6804,
https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-01-6804,
2001. a
Hébert, A.: Multigroup Neutron Transport and Diffusion Computations,
Springer US, Boston, 751–911, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98149-9_8, 2010. a
Heidbüchel, I., Güntner, A., and Blume, T.: Use of cosmic-ray neutron sensors for soil moisture monitoring in forests, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1269–1288, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1269-2016, 2016. a
Hertel, N. and Davidson, J.: The response of Bonner Spheres to neutrons
from thermal energies to 17.3 MeV, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 238, 509–516, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90494-2,
1985. a
ISO group 85/SC 2 Radiological protection: Reference neutron radiations –
Part 1, Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH,
https://www.iso.org/standard/25666.html (last access: 18 January 2023), 2001. a
Iwamoto, O., Iwamoto, N., Kunieda, S., Minato, F., and Shibata, K.: The CCONE
Code System and its Application to Nuclear Data Evaluation for Fission and
Other Reactions, Nucl. Data Sheets, 131, 259–288,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2015.12.004,
2016. a
Iwase, H., Niita, K., and Nakamura, T.: Development of General-Purpose Particle
and Heavy Ion Transport Monte Carlo Code, J. Nucl. Sci.
Technol., 39, 1142–1151, https://doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2002.9715305, 2002. a, b
Iwema, J., Schrön, M., Da Silva, J. K., Schweiser De Paiva Lopes, R.,
and Rosolem, R.: Accuracy and precision of the cosmic-ray neutron sensor for
soil moisture estimation at humid environments, Hydrol. Process., 35, e14419,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14419, 2021. a
Iyer, M. and Ganguly, A.: Neutron Evaporation and Energy Distribution in
Individual Fission Fragments, Phys. Rev. C, 5, 1410–1421,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.5.1410, 1972. a
Jakobi, J., Huisman, J., Köhli, M., Rasche, D., Vereecken, H., and Bogena,
H.: The Footprint Characteristics of Cosmic Ray Thermal Neutrons, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094281, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094281, 2021. a, b
Kawano, T., Talou, P., Stetcu, I., and Chadwick, M.: Statistical and
evaporation models for the neutron emission energy spectrum in the
center-of-mass system from fission fragments, Nucl. Phys. A, 913, 51–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2013.05.020, 2013. a
Kittelmann, T. and Boin, M.: Polycrystalline neutron scattering for Geant4:
NXSG4, Comput. Phys. Commun., 189, 114–118,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2014.11.009, 2015. a
Knuth, D.: The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2, 3rd Edn.,
Seminumerical Algorithms, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.,
Boston, MA, USA, ISBN 9780321635778, 1997. a
Köhli, M.: URANOS v1.0, Harvard Dataverse V1 [code], https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/THPNZW, 2022a. a, b
Köhli, M.: mkoehli/uranos: URANOS v1.0 (URANOS), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6578668, 2022b. a
Köhli, M. and Schmoldt, J.-P.: Feasibility of UXO detection via pulsed
neutron-neutron logging, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 188, 110403,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110403, 2022. a, b
Köhli, M., Schrön, M., Zreda, M., Schmidt, U., Dietrich, P., and
Zacharias, S.: Footprint characteristics revised for field-scale soil
moisture monitoring with cosmic-ray neutrons, Water Resour. Res., 51,
5772–5790, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017169, 2015. a, b, c
Köhli, M., Allmendinger, F., Häußler, W., Schröder, T., Klein,
M., Meven, M., and Schmidt, U.: Efficiency and spatial resolution of the
CASCADE thermal neutron detector, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 828, 242–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.05.014, 2016. a, b
Köhli, M., Desch, K., Gruber, M., Kaminski, J., Schmidt, F., and Wagner,
T.: Novel neutron detectors based on the time projection method, Physica B, 551, 517–522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.03.026, 2018a. a, b
Köhli, M., Schrön, M., and Schmidt, U.: Response functions for
detectors in cosmic ray neutron sensing, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 902, 184–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.06.052,
2018b. a, b, c
Köhli, M., Weimar, J., Schrön, M., Baatz, R., and Schmidt, U.: Soil
Moisture and Air Humidity Dependence of the Above-Ground Cosmic-Ray Neutron
Intensity, Front. Water, 2, 15, https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2020.544847, 2021. a, b, c
Koning, A., Bauge, E., Dean, C., Dupont, E., Nordborg, C., Rugama, Y., Fischer,
U., Forrest, R., Kellett, M., Jacqmin, R., Leeb, H., Mills, R., Pescarini,
M., and Rullhusen, P.: Status of the JEFF Nuclear Data Library, J.
Korean Phys. Soc., 59, 1057–1062, https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.59.1057,
2011. a
Lefmann, K. and Nielsen, K.: McStas, a general software package for neutron
ray-tracing simulations, Neutron News, 10, 20–23,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10448639908233684, 1999. a
Li, D., Schrön, M., Köhli, M., Bogena, H., Weimar, J., Jiménez
Bello, M., Han, X., Martínez Gimeno, M., Zacharias, S., Vereecken,
H., and Hendricks Franssen, H.: Can Drip Irrigation be Scheduled with
Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing?, Vadose Zone J., 18, 190053,
https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2019.05.0053, 2019. a, b
Liu, H., Hou, Y., Li, H., Song, Y., Hu, L., and Liang, M.: Cosmic-ray neutron
fluxes and spectra at different altitudes based on Monte Carlo
simulations, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 175, 109800,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109800, 2021. a
Maire, E. and Withers, P.: Quantitative X-ray tomography, Int.
Mater. Rev., 59, 1–43, https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280413Y.0000000023, 2013. a
Mares, V. and Schraube, H.: Evaluation of the response matrix of a Bonner
Sphere Spectrometer with LiI detector from thermal energy to 100 MeV,
Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 337, 461–473,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91116-9, 1994. a
Mares, V., Schraube, G., and Schraube, H.: Calculated neutron response of a
Bonner Sphere Spectrometer with 3He counter, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 307, 398–412,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90210-H, 1991. a, b
Matsumoto, M. and Nishimura, T.: Mersenne Twister: A 623-dimensionally
Equidistributed Uniform Pseudo-random Number Generator, ACM T.
Model. Comput. Sim., 8, 3–30, https://doi.org/10.1145/272991.272995,
1998. a
McConn Jr., R., Gesh, C., Pagh, R., Rucker, R., and Williams III, R.:
Compendium of Material Composition Data for Radiation Transport Modeling,
Tech. Rep. PNNL-15870 Rev. 1, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99352,
https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-15870rev1.pdf,
2011. a
McKinney, G.: MCNP6 Cosmic and Terrestrial Background Particle Fluxes,
LA-UR-13-24293, release
3,
https://mcnp.lanl.gov/pdf_files/la-ur-13-24293.pdf, 2013. a
McKinney, G., Armstrong, H., James, M., Clem, J., and Goldhagen, P.: MCNP6
Cosmic-Source Option, LA-UR-12-22318,
https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-12-22318,
2012. a
Metropolis, N. and Ulam, S.: The Monte Carlo Method, J. Am.
Stat. Assoc., 44, 335–341, https://doi.org/10.2307/2280232, 1949. a
Nelms, A.: Energy loss and range of electrons and positrons, United States
Department of Commerce, national
Bureau of Standards Circular 577 and Suppl.,
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007291096 (last access: 18 January 2023), 1956. a
Niita, K.: QMD and JAM Calculations for High Energy Nucleon-Nucleus
Collisions, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 39, 714–719,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2002.10875198, 2002. a
Niita, K., Takada, H., Meigo, S., and Ikeda, Y.: High-energy particle transport
code NMTC/JAM, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 184, 406–420,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(01)00784-4, 2001. a
Otuka, N., Dupont, E., Semkova, V., Pritychenko, B., Blokhin, A., Aikawa, M.,
Babykina, S., Bossant, M., Chen, G., Dunaeva, S., Forrest, R., Fukahori, T.,
Furutachi, N., Ganesan, S., Ge, Z., Gritzay, O., Herman, M., Hlavač,
S., Kato, K., Lalremruata, B., Lee, Y., Makinaga, A., Matsumoto, K.,
Mikhaylyukova, M., Pikulina, G., Pronyaev, V., Saxena, A., Schwerer, O.,
Simakov, S., Soppera, N., Suzuki, R., Takács, S., Tao, X., Taova, S.,
Tárkányi, F., Varlamov, V., Wang, J., Yang, S., Zerkin, V., and
Zhuang, Y.: Towards a More Complete and Accurate Experimental Nuclear
Reaction Data Library (EXFOR): International Collaboration Between Nuclear
Reaction Data Centres (NRDC), Nucl. Data Sheets, 120, 272–276,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2014.07.065, 2014. a
Pazianotto, M., Cortés-Giraldo, M., Federico, C., Gonçalez, O.,
Quesada, J., and Carlson, B.: Determination of the cosmic-ray-induced neutron
flux and ambient dose equivalent at flight altitude, J. Phys.
Conf. Ser., 630, 012022, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/630/1/012022, 2015. a
Peggs, S., et al.: European Spallation Source Technical Design Report,
Technical Design Report ESS, ESS, Lundt, ESS-2013-001,
http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/DocDB/0002/000274/006/TDR_final_130423_print_ch1.pdf,
2013. a
Prael, R. and Lichtenstein, H.: User Guide to LCS: The LAHET Code System,
LA-UR-89-3014,
https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-89-3014,
1989. a
Rasche, D., Köhli, M., Schrön, M., Blume, T., and Güntner, A.: Towards disentangling heterogeneous soil moisture patterns in cosmic-ray neutron sensor footprints, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6547–6566, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, 2021. a
Romano, P. and Forget, B.: The OpenMC Monte Carlo particle transport code,
Ann. Nucl. Energ., 51, 274–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2012.06.040,
2013. a, b
Roth, S.: Ray casting for modeling solids, Comput. Vision Graph., 18, 109–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-664X(82)90169-1, 1982. a
Šaroun, J. and Kulda, J.: RESTRAX – a program for TAS
resolution calculation and scan profile simulation, Physica B, 234-236, 1102–1104, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(97)00037-9, 1997. a
Sato, T.: Analytical Model for Estimating Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Fluxes Nearly
Anytime and Anywhere in the World: Extension of PARMA/EXPACS, PLOS ONE, 10,
1–33, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144679, 2015. a
Sato, T. and Niita, K.: Analytical Functions to Predict Cosmic-Ray Neutron
Spectra in the Atmosphere, Radiation Research, 166, 544–555,
https://doi.org/10.1667/RR0610.1, 2006. a
Sato, T., Yasuda, H., Niita, K., Endo, A., and Sihver, L.: Development of
PARMA: PHITS-based Analytical Radiation Model in the Atmosphere,
Radiat. Res., 170, 244–259, https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1094.1, 2008. a, b, c
Schattan, P., Köhli, M., Schrön, M., Baroni, G., and Oswald, S.:
Sensing Area-Average Snow Water Equivalent with Cosmic-Ray Neutrons: The
Influence of Fractional Snow Cover, Water Resour. Res., 55,
10796–10812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025647, 2019. a, b
Schrön, M., Köhli, M., Scheiffele, L., Iwema, J., Bogena, H. R., Lv, L., Martini, E., Baroni, G., Rosolem, R., Weimar, J., Mai, J., Cuntz, M., Rebmann, C., Oswald, S. E., Dietrich, P., Schmidt, U., and Zacharias, S.: Improving calibration and validation of cosmic-ray neutron sensors in the light of spatial sensitivity, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017. a, b
Schrön, M., Rosolem, R., Köhli, M., Piussi, L., Schröter, I.,
Iwema, J., Kögler, S., Oswald, S., Wollschläger, U., Samaniego, L.,
Dietrich, P., and Zacharias, S.: Cosmic-ray Neutron Rover Surveys of Field
Soil Moisture and the Influence of Roads, Water Resour. Res., 54,
6441–6459, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR021719, 2018. a
Schrön, M., Zacharias, S., Womack, G., Köhli, M., Desilets, D., Oswald, S. E., Bumberger, J., Mollenhauer, H., Kögler, S., Remmler, P., Kasner, M., Denk, A., and Dietrich, P.: Intercomparison of cosmic-ray neutron sensors and water balance monitoring in an urban environment, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 83–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, 2018. a, b, c
Schrön, M., Oswald, S., Zacharias, S., Kasner, M., Dietrich, P., and
Attinger, S.: Neutrons on Rails: Transregional Monitoring of Soil Moisture
and Snow Water Equivalent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093924,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093924, 2021. a
Shibata, K., Iwamoto, O., Nakagawa, T., Iwamoto, N., Ichihara, A., Kunieda, S.,
Chiba, S., Furutaka, K., Otuka, N., Ohsawa, T., Murata, T., Matsunobu, H.,
Zukeran, A., Kamada, S., and Katakura, J.: JENDL-4.0: A New Library for
Nuclear Science and Engineering, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.,
48, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2011.9711675, 2011. a
Smith, A., Fields, P., and Roberts, J.: Spontaneous Fission Neutron Spectrum of
252Cf, Phys. Rev., 108, 411–413,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.108.411, 1957. a
Solovyev, A., Fedorov, V., Kharlov, V., and Stepanova, U.: Comparative analysis
of MCNPX and GEANT4 codes for fast-neutron radiation treatment planning,
Nucl. Energ. Technol., 1, 14–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucet.2015.11.004,
2015. a
Sun Programmers Group: Fortran 77 Reference Manual, Tech. rep., SunSoft,
http://wwwcdf.pd.infn.it/localdoc/f77_sun.pdf,
1995a. a
Sun Programmers Group: Fortran 90 User's Guide, Tech. rep., SunSoft,
http://smdc.sinp.msu.ru/doc/Fortran90UsersGuide.pdf,
1995b. a
Sweezy, J., Hertel, N., and Veinot, K.: BUMS – Bonner Sphere Unfolding
Made Simple: an HTML based multisphere neutron spectrometer unfolding
package, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 476,
263–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01466-8,
2002. a
Terrell, J.: Fission Neutron Spectra and Nuclear Temperatures, Phys. Rev.,
113, 527–541, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.113.527, 1959. a
Thomas, D. and Alevra, A.: Bonner Sphere Spectrometers – a critical
review, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 476, 12–20,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01379-1, 2002. a
van der Ende, B., Atanackovic, J., Erlandson, A., and Bentoumi, G.: Use of
GEANT4 vs. MCNPX for the characterization of a boron-lined neutron
detector, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 820, 40–47,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.082, 2016. a
Walsh, J., Forget, B., and Smith, K.: Accelerated sampling of the free gas
resonance elastic scattering kernel, Ann. Nucl. Energ., 69, 116–124,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.01.017, 2014. a
Waters, L., McKinney, G., Durkee, J., Fensin, M., Hendricks, J., James, M.,
Johns, R., and Pelowitz, D.: The MCNPX Monte Carlo Radiation Transport
Code, AIP Conf. Proc., 896, 81–90, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2720459,
2007. a, b
Watt, B.: Energy Spectrum of Neutrons from Thermal Fission of
235U, Phys. Rev., 87, 1037–1041,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.87.1037, 1952. a
Wechsler, D., Zsigmond, G., Streffer, F., and Mezei, F.: VITESS: Virtual
instrumentation tool for pulsed and continuous sources, Neutron News, 11,
25–28, https://doi.org/10.1080/10448630008233764, 2000. a
Weimar, J., Köhli, M., Budach, C., and Schmidt, U.: Large-Scale Boron-Lined
Neutron Detection Systems as a 3He Alternative for Cosmic Ray Neutron
Sensing, Front. Water, 2, 16, https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2020.00016, 2020. a, b
Weisskopf, V.: Statistics and Nuclear Reactions, Phys. Rev., 52, 295–303,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.52.295, 1937. a
X-5 Monte Carlo Team: MCNP-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport
code, Version 5, LA-UR-03-1987, volume I: Overview and Theory,
https://laws.lanl.gov/vhosts/mcnp.lanl.gov/pdf_files/la-ur-03-1987.pdf,
2003.
a
Yamashita, M., Stephens, L., and Patterson, H.: Cosmic-ray-produced neutrons at
ground level: Neutron production rate and flux distribution, J.
Geophys. Res., 71, 3817–3834, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i016p03817, 1966. a
Ziegler, J.: Terrestrial cosmic ray intensities, IBM J. Res.
Dev., 42, 117–140, https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.421.0117, 1998. a
Zreda, M., Desilets, D., Ferré, T., and Scott, R.: Measuring soil moisture
content non-invasively at intermediate spatial scale using cosmic-ray
neutrons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21402,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035655, 2008. a
Zreda, M., Shuttleworth, W. J., Zeng, X., Zweck, C., Desilets, D., Franz, T., and Rosolem, R.: COSMOS: the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4079–4099, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4079-2012, 2012. a
Zweck, C., Zreda, M., and Desilets, D.: Snow shielding factors for cosmogenic
nuclide dating inferred from Monte Carlo neutron transport simulations,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 379, 64–71,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.023, 2013. a
Short summary
In the last decades, Monte Carlo codes were often consulted to study neutrons near the surface. As an alternative for the growing community of CRNS, we developed URANOS. The main model features are tracking of particle histories from creation to detection, detector representations as layers or geometric shapes, a voxel-based geometry model, and material setup based on color codes in ASCII matrices or bitmap images. The entire software is developed in C++ and features a graphical user interface.
In the last decades, Monte Carlo codes were often consulted to study neutrons near the surface....
