Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-449-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-449-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
23 Jan 2023
Model description paper |
| 23 Jan 2023
| 23 Jan 2023
URANOS v1.0 – the Ultra Rapid Adaptable Neutron-Only Simulation for Environmental Research
Markus Köhli
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Martin Schrön
Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
Steffen Zacharias
Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
Ulrich Schmidt
Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- URANOS - a novel voxel engine Neutron Transport Monte-Carlo Simulation M. Köhli et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3130/1/012017
- Employing NDVI as vegetation correction variable to improve soil moisture measurements of mobile cosmic-ray neutron sensor near the Qilian Mountains S. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116764
- Field neutron spectroscopy of cosmic-ray neutrons in Chile using the CEFNEN portable spectrometer: Instrumentation and test at Las Campanas Observatory (2320 m.a.s.l.) F. López-Usquiano et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2026.103238
- Effect of Biomass Water Dynamics in Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor Observations: A Long-Term Analysis of Maize–Soybean Rotation in Nebraska T. Morris et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134094
- Analyses of continuous measurements of cosmic ray induced-neutrons spectra at the Concordia Antarctic Station from 2016 to 2024 G. Hubert https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102949
- Hacia una agricultura resiliente al cambio climático: sistemas de riego inteligente y monitoreo de humedad del suelo para cultivos en la zona andina D. Cazar & J. Rhor Mancheno https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v17i1.3299
- Influence of snow spatial variability on cosmic ray neutron snow water equivalent (SWE): case study in a northern prairie H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3177-2025
- Signal contribution of distant areas to cosmic-ray neutron sensors – implications for footprint and sensitivity M. Schrön et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023
- Data-driven scaling methods for soil moisture cosmic ray neutron sensors R. Baatz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2583-2025
- Beyond Helium-3: Instruments for Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing Based on Boron-10 Neutron Detectors M. Köhli & J. Weimar https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments10020031
- Improved representation of soil moisture processes through incorporation of cosmic-ray neutron count measurements in a large-scale hydrologic model E. Fatima et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024
- Field Testing of Gamma-Spectroscopy Method for Soil Water Content Estimation in an Agricultural Field S. Becker et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072223
- Virtual Joint Field Campaign: a framework of synthetic landscapes to assess multiscale measurement methods of water storage T. Francke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-819-2025
- Monte Carlo simulation and experimental validation of the Finapp Model 3 cosmic-ray neutron sensor Z. Vykydal et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ae2649
- Soil moisture measurements by Cosmic-Ray neutron sensing: A critical review M. Köhli https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117626
- Quantum motion of oxygen and hydrogen in water: Atomic and total kinetic energy across melting from neutron scattering measurements G. Romanelli et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0211165
- Analysis of cosmic ray-induced neutron spectra recorded during PIRATA oceanographic cruises G. Hubert et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106690
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- URANOS - a novel voxel engine Neutron Transport Monte-Carlo Simulation M. Köhli et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3130/1/012017
- Employing NDVI as vegetation correction variable to improve soil moisture measurements of mobile cosmic-ray neutron sensor near the Qilian Mountains S. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116764
- Field neutron spectroscopy of cosmic-ray neutrons in Chile using the CEFNEN portable spectrometer: Instrumentation and test at Las Campanas Observatory (2320 m.a.s.l.) F. López-Usquiano et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2026.103238
- Effect of Biomass Water Dynamics in Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor Observations: A Long-Term Analysis of Maize–Soybean Rotation in Nebraska T. Morris et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134094
- Analyses of continuous measurements of cosmic ray induced-neutrons spectra at the Concordia Antarctic Station from 2016 to 2024 G. Hubert https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102949
- Hacia una agricultura resiliente al cambio climático: sistemas de riego inteligente y monitoreo de humedad del suelo para cultivos en la zona andina D. Cazar & J. Rhor Mancheno https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v17i1.3299
- Influence of snow spatial variability on cosmic ray neutron snow water equivalent (SWE): case study in a northern prairie H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3177-2025
- Signal contribution of distant areas to cosmic-ray neutron sensors – implications for footprint and sensitivity M. Schrön et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023
- Data-driven scaling methods for soil moisture cosmic ray neutron sensors R. Baatz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2583-2025
- Beyond Helium-3: Instruments for Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing Based on Boron-10 Neutron Detectors M. Köhli & J. Weimar https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments10020031
- Improved representation of soil moisture processes through incorporation of cosmic-ray neutron count measurements in a large-scale hydrologic model E. Fatima et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024
- Field Testing of Gamma-Spectroscopy Method for Soil Water Content Estimation in an Agricultural Field S. Becker et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072223
- Virtual Joint Field Campaign: a framework of synthetic landscapes to assess multiscale measurement methods of water storage T. Francke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-819-2025
- Monte Carlo simulation and experimental validation of the Finapp Model 3 cosmic-ray neutron sensor Z. Vykydal et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ae2649
- Soil moisture measurements by Cosmic-Ray neutron sensing: A critical review M. Köhli https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117626
- Quantum motion of oxygen and hydrogen in water: Atomic and total kinetic energy across melting from neutron scattering measurements G. Romanelli et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0211165
- Analysis of cosmic ray-induced neutron spectra recorded during PIRATA oceanographic cruises G. Hubert et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106690
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 05 Jun 2026
Short summary
In the last decades, Monte Carlo codes were often consulted to study neutrons near the surface. As an alternative for the growing community of CRNS, we developed URANOS. The main model features are tracking of particle histories from creation to detection, detector representations as layers or geometric shapes, a voxel-based geometry model, and material setup based on color codes in ASCII matrices or bitmap images. The entire software is developed in C++ and features a graphical user interface.
In the last decades, Monte Carlo codes were often consulted to study neutrons near the surface....
