Articles | Volume 16, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3313-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3313-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Predicting the climate impact of aviation for en-route emissions: the algorithmic climate change function submodel ACCF 1.0 of EMAC 2.53
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology,
2629HS, Delft, the Netherlands
Volker Grewe
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology,
2629HS, Delft, the Netherlands
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Federica Castino
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology,
2629HS, Delft, the Netherlands
Pratik Rao
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology,
2629HS, Delft, the Netherlands
Sigrun Matthes
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Katrin Dahlmann
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Simone Dietmüller
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Christine Frömming
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Hiroshi Yamashita
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Patrick Peter
Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Wessling, Germany
Emma Klingaman
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6ET,
UK
now at: Institute for Environmental Analytics, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
Keith P. Shine
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6ET,
UK
Benjamin Lührs
Institut für
Lufttransportsysteme, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
Florian Linke
Institut für
Lufttransportsysteme, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
Related authors
Katarina Grubbe Hildebrandt, Federica Castino, Vincent Meijer, and Feijia Yin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3048, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the regional and seasonal variability in the prediction of ice supersaturated region (ISSRS) in the ERA5 reanalysis using in situ measurements. ERA5 shows better ability to predict ISSRs in the extratropics, compared to the tropics, and in colder seasons, such as extratropical winter. While ERA5 generally underestimates the ISSR occurrence, we find an overestimation in tropical regions in seasons associated larger weather variability, such as South Asia in June, July and August.
Federica Castino, Feijia Yin, Volker Grewe, Hiroshi Yamashita, Sigrun Matthes, Simone Dietmüller, Sabine Baumann, Manuel Soler, Abolfazl Simorgh, Maximilian Mendiguchia Meuser, Florian Linke, and Benjamin Lührs
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4031–4052, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce SolFinder 1.0, a decision-making tool to select trade-offs between different objective functions for optimal aircraft trajectories, including fuel use, flight time, NOx emissions, contrail distance, and climate impact. The module is included in the AirTraf 3.0 submodel and uses weather conditions simulated by the EMAC atmospheric model. This paper focuses on the ability of SolFinder to identify eco-efficient trajectories, reducing a flight's climate impact at limited cost penalties.
Sigrun Matthes, Simone Dietmüller, Katrin Dahlmann, Christine Frömming, Patrick Peter, Hiroshi Yamashita, Volker Grewe, Feijia Yin, and Federica Castino
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-92, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation aims to reduce its climate effect by identifying alternative climate-optimized aircraft trajectories. Such routing strategies requires a dedicated meteorological service in order to inform on regions of the atmosphere where aviation non-CO2 emissions have a large climate effect, e.g. by contrail formation or nitrogen-oxide (NOx)-induced ozone formation. This study presents calibration factors for individual non-CO2 effects by comparing with the climate response model AirClim.
Simone Dietmüller, Sigrun Matthes, Katrin Dahlmann, Hiroshi Yamashita, Abolfazl Simorgh, Manuel Soler, Florian Linke, Benjamin Lührs, Maximilian M. Meuser, Christian Weder, Volker Grewe, Feijia Yin, and Federica Castino
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4405–4425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate-optimized aircraft trajectories avoid atmospheric regions with a large climate impact due to aviation emissions. This requires spatially and temporally resolved information on aviation's climate impact. We propose using algorithmic climate change functions (aCCFs) for CO2 and non-CO2 effects (ozone, methane, water vapor, contrail cirrus). Merged aCCFs combine individual aCCFs by assuming aircraft-specific parameters and climate metrics. Technically this is done with a Python library.
Abolfazl Simorgh, Manuel Soler, Daniel González-Arribas, Florian Linke, Benjamin Lührs, Maximilian M. Meuser, Simone Dietmüller, Sigrun Matthes, Hiroshi Yamashita, Feijia Yin, Federica Castino, Volker Grewe, and Sabine Baumann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3723–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses the robust climate optimal trajectory planning problem under uncertain meteorological conditions within the structured airspace. Based on the optimization methodology, a Python library has been developed, which can be accessed using the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7121862. The developed tool is capable of providing robust trajectories taking into account all probable realizations of meteorological conditions provided by an EPS computationally very fast.
Hiroshi Yamashita, Feijia Yin, Volker Grewe, Patrick Jöckel, Sigrun Matthes, Bastian Kern, Katrin Dahlmann, and Christine Frömming
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4869–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the updated submodel AirTraf 2.0 which simulates global air traffic in the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. Nine aircraft routing options have been integrated, including contrail avoidance, minimum economic costs, and minimum climate impact. Example simulations reveal characteristics of different routing options on air traffic performances. The consistency of the AirTraf simulations is verified with literature data.
Katarina Grubbe Hildebrandt, Federica Castino, Vincent Meijer, and Feijia Yin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3048, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the regional and seasonal variability in the prediction of ice supersaturated region (ISSRS) in the ERA5 reanalysis using in situ measurements. ERA5 shows better ability to predict ISSRs in the extratropics, compared to the tropics, and in colder seasons, such as extratropical winter. While ERA5 generally underestimates the ISSR occurrence, we find an overestimation in tropical regions in seasons associated larger weather variability, such as South Asia in June, July and August.
Mattia Righi, Simone Ehrenberger, Sabine Brinkop, Johannes Hendricks, Jens Hellekes, Paweł Banyś, Isheeka Dasgupta, Patrick Draheim, Annika Fitz, Manuel Löber, Thomas Pregger, Yvonne Scholz, Angelika Schulz, Birgit Suhr, Nina Thomsen, Christian Martin Weder, Peter Berster, Maximilian Clococeanu, Marc Gelhausen, Alexander Lau, Florian Linke, Sigrun Matthes, and Zarah Lea Zengerling
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-454, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-454, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The ELK emission inventory provides global emission data for the three transport sectors (land transport, shipping and aviation) and transport-related emissions for the energy sector (oil refineries). It features a detailed resolution of the emissions in different subsectors, transport-specific quantities like non-exhaust emissions, and aviation-specific parameters. The ELK dataset is complemented with uncertainty scores and is validated against other well-established global inventories.
Patrick Peter, Sigrun Matthes, Christine Frömming, Patrick Jöckel, Luca Bugliaro, Andreas Giez, Martina Krämer, and Volker Grewe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5911–5934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5911-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5911-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines how well the global climate model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) predicts contrail formation by analysing temperature and humidity – two key factors for contrail development and persistence. The model underestimates temperature, leading to an overprediction of contrail formation and larger ice-supersaturated regions. Adjusting the model improves temperature accuracy but adds uncertainties. Better predictions of contrail formation areas can help optimise flight tracks to reduce aviation's climate effect.
Yann Cohen, Didier Hauglustaine, Nicolas Bellouin, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Sigrun Matthes, Agnieszka Skowron, Robin Thor, Ulrich Bundke, Andreas Petzold, Susanne Rohs, Valérie Thouret, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5793–5836, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5793-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5793-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of the atmosphere near the tropopause is a key parameter for evaluating the climate impact of subsonic aviation pollutants. This study uses in situ data collected aboard passenger aircraft to assess the ability of four chemistry–climate models to reproduce (bi-)decadal climatologies of ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapour, and reactive nitrogen in this region. The models reproduce the very distinct ozone seasonality in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere well.
Monica Sharma, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Anja Schmidt, Daniel Sauer, and Volker Grewe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1137, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1137, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A plume model is developed to simulate aerosol microphysics in a dispersing aircraft plume, including interactions between ice crystals and aerosols in vortex regime. Compared to an instantaneous dispersion approach, the plume approach estimates 15 % lower aviation aerosol number concentrations, due to more efficient coagulation at plume scale. The model is sensitive to background conditions and initialization parameters, such as ice crystal number concentration and fuel sulfur content.
Liam Megill and Volker Grewe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4131–4149, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4131-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4131-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses ERA5 data to better understand the relative importance of the factors limiting persistent contrail formation. We develop climatological relationships to estimate potential persistent contrail formation for existing as well as future aircraft and propulsion system designs. We identify latitudes and pressure levels where the introduction of novel aircraft designs would result in significant changes in potential persistent contrail formation compared to existing conventional aircraft.
Jurriaan A. van 't Hoff, Didier Hauglustaine, Johannes Pletzer, Agnieszka Skowron, Volker Grewe, Sigrun Matthes, Maximilian M. Meuser, Robin N. Thor, and Irene C. Dedoussi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2515–2550, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2515-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2515-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Civil supersonic aircraft may return in the near future, and their emissions could lead to atmospheric changes which are detrimental to public health and the climate. We use four atmospheric chemistry models and show that emissions from a future supersonic aircraft fleet increase stratospheric nitrogen and water vapor levels, while depleting the global ozone column and leading to increases in radiative forcing. Their impacts can be reduced by reducing NOx emissions or the cruise altitude.
Markus Kilian, Volker Grewe, Patrick Jöckel, Astrid Kerkweg, Mariano Mertens, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13503–13523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13503-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13503-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic emissions are a major source of precursors of tropospheric ozone. As ozone formation is highly non-linear, we apply a global–regional chemistry–climate model with a source attribution method (tagging) to quantify the contribution of anthropogenic emissions to ozone. Our analysis shows that the contribution of European anthropogenic emissions largely increases during large ozone periods, indicating that emissions from these sectors drive ozone values.
Mariano Mertens, Sabine Brinkop, Phoebe Graf, Volker Grewe, Johannes Hendricks, Patrick Jöckel, Anna Lanteri, Sigrun Matthes, Vanessa S. Rieger, Mattia Righi, and Robin N. Thor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12079–12106, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the contributions of land transport, shipping, and aviation emissions to tropospheric ozone; its radiative forcing; and the reductions of the methane lifetime using chemistry-climate model simulations. The contributions were analysed for the conditions of 2015 and for three projections for the year 2050. The results highlight the challenges of mitigating ozone formed by emissions of the transport sector, caused by the non-linearitiy of the ozone chemistry and the long lifetime.
Audran Borella, Olivier Boucher, Keith P. Shine, Marc Stettler, Katsumasa Tanaka, Roger Teoh, and Nicolas Bellouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9401–9417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies how to compare the climate impact of the CO2 emitted and contrails formed by a flight. This is applied to contrail avoidance strategies that would decrease climate impact of flights by changing the trajectory of aircraft to avoid persistent contrail formation, at the risk of increasing CO2 emissions. We find that different comparison methods lead to different quantification of the total climate impact of a flight but lead to similar decisions of whether to reroute an aircraft.
Federica Castino, Feijia Yin, Volker Grewe, Hiroshi Yamashita, Sigrun Matthes, Simone Dietmüller, Sabine Baumann, Manuel Soler, Abolfazl Simorgh, Maximilian Mendiguchia Meuser, Florian Linke, and Benjamin Lührs
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4031–4052, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce SolFinder 1.0, a decision-making tool to select trade-offs between different objective functions for optimal aircraft trajectories, including fuel use, flight time, NOx emissions, contrail distance, and climate impact. The module is included in the AirTraf 3.0 submodel and uses weather conditions simulated by the EMAC atmospheric model. This paper focuses on the ability of SolFinder to identify eco-efficient trajectories, reducing a flight's climate impact at limited cost penalties.
Johannes Pletzer and Volker Grewe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1743–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1743-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1743-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Very fast aircraft can travel at 30–40 km altitude and are designed to use liquid hydrogen as fuel instead of kerosene. Depending on their flight altitude, the impact of these aircraft on the atmosphere and climate can change very much. Our results show that a variation inflight latitude can have a considerably higher change in impact compared to a variation in flight altitude. Atmospheric air transport and polar stratospheric clouds play an important role in hypersonic aircraft emissions.
Ryan S. Williams, Michaela I. Hegglin, Patrick Jöckel, Hella Garny, and Keith P. Shine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1389–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1389-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1389-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During winter, a brief but abrupt reversal of the mean stratospheric westerly flow (~30 km high) around the Arctic occurs ~6 times a decade. Using a chemistry–climate model, about half of these events are shown to induce large anomalies in Arctic ozone (>25 %) and water vapour (>±25 %) around ~8–12 km altitude for up to 2–3 months, important for weather forecasting. We also calculate a doubling to trebling of the risk in breaches of mid-latitude surface air quality (ozone) standards (~60 ppbv).
Sigrun Matthes, Simone Dietmüller, Katrin Dahlmann, Christine Frömming, Patrick Peter, Hiroshi Yamashita, Volker Grewe, Feijia Yin, and Federica Castino
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-92, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation aims to reduce its climate effect by identifying alternative climate-optimized aircraft trajectories. Such routing strategies requires a dedicated meteorological service in order to inform on regions of the atmosphere where aviation non-CO2 emissions have a large climate effect, e.g. by contrail formation or nitrogen-oxide (NOx)-induced ozone formation. This study presents calibration factors for individual non-CO2 effects by comparing with the climate response model AirClim.
Nicola J. Warwick, Alex T. Archibald, Paul T. Griffiths, James Keeble, Fiona M. O'Connor, John A. Pyle, and Keith P. Shine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13451–13467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A chemistry–climate model has been used to explore the atmospheric response to changes in emissions of hydrogen and other species associated with a shift from fossil fuel to hydrogen use. Leakage of hydrogen results in indirect global warming, offsetting greenhouse gas emission reductions from reduced fossil fuel use. To maximise the benefit of hydrogen as an energy source, hydrogen leakage and emissions of methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides should be minimised.
Elena De La Torre Castro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Armin Afchine, Volker Grewe, Valerian Hahn, Simon Kirschler, Martina Krämer, Johannes Lucke, Nicole Spelten, Heini Wernli, Martin Zöger, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13167–13189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show the differences in the microphysical properties between high-latitude (HL) cirrus and mid-latitude (ML) cirrus over the Arctic, North Atlantic, and central Europe during summer. The in situ measurements are combined with backward trajectories to investigate the influence of the region on cloud formation. We show that HL cirrus are characterized by a lower concentration of larger ice crystals when compared to ML cirrus.
Simone Dietmüller, Sigrun Matthes, Katrin Dahlmann, Hiroshi Yamashita, Abolfazl Simorgh, Manuel Soler, Florian Linke, Benjamin Lührs, Maximilian M. Meuser, Christian Weder, Volker Grewe, Feijia Yin, and Federica Castino
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4405–4425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate-optimized aircraft trajectories avoid atmospheric regions with a large climate impact due to aviation emissions. This requires spatially and temporally resolved information on aviation's climate impact. We propose using algorithmic climate change functions (aCCFs) for CO2 and non-CO2 effects (ozone, methane, water vapor, contrail cirrus). Merged aCCFs combine individual aCCFs by assuming aircraft-specific parameters and climate metrics. Technically this is done with a Python library.
Abolfazl Simorgh, Manuel Soler, Daniel González-Arribas, Florian Linke, Benjamin Lührs, Maximilian M. Meuser, Simone Dietmüller, Sigrun Matthes, Hiroshi Yamashita, Feijia Yin, Federica Castino, Volker Grewe, and Sabine Baumann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3723–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses the robust climate optimal trajectory planning problem under uncertain meteorological conditions within the structured airspace. Based on the optimization methodology, a Python library has been developed, which can be accessed using the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7121862. The developed tool is capable of providing robust trajectories taking into account all probable realizations of meteorological conditions provided by an EPS computationally very fast.
Robin N. Thor, Malte Niklaß, Katrin Dahlmann, Florian Linke, Volker Grewe, and Sigrun Matthes
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-126, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-126, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a simplied method to estimate the climate effects of single flights through CO2 and non-CO2 effects, exclusively based on the aircraft seat category as well as the origin and destination airports. The derived climate effect functions exhibit a mean relative error of only 15 % with respect to results from a climate response model. The method is designed for climate footprint assessments and covers most commerical airlines with seat capacities starting from 101 passengers.
Robin N. Thor, Mariano Mertens, Sigrun Matthes, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Sabine Brinkop, Phoebe Graf, Volker Grewe, Patrick Jöckel, and Steven Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1459–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1459-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1459-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report on an inconsistency in the latitudinal distribution of aviation emissions between two versions of a data product which is widely used by researchers. From the available documentation, we do not expect such an inconsistency. We run a chemistry–climate model to compute the effect of the inconsistency in emissions on atmospheric chemistry and radiation and find that the radiative forcing associated with aviation ozone is 7.6 % higher when using the less recent version of the data.
Johannes Pletzer, Didier Hauglustaine, Yann Cohen, Patrick Jöckel, and Volker Grewe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14323–14354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Very fast aircraft can travel long distances in extremely short times and can fly at high altitudes (15 to 35 km). These aircraft emit water vapour, nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen. Water vapour emissions remain for months to several years at these altitudes and have an important impact on temperature. We investigate two aircraft fleets flying at 26 and 35 km. Ozone is depleted more, and the water vapour perturbation and temperature change are larger for the aircraft flying at 35 km.
Jin Maruhashi, Volker Grewe, Christine Frömming, Patrick Jöckel, and Irene C. Dedoussi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14253–14282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation NOx emissions lead to the formation of ozone in the atmosphere in the short term, which has a climate warming effect. This study uses global-scale simulations to characterize the transport patterns between NOx emissions at an altitude of ~ 10.4 km and the resulting ozone. Results show a strong spatial and temporal dependence of NOx in disturbing atmospheric O3 concentrations, with the location that is most impacted in terms of warming not necessarily coinciding with the emission region.
Etienne Terrenoire, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Yann Cohen, Anne Cozic, Richard Valorso, Franck Lefèvre, and Sigrun Matthes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11987–12023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11987-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11987-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation NOx emissions not only have an impact on global climate by changing ozone and methane levels in the atmosphere, but also contribute to the deterioration of local air quality. The LMDZ-INCA global model is applied to re-evaluate the impact of aircraft NOx and aerosol emissions on climate. We investigate the impact of present-day and future (2050) aircraft emissions on atmospheric composition and the associated radiative forcings of climate for ozone, methane and aerosol direct forcings.
Vanessa Simone Rieger and Volker Grewe
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5883–5903, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5883-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5883-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Road traffic emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide produce ozone in the troposphere and thus influence Earth's climate. To assess the ozone response to a broad range of mitigation strategies for road traffic, we developed a new chemistry–climate response model called TransClim. It is based on lookup tables containing climate–response relations and thus is able to quickly determine the climate response of a mitigation option.
Christine Frömming, Volker Grewe, Sabine Brinkop, Patrick Jöckel, Amund S. Haslerud, Simon Rosanka, Jesper van Manen, and Sigrun Matthes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9151–9172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9151-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of weather situations on non-CO2 aviation climate impact is investigated to identify systematic weather-related sensitivities. If aircraft avoid the most sensitive areas, climate impact might be reduced. Enhanced significance is found for emission in relation to high-pressure systems, jet stream, polar night, and tropopause altitude. The results represent a comprehensive data set for studies aiming at weather-dependent flight trajectory optimization to reduce total climate impact.
Simone Dietmüller, Hella Garny, Roland Eichinger, and William T. Ball
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6811–6837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021, 2021
Simon Rosanka, Christine Frömming, and Volker Grewe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12347–12361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12347-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12347-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation-attributed nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions lead to an increase in ozone and a depletion of methane. We investigate the impact of weather-related transport processes on these induced composition changes. Subsidence in high-pressure systems leads to earlier ozone maxima due to an enhanced chemical activity. Background NOx and hydroperoxyl radicals limit the total ozone change during summer and winter, respectively. High water vapour concentrations lead to a high methane depletion.
Hiroshi Yamashita, Feijia Yin, Volker Grewe, Patrick Jöckel, Sigrun Matthes, Bastian Kern, Katrin Dahlmann, and Christine Frömming
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4869–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the updated submodel AirTraf 2.0 which simulates global air traffic in the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. Nine aircraft routing options have been integrated, including contrail avoidance, minimum economic costs, and minimum climate impact. Example simulations reveal characteristics of different routing options on air traffic performances. The consistency of the AirTraf simulations is verified with literature data.
Cited articles
Airbus: Global Market Forecast: Global Networks, Global Citizens
2018-2037, report, 2018.
Burkhardt, U. and Kärcher, B.: Global radiative forcing from contrail
cirrus, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 54, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1068, 2011.
Chen, C.-C. and Gettelman, A.: Simulated 2050 aviation radiative forcing from contrails and aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7317–7333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7317-2016, 2016.
Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Frömming, C. and Burkhardt, U.: Can we
reliably assess climate mitigation options for air traffic scenarios despite
large uncertainties in atmospheric processes?, Transport. Res.
D, 46, 40–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.006, 2016.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,
Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N.,
Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.
B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P.,
Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M.,
Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C.,
Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis:
configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dietmüller, S., Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Kunze, M., Gellhorn, C., Brinkop, S., Frömming, C., Ponater, M., Steil, B., Lauer, A., and Hendricks, J.: A new radiation infrastructure for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy, based on version 2.51), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2209–2222, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2209-2016, 2016.
Frömming, C., Ponater, M., Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Lee, D. S., and
Sausen, R.: Aviation-induced radiative forcing and surface temperature
change in dependency of the emission altitude, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 117, D19104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018204, 2012.
Frömming, C., Grewe, V., Brinkop, S., and Jöckel, P.: Documentation of the EMAC submodels AIRTRAC 1.0 and
CONTRAIL 1.0, Supplement of Grewe et al., published in Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 175–201, 2014, http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/7/175/2014/gmd-7-175-2014-supplement.zip (last access: 22 May 2023), 2014.
Frömming, C., Grewe, V., Brinkop, S., Jöckel, P., Haslerud, A. S., Rosanka, S., van Manen, J., and Matthes, S.: Influence of weather situation on non-CO2 aviation climate effects: the REACT4C climate change functions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9151–9172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9151-2021, 2021.
Fuglestvedt, J. S., Shine, K. P., Berntsen, T., Cook, J., Lee, D. S.,
Stenke, A., Skeie, R. B., Velders, G. J. M., and Waitz, I. A.: Transport
impacts on atmosphere and climate: Metrics, Atmos. Environ.,
44, 4648–4677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.044, 2010.
Gettelman, A., Chen, C.-C., and Bardeen, C. G.: The climate impact of COVID-19-induced contrail changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9405–9416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9405-2021, 2021.
Grewe, V.: The origin of ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1495-2006, 2006.
Grewe, V. and Dahlmann, K.: How ambiguous are climate metrics? And are we
prepared to assess and compare the climate impact of new air traffic
technologies?, Atmos. Environ., 106, 373–374, 2015.
Grewe, V. and Dameris, M.: Calculating the global mass exchange between
stratosphere and troposphere, Ann. Geophys., 14, 431–442, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0431-x, 1996.
Grewe, V. and Stenke, A.: AirClim: an efficient tool for climate evaluation of aircraft technology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4621–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4621-2008, 2008.
Grewe, V., Tsati, E., and Hoor, P.: On the attribution of contributions of atmospheric trace gases to emissions in atmospheric model applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 487–499, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-487-2010, 2010.
Grewe, V., Frömming, C., Matthes, S., Brinkop, S., Ponater, M., Dietmüller, S., Jöckel, P., Garny, H., Tsati, E., Dahlmann, K., Søvde, O. A., Fuglestvedt, J., Berntsen, T. K., Shine, K. P., Irvine, E. A., Champougny, T., and Hullah, P.: Aircraft routing with minimal climate impact: the REACT4C climate cost function modelling approach (V1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 175–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-175-2014, 2014a.
Grewe, V., Champougny, T., Matthes, S., Frömming, C., Brinkop, S.,
Søvde, O. A., Irvine, E. A. and Halscheidt, L.: Reduction of the air
traffic's contribution to climate change: A REACT4C case study, Atmos.
Environ., 94, 616–625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.059, 2014b.
Grewe, V., Tsati, E., Mertens, M., Frömming, C., and Jöckel, P.: Contribution of emissions to concentrations: the TAGGING 1.0 submodel based on the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy 2.52), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2615–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2615-2017, 2017a.
Grewe, V., Matthes, S., Frömming, C., Brinkop, S., Jöckel, P.,
Gierens, K., Champougny, T., Fuglestvedt, J., Haslerud, A., Irvine, E., and
Shine, K.: Feasibility of climate-optimized air traffic routing for
trans-Atlantic flights, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 034003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5ba0, 2017b.
Grewe, V., Dahlmann, K., Flink, J., Frömming, C., Ghosh, R., Gierens,
K., Heller, R., Hendricks, J., Jöckel, P., Kaufmann, S., Kölker, K.,
Linke, F., Luchkova, T., Lührs, B., Van Manen, J., Matthes, S., Minikin,
A., Niklaß, M., Plohr, M., Righi, M., Rosanka, S., Schmitt, A.,
Schumann, U., Terekhov, I., Unterstrasser, S., Vázquez-Navarro, M.,
Voigt, C., Wicke, K., Yamashita, H., Zahn, A., and Ziereis, H.: Mitigating
the Climate Impact from Aviation: Achievements and Results of the DLR WeCare
Project, Aerospace, 4, 34, https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace4030034, 2017c.
Grewe, V., Gangoli Rao, A., Grönstedt, T., Xisto, C., Linke, F.,
Melkert, J., Middel, J., Ohlenforst, B., Blakey, S., Christie, S., Matthes,
S., and Dahlmann, K.: Evaluating the climate impact of aviation emission
scenarios towards the Paris agreement including COVID-19 effects, Nat.
Commun., 12, 3841, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24091-y, 2021.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G. A.,
Russell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Bell, N., Cairns, B.,
Canuto, V., Chandler, M., Cheng, Y., Del Genio, A., Faluvegi, G., Fleming,
E., Friend, A., Hall, T., Jackman, C., Kelley, M., Kiang, N., Koch, D.,
Lean, J., Lerner, J., Lo, K., Menon, S., Miller, R., Minnis, P., Novakov,
T., Oinas, V., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Shindell,
D., Stone, P., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., Wielicki, B., Wong, T.,
Yao, M. and Zhang, S.: Efficacy of climate forcings, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D18104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005776, 2005.
Heymsfield, A., Baumgardner, D., DeMott, P., Forster, P., Gierens, K. and
Kärcher, B.: Contrail Microphysics, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 91, 465–472, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009bams2839.1, 2010.
Irvine, E. A.: ATM4E internal report: Contrail algorithmic Climate Change
Function derivation, 2017.
Irvine, E. A., Hoskins, B. J., Shine, K. P., Lunnon, R. W., and Froemming,
C.: Characterizing North Atlantic weather patterns for climate-optimal
aircraft routing, Meteorol. Appl., 20, 80–93, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1291, 2013.
Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Brühl, C., Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Hoor, P., Kerkweg, A., Lawrence, M. G., Sander, R., Steil, B., Stiller, G., Tanarhte, M., Taraborrelli, D., van Aardenne, J., and Lelieveld, J.: The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5067–5104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5067-2006, 2006.
Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., Pozzer, A., Sander, R., Tost, H., Riede, H., Baumgaertner, A., Gromov, S., and Kern, B.: Development cycle 2 of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy2), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 717–752, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-717-2010, 2010.
Kärcher, B.: Formation and radiative forcing of contrail cirrus, Nat. Commun., 9, 1824, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04068-0, 2018.
Kärcher, B., Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Pechtl, S., and Yu, F.: Insights into the role of soot aerosols in cirrus cloud formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4203–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4203-2007, 2007.
Kerkweg, A., Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Pozzer, A., Tost, H., and Jöckel, P.: Technical Note: An implementation of the dry removal processes DRY DEPosition and SEDImentation in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4617–4632, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4617-2006, 2006a.
Kerkweg, A., Sander, R., Tost, H., and Jöckel, P.: Technical note: Implementation of prescribed (OFFLEM), calculated (ONLEM), and pseudo-emissions (TNUDGE) of chemical species in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3603–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3603-2006, 2006b.
Köhler, M. O., Rädel, G., Shine, K. P., Rogers, H. L., and Pyle, J.
A.: Latitudinal variation of the effect of aviation NOx emissions on
atmospheric ozone and methane and related climate metrics, Atmo.
Environ., 64, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.013, 2013.
Kunz, A., Konopka, P., Müller, R., and Pan, L. L.: Dynamic tropopause
based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, D01110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd014343, 2011.
Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Skowron, A., Allen, M. R., Burkhardt, U., Chen,
Q., Doherty, S. J., Freeman, S., Forster, P. M., Fuglestvedt, J., Gettelman,
A., De León, R. R., Lim, L. L., Lund, M. T., Millar, R. J., Owen, B.,
Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Sausen, R., and Wilcox, L. J.: The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for
2000 to 2018, Atmos. Environ., 244, 117834, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834, 2021.
Lund, M. T., Aamaas, B., Berntsen, T., Bock, L., Burkhardt, U., Fuglestvedt, J. S., and Shine, K. P.: Emission metrics for quantifying regional climate impacts of aviation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 547–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-547-2017, 2017.
Matthes, S., Grewe, V., Dahlmann, K., Frömming, C., Irvine, E., Lim, L.,
Linke, F., Lührs, B., Owen, B., Shine, K., Stromatas, S., Yamashita, H.,
and Yin, F.: A Concept for Multi-Criteria Environmental Assessment of
Aircraft Trajectories, Aerospace, 4, 42, https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace4030042, 2017.
Matthes, S., Lührs, B., Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Linke, F., Yin, F.,
Klingaman, E., and Shine, K. P.: Climate-Optimized Trajectories and Robust
Mitigation Potential: Flying ATM4E, Aerospace, 7, 156, https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110156, 2020.
Matthes, S., Dietmüller, S., Yamashita, H., Soler, M., Simorgh, A.,
González Arribas, D., Linke, F., Lührs, B., Meuser, M. M., Castino,
F., and Yin, F.: Concept for identifying robust eco-efficient aircraft
trajectories, in preparation, 2023.
MEESy: The modular earth submodel system, https://www.messy-interface.org, last access: 6 June 2023.
Methven, J.: Offline Trajectories: Calculation and Accuracy, UGAMP, 1997.
Myhre, G., Nilsen, J. S., Gulstad, L., Shine, K. P., Rognerud, B., and
Isaksen, I. S. A.: Radiative forcing due to stratospheric water vapour from
CH4 oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027472, 2007.
Myhre, G., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Bellouin, N., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Feichter, J., Ghan, S. J., Hauglustaine, D., Iversen, T., Kinne, S., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Lund, M. T., Luo, G., Ma, X., van Noije, T., Penner, J. E., Rasch, P. J., Ruiz, A., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Wang, P., Wang, Z., Xu, L., Yu, H., Yu, F., Yoon, J.-H., Zhang, K., Zhang, H., and Zhou, C.: Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1853–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1853-2013, 2013.
Penner, J. E., Chen, Y., Wang, M., and Liu, X.: Possible influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds and anthropogenic forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 879–896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-879-2009, 2009.
Rao, P., Yin, F., Grewe, V., Yamashita, H., Jöckel, P., Matthes, S.,
Mertens, M. and Frömming, C.: Case Study for Testing the Validity of
NOx-Ozone Algorithmic Climate Change Functions for Optimising Flight
Trajectories, Aerospace, 9, 231, https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9050231, 2022.
Roeckner, E., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kornblueh,
L., Manzini, E., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida, U.: Sensitivity of Simulated
Climate to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution in the ECHAM5 Atmosphere
Model, J. Climate, 19, 3771–3791, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3824.1,
2006.
Rosanka, S., Frömming, C., and Grewe, V.: The impact of weather patterns and related transport processes on aviation's contribution to ozone and methane concentrations from NOx emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12347–12361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12347-2020, 2020.
Sander, R., Kerkweg, A., Jöckel, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Technical note: The new comprehensive atmospheric chemistry module MECCA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 445–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-445-2005, 2005.
Sander, R., Jöckel, P., Kirner, O., Kunert, A. T., Landgraf, J., and Pozzer, A.: The photolysis module JVAL-14, compatible with the MESSy standard, and the JVal PreProcessor (JVPP), Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2653–2662, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2653-2014, 2014.
Sasaki, D. and Obayashi, S.: Efficient Search for Trade-Offs by Adaptive
Range Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms, J. Aeros. Comp.
Inf. Com., 2, 44–64, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.12909, 2005.
Sasaki, D., Obayashi, S., and Nakahashi, K.: Navier-Stokes optimization of
supersonic wings with four objectives using evolutionary algorithm, J.
Aircraft, 39, 621–629, 2002.
Schumann, U. and Graf, K.: Aviation-induced cirrus and radiation changes at
diurnal timescales, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118,
2404–2421, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50184, 2013.
Schumann, U., Mayer, B., Graf, K., and Mannstein, H.: A Parametric Radiative
Forcing Model for Contrail Cirrus, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 1391–1406, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0242.1, 2012.
Skowron, A., Lee, D. S., and De León, R. R.: The assessment of the
impact of aviation NOx on ozone and other radiative forcing responses – The
importance of representing cruise altitudes accurately, Atmos.
Environ., 74, 159–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.034, 2013.
Sridhar, B., Ng, H., and Chen, N.: Aircraft Trajectory Optimization and
Contrails Avoidance in the Presence of Winds, J. Guid. Control
Dynam., 34, 1577–1584, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.53378, 2011.
Stevenson, D. S., Doherty, R. M., Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Johnson,
C. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Radiative forcing from aircraft NOx emissions:
Mechanisms and seasonal dependence, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004759, 2004.
Szopa, S., Naik, V., Adhikary, B., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Collins, W. D.,
Fuzzi, S., Gallardo, L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Klimont, Z., Liao, H., Unger,
N., and Zanis, P.: Short-Lived Climate Forcers, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AGUFM.U13B..06S (last access: 22 May 2023), 2021.
Terrenoire, E., Hauglustaine, D. A., Cohen, Y., Cozic, A., Valorso, R., Lefèvre, F., and Matthes, S.: Impact of present and future aircraft NOx and aerosol emissions on atmospheric composition and associated direct radiative forcing of climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11987–12023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11987-2022, 2022.
Tost, H.: Global Modelling of Cloud, Convection and Precipitation Influences
on Trace Gases and Aerosols PhD thesis, University of Bonn, https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/2602 (last access: 22 May 2023), 2006.
Tost, H., Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., Sander, R., and Lelieveld, J.: Technical note: A new comprehensive SCAVenging submodel for global atmospheric chemistry modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 565–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-565-2006, 2006a.
Tost, H., Jöckel, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Influence of different convection parameterisations in a GCM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5475–5493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5475-2006, 2006b.
Tost, H., Jöckel, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Lightning and convection parameterisations – uncertainties in global modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4553–4568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4553-2007, 2007.
van Manen, J. and Grewe, V.: Algorithmic climate change functions for the
use in eco-efficient flight planning, Transport. Res. D, 67, 388–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.016, 2019.
Voigt, C., Lelieveld, J., Schlager, H., Schneider, J., Curtius, J.,
Meerkötter, R., Sauer, D., Bugliaro, L., Bohn, B., Crowley, J. N.,
Erbertseder, T., Groß, S., Hahn, V., Li, Q., Mertens, M., Pöhlker,
M. L., Pozzer, A., Schumann, U., Tomsche, L., Williams, J., Zahn, A.,
Andreae, M., Borrmann, S., Bräuer, T., Dörich, R., Dörnbrack,
A., Edtbauer, A., Ernle, L., Fischer, H., Giez, A., Granzin, M., Grewe, V.,
Harder, H., Heinritzi, M., Holanda, B. A., Jöckel, P., Kaiser, K.,
Krüger, O. O., Lucke, J., Marsing, A., Martin, A., Matthes, S.,
Pöhlker, C., Pöschl, U., Reifenberg, S., Ringsdorf, A., Scheibe, M.,
Tadic, I., Zauner-Wieczorek, M., Henke, R., and Rapp, M.: Cleaner Skies
during the COVID-19 Lockdown, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 103, E1796–E1827, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0012.1, 2022.
Wilcox, L. J., Shine, K. P., and Hoskins, B. J.: Radiative forcing due to
aviation water vapour emissions, Atmos. Environ., 63, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.072, 2012.
Wild, O., Prather, M. J., and Akimoto, H.: Indirect long-term global
radiative cooling from NOx Emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
1719–1722, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012573, 2001.
Winterstein, F. and Jöckel, P.: Methane chemistry in a nutshell – the new submodels CH4 (v1.0) and TRSYNC (v1.0) in MESSy (v2.54.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 661–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-661-2021, 2021.
WMO: Definition of the tropopause, WMO Bulletin, 6, 125–167, 1957.
Yamashita, H., Grewe, V., Jöckel, P., Linke, F., Schaefer, M., and Sasaki, D.: Air traffic simulation in chemistry-climate model EMAC 2.41: AirTraf 1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3363–3392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3363-2016, 2016.
Yamashita, H., Yin, F., Grewe, V., Jöckel, P., Matthes, S., Kern, B., Dahlmann, K., and Frömming, C.: Newly developed aircraft routing options for air traffic simulation in the chemistry–climate model EMAC 2.53: AirTraf 2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4869–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4869-2020, 2020.
Yin, F., Grewe, V., Frömming, C., and Yamashita, H.: Impact on flight
trajectory characteristics when avoiding the formation of persistent
contrails for transatlantic flights, Transport. Res. D, 65, 466–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.09.017, 2018.
Yin, F., Castino, F., and Rao, P.: Data accompanying the manuscript “Predicting the climate impact of aviation for en-route emissions: The algorithmic climate change function submodel ACCF 1.0 of EMAC 2.53”, Version 1, 4TU.ResearchData [data set], https://doi.org/10.4121/bea8a3fe-e34c-4598-9f94-c5a5c63348e5.v1, 2023.
Short summary
This paper describes a newly developed submodel ACCF V1.0 based on the MESSy 2.53.0 infrastructure. The ACCF V1.0 is based on the prototype algorithmic climate change functions (aCCFs) v1.0 to enable climate-optimized flight trajectories. One highlight of this paper is that we describe a consistent full set of aCCFs formulas with respect to fuel scenario and metrics. We demonstrate the usage of the ACCF submodel using AirTraf V2.0 to optimize trajectories for cost and climate impact.
This paper describes a newly developed submodel ACCF V1.0 based on the MESSy 2.53.0...