Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper 03 Feb 2021
Model description paper | 03 Feb 2021
CoupModel (v6.0): an ecosystem model for coupled phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon dynamics – evaluated against empirical data from a climatic and fertility gradient in Sweden
Hongxing He et al.
Related authors
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Jukka Alm, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Ingeborg Callesen, Jesper R. Christiansen, Nicholas Clarke, Lise Dalsgaard, Hongxing He, Sabine Jordan, Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė, Leif Klemedtsson, Ari Lauren, Andis Lazdins, Aleksi Lehtonen, Annalea Lohila, Ainars Lupikis, Ülo Mander, Kari Minkkinen, Åsa Kasimir, Mats Olsson, Paavo Ojanen, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Lars Vesterdal, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 16, 4687–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We collated peer-reviewed publications presenting GHG flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emission/removals. We evaluated the methods in data collection and identified major gaps in background/environmental data. Based on these, we developed suggestions for future GHG data collection to increase data applicability in syntheses and inventories.
Hongxing He, Per-Erik Jansson, Magnus Svensson, Jesper Björklund, Lasse Tarvainen, Leif Klemedtsson, and Åsa Kasimir
Biogeosciences, 13, 2305–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2305-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2305-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate CO2 and N2O dynamics over a full forest rotation on drained agricultural peatland, using CoupModel. Data used for validation include tree ring-derived biomass data (1966–2011) and measured abiotic and soil emission data (2006–2011). The results show that the C fixed in forest biomass is slightly larger than the soil losses over the full rotation period. However when including N2O and indirect emissions from forest thinning products, the forest system switches to a large GHG source.
Adrian Wicki, Per-Erik Jansson, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-133, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-133, 2021
Preprint under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture information was shown valuable for predicting landslides. Here, soil moisture was simulated at 133 sites in Switzerland and the temporal variability was compared to the regional occurrence of landslides. We found that simulated soil moisture is a good predictor for landslides and that the forecast goodness is similar to using in situ measurements. This encourages the use of models for complementing existing soil moisture monitoring networks for regional landslide early warning.
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Jukka Alm, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Ingeborg Callesen, Jesper R. Christiansen, Nicholas Clarke, Lise Dalsgaard, Hongxing He, Sabine Jordan, Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė, Leif Klemedtsson, Ari Lauren, Andis Lazdins, Aleksi Lehtonen, Annalea Lohila, Ainars Lupikis, Ülo Mander, Kari Minkkinen, Åsa Kasimir, Mats Olsson, Paavo Ojanen, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Lars Vesterdal, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 16, 4687–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We collated peer-reviewed publications presenting GHG flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emission/removals. We evaluated the methods in data collection and identified major gaps in background/environmental data. Based on these, we developed suggestions for future GHG data collection to increase data applicability in syntheses and inventories.
Mousong Wu, Per-Erik Jansson, Jingwei Wu, Xiao Tan, Kang Wang, Peng Chen, and Jiesheng Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-466, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Hongxing He, Astrid Meyer, Per-Erik Jansson, Magnus Svensson, Tobias Rütting, and Leif Klemedtsson
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 725–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) have shown a major impact on forest C and N cycles, but are currently neglected in most ecosystem models. We thus implemented the previously developed ectomycorrhizal fungi model, MYCOFON, into a well-established ecosystem model, CoupModel. This paper describes the key components and features of Coup-MYCOFON. The new version of CoupModel can now simulate C and N fluxes and pools, explicitly accounting for links and feedbacks among plant, soil, and ECM.
Wenxin Zhang, Per-Erik Jansson, and Bo Elberling
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-382, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-382, 2017
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Christine Metzger, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, and Per-Erik Jansson
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4313–4338, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4313-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4313-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Many interactions between various abiotic and biotic processes and their parameters were identified by global sensitivity analysis, revealing strong dependence of a certain model output (e.g. CO2 or heat fluxes, leaf area index, radiation, water table, soil temperature or snow depth) to model set-up and parameterization in many different processes, a limited transferability of parameter values between models, and the importance of ancillary measurements for improving models and thus predictions.
Mousong Wu, Per-Erik Jansson, Xiao Tan, Jiesheng Huang, and Jingwei Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-507, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-507, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Hongxing He, Per-Erik Jansson, Magnus Svensson, Jesper Björklund, Lasse Tarvainen, Leif Klemedtsson, and Åsa Kasimir
Biogeosciences, 13, 2305–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2305-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2305-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate CO2 and N2O dynamics over a full forest rotation on drained agricultural peatland, using CoupModel. Data used for validation include tree ring-derived biomass data (1966–2011) and measured abiotic and soil emission data (2006–2011). The results show that the C fixed in forest biomass is slightly larger than the soil losses over the full rotation period. However when including N2O and indirect emissions from forest thinning products, the forest system switches to a large GHG source.
C. Metzger, P.-E. Jansson, A. Lohila, M. Aurela, T. Eickenscheidt, L. Belelli-Marchesini, K. J. Dinsmore, J. Drewer, J. van Huissteden, and M. Drösler
Biogeosciences, 12, 125–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-125-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-125-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
To identify site specific differences in CO2-related processes in open peatlands, we calibrated a process oriented model to fit to detailed measurements of carbon fluxes and compared the resulting parameter ranges between the sites. For most processes a common configuration could be applied. Site specific differences were identified for soil respiration coefficients, plant radiation-use efficiencies and plant storage fractions for spring regrowth.
S. H. Wu and P.-E. Jansson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 735–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-735-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-735-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeosciences
Integrated modeling of canopy photosynthesis, fluorescence, and the transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (STEMMUS–SCOPE v1.0.0)
Improving the representation of cropland sites in the Community Land Model (CLM) version 5.0
Numerical model to simulate long-term soil organic carbon and ground ice budget with permafrost and ice sheets (SOC-ICE-v1.0)
Calibrating soybean parameters in JULES 5.0 from the US-Ne2/3 FLUXNET sites and the SoyFACE-O3 experiment
Modeling long-term fire impact on ecosystem characteristics and surface energy using a process-based vegetation–fire model SSiB4/TRIFFID-Fire v1.0
Energy, water and carbon exchanges in managed forest ecosystems: description, sensitivity analysis and evaluation of the INRAE GO+ model, version 3.0
Improving Yasso15 soil carbon model estimates with ensemble adjustment Kalman filter state data assimilation
SPEAD 1.0 – A model for Simulating Plankton Evolution with Adaptive Dynamics in a two-trait continuous fitness landscape applied to the Sargasso Sea
Oceanic and atmospheric methane cycling in the cGENIE Earth system model – release v0.9.14
Modeling the impacts of diffuse light fraction on photosynthesis in ORCHIDEE (v5453) land surface model
Description and evaluation of the process-based forest model 4C v2.2 at four European forest sites
A multi-isotope model for simulating soil organic carbon cycling in eroding landscapes (WATEM_C v1.0)
How to reconstruct diffuse radiation scenario for simulating GPP in land surface models?
One-dimensional models of radiation transfer in heterogeneous canopies: a review, re-evaluation, and improved model
An improved mechanistic model for ammonia volatilization in Earth system models: Flow of Agricultural Nitrogen version 2 (FANv2)
Stoichiometrically coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling in the MIcrobial-MIneral Carbon Stabilization model version 1.0 (MIMICS-CN v1.0)
Short-term forecasting of regional biospheric CO2 fluxes in Europe using a light-use-efficiency model (VPRM, MPI-BGC version 1.2)
FLiES-SIF version 1.0: three-dimensional radiative transfer model for estimating solar induced fluorescence
The importance of management information and soil moisture representation for simulating tillage effects on N2O emissions in LPJmL5.0-tillage
Evaluation of CH4MODwetland and Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) used to estimate global CH4 emissions from natural wetlands
Simulating stable carbon isotopes in the ocean component of the FAMOUS general circulation model with MOSES1 (XOAVI)
Quantitative assessment of fire and vegetation properties in simulations with fire-enabled vegetation models from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project
Marine biogeochemical cycling and oceanic CO2 uptake simulated by the NUIST Earth System Model version 3 (NESM v3)
CLASSIC v1.0: the open-source community successor to the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) – Part 1: Model framework and site-level performance
Potential yield simulated by Global Gridded Crop Models: a process-based emulator to explain their differences
Rapid development of fast and flexible environmental models: The Mobius framework v1.0
HR3DHG version 1: modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of mercury in the Augusta Bay (southern Italy)
BPOP-v1 model: exploring the impact of changes in the biological pump on the shelf sea and ocean nutrient and redox state
P-model v1.0: an optimality-based light use efficiency model for simulating ecosystem gross primary production
HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 2: Phenology and water cycle
Dynamic upscaling of decomposition kinetics for carbon cycling models
CE-DYNAM (v1): a spatially explicit process-based carbon erosion scheme for use in Earth system models
A coupled pelagic–benthic–sympagic biogeochemical model for the Bering Sea: documentation and validation of the BESTNPZ model (v2019.08.23) within a high-resolution regional ocean model
FORests and HYdrology under Climate Change in Switzerland v1.0: a spatially distributed model combining hydrology and forest dynamics
ORCHIDEE MICT-LEAK (r5459), a global model for the production, transport, and transformation of dissolved organic carbon from Arctic permafrost regions – Part 2: Model evaluation over the Lena River basin
GLOBAL-FATE (version 1.0.0): A geographical information system (GIS)-based model for assessing contaminants fate in the global river network
A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2 estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall?
Improving the LPJmL4-SPITFIRE vegetation–fire model for South America using satellite data
Accounting for carbon and nitrogen interactions in the global terrestrial ecosystem model ORCHIDEE (trunk version, rev 4999): multi-scale evaluation of gross primary production
A new model of the coupled carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in the terrestrial biosphere (QUINCY v1.0; revision 1996)
Modelling biomass burning emissions and the effect of spatial resolution: a case study for Africa based on the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED)
A lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator with coupled physics, chemistry, and biology in marine sediments (eLABS v0.2)
The biophysics, ecology, and biogeochemistry of functionally diverse, vertically and horizontally heterogeneous ecosystems: the Ecosystem Demography model, version 2.2 – Part 1: Model description
The biophysics, ecology, and biogeochemistry of functionally diverse, vertically and horizontally heterogeneous ecosystems: the Ecosystem Demography model, version 2.2 – Part 2: Model evaluation for tropical South America
Identification of key parameters controlling demographically structured vegetation dynamics in a land surface model: CLM4.5(FATES)
Parameter calibration and stomatal conductance formulation comparison for boreal forests with adaptive population importance sampler in the land surface model JSBACH
Evaluation of leaf-level optical properties employed in land surface models
ORCHIDEE MICT-LEAK (r5459), a global model for the production, transport, and transformation of dissolved organic carbon from Arctic permafrost regions – Part 1: Rationale, model description, and simulation protocol
Modelling northern peatland area and carbon dynamics since the Holocene with the ORCHIDEE-PEAT land surface model (SVN r5488)
Simulating the effect of tillage practices with the global ecosystem model LPJmL (version 5.0-tillage)
Yunfei Wang, Yijian Zeng, Lianyu Yu, Peiqi Yang, Christiaan Van der Tol, Qiang Yu, Xiaoliang Lü, Huanjie Cai, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1379–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrates photosynthesis and transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum system, via a simplified 1D root growth model. The results indicated that the simulation of land surface fluxes was significantly improved by considering the root water uptake, especially when vegetation was experiencing severe water stress. This finding highlights the importance of enhanced soil heat and moisture transfer in simulating ecosystem functioning.
Theresa Boas, Heye Bogena, Thomas Grünwald, Bernard Heinesch, Dongryeol Ryu, Marius Schmidt, Harry Vereecken, Andrew Western, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 573–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we were able to significantly improve CLM5 model performance for European cropland sites by adding a winter wheat representation, specific plant parameterizations for important cash crops, and a cover-cropping and crop rotation subroutine to its crop module. Our modifications should be applied in future studies of CLM5 to improve regional yield predictions and to better understand large-scale impacts of agricultural management on carbon, water, and energy fluxes.
Kazuyuki Saito, Hirokazu Machiya, Go Iwahana, Tokuta Yokohata, and Hiroshi Ohno
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 521–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-521-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-521-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) and ground ice (ICE) are essential but under-documented information to assess the circum-Arctic permafrost degradation impacts. A simple numerical model of essential SOC and ICE dynamics, developed and integrated north of 50° N for 125,000 years since the last interglacial, reconstructed the history and 1° distribution of SOC and ICE consistent with current knowledge, together with successful demonstration of climatic and topographical controls on SOC evolution.
Felix Leung, Karina Williams, Stephen Sitch, Amos P. K. Tai, Andy Wiltshire, Jemma Gornall, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Timothy Arkebauer, and David Scoby
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6201–6213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone (O3) is detrimental to plant productivity and crop yield. Currently, the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) includes a representation of crops (JULES-crop). The parameters for O3 damage in soybean in JULES-crop were calibrated against photosynthesis measurements from the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE). The result shows good performance for yield, and it helps contribute to understanding of the impacts of climate and air pollution on food security.
Huilin Huang, Yongkang Xue, Fang Li, and Ye Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6029–6050, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6029-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6029-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a fire-coupled dynamic vegetation model that captures the spatial distribution, temporal variability, and especially the seasonal variability of fire regimes. The fire model is applied to assess the long-term fire impact on ecosystems and surface energy. We find that fire is an important determinant of the structure and function of the tropical savanna. By changing the vegetation composition and ecosystem characteristics, fire significantly alters surface energy balance.
Virginie Moreaux, Simon Martel, Alexandre Bosc, Delphine Picart, David Achat, Christophe Moisy, Raphael Aussenac, Christophe Chipeaux, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Soisick Figuères, Pierre Trichet, Rémi Vezy, Vincent Badeau, Bernard Longdoz, André Granier, Olivier Roupsard, Manuel Nicolas, Kim Pilegaard, Giorgio Matteucci, Claudy Jolivet, Andrew T. Black, Olivier Picard, and Denis Loustau
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5973–6009, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5973-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5973-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The model GO+ describes the functioning of managed forests based upon biophysical and biogeochemical processes. It accounts for the impacts of forest operations on energy, water and carbon exchanges within the soil–vegetation–atmosphere continuum. It includes versatile descriptions of management operations. Its sensitivity and uncertainty are detailed and predictions are compared with observations about mass and energy exchanges, hydrological data, and tree growth variables from different sites.
Toni Viskari, Maisa Laine, Liisa Kulmala, Jarmo Mäkelä, Istem Fer, and Jari Liski
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5959–5971, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The research here established whether a Bayesian statistical method called state data assimilation could be used to improve soil organic carbon (SOC) forecasts. Our test case was a fallow experiment where SOC content was measured over several decades from a plot where all vegetation was removed. Our results showed that state data assimilation improved projections and allowed for the detailed model state be updated with coarse total carbon measurements.
Guillaume Le Gland, Sergio M. Vallina, S. Lan Smith, and Pedro Cermeño
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-302, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We present an ecological model called SPEAD where various phytoplankton compete for a nutrient. Phytoplankton in SPEAD is characterized by two continuously distributed traits: optimal temperature and nutrient half-saturation. Trait diversity is sustained by allowing the traits to mutate at each generation. We showed that SPEAD agreed well with a more classical discrete model for only a fraction of its cost. We also identified realistic values for the mutation rates, to be used in future models.
Christopher T. Reinhard, Stephanie L. Olson, Sandra Kirtland Turner, Cecily Pälike, Yoshiki Kanzaki, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5687–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We provide documentation and testing of new developments for the oceanic and atmospheric methane cycles in the cGENIE Earth system model. The model is designed to explore Earth's methane cycle across a wide range of timescales and scenarios, in particular assessing the mean climate state and climate perturbations in Earth's deep past. We further document the impact of atmospheric oxygen levels and ocean chemistry on fluxes of methane to the atmosphere from the ocean biosphere.
Yuan Zhang, Ana Bastos, Fabienne Maignan, Daniel Goll, Olivier Boucher, Laurent Li, Alessandro Cescatti, Nicolas Vuichard, Xiuzhi Chen, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, T. Andrew Black, Bogdan Chojnicki, Tomomichi Kato, Ivan Mammarella, Leonardo Montagnani, Olivier Roupsard, Maria J. Sanz, Lukas Siebicke, Marek Urbaniak, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Georg Wohlfahrt, Will Woodgate, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5401–5423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We improved the ORCHIDEE LSM by distinguishing diffuse and direct light in canopy and evaluated the new model with observations from 159 sites. Compared with the old model, the new model has better sunny GPP and reproduced the diffuse light fertilization effect observed at flux sites. Our simulations also indicate different mechanisms causing the observed GPP enhancement under cloudy conditions at different times. The new model has the potential to study large-scale impacts of aerosol changes.
Petra Lasch-Born, Felicitas Suckow, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Martin Gutsch, Chris Kollas, Franz-Werner Badeck, Harald K. M. Bugmann, Rüdiger Grote, Cornelia Fürstenau, Marcus Lindner, and Jörg Schaber
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5311–5343, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5311-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5311-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The process-based model 4C has been developed to study climate impacts on forests and is now freely available as an open-source tool. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the 4C version (v2.2) for scientific users of the model and presents an evaluation of 4C. The evaluation focused on forest growth, carbon water, and heat fluxes. We conclude that 4C is widely applicable, reliable, and ready to be released to the scientific community to use and further develop the model.
Zhengang Wang, Jianxiu Qiu, and Kristof Van Oost
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4977–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a spatially distributed carbon cycling model applicable in an eroding landscape. It includes all three carbon isotopes so that it is able to represent the carbon isotopic compositions. The model is able to represent the observations that eroding area is enriched in 13C and depleted of 14C compared to depositional area. Our simulations show that the spatial variability of carbon isotopic properties in an eroding landscape is mainly caused by the soil redistribution.
Yuan Zhang, Olivier Boucher, Philippe Ciais, Laurent Li, and Nicolas Bellouin
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-267, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-267, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated different methods to reconstruct spatio-temporal distribution of the fraction of diffuse radiation (Fdf) to qualtify the aerosol impacts on GPP using ORCHIDEE_DF land surface model. We find that climatologically-averaging methods which dampens the variability of Fdf can cause significant bias in the modeled diffuse radiation impacts on GPP. Better methods to do the reconstruction of Fdf are recommended.
Brian N. Bailey, María A. Ponce de León, and E. Scott Krayenhoff
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4789–4808, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4789-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4789-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous models of plant radiation interception based on a range of assumptions are available in the literature, but the importance of each assumption is not well understood. In this work, we evaluate several assumptions common in simple models of radiation interception in canopies with widely spaced plants by comparing against a detailed 3-D model. This yielded a simple model based on readily measurable parameters that could accurately predict interception for a wide range of architectures.
Julius Vira, Peter Hess, Jeff Melkonian, and William R. Wieder
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4459–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mostly emitted by the agricultural sector, ammonia has an important role in atmospheric chemistry. We developed a model to simulate how ammonia emissions respond to changes in temperature and soil moisture, and we evaluated agricultural ammonia emissions globally. The simulated emissions agree with earlier estimates over many regions, but the results highlight the variability of ammonia emissions and suggest that emissions in warm climates may be higher than previously thought.
Emily Kyker-Snowman, William R. Wieder, Serita D. Frey, and A. Stuart Grandy
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4413–4434, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Microbes drive carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transformations in soil, and soil models have started to include explicit microbial physiology and functioning to try to reduce uncertainty in soil–climate feedbacks. Here, we add N cycling to a microbially explicit soil C model and reproduce C and N dynamics in soil during litter decomposition across a range of sites. We discuss model-generated hypotheses about soil C and N cycling and highlight the need for landscape-scale model evaluation data.
Jinxuan Chen, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Marshall, and Kai Uwe Totsche
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4091–4106, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4091-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4091-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One of the essential challenge for atmospheric CO2 forecasting is predicting CO2 flux variation on synoptic timescale. For CAMS CO2 forecast, a process-based vegetation model is used.
In this research we evaluate another type of model (i.e., the light-use-efficiency model VPRM), which is a data-driven approach and thus ideal for realistic estimation, on its ability of flux prediction. Errors from different sources are assessed, and overall the model is capable of CO2 flux prediction.
Yuma Sakai, Hideki Kobayashi, and Tomomichi Kato
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4041–4066, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4041-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4041-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorophyll fluorescence is one of the energy release pathways of excess incident light in the photosynthetic process. The canopy-scale Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), which potentially provides a direct pathway to link leaf-level photosynthesis to global GPP, can be observed from satellites. We develop the three-dimensional Monte Carlo plant canopy radiative transfer model to understand the biological and physical mechanisms behind SIF emission from complex forest canopies.
Femke Lutz, Stephen Del Grosso, Stephen Ogle, Stephen Williams, Sara Minoli, Susanne Rolinski, Jens Heinke, Jetse J. Stoorvogel, and Christoph Müller
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3905–3923, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3905-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3905-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous findings have shown deviations between the LPJmL5.0-tillage model and results from meta-analyses on global estimates of tillage effects on N2O emissions. By comparing model results with observational data of four experimental sites and outputs from field-scale DayCent model simulations, we show that advancing information on agricultural management, as well as the representation of soil moisture dynamics, improves LPJmL5.0-tillage and the estimates of tillage effects on N2O emissions.
Tingting Li, Yanyu Lu, Lingfei Yu, Wenjuan Sun, Qing Zhang, Wen Zhang, Guocheng Wang, Zhangcai Qin, Lijun Yu, Hailing Li, and Ran Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3769–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable models are required to estimate global wetland CH4 emissions, which are the largest and most uncertain source of atmospheric CH4. This paper evaluated CH4MODwetland and TEM models against CH4 measurements from different continents and wetland types. Based on best-model performance, we estimated 117–125 Tg yr−1 of global CH4 emissions from wetlands for the period 2000–2010. Efforts should be made to reduce estimate uncertainties for different wetland types and regions.
Jennifer E. Dentith, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Lauren J. Gregoire, Julia C. Tindall, and Laura F. Robinson
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3529–3552, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3529-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3529-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have added a new tracer (13C) into the ocean of the FAMOUS climate model to study large-scale circulation and the marine carbon cycle. The model captures the large-scale spatial pattern of observations but the simulated values are consistently higher than observed. In the first instance, our new tracer is therefore useful for recalibrating the physical and biogeochemical components of the model.
Stijn Hantson, Douglas I. Kelley, Almut Arneth, Sandy P. Harrison, Sally Archibald, Dominique Bachelet, Matthew Forrest, Thomas Hickler, Gitta Lasslop, Fang Li, Stephane Mangeon, Joe R. Melton, Lars Nieradzik, Sam S. Rabin, I. Colin Prentice, Tim Sheehan, Stephen Sitch, Lina Teckentrup, Apostolos Voulgarakis, and Chao Yue
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3299–3318, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3299-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3299-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global fire–vegetation models are widely used, but there has been limited evaluation of how well they represent various aspects of fire regimes. Here we perform a systematic evaluation of simulations made by nine FireMIP models in order to quantify their ability to reproduce a range of fire and vegetation benchmarks. While some FireMIP models are better at representing certain aspects of the fire regime, no model clearly outperforms all other models across the full range of variables assessed.
Yifei Dai, Long Cao, and Bin Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3119–3144, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3119-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
NESM v3 is one of the CMIP6 registered Earth system models. We evaluate its ocean carbon cycle component and present its present-day and future oceanic CO2 uptake based on the CMIP6 historical and SSP5–8.5 scenarios. We hope that this paper can serve as a documentation of the marine biogeochemical cycle in NESM v3. Also, the model defects found and their underlying causes analyzed in this paper could help users and further model development.
Joe R. Melton, Vivek K. Arora, Eduard Wisernig-Cojoc, Christian Seiler, Matthew Fortier, Ed Chan, and Lina Teckentrup
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2825–2850, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2825-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We transitioned the CLASS-CTEM land surface model to an open-source community model format by modernizing the code base to make the model easier to use and understand, providing a complete software environment to run the model within, developing a benchmarking suite for model evaluation, and creating an infrastructure to support community involvement. The new model, the Canadian Land Surface Scheme including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC), is now available for the community to use and develop.
Bruno Ringeval, Christoph Müller, Thomas A.M. Pugh, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Philippe Ciais, Christian Folberth, Wenfeng Liu, Philippe Debaeke, and Sylvain Pellerin
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-113, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-113, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We assess how and why Global Gridded Crop Models (GGCMs) differ in their simulation of potential yield. We build an emulator of GGCMs based on generic formalism, and fit its parameters against aboveground biomass and yield at harvest simulated by 8 GGCMs. Despite huge differences between GGCMs, we show that the calibration of few key parameters allows the emulator to reproduce the GGCM simulations. Our simple but mechanistic model would help to improve the global simulation of potential yield.
Magnus Dahler Norling, Leah Amber Jackson-Blake, José-Luis Guerrero Calidonio, and James Edward Sample
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-26, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
In order for researchers to more quickly prototype and build models of natural systems we have created the Mobius framework. Such models can for instance be used to ask questions about what the impacts of land use changes are to water quality in a river or lake, or the response of biological systems to climate change etc. The Mobius framework makes it quick to build models that run fast, which enables the user to explore many different scenarios and model formulations.
Giovanni Denaro, Daniela Salvagio Manta, Alessandro Borri, Maria Bonsignore, Davide Valenti, Enza Quinci, Andrea Cucco, Bernardo Spagnolo, Mario Sprovieri, and Andrea De Gaetano
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2073–2093, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2073-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2073-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The HR3DHG (high-resolution 3D mercury model) investigates the spatiotemporal behavior, in seawater and marine sediments, of three mercury species (elemental, inorganic, and organic mercury) in a highly polluted marine environment (Augusta Bay, southern Italy). The model shows fair agreement with the experimental data collected during six different oceanographic cruises and can possibly be used for a detailed exploration of the effects of climate change on mercury distribution.
Elisa Lovecchio and Timothy M. Lenton
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1865–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1865-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1865-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the newly developed BPOP box model. BPOP is aimed at studying the impact of large-scale changes in the biological pump, i.e. the cycle of production, export and remineralization of the marine organic matter, on the nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the shelf and open ocean. This model has been developed to investigate the global consequences of the evolution of larger and heavier phytoplankton cells but can be applied to a variety of past and future case studies.
Benjamin D. Stocker, Han Wang, Nicholas G. Smith, Sandy P. Harrison, Trevor F. Keenan, David Sandoval, Tyler Davis, and I. Colin Prentice
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1545–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1545-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating terrestrial photosynthesis relies on satellite data of vegetation cover and models simulating the efficiency by which light absorbed by vegetation is used for CO2 assimilation. This paper presents the P-model, a light use efficiency model derived from a carbon–water optimality principle, and evaluates its predictions of ecosystem-level photosynthesis against globally distributed observations. The model is implemented and openly accessible as an R package (rpmodel).
Louis de Wergifosse, Frédéric André, Nicolas Beudez, François de Coligny, Hugues Goosse, François Jonard, Quentin Ponette, Hugues Titeux, Caroline Vincke, and Mathieu Jonard
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1459–1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Given their key role in the simulation of climate impacts on tree growth, phenological and water balance processes must be integrated in models simulating forest dynamics under a changing environment. Here, we describe these processes integrated in HETEROFOR, a model accounting simultaneously for the functional, structural and spatial complexity to explore the forest response to forestry practices. The model evaluation using phenological and soil water content observations is quite promising.
Arjun Chakrawal, Anke M. Herrmann, John Koestel, Jerker Jarsjö, Naoise Nunan, Thomas Kätterer, and Stefano Manzoni
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1399–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soils are heterogeneous, which results in a nonuniform spatial distribution of substrates and the microorganisms feeding on them. Our results show that the variability in the spatial distribution of substrates and microorganisms at the pore scale is crucial because it affects how fast substrates are used by microorganisms and thus the decomposition rate observed at the soil core scale. This work provides a methodology to include microscale heterogeneity in soil carbon cycling models.
Victoria Naipal, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, and Yilong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1201–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present the Carbon Erosion DYNAMics model (CE-DYNAM) that links sediment dynamics resulting from water erosion with the soil carbon cycle along a cascade of hillslopes, floodplains, and rivers. The model can simulate the removal of soil and carbon from eroding areas and their destination at regional scale. We calibrated and validated the model for the Rhine catchment, and we show that soil erosion is a potential large net carbon sink over the period 1850–2005.
Kelly Kearney, Albert Hermann, Wei Cheng, Ivonne Ortiz, and Kerim Aydin
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 597–650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe an ecosystem model for the Bering Sea. Biological components in the Bering Sea can be found in the water column, on and within the bottom sediments, and within the porous lower layer of seasonal sea ice. This model simulates the exchange of material between nutrients and plankton within all three environments. Here, we thoroughly document the model and assess its skill in capturing key biophysical features across the Bering Sea.
Matthias J. R. Speich, Massimiliano Zappa, Marc Scherstjanoi, and Heike Lischke
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 537–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to substantially affect natural processes, and simulation models are a valuable tool to anticipate these changes. In this study, we combine two existing models that each describe one aspect of the environment: forest dynamics and the terrestrial water cycle. The coupled model better described observed patterns in vegetation structure. We also found that including the effect of water availability on tree height and rooting depth improved the model.
Simon P. K. Bowring, Ronny Lauerwald, Bertrand Guenet, Dan Zhu, Matthieu Guimberteau, Pierre Regnier, Ardalan Tootchi, Agnès Ducharne, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 507–520, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-507-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this second part of the study, we performed simulations of the carbon and water budget of the Lena catchment with the land surface model ORCHIDEE MICT-LEAK, enabled to simulate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production in soils and its transport and fate in high-latitude inland waters. We compare simulations using this model to existing data sources to show that it is capable of reproducing dissolved carbon fluxes of potentially great importance for the future of the global permafrost.
Carme Font, Francesco Bregoli, Vicenç Acuña, Sergi Sabater, and Rafael Marcé
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5213–5228, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5213-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5213-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
GLOBAL-FATE is an open-source, multiplatform, and flexible model that simulates the fate of pharmaceutical-like compounds in the global river network. The model considers the consumption of pharmaceuticals by humans, differentiates between pharmaceutical load treated in wastewater treatment plants from that directly delivered to streams and rivers, and integrates lakes and reservoirs in calculations. GLOBAL-FATE is a powerful tool for pollutant impact studies at the global scale.
Luke Gregor, Alice D. Lebehot, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. Scheel Monteiro
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5113–5136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean plays a vital role in mitigating climate change by taking up atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Historically sparse ship-based measurements of surface ocean CO2 make direct estimates of CO2 exchange changes unreliable. We introduce a machine-learning ensemble approach to fill these observational gaps. Our method performs incrementally better relative to past methods, leading to our hypothesis that we are perhaps reaching the limitation of machine-learning algorithms' capability.
Markus Drüke, Matthias Forkel, Werner von Bloh, Boris Sakschewski, Manoel Cardoso, Mercedes Bustamante, Jürgen Kurths, and Kirsten Thonicke
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5029–5054, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5029-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5029-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows the successful application of a systematic model–data integration setup, as well as the implementation of a new fire danger formulation, in order to optimize a process-based fire-enabled dynamic global vegetation model. We have demonstrated a major improvement in the fire representation within LPJmL4-SPITFIRE in terms of the spatial pattern and the interannual variability of burned area in South America as well as in the modelling of biomass and the distribution of plant types.
Nicolas Vuichard, Palmira Messina, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Bertrand Guenet, Sönke Zaehle, Josefine Ghattas, Vladislav Bastrikov, and Philippe Peylin
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4751–4779, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4751-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4751-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this research, we present a new version of the global terrestrial ecosystem model ORCHIDEE in which carbon and nitrogen cycles are coupled. We evaluate its skills at simulating primary production at 78 sites and at a global scale. Based on a set of additional simulations in which carbon and nitrogen cycles are coupled and uncoupled, we show that the functional responses of the model with carbon–nitrogen interactions better agree with our current understanding of photosynthesis.
Tea Thum, Silvia Caldararu, Jan Engel, Melanie Kern, Marleen Pallandt, Reiner Schnur, Lin Yu, and Sönke Zaehle
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4781–4802, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4781-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4781-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To predict the response of the vegetation to climate change, we need global models that describe the relevant processes taking place in the vegetation. Recently, we have obtained more in-depth understanding of vegetation processes and the role of nutrients in the biogeochemical cycles. We have developed a new global vegetation model that includes carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. We show that the model is successful in evaluation against a wide range of observations.
Dave van Wees and Guido R. van der Werf
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4681–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4681-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4681-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
For this paper, a novel high spatial-resolution fire emission model based on the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) modelling framework was developed and compared to a coarser-resolution version of the same model. Our findings highlight the importance of fine spatial resolution when modelling global-scale fire emissions, especially considering the comparison of model pixels to individual field measurements and the model representation of heterogeneity in the landscape.
Yoshiki Kanzaki, Bernard P. Boudreau, Sandra Kirtland Turner, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4469–4496, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4469-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4469-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides eLABS, an extension of the lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator LABS. In our new model, the benthic animal behavior interacts and changes dynamically with oxygen and organic matter concentrations and the water flows caused by benthic animals themselves, in a 2-D marine-sediment grid. The model can address the mechanisms behind empirical observations of bioturbation based on the interactions between physical, chemical and biological aspects of marine sediment.
Marcos Longo, Ryan G. Knox, David M. Medvigy, Naomi M. Levine, Michael C. Dietze, Yeonjoo Kim, Abigail L. S. Swann, Ke Zhang, Christine R. Rollinson, Rafael L. Bras, Steven C. Wofsy, and Paul R. Moorcroft
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4309–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4309-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4309-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper describes the Ecosystem Demography model. This computer program calculates how plants and ground exchange heat, water, and carbon with the air, and how plants grow, reproduce and die in different climates. Most models simplify forests to an average big tree. We consider that tall, deep-rooted trees get more light and water than small plants, and that some plants can with shade and drought. This diversity helps us to better explain how plants live and interact with the atmosphere.
Marcos Longo, Ryan G. Knox, Naomi M. Levine, Abigail L. S. Swann, David M. Medvigy, Michael C. Dietze, Yeonjoo Kim, Ke Zhang, Damien Bonal, Benoit Burban, Plínio B. Camargo, Matthew N. Hayek, Scott R. Saleska, Rodrigo da Silva, Rafael L. Bras, Steven C. Wofsy, and Paul R. Moorcroft
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4347–4374, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4347-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4347-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Ecosystem Demography model calculates the fluxes of heat, water, and carbon between plants and ground and the air, and the life cycle of plants in different climates. To test if our calculations were reasonable, we compared our results with field and satellite measurements. Our model predicts well the extent of the Amazon forest, how much light forests absorb, and how much water forests release to the air. However, it must improve the tree growth rates and how fast dead plants decompose.
Elias C. Massoud, Chonggang Xu, Rosie A. Fisher, Ryan G. Knox, Anthony P. Walker, Shawn P. Serbin, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Jennifer A. Holm, Lara M. Kueppers, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Liang Wei, Daniel J. Johnson, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Charlie D. Koven, Nate G. McDowell, and Jasper A. Vrugt
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4133–4164, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4133-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4133-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to understand behaviors of a demographic vegetation model within a land surface model. By running the model 5000 times with changing input parameter values, we found that (1) the photosynthetic capacity controls carbon fluxes, (2) the allometry is important for tree growth, and (3) the targeted carbon storage is important for tree survival. These results can provide guidance on improved model parameterization for a better fit to observations.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Jürgen Knauer, Mika Aurela, Andrew Black, Martin Heimann, Hideki Kobayashi, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Hank Margolis, Tiina Markkanen, Jouni Susiluoto, Tea Thum, Toni Viskari, Sönke Zaehle, and Tuula Aalto
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4075–4098, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4075-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4075-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the differences of six stomatal conductance formulations, embedded into a land–vegetation model JSBACH, on 10 boreal coniferous evergreen forest sites. We calibrate the model parameters using all six functions in a multi-year experiment, as well as for a separate drought event at one of the sites, using the adaptive population importance sampler. The analysis reveals weaknesses in the stomatal conductance formulation-dependent model behaviour that we are able to partially amend.
Titta Majasalmi and Ryan M. Bright
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3923–3938, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3923-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3923-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Many land surface models rely on solutions derived from two-stream approximations utilizing leaf-level optical properties, many of which have not been formally reviewed or published. Using plant functional type groupings of the Community Land Model (CLM), we found large deviations between measured and CLM default near-infrared optical properties, implying that the modeled shortwave radiation budget including surface albedo may be expected to change after updating the biased parameters.
Simon P. K. Bowring, Ronny Lauerwald, Bertrand Guenet, Dan Zhu, Matthieu Guimberteau, Ardalan Tootchi, Agnès Ducharne, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3503–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3503-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3503-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Few Earth system models represent permafrost soil biogeochemistry, contributing to uncertainty in estimating its response and that of the planet to warming. Because the permafrost contains over double the carbon in the present atmosphere, its fate as it is
unlockedby warming is globally significant. One way it can be mobilised is into rivers, the sea, or the atmosphere: a vector previously ignored in climate modelling. We present a model scheme for resolving this vector at a global scale.
Chunjing Qiu, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Shushi Peng, Gerhard Krinner, Ardalan Tootchi, Agnès Ducharne, and Adam Hastie
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2961–2982, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a model that can simulate the dynamics of peatland area extent and the vertical buildup of peat. The model is validated across a range of northern peatland sites and over the Northern Hemisphere (> 30° N). It is able to reproduce the spatial extent of northern peatlands and peat carbon accumulation over the Holocene.
Femke Lutz, Tobias Herzfeld, Jens Heinke, Susanne Rolinski, Sibyll Schaphoff, Werner von Bloh, Jetse J. Stoorvogel, and Christoph Müller
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2419–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2419-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2419-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Tillage practices are under-represented in global biogeochemical models so that assessments of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and climate mitigation options are hampered. We describe the implementation of tillage modules into the model LPJmL5.0, including multiple feedbacks between soil water, nitrogen, and productivity. By comparing simulation results with observational data, we show that the model can reproduce reported tillage effects on carbon and water dynamics and crop yields.
Cited articles
Aerts, R.: Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are
there general patterns?, J. Ecol., 84, 597–608, 1996.
Akselsson, C., Pihl Karlsson, G., Karlsson, P.-E., and Ahlstrand, J.:
Miljöövervakning på Obsytorna 1984–2013, Beskrivning, resultat,
utvärdering och framtid, Skogsstyrelsen Rapport 2015:1, 142 pp., available at: https://shopcdn.textalk.se/shop/9098/art21/25828721-150940-Obsytor_webb.pdf (last access: 28 January 2021), 2015.
Akselsson, C., Westling, O., Alveteg, M., Thelin, G., Fransson, A. M., and
Hellsten, S.: The influence of N load and harvest intensity on the risk of P
limitation in Swedish forest soils, Sci. Total Environ., 404, 284–289,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.11.017, 2008.
Almeida, J. P., Rosenstock, N. P., Forsmark, B., Bergh, J., and Wallander,
H.: Ectomycorrhizal community composition and function in a spruce forest
transitioning between nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, Fungal Ecol.,
40, 20–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2018.05.008, 2019.
Andersson, M., Carlsson, M., Ladenberger, A., Morris, G., Sadeghl, M., and
Uhlbäck, J.: Geokemisk atlas över sverige, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Uppsala, Sweden, 2014.
Arheimer, B., Dahné, J., Donnelly, C., Lindström, G., and
Strömqvist, J.: Water and nutrient simulations using the HYPE model for
Sweden vs. the Baltic Sea basin – influence of input-data quality and
scale, Hydrol. Res., 43, 315–329, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.010, 2012.
Arnold, J. G., Daniel, N. M., Gassman, P. W., Abbaspour, K. C., and White,
M. J.: SWAT: Model use, calibration, and validation, Transactions of the
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 55, 1491–1508,
2012.
Averill, C., Turner, B. L., and Finzi, A. C.: Mycorrhiza-mediated
competition between plants and decomposers drives soil carbon storage,
Nature, 505, 543–545, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12901, 2014.
Bahr, A., Ellström, M., Bergh, J., and Wallander, H.: Nitrogen leaching
and ectomycorrhizal nitrogen retention capacity in a Norway spruce forest
fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus, Plant Soil, 390, 323–335,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2408-6, 2015.
Barrow, N. J.: The description of desorption of phosphate from soil, J. Soil.
Sci., 30, 259–270, 1979.
Bell, C., Carrillo, Y., Boot, C. M., Rocca, J. D., Pendall, E., and
Wallenstein, M. D.: Rhizosphere stoichiometry: are C : N : P ratios of
plants, soils, and enzymes conserved at the plant species-level?, New
Phytol., 201, 505–517, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12531, 2014.
Bolan, N. S.: A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the
uptake of phosphorus by plants, Plant Soil, 134, 189–207, 1991.
Braun, S., Thomas, V. F., Quiring, R., and Fluckiger, W.: Does nitrogen
deposition increase forest production? The role of phosphorus, Environ.
Pollut., 158, 2043–2052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.030, 2010.
Bucher, M.: Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and
mycorrhiza interfaces, New Phytol., 173, 11–26,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01935.x, 2007.
Bünemann, E. K.: Enzyme additions as a tool to assess the potential
bioavailability of organically bound nutrients, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40,
2116–2129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.001, 2008.
Bünemann, E. K.: Assessment of gross and net mineralization rates of
soil organic phosphorus-A review, Soil Biol. Biochem., 89, 82–98,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.026, 2015.
Cintas, O., Berndes, G., Hansson, J., Poudel, B. C., Bergh, J.,
Börjesson, P., Egnell, G., Lundmark, T., and Nordin, A.: The potential
role of forest management in Swedish scenarios towards climate neutrality by
mid century, Forest Ecol. Manag., 383, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.015, 2017.
Clemmensen, K. E., Bahr, A., Ovaskainen, O., Dahlberg, A., Ekblad, A.,
Wallander, H., Stenlid, J., Finlay, R. D., Wardle, D. A., and Lindahl, B.
D.: Roots and associated fungi drive long-term carbon sequestration in
boreal forest, Science, 339, 1615–1618, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231923, 2013.
Cleveland, C. C. and Liptzin, D.: C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a
“Redfield ratio” for the microbial biomass?, Biogeochemistry, 85, 235–252,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9132-0, 2007.
Cole, C. V., Innis, G. S., and Stewart, J. W. B.: Simulation of Phosphorus
cycling in semiarid grasslands, Ecology, 58, 2–15, 1977.
Crowley, K. F., McNeil, B. E., Lovett, G. M., Canham, C. D., Driscoll, C.
T., Rustad, L. E., Denny, E., Hallett, R. A., Arthur, M. A., Boggs, J. L.,
Goodale, C. L., Kahl, J. S., McNulty, S. G., Ollinger, S. V., Pardo, L. H.,
Schaberg, P. G., Stoddard, J. L., Weand, M. P., and Weathers, K. C.: Do
nutrient limitation patterns shift from Nitrogen toward Phosphorus with
increasing Nitrogen deposition across the northeastern United States?,
Ecosystems, 15, 940–957, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9550-2, 2012.
Deng, Q., Hui, D., Dennis, S., and Reddy, K. C.: Responses of terrestrial
ecosystem phosphorus cycling to nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis, Global
Ecol. Biogeogr., 26, 713–728, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12576, 2017.
Du, E., Terrer, C., Pellegrini, A. F. A., Ahlström, A., van Lissa, C. J.,
Zhao, X., Xia N., Wu, X., and Jackson, R. B.: Global patterns of terrestrial
nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, Nat. Geosci., 13, 221–226.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0530-4, 2020.
Eckersten, H. and Beier, C.: Comparison of N and C dynamics in two Norway
spruce stands using a process oriented simulation model, Eniron. Pollut., 102,
395–401, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80059-6, 1998.
Elser, J. J., Bracken, M. E., Cleland, E. E., Gruner, D. S., Harpole, W. S.,
Hillebrand, H., Ngai, J. T., Seabloom, E. W., Shurin, J. B., and Smith, J.
E.: Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary
producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Lett., 10,
1135–1142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x, 2007.
Ericsson, T.: Growth and shoot: root ratio of seedlings in relation to
nutrient availability, Plant Soil, 168, 205–214, 1995.
Fleischer, K., Rammig, A., De Kauwe, M. G., Walker, A. P., Domingues, T. F.,
Fuchslueger, L., Garcia, S., Goll, D. S., Grandis, A., Jiang, M., Haverd,
V., Hofhansl, F., Holm, J. A., Kruijt, B., Leung, F., Medlyn, B. E.,
Mercado, L. M., Norby, R. J., Pak, B., von Randow, C., Quesada, C. A.,
Schaap, K. J., Valverde-Barrantes, O. J., Wang, Y.-P., Yang, X., Zaehle, S.,
Zhu, Q., and Lapola, D. M.: Amazon forest response to CO2 fertilization
dependent on plant phosphorus acquisition, Nat. Geosci., 12, 736–741,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0404-9, 2019.
Fransson, A.-M. and Bergkvist, B.: Phosphorus fertilisation causes durable
enhancement of phosphorus concentrations in forest soil, Forest Ecol. Manag.,
130, 69–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00184-X, 2000.
Gärdenäs, A., Eckersten, H., and Lillemägi, M.: Modeling
long-term effects of N fertilization and N deposition on the N balances of
forest stands in Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
34, 1651–7210, 2003.
Gärdenäs, A., Jansson, P.-E., and Karlberg, L.: A model of
accumulation of radionuclides in biosphere originating from groundwater
contamination, SKB report R-06-47, SKB, Solna, Sweden, 2006.
Gärdenäs, A., Ågren, G., Bird, J., Clarholm, M., Hallin, S.,
Ineson, P., Kätterer, T., Knicker, H., Nilsson, I., Näsholm, T.,
Ogle, S., Paustian, K., Persson, T., and Stendahl, J.: Knowledge gaps in
soil carbon and nitrogen interactions – From molecular to global scale,
Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 702–717,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.006, 2011.
Gassman, P. W., Williams, J. R., Benson, V. W., César lzaurralde, R.,
Hauck, L. M., Jones, C. A., Atwood, J. D., Kiniry, J. D., and Flowers, J. D.:
Historical development and applications of the EPIC and APEX models, CARD
working paper 05-WP 397, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa
State University, Ames, IA, USA, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.17074, 2005.
Giesler, R., Petersson, T., and Högberg, P.: Phosphorus limitation in
boreal forests: effects of aluminum and iron accumulation in the humus
layer, Ecosystems, 5, 300–314, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0073-5, 2002.
Goll, D. S., Brovkin, V., Parida, B. R., Reick, C. H., Kattge, J., Reich, P. B., van Bodegom, P. M., and Niinemets, Ü.: Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, Biogeosciences, 9, 3547–3569, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3547-2012, 2012.
Goll, D. S., Vuichard, N., Maignan, F., Jornet-Puig, A., Sardans, J., Violette, A., Peng, S., Sun, Y., Kvakic, M., Guimberteau, M., Guenet, B., Zaehle, S., Penuelas, J., Janssens, I., and Ciais, P.: A representation of the phosphorus cycle for ORCHIDEE (revision 4520), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3745–3770, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3745-2017, 2017.
Groenendijk, P., Renaud, L. V., and Roelsma, J.: Prediction of nitrogen and
phosphorus leaching to groundwater and surface waters; process descriptions
of the Animo4.0 model, Alterra–Report 983, 114 pp.,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2005.
Guidry, M. W. and Machenzie, F. T.: Apatite weathering and the phanerozoic
phosphorus cycle, Geology, 28, 631–634, 2000.
Güsewell, S.: N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and
functional significance, New Phytol., 164, 243–266,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01192.x, 2004.
He, H., Meyer, A., Jansson, P.-E., Svensson, M., Rütting, T., and Klemedtsson, L.: Simulating ectomycorrhiza in boreal forests: implementing ectomycorrhizal fungi model MYCOFON in CoupModel (v5), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 725–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018, 2018.
He, H., Jansson, P.-E., and Gärdenäs, A.: CoupModel (v6.0): code and evaluating database (Version V 6.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3547628, 2020a.
He, H., Jansson, P.-E., and Gärdenäs, A.: CoupModel (v6.0): Global parameter sensitivity analysis (Version V 6.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4291963, 2020b.
Hinsinger, P.: Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as
affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review, Plant Soil, 237,
173–195, 2001.
Högberg, P., Näsholm, T., Franklin, O., and Högberg, M. N.: Tamm
Review: On the nature of the nitrogen limitation to plant growth in
Fennoscandian boreal forests, Forest Ecol. Manag., 403, 161–185,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.045, 2017.
Ingestad, T.: Mineral nutrient requirements of Pinus silvestris and Picea abies Seedlings,
Physiol. Plantarum, 45, 373–380, 1979.
Ingestad, T. and Ågren, G. I.: Theories and methods on plant nutrient
and growth, Physiol Plantarum, 84, 177–184, 1992.
Jackson-Blake, L. A., Wade, A. J., Futter, M. N., Butterfield, D., Couture,
R. M., Cox, B. A., Crossman, J., Ekholm, P., Halliday, S. J., Jin, L.,
Lawrence, D. S. L., Lepistö, A., Lin, Y., Rankinen, K., and Whitehead,
P. G.: The INtegrated CAtchment model of phosphorus dynamics (INCA-P):
Description and demonstration of new model structure and equations, Environ.
Model. Softw., 83, 356–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.05.022,
2016.
Jansson, P. E.: CoupModel: model use, calibration, and validation, T. ASABE,
4, 1335–1344, 2012.
Jansson, P. E. and Karlberg, L.: User manual of Coupled heat and mass
transfer model for soil-plant-atmosphere systems, Royal Institute of
Technology, Department of Land and Water Resources, Stockholm, Sweden, 2011.
Johnson, A. H., Frizano, J., and Vann, D. R.: Biogeochemical implications of
labile phosphorus in forest soils determined by the Hedley fractionation
procedure, Oecologia, 135, 487–499, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1164-5, 2003.
Jonard, M., Furst, A., Verstraeten, A., Thimonier, A., Timmermann, V.,
Potocic, N., Waldner, P., Benham, S., Hansen, K., Merila, P., Ponette, Q.,
de la Cruz, A. C., Roskams, P., Nicolas, M., Croise, L., Ingerslev, M.,
Matteucci, G., Decinti, B., Bascietto, M., and Rautio, P.: Tree mineral
nutrition is deteriorating in Europe, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 418–430,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12657, 2015.
Jones, C. A., Cole, C. V., Sharpley, A. N., and Williams, J. R.: A
simplified soil and plant phosphorus model: I. Documentation, Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. J., 48, 800–805, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800040020x, 1984.
Kaiser, K. and Kalbitz, K.: Cycling downwards – dissolved organic matter
in soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 52, 29–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.002, 2012.
Kalbitz, K., Solinger, S., Park, J.-H., Michalzik, B., and Matzner, E.:
Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: a review,
Soil Sci., 165, 277–304, 2000.
Knisel, W. G. and Turtola, E.: Gleams model application on a heavy clay
soil in Finland, Agr. Water Manage., 43, 285–309,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00067-0, 2000.
Kronnäs, V., Akselsson, C., and Belyazid, S.: Dynamic modelling of weathering rates – the benefit over steady-state modelling, SOIL, 5, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-33-2019, 2019.
Lagerström, A., Esberg, C., Wardle, D. A., and Giesler, R.: Soil
phosphorus and microbial response to a long-term wildfire chronosequence in
northern Sweden, Biogeochemistry, 95, 199–213, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9331-y,
2009.
Laiho, R. and Prescott, C. E.: Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody
debris in northern coniferous forests: a synthesis, Can. J. Forest Res., 34,
763–777, https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-241, 2004.
Lang, F., Bauhus, J., Frossard, E., George, E., Kaiser, K., Kaupenjohann,
M., Krüger, J., Matzner, E., Polle, A., Prietzel, J., Rennenberg, H.,
and Wellbrock, N.: Phosphorus in forest ecosystems: New insights from an
ecosystem nutrition perspective, J. Plant Nutr. Soil. Sci., 179, 129–135,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201500541, 2016.
Liebig, J.: Die Chemie in ihrer Andwendung auf Agrikultur und Physiologie,
Vieweg und Söhne, Braunschweig, Germany, 1840.
Linder, S.: Foliar analysis for detecting and correcting nutrient imbalances
in Norway spruce, Ecol. Bull., 44, 178–190, 1995.
McGill, W. B. and Cole, C. V.: Comparative aspects of cycling of organic C,
N, S and P through soil organic matter, Geoderma, 26, 267–286, 1981.
Medlyn, B. E., De Kauwe, M. G., Zaehle, S., Walker, A. P., Duursma, R. A.,
Luus, K., Mishurov, M., Pak, B., Smith, B., Wang, Y. P., Yang, X., Crous, K.
Y., Drake, J. E., Gimeno, T. E., Macdonald, C. A., Norby, R. J., Power, S.
A., Tjoelker, M. G., and Ellsworth, D. S.: Using models to guide field
experiments: a priori predictions for the CO2 response of a nutrient- and
water-limited native Eucalypt woodland, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 2834–2851,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13268, 2016.
Meyer, A., Grote, R., Polle, A., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Simulating
mycorrhiza contribution to forest C- and N cycling-the MYCOFON model, Plant
Soil, 327, 493–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0017-y, 2009.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 16,
205–234, 1965.
Nasholm, T., Hogberg, P., Franklin, O., Metcalfe, D., Keel, S. G., Campbell,
C., Hurry, V., Linder, S., and Hogberg, M. N.: Are ectomycorrhizal fungi
alleviating or aggravating nitrogen limitation of tree growth in boreal
forests?, New Phytol., 198, 214–221, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12139, 2013.
Nehls, U.: Mastering ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: the impact of carbohydrates,
J. Exp. Bot., 59, 1097–1108, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm334, 2008.
Olander, L. and Vitousek, P.: Short-term controls over inorganic phosphorus
during soil and ecosystem development, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 651–659,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.08.022, 2005.
Olsson, M. T., Erlandsson, M., Lundin, L., Nilsson, T., Nilsson, Å., and
Stendahl, J.: Organic carbon stocks in Swedish Podzol soils in relation to
soil hydrology and other site characteristics, Silva Fennica, 43, 209–222,
2009.
Ortiz, C. A., Lundblad, M., Lundström, A., and Stendahl, J.: The effect
of increased extraction of forest harvest residues on soil organic carbon
accumulation in Sweden, Biomass Bioenergy, 70, 230–238,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.08.030, 2014.
Orwin, K. H., Kirschbaum, M. U., St. John, M. G., and Dickie, I. A.: Organic
nutrient uptake by mycorrhizal fungi enhances ecosystem carbon storage: a
model-based assessment, Ecol. Lett., 14, 493–502,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01611.x, 2011.
Oulehle, F., Chuman, T., Hruška, J., Krám, P., McDowell, W. H.,
Myška, O., Navrátil, T., and Tesař, M.: Recovery from
acidification alters concentrations and fluxes of solutes from Czech
catchments, Biogeochemistry, 132, 251–272, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0298-9, 2017.
Penuelas, J., Poulter, B., Sardans, J., Ciais, P., van der Velde, M., Bopp,
L., Boucher, O., Godderis, Y., Hinsinger, P., Llusia, J., Nardin, E., Vicca,
S., Obersteiner, M., and Janssens, I. A.: Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus
imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe, Nat.
Commun., 4, 2934, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3934, 2013.
Read, D. J. and Perez-Moreno, J.: Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in
ecosystems – a journey towards relevance?, New Phytol., 157, 475–492,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00704.x, 2003.
Reed, S. C., Yang, X., and Thornton, P. E.: Incorporating phosphorus cycling
into global modeling efforts: a worthwhile, tractable endeavor, New Phytol.,
208, 324–329, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13521, 2015.
Richardson, A. E. and Simpson, R. J.: Soil microorganisms mediating
phosphorus availability update on microbial phosphorus, Plant Physiol., 156,
989–996, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.175448, 2011.
Rosengren-Brinck, U. and Nihlgård, B.: Nutritional status in needles of
Norway spruce in relation to water and nutrient supply, Ecol. Bull., 44,
168–177, 1995.
Rosling, A., Midgley, M. G., Cheeke, T., Urbina, H., Fransson, P., and
Phillips, R. P.: Phosphorus cycling in deciduous forest soil differs between
stands dominated by ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal trees, New Phytol., 209,
1184–1195, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13720, 2016.
Saito, M. A., Goepfert, T. J., and Ritt, J. T.: Some thoughts on the concept
of colimitation: three definitions and the importance of bioavailability,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 276–290, 2008.
Schachtman, D. P., Reid, R. J., and Ayling, S. M.: Phosphorus uptake by
plants: from soil to cell, Plant Physiol., 116, 447–453, 1998.
Schlesinger, W. H.: Biogeochemistry. An analysis of global change,
Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1997.
Schnepf, A. and Roose, T.: Modelling the contribution of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi to plant phosphate uptake, New Phytol., 171, 669–682,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x, 2006.
SLU: Skogsdata: Aktuella uppgifter om de svenska skogarna från
Riksskogstaxeringen, SLU, Umeå, Sweden, available at:
https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9266/1/SkogsData2012_webb.pdf
(last access: 10 February 2020), 2012.
Smeck, N. E.: Phosphorus dynamics in soils and landscapes, Geoderma, 36,
185–199, 1985.
Smith, S. E.: Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants
irrespective of growth responses, Plant Physiol., 133, 16–20,
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.024380, 2003.
Smith, S. E. and Read, D. J.: Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd ed., Academic
Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2008.
Staddon, P. L., Thompson, K., Jakobsen, I., Grime, J. P., Askew, A. P., and
Fitter, A. H.: Mycorrhizal fungal abundance is affected by long-term
climatic manipulations in the field, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 186–194,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00593.x, 2003.
Stendahl, J., Johansson, M.-B., Eriksson, E., Nilsson, Å., and Langvall,
O.: Soil organic carbon in Swedish spruce and pine forests- differences in
stock levels and regional patterns, Silva Fennica, 44, 5–21, 2010.
Sundqvist, M. K., Liu, Z., Giesler, R., and Wardle, D. A.: Plant and
microbial responses to nitrogen and phosphorus addition across an
elevational gradient in subarctic tundra, Ecology, 95, 1819–1835, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0869.1, 2014.
Svensson, M., Jansson, P.-E., and Berggren Kleja, D.: Modelling soil C
sequestration in spruce forest ecosystems along a Swedish transect based on
current conditions, Biogeochemistry, 89, 95–119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9134-y,
2008.
Sverdrup, H. and Warfvinge, P.: Calculating field weathering rates using a
mechanistic geochemical model PROFILE, Appl. Geochem., 8, 273–283,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90042-F, 1993.
Swedish Forest Agency: Grundbok for skogsbrukare, Swedish Forest Agency,
Jönköping, Sweden, 2005.
Talkner, U., Meiwes, K. J., Potočić, N., Seletković, I., Cools,
N., De Vos, B., and Rautio, P.: Phosphorus nutrition of beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.) is decreasing in Europe, Ann. For. Sci., 72, 919–928,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0459-8, 2015.
Tang, Z., Xu, W., Zhou, G., Bai, Y., Li, J., Tang, X., Chen, D., Liu, Q.,
Ma, W., Xiong, G., He, H., He, N., Guo, Y., Guo, Q., Zhu, J., Han, W., Hu,
H., Fang, J., and Xie, Z.: Patterns of plant carbon, nitrogen, and
phosphorus concentration in relation to productivity in China's terrestrial
ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 4033–4038, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700295114,
2018.
Terrer, C., Jackson, R. B., Prentice, I. C., Keenan, T. F., Kaiser, C.,
Vicca, S., Fisher, J. B., Reich, P. B., Stocker, B. D., Hungate, B. A.,
Peñuelas, J., McCallum, I., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Cernusak, L. A.,
Talhelm, A. F., Van Sundert, K., Piao, S., Newton, P. C. D., Hovenden, M.
J., Blumenthal, D. M., Liu, Y. Y., Müller, C., Winter, K., Field, C. B.,
Viechtbauer, W., Van Lissa, C. J., Hoosbeek, M. R., Watanabe, M., Koike, T.,
Leshyk, V. O., Polley, H. W., and Franklin, O.: Nitrogen and phosphorus
constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 684–689,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0545-2, 2019.
Tessier, J. T. and Raynal, D. J.: Use of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in
plant tissue as an indicator of nutrient limitation and nitrogen saturation,
J. Appl. Ecol., 40, 523–534, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00820.x, 2003.
Thelin, G., Rosengren-Brinck, U., Nihlgård, B., and Barkman, A.: Trends
in needle and soil chemistry of Norway spruce and Scots pine stands in South
Sweden 1985–1994, Environ. Poll., 99, 149–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00192-9,
1998.
Thelin, G., Rosengren, U., Callesen, I., and Ingerslev, M.: The nutrient
status of Norway spruce in pure and in mixed-species stands, For. Ecol. Manage., 160, 115–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00464-9, 2002.
Thum, T., Caldararu, S., Engel, J., Kern, M., Pallandt, M., Schnur, R., Yu, L., and Zaehle, S.: A new model of the coupled carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in the terrestrial biosphere (QUINCY v1.0; revision 1996), Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4781–4802, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4781-2019, 2019.
Tipping, E., Benham, S., Boyle, J. F., Crow, P., Davies, J., Fischer, U.,
Guyatt, H., Helliwell, R., Jackson-Blake, L., Lawlor, A. J., Monteith, D.
T., Rowe, E. C., and Toberman, H.: Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to
land and freshwater, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts., 16, 1608–1617,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00641g, 2014.
Van Sundert, K., Radujkovic, D., Cools, N., De Vos, B., Etzold, S.,
Fernandez-Martinez, M., Janssens, I., Merila, P., Penuelas, J., Sardans, J.,
Stendahl, J., Terrer, C., and Vicca, S.: Towards comparable assessment of
the soil nutrient status across scales – review and development of nutrient
metrics, Glob. Change Biol., e26, 392–409, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14802, 2020.
Vitousek, P. M., Porder, S., Houlton, B. Z., and Chadwick, O. A.:
Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and
nitrogen-phosphorus interactions, Ecol. Appl., 20, 5–15, 2010.
Wallander, H., Mahmood, S., Hagerberg, D., Johansson, L., and Pallon, J.:
Elemental composition of ectomycorrhizal mycelia identified by PCR-RFLP
analysis and grown in contact with apatite or wood ash in forest soil, FEMS
Microbiol. Ecol., 44, 57–65, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01090.x,
2003.
Wang, Y. P., Houlton, B. Z., and Field, C. B.: A model of biogeochemical
cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus including symbiotic nitrogen
fixation and phosphatase production, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1018,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002797, 2007.
Wang, Y. P., Law, R. M., and Pak, B.: A global model of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles for the terrestrial biosphere, Biogeosciences, 7, 2261–2282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2261-2010, 2010.
Wijk, S.: Skogsvårdsorganisationens skogliga observationsytor,
Anvisningar för analys av markprover, version 1995-11-15,
Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping, Sweden, 1995.
Wijk, S.: Skogsvårdsorganisationens skogliga observationsytor, Manual –
anvisningar för urval av träd för barrprovtagning, Version
1997-08-14, Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping, Sweden, 1997.
Yanai, R. D.: Phosphorus budget of a 70-year-old northern hardwood forest,
Biogeochemistry, 17, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002757,
1992.
Yang, X., Thornton, P. E., Ricciuto, D. M., and Post, W. M.: The role of phosphorus dynamics in tropical forests – a modeling study using CLM-CNP, Biogeosciences, 11, 1667–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1667-2014, 2014.
Yu, L., Zanchi, G., Akselsson, C., Wallander, H., and Belyazid, S.: Modeling
the forest phosphorus nutrition in a southwestern Swedish forest site, Ecol.
Model., 369, 88–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.018, 2018.
Zhang, J. and Elser, J. J.: Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphorus stoichiometry in
fungi: a meta-analysis, Front. Microbiol., 8, 1281, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01281, 2017.
Zhu, Q., Riley, W. J., Tang, J., and Koven, C. D.: Multiple soil nutrient competition between plants, microbes, and mineral surfaces: model development, parameterization, and example applications in several tropical forests, Biogeosciences, 13, 341–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-341-2016, 2016.
Short summary
This study presents the integration of the phosphorus (P) cycle into CoupModel (v6.0, Coup-CNP). The extended Coup-CNP, which explicitly considers the symbiosis between soil microbes and plant roots, enables simulations of coupled C, N, and P dynamics for terrestrial ecosystems. Simulations from the new Coup-CNP model provide strong evidence that P fluxes need to be further considered in studies of how ecosystems and C turnover react to climate change.
This study presents the integration of the phosphorus (P) cycle into CoupModel (v6.0, Coup-CNP)....
