Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-335-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-335-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
An urban ecohydrological model to quantify the effect of vegetation on urban climate and hydrology (UT&C v1.0)
ETH Zurich, Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Gabriele Manoli
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
Paolo Burlando
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Elie Bou-Zeid
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Winston T. L. Chow
School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
Andrew M. Coutts
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia
Edoardo Daly
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
Kerry A. Nice
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia
Transport, Health, and Urban Design Hub, Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Matthias Roth
Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Nigel J. Tapper
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia
Erik Velasco
Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore
Enrique R. Vivoni
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Simone Fatichi
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Jordi Buckley Paules, Simone Fatichi, Bonnie Warring, and Athanasios Paschalis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2072, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline and validate developments to the pre-existing process-based model T&C to better represent cropland processes. Foreseen applications of T&C-CROP include hydrological and carbon storage implications of land-use transitions involving crop, forest, and pasture conversion, as well as studies on optimal irrigation and fertilization under a changing climate.
Mohammad Allouche, Vladislav I. Sevostianov, Einara Zahn, Mark A. Zondlo, Nelson Luís Dias, Gabriel G. Katul, Jose D. Fuentes, and Elie Bou-Zeid
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9697–9711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The significance of surface–atmosphere exchanges of aerosol species to atmospheric composition is underscored by their rising concentrations that are modulating the Earth's climate and having detrimental consequences for human health and the environment. Estimating these exchanges, using field measurements, and offering alternative models are the aims here. Limitations in measuring some species misrepresent their actual exchanges, so our proposed models serve to better quantify them.
Ruth Reef, Edoardo Daly, Tivanka Anandappa, Eboni-Jane Vienna-Hallam, Harriet Robertson, Matthew Peck, and Adrien Guyot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2182, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Studies show that saltmarshes excel at capturing carbon from the atmosphere. In this study, we measured CO2 flux in an Australian temperate saltmarsh on French Island. The temperate saltmarsh exhibited strong seasonality. During the warmer growing season, the saltmarsh absorbed on average 10.5 grams of CO2 from the atmosphere per m2 daily. Even in winter, when plants were dormant, it continued to be a CO2 sink, albeit smaller. Cool temperatures and high cloud cover inhibit carbon sequestration.
Tobias Karl David Weber, Lutz Weihermüller, Attila Nemes, Michel Bechtold, Aurore Degré, Efstathios Diamantopoulos, Simone Fatichi, Vilim Filipović, Surya Gupta, Tobias L. Hohenbrink, Daniel R. Hirmas, Conrad Jackisch, Quirijn de Jong van Lier, John Koestel, Peter Lehmann, Toby R. Marthews, Budiman Minasny, Holger Pagel, Martine van der Ploeg, Shahab Aldin Shojaeezadeh, Simon Fiil Svane, Brigitta Szabó, Harry Vereecken, Anne Verhoef, Michael Young, Yijian Zeng, Yonggen Zhang, and Sara Bonetti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3391–3433, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are used to predict parameters of models describing the hydraulic properties of soils. The appropriateness of these predictions critically relies on the nature of the datasets for training the PTFs and the physical comprehensiveness of the models. This roadmap paper is addressed to PTF developers and users and critically reflects the utility and future of PTFs. To this end, we present a manifesto aiming at a paradigm shift in PTF research.
Einara Zahn and Elie Bou-Zeid
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-272, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying water and CO2 exchanges through transpiration, evaporation, photosynthesis, and soil respiration are essential to understand how ecosystems function. We implemented five methods to estimate these fluxes over a five-year period across 47 sites. This is the first dataset representing such a large spatial and temporal coverage of soil and plant exchanges, and it has many potentials applications such as to examine the response of ecosystem to weather extremes and climate change.
Yiran Wang, Naika Meili, and Simone Fatichi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-768, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study uses climate model simulations and process-based ecohydrological modeling to assess the direct and climate feedback induced effects of solar radiation changes on hydrological variables. Results show that solar radiation without climate feedback primarily affects sensible heat with limited effects on hydrology and vegetation. However, climate feedback exacerbates the effects of radiation changes on evapotranspiration and affects vegetation productivity.
Joseph Fogarty, Elie Bou-Zeid, Mitchell Bushuk, and Linette Boisvert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-532, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-532, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We hypothesize that using a broad set of surface characterization metrics for polar sea ice surfaces will lead to more accurate representations in general circulation models – but the first step is to identify that minimum set of metrics. We show via numerical simulations that sea ice surface patterns can play a crucial role in determining boundary-layer structure, then statistically analyze a set of high-resolution sea ice surface images to obtain said minimal set of parameters.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billdesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Gharun Mana, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the earth surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand that impacts all of our lives. Here we outline a method to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from site around the world called FLUXCOM-X. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Keirnan Fowler, Murray Peel, Margarita Saft, Tim J. Peterson, Andrew Western, Lawrence Band, Cuan Petheram, Sandra Dharmadi, Kim Seong Tan, Lu Zhang, Patrick Lane, Anthony Kiem, Lucy Marshall, Anne Griebel, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dongryeol Ryu, Giancarlo Bonotto, Conrad Wasko, Anna Ukkola, Clare Stephens, Andrew Frost, Hansini Gardiya Weligamage, Patricia Saco, Hongxing Zheng, Francis Chiew, Edoardo Daly, Glen Walker, R. Willem Vervoort, Justin Hughes, Luca Trotter, Brad Neal, Ian Cartwright, and Rory Nathan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6073–6120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, we have seen multi-year droughts tending to cause shifts in the relationship between rainfall and streamflow. In shifted catchments that have not recovered, an average rainfall year produces less streamflow today than it did pre-drought. We take a multi-disciplinary approach to understand why these shifts occur, focusing on Australia's over-10-year Millennium Drought. We evaluate multiple hypotheses against evidence, with particular focus on the key role of groundwater processes.
Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Winston T. L. Chow, Andreas Christen, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Andrew Coutts, Ben Crawford, Stevan Earl, Jonathan Evans, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Je-Woo Hong, Jinkyu Hong, Leena Järvi, Sungsoo Jo, Yeon-Hee Kim, Simone Kotthaus, Keunmin Lee, Valéry Masson, Joseph P. McFadden, Oliver Michels, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Matthias Roth, Hirofumi Sugawara, Nigel Tapper, Erik Velasco, and Helen Claire Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5157–5178, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new openly accessible collection of atmospheric observations from 20 cities around the world, capturing 50 site years. The observations capture local meteorology (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) and the energy fluxes between the land and atmosphere (e.g. radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes). These observations can be used to improve our understanding of urban climate processes and to test the accuracy of urban climate models.
Mu Xiao, Giuseppe Mascaro, Zhaocheng Wang, Kristen M. Whitney, and Enrique R. Vivoni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5627–5646, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the major water resource in the southwestern United States, the Colorado River is experiencing decreases in naturalized streamflow and is predicted to face severe challenges under future climate scenarios. Here, we demonstrate the value of Earth observing satellites to improve and build confidence in the spatiotemporal simulations from regional hydrologic models for assessing the sensitivity of the Colorado River to climate change and supporting regional water managers.
Stefano Manzoni, Simone Fatichi, Xue Feng, Gabriel G. Katul, Danielle Way, and Giulia Vico
Biogeosciences, 19, 4387–4414, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4387-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) causes leaves to close their stomata (through which water evaporates) but also promotes leaf growth. Even if individual leaves save water, how much will be consumed by a whole plant with possibly more leaves? Using different mathematical models, we show that plant stands that are not very dense and can grow more leaves will benefit from higher CO2 by photosynthesizing more while adjusting their stomata to consume similar amounts of water.
Michael Schirmer, Adam Winstral, Tobias Jonas, Paolo Burlando, and Nadav Peleg
The Cryosphere, 16, 3469–3488, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rain is highly variable in time at a given location so that there can be both wet and dry climate periods. In this study, we quantify the effects of this natural climate variability and other sources of uncertainty on changes in flooding events due to rain on snow (ROS) caused by climate change. For ROS events with a significant contribution of snowmelt to runoff, the change due to climate was too small to draw firm conclusions about whether there are more ROS events of this important type.
Stefan Fugger, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, Wei Yang, Patrick Wagnon, Walter Immerzeel, Qiao Liu, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monsoon is important for the shrinking and growing of glaciers in the Himalaya during summer. We calculate the melt of seven glaciers in the region using a complex glacier melt model and weather data. We find that monsoonal weather affects glaciers that are covered with a layer of rocky debris and glaciers without such a layer in different ways. It is important to take so-called turbulent fluxes into account. This knowledge is vital for predicting the future of the Himalayan glaciers.
Marcela Silva, Ashley M. Matheny, Valentijn R. N. Pauwels, Dimetre Triadis, Justine E. Missik, Gil Bohrer, and Edoardo Daly
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2619–2634, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our study introduces FETCH3, a ready-to-use, open-access model that simulates the water fluxes across the soil, roots, and stem. To test the model capabilities, we tested it against exact solutions and a case study. The model presented considerably small errors when compared to the exact solutions and was able to correctly represent transpiration patterns when compared to experimental data. The results show that FETCH3 can correctly simulate above- and below-ground water transport.
Simone Gelsinari, Valentijn R. N. Pauwels, Edoardo Daly, Jos van Dam, Remko Uijlenhoet, Nicholas Fewster-Young, and Rebecca Doble
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2261–2277, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2261-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of recharge to groundwater are often driven by biophysical processes occurring in the soil column and, particularly in remote areas, are also always affected by uncertainty. Using data assimilation techniques to merge remotely sensed observations with outputs of numerical models is one way to reduce this uncertainty. Here, we show the benefits of using such a technique with satellite evapotranspiration rates and coupled hydrogeological models applied to a semi-arid site in Australia.
Martina Botter, Matthias Zeeman, Paolo Burlando, and Simone Fatichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 1917–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1917-2021, 2021
Shovon Barua, Ian Cartwright, P. Evan Dresel, and Edoardo Daly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 89–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate groundwater recharge rates in a semi-arid area that has undergone land-use changes. The widespread presence of old saline groundwater indicates that pre-land-clearing recharge rates were low and present-day recharge rates are still modest. The fluctuations of the water table and tritium activities reflect present-day recharge rates; however, the water table fluctuation estimates are unrealistically high, and this technique may not be suited for estimating recharge in semi-arid areas.
Lianyu Yu, Simone Fatichi, Yijian Zeng, and Zhongbo Su
The Cryosphere, 14, 4653–4673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of soil water and heat transfer physics in portraying the function of a cold region ecosystem was investigated. We found that explicitly considering the frozen soil physics and coupled water and heat transfer is important in mimicking soil hydrothermal dynamics. The presence of soil ice can alter the vegetation leaf onset date and deep leakage. Different complexity in representing vadose zone physics does not considerably affect interannual energy, water, and carbon fluxes.
Giulia Battista, Peter Molnar, and Paolo Burlando
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 619–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-619-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-619-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended sediment load in rivers is highly uncertain because of spatial and temporal variability. By means of a hydrology and suspended sediment transport model, we investigated the effect of spatial variability in precipitation and surface erodibility on catchment sediment fluxes in a mesoscale river basin.
We found that sediment load depends on the spatial variability in erosion drivers, as this affects erosion rates and the location and connectivity to the channel of the erosion areas.
Nadav Peleg, Chris Skinner, Simone Fatichi, and Peter Molnar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-17-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-17-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme rainfall is expected to intensify with increasing temperatures, which will likely affect rainfall spatial structure. The spatial variability of rainfall can affect streamflow and sediment transport volumes and peaks. The sensitivity of the hydro-morphological response to changes in the structure of heavy rainfall was investigated. It was found that the morphological components are more sensitive to changes in rainfall spatial structure in comparison to the hydrological components.
Dietmar Dommenget, Kerry Nice, Tobias Bayr, Dieter Kasang, Christian Stassen, and Michael Rezny
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2155–2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2155-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2155-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the scientific basis for a public web page that gives access to a large set of climate model simulations. This web page is called the Monash Simple Climate Model. It provides access to more than 1300 experiments and has an interactive interface for fast analysis of the experiments and open access to the data. The study gives a short overview of the simulation experiments and discusses some of the results.
Martina Botter, Paolo Burlando, and Simone Fatichi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1885–1904, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1885-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1885-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The study focuses on the solute export from rivers with the purpose of discerning the impacts of anthropic activities and catchment characteristics on water quality. The results revealed a more detectable impact of the anthropic activities than of the catchment characteristics. The solute export follows different dynamics depending on catchment characteristics and mainly on solute-specific properties. The export modality is consistent across different catchments only for a minority of solutes.
Ashley M. Broadbent, Andrew M. Coutts, Kerry A. Nice, Matthias Demuzere, E. Scott Krayenhoff, Nigel J. Tapper, and Hendrik Wouters
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 785–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple model for assessing the cooling impacts of vegetation and water features (green and blue infrastructure) in urban environments. This model is designed to be computationally efficient so that those without technical knowledge or access to high-performance computers can use it. TARGET can be used to model average street-level air temperature at canyon to block scales (e.g. 100 m resolution). The model is carefully designed to provide reliable and accurate cooling estimates.
Dana R. Caulton, Qi Li, Elie Bou-Zeid, Jeffrey P. Fitts, Levi M. Golston, Da Pan, Jessica Lu, Haley M. Lane, Bernhard Buchholz, Xuehui Guo, James McSpiritt, Lars Wendt, and Mark A. Zondlo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15145–15168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15145-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15145-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile laboratory measurements have been widely used to quantify methane emissions from point sources such as oil and gas wells, but the emission uncertainties are poorly constrained. We designed a hierarchical measurement strategy to sample natural gas emissions in the Marcellus Shale play based upon high-resolution modeling of select sites. Our study quantifies the largest sources of error with this approach and provides guidance on how to best implement mobile laboratory sampling protocols.
Enrica Perra, Monica Piras, Roberto Deidda, Claudio Paniconi, Giuseppe Mascaro, Enrique R. Vivoni, Pierluigi Cau, Pier Andrea Marras, Ralf Ludwig, and Swen Meyer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4125–4143, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4125-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4125-2018, 2018
Dusan Jovanovic, Tijana Jovanovic, Alfonso Mejía, Jon Hathaway, and Edoardo Daly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3551–3559, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3551-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A relationship between the Hurst (H) exponent (a long-term correlation coefficient) within a flow time series and various catchment characteristics for a number of catchments in the USA and Australia was investigated. A negative relationship with imperviousness was identified, which allowed for an efficient catchment classification, thus making the H exponent a useful metric to quantitatively assess the impact of catchment imperviousness on streamflow regime.
Donghai Wu, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Alan K. Knapp, Kevin Wilcox, Michael Bahn, Melinda D. Smith, Sara Vicca, Simone Fatichi, Jakob Zscheischler, Yue He, Xiangyi Li, Akihiko Ito, Almut Arneth, Anna Harper, Anna Ukkola, Athanasios Paschalis, Benjamin Poulter, Changhui Peng, Daniel Ricciuto, David Reinthaler, Guangsheng Chen, Hanqin Tian, Hélène Genet, Jiafu Mao, Johannes Ingrisch, Julia E. S. M. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Lena R. Boysen, Markus Kautz, Michael Schmitt, Patrick Meir, Qiuan Zhu, Roland Hasibeder, Sebastian Sippel, Shree R. S. Dangal, Stephen Sitch, Xiaoying Shi, Yingping Wang, Yiqi Luo, Yongwen Liu, and Shilong Piao
Biogeosciences, 15, 3421–3437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3421-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3421-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our results indicate that most ecosystem models do not capture the observed asymmetric responses under normal precipitation conditions, suggesting an overestimate of the drought effects and/or underestimate of the watering impacts on primary productivity, which may be the result of inadequate representation of key eco-hydrological processes. Collaboration between modelers and site investigators needs to be strengthened to improve the specific processes in ecosystem models in following studies.
Sahani Pathiraja, Daniela Anghileri, Paolo Burlando, Ashish Sharma, Lucy Marshall, and Hamid Moradkhani
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2903–2919, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2903-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2903-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrologic modeling methodologies must be developed that are capable of predicting runoff in catchments with changing land cover conditions. This article investigates the efficacy of a recently developed approach that allows for runoff prediction in catchments with unknown land cover changes, through experimentation in a deforested catchment in Vietnam. The importance of key elements of the method in ensuring its success, such as the chosen hydrologic model, is investigated.
Katrina E. Bennett, Theodore J. Bohn, Kurt Solander, Nathan G. McDowell, Chonggang Xu, Enrique Vivoni, and Richard S. Middleton
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 709–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-709-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-709-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We applied the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model to examine scenarios of change under climate and landscape disturbances in the San Juan River basin, a major sub-watershed of the Colorado River basin. Climate change coupled with landscape disturbance leads to reduced streamflow in the San Juan River basin. Disturbances are expected to be widespread in this region. Therefore, accounting for these changes within the context of climate change is imperative for water resource planning.
Nadav Peleg, Frank Blumensaat, Peter Molnar, Simone Fatichi, and Paolo Burlando
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1559–1572, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1559-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1559-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the relative contribution of the spatial versus climatic rainfall variability for flow peaks by applying an advanced stochastic rainfall generator to simulate rainfall for a small urban catchment and simulate flow dynamics in the sewer system. We found that the main contribution to the total flow variability originates from the natural climate variability. The contribution of spatial rainfall variability to the total flow variability was found to increase with return periods.
Caitlin E. Moore, Jason Beringer, Bradley Evans, Lindsay B. Hutley, and Nigel J. Tapper
Biogeosciences, 14, 111–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-111-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-111-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Separating tree and grass productivity dynamics in savanna ecosystems is vital for understanding how they function over time. We showed how tree-grass phenology information can improve model estimates of gross primary productivity in an Australian tropical savanna. Our findings will contribute towards improved modelling of productivity in savannas, which will assist with their management into the future.
Valentijn R. N. Pauwels and Edoardo Daly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4689–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4689-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4689-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that the classical approach to solve the surface energy balance equation in land surface models has its issues, and we propose an improved method.
Jason Beringer, Lindsay B. Hutley, Ian McHugh, Stefan K. Arndt, David Campbell, Helen A. Cleugh, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Derek Eamus, Bradley Evans, Cacilia Ewenz, Peter Grace, Anne Griebel, Vanessa Haverd, Nina Hinko-Najera, Alfredo Huete, Peter Isaac, Kasturi Kanniah, Ray Leuning, Michael J. Liddell, Craig Macfarlane, Wayne Meyer, Caitlin Moore, Elise Pendall, Alison Phillips, Rebecca L. Phillips, Suzanne M. Prober, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Susanna Rutledge, Ivan Schroder, Richard Silberstein, Patricia Southall, Mei Sun Yee, Nigel J. Tapper, Eva van Gorsel, Camilla Vote, Jeff Walker, and Tim Wardlaw
Biogeosciences, 13, 5895–5916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
OzFlux is the regional Australian and New Zealand flux tower network that aims to provide a continental-scale national facility to monitor and assess trends, and improve predictions, of Australia’s terrestrial biosphere and climate. We describe the evolution, design, and status as well as an overview of data processing. We suggest that a synergistic approach is required to address all of the spatial, ecological, human, and cultural challenges of managing Australian ecosystems.
Bahareh Kianfar, Simone Fatichi, Athansios Paschalis, Max Maurer, and Peter Molnar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-536, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-536, 2016
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Raingauge observations show a large variability in extreme rainfall depths in the current climate. Climate model predictions of extreme rainfall in the future have to be compared with this natural variability. Our work shows that predictions of future extreme rainfall often lie within the range of natural variability of present-day climate, and therefore predictions of change are highly uncertain. We demonstrate this by using stochastic rainfall models and 10-min rainfall data in Switzerland.
Caitlin E. Moore, Jason Beringer, Bradley Evans, Lindsay B. Hutley, Ian McHugh, and Nigel J. Tapper
Biogeosciences, 13, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2387-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2387-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Savannas cover 20 % of the global land surface and account for 25 % of global terrestrial carbon uptake. They support 20 % of the world’s human population and are one of the most important ecosystems on our planet. We evaluated the temporal partitioning of carbon between overstory and understory in Australian tropical savanna using eddy covariance. We found the understory contributed ~ 32 % to annual productivity, increasing to 40 % in the wet season, thus driving seasonality in carbon uptake.
A. P. Schreiner-McGraw, E. R. Vivoni, G. Mascaro, and T. E. Franz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 329–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-329-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-329-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture estimates from a novel method were evaluated in two semiarid watersheds. We found good agreements between the technique and estimates derived from watershed instruments designed to close the water balance. We then investigated local hydrologic processes and link between evapotranspiration and soil moisture obtained from the novel measurements.
P. Molnar, S. Fatichi, L. Gaál, J. Szolgay, and P. Burlando
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1753–1766, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present an empirical study of the rates of increase in precipitation intensity with air temperature using high-resolution 10 min precipitation records in Switzerland. We estimated the scaling rates for lightning (convective) and non-lightning event subsets and show that scaling rates are between 7 and 14%/C for convective rain and that mixing of storm types exaggerates the relations to air temperature. Doubled CC rates reported by other studies are an exception in our data set.
M. Piras, G. Mascaro, R. Deidda, and E. R. Vivoni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5201–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5201-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5201-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the hydrologic impacts of climate change in the Rio Mannu basin (472.5 km2), Sardinia, Italy.
We created high-resolution climate forcings for a physically based distributed hydrologic model by combining four climate models with two statistical downscaling tools of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. A significant diminution of mean annual runoff at the basin outlet (mean of -32%), and a reduction of soil water content and actual evapotranspiration are expected.
G. Mascaro, M. Piras, R. Deidda, and E. R. Vivoni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4143–4158, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4143-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4143-2013, 2013
E. Velasco, M. Roth, S. H. Tan, M. Quak, S. D. A. Nabarro, and L. Norford
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10185–10202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10185-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10185-2013, 2013
T. Grünewald, J. Stötter, J. W. Pomeroy, R. Dadic, I. Moreno Baños, J. Marturià, M. Spross, C. Hopkinson, P. Burlando, and M. Lehning
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3005–3021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3005-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3005-2013, 2013
S. Fatichi, S. Rimkus, P. Burlando, R. Bordoy, and P. Molnar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3743-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3743-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
The sea ice component of GC5: coupling SI3 to HadGEM3 using conductive fluxes
CICE on a C-grid: new momentum, stress, and transport schemes for CICEv6.5
HyPhAICC v1.0: a hybrid physics–AI approach for probability fields advection shown through an application to cloud cover nowcasting
CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool
Development of a plant carbon–nitrogen interface coupling framework in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model (SSiB5/TRIFFID/DayCent-SOM v1.0)
Dynamical Madden–Julian Oscillation forecasts using an ensemble subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast system of the IAP-CAS model
Implementation of a brittle sea ice rheology in an Eulerian, finite-difference, C-grid modeling framework: impact on the simulated deformation of sea ice in the Arctic
HSW-V v1.0: localized injections of interactive volcanic aerosols and their climate impacts in a simple general circulation model
A 3D-Var assimilation scheme for vertical velocity with CMA-MESO v5.0
Updating the radiation infrastructure in MESSy (based on MESSy version 2.55)
An urban module coupled with the Variable Infiltration Capacity model to improve hydrothermal simulations in urban systems
Bayesian hierarchical model for bias-correcting climate models
Evaluation of the coupling of EMACv2.55 to the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4
Reduced floating-point precision in regional climate simulations: an ensemble-based statistical verification
TorchClim v1.0: a deep-learning plugin for climate model physics
Linking global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry with process-based, coupled freshwater algae–nutrient–solid dynamics in LM3-FANSY v1.0
Validating a microphysical prognostic stratospheric aerosol implementation in E3SMv2 using observations after the Mount Pinatubo eruption
Implementing detailed nucleation predictions in the Earth system model EC-Earth3.3.4: sulfuric acid–ammonia nucleation
Modeling biochar effects on soil organic carbon on croplands in a microbial decomposition model (MIMICS-BC_v1.0)
Hector V3.2.0: functionality and performance of a reduced-complexity climate model
Evaluation of CMIP6 model simulations of PM2.5 and its components over China
Assessment of a tiling energy budget approach in a land surface model, ORCHIDEE-MICT (r8205)
Multivariate adjustment of drizzle bias using machine learning in European climate projections
Development and evaluation of the interactive Model for Air Pollution and Land Ecosystems (iMAPLE) version 1.0
A perspective on the next generation of Earth system model scenarios: towards representative emission pathways (REPs)
Parallel SnowModel (v1.0): a parallel implementation of a distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel)
LB-SCAM: a learning-based method for efficient large-scale sensitivity analysis and tuning of the Single Column Atmosphere Model (SCAM)
Quantifying the impact of SST feedback frequency on Madden–Julian oscillation simulations
Systematic and objective evaluation of Earth system models: PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP) version 3
A revised model of global silicate weathering considering the influence of vegetation cover on erosion rate
A radiative–convective model computing precipitation with the maximum entropy production hypothesis
Introducing the MESMER-M-TPv0.1.0 module: Spatially Explicit Earth System Model Emulation for Monthly Precipitation and Temperature
Leveraging regional mesh refinement to simulate future climate projections for California using the Simplified Convection-Permitting E3SM Atmosphere Model Version 0
Machine learning parameterization of the multi-scale Kain–Fritsch (MSKF) convection scheme and stable simulation coupled in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using WRF–ML v1.0
Impacts of spatial heterogeneity of anthropogenic aerosol emissions in a regionally refined global aerosol–climate model
cfr (v2024.1.26): a Python package for climate field reconstruction
NEWTS1.0: Numerical model of coastal Erosion by Waves and Transgressive Scarps
Evaluation of isoprene emissions from the coupled model SURFEX–MEGANv2.1
A comprehensive Earth system model (AWI-ESM2.1) with interactive icebergs: effects on surface and deep-ocean characteristics
The regional climate–chemistry–ecology coupling model RegCM-Chem (v4.6)–YIBs (v1.0): development and application
Coupling the regional climate model ICON-CLM v2.6.6 into the Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI v2.0 using OASIS3-MCT v4.0
An overview of cloud–radiation denial experiments for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1
The computational and energy cost of simulation and storage for climate science: lessons from CMIP6
Subgrid-scale variability of cloud ice in the ICON-AES 1.3.00
INFERNO-peat v1.0.0: a representation of northern high-latitude peat fires in the JULES-INFERNO global fire model
The 4DEnVar-based weakly coupled land data assimilation system for E3SM version 2
Continental-scale bias-corrected climate and hydrological projections for Australia
G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies
Bridging the gap: a new module for human water use in the Community Earth System Model version 2.2.1
Modeling the effects of tropospheric ozone on the growth and yield of global staple crops with DSSAT v4.8.0
Ed Blockley, Emma Fiedler, Jeff Ridley, Luke Roberts, Alex West, Dan Copsey, Daniel Feltham, Tim Graham, David Livings, Clement Rousset, David Schroeder, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6799–6817, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the sea ice model component of the latest Met Office coupled model configuration, which will be used as the physical basis for UK contributions to CMIP7. Documentation of science options used in the configuration are given along with a brief model evaluation. This is the first UK configuration to use NEMO’s new SI3 sea ice model. We provide details on how SI3 was adapted to work with Met Office coupling methodology and documentation of coupling processes in the model.
Jean-François Lemieux, William H. Lipscomb, Anthony Craig, David A. Bailey, Elizabeth C. Hunke, Philippe Blain, Till A. S. Rasmussen, Mats Bentsen, Frédéric Dupont, David Hebert, and Richard Allard
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6703–6724, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the latest version of the CICE model. It solves equations that describe the dynamics and the growth and melt of sea ice. To do so, the domain is divided into grid cells and variables are positioned at specific locations in the cells. A new implementation (C-grid) is presented, with the velocity located on cell edges. Compared to the previous B-grid, the C-grid allows for a natural coupling with some oceanic and atmospheric models. It also allows for ice transport in narrow channels.
Rachid El Montassir, Olivier Pannekoucke, and Corentin Lapeyre
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6657–6681, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a novel approach that combines physics and artificial intelligence (AI) for improved cloud cover forecasting. This approach outperforms traditional deep learning (DL) methods in producing realistic and physically consistent results while requiring less training data. This architecture provides a promising solution to overcome the limitations of classical AI methods and contributes to open up new possibilities for combining physical knowledge with deep learning models.
Marit Sandstad, Borgar Aamaas, Ane Nordlie Johansen, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Glen Philip Peters, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Benjamin Mark Sanderson, and Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6589–6625, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CICERO-SCM has existed as a Fortran model since 1999 that calculates the radiative forcing and concentrations from emissions and is an upwelling diffusion energy balance model of the ocean that calculates temperature change. In this paper, we describe an updated version ported to Python and publicly available at https://github.com/ciceroOslo/ciceroscm (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10548720). This version contains functionality for parallel runs and automatic calibration.
Zheng Xiang, Yongkang Xue, Weidong Guo, Melannie D. Hartman, Ye Liu, and William J. Parton
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6437–6464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A process-based plant carbon (C)–nitrogen (N) interface coupling framework has been developed which mainly focuses on plant resistance and N-limitation effects on photosynthesis, plant respiration, and plant phenology. A dynamic C / N ratio is introduced to represent plant resistance and self-adjustment. The framework has been implemented in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model, and testing results show a general improvement in simulating plant properties with this framework.
Yangke Liu, Qing Bao, Bian He, Xiaofei Wu, Jing Yang, Yimin Liu, Guoxiong Wu, Tao Zhu, Siyuan Zhou, Yao Tang, Ankang Qu, Yalan Fan, Anling Liu, Dandan Chen, Zhaoming Luo, Xing Hu, and Tongwen Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6249–6275, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We give an overview of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics–Chinese Academy of Sciences subseasonal-to-seasonal ensemble forecasting system and Madden–Julian Oscillation forecast evaluation of the system. Compared to other S2S models, the IAP-CAS model has its benefits but also biases, i.e., underdispersive ensemble, overestimated amplitude, and faster propagation speed when forecasting MJO. We provide a reason for these biases and prospects for further improvement of this system in the future.
Laurent Brodeau, Pierre Rampal, Einar Ólason, and Véronique Dansereau
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6051–6082, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new brittle sea ice rheology, BBM, has been implemented into the sea ice component of NEMO. We describe how a new spatial discretization framework was introduced to achieve this. A set of idealized and realistic ocean and sea ice simulations of the Arctic have been performed using BBM and the standard viscous–plastic rheology of NEMO. When compared to satellite data, our simulations show that our implementation of BBM leads to a fairly good representation of sea ice deformations.
Joseph P. Hollowed, Christiane Jablonowski, Hunter Y. Brown, Benjamin R. Hillman, Diana L. Bull, and Joseph L. Hart
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5913–5938, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large volcanic eruptions deposit material in the upper atmosphere, which is capable of altering temperature and wind patterns of Earth's atmosphere for subsequent years. This research describes a new method of simulating these effects in an idealized, efficient atmospheric model. A volcanic eruption of sulfur dioxide is described with a simplified set of physical rules, which eventually cools the planetary surface. This model has been designed as a test bed for climate attribution studies.
Hong Li, Yi Yang, Jian Sun, Yuan Jiang, Ruhui Gan, and Qian Xie
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5883–5896, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical atmospheric motions play a vital role in convective-scale precipitation forecasts by connecting atmospheric dynamics with cloud development. A three-dimensional variational vertical velocity assimilation scheme is developed within the high-resolution CMA-MESO model, utilizing the adiabatic Richardson equation as the observation operator. A 10 d continuous run and an individual case study demonstrate improved forecasts, confirming the scheme's effectiveness.
Matthias Nützel, Laura Stecher, Patrick Jöckel, Franziska Winterstein, Martin Dameris, Michael Ponater, Phoebe Graf, and Markus Kunze
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5821–5849, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extended the infrastructure of our modelling system to enable the use of an additional radiation scheme. After calibrating the model setups to the old and the new radiation scheme, we find that the simulation with the new scheme shows considerable improvements, e.g. concerning the cold-point temperature and stratospheric water vapour. Furthermore, perturbations of radiative fluxes associated with greenhouse gas changes, e.g. of methane, tend to be improved when the new scheme is employed.
Yibing Wang, Xianhong Xie, Bowen Zhu, Arken Tursun, Fuxiao Jiang, Yao Liu, Dawei Peng, and Buyun Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5803–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Urban expansion intensifies challenges like urban heat and urban dry islands. To address this, we developed an urban module, VIC-urban, in the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Tested in Beijing, VIC-urban accurately simulated turbulent heat fluxes, runoff, and land surface temperature. We provide a reliable tool for large-scale simulations considering urban environment and a systematic urban modelling framework within VIC, offering crucial insights for urban planners and designers.
Jeremy Carter, Erick A. Chacón-Montalván, and Amber Leeson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5733–5757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are essential tools in the study of climate change and its wide-ranging impacts on life on Earth. However, the output is often afflicted with some bias. In this paper, a novel model is developed to predict and correct bias in the output of climate models. The model captures uncertainty in the correction and explicitly models underlying spatial correlation between points. These features are of key importance for climate change impact assessments and resulting decision-making.
Anna Martin, Veronika Gayler, Benedikt Steil, Klaus Klingmüller, Patrick Jöckel, Holger Tost, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5705–5732, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluates the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4 as a replacement for the simplified submodel SURFACE in EMAC. JSBACH mitigates earlier problems of soil dryness, which are critical for vegetation modelling. When analysed using different datasets, the coupled model shows strong correlations of key variables, such as land surface temperature, surface albedo and radiation flux. The versatility of the model increases significantly, while the overall performance does not degrade.
Hugo Banderier, Christian Zeman, David Leutwyler, Stefan Rüdisühli, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5573–5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of reduced-precision arithmetic in a state-of-the-art regional climate model by studying the results of 10-year-long simulations. After this time, the results of the reduced precision and the standard implementation are hardly different. This should encourage the use of reduced precision in climate models to exploit the speedup and memory savings it brings. The methodology used in this work can help researchers verify reduced-precision implementations of their model.
David Fuchs, Steven C. Sherwood, Abhnil Prasad, Kirill Trapeznikov, and Jim Gimlett
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5459–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) of unresolved processes offers many new possibilities for improving weather and climate models, but integrating ML into the models has been an engineering challenge, and there are performance issues. We present a new software plugin for this integration, TorchClim, that is scalable and flexible and thereby allows a new level of experimentation with the ML approach. We also provide guidance on ML training and demonstrate a skillful hybrid ML atmosphere model.
Minjin Lee, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5191–5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative for understanding emerging eutrophication problems. Such efforts, however, have been challenged by the difficulty of balancing details of freshwater biogeochemical processes with limited knowledge, input, and validation datasets. Here we develop a global freshwater model that resolves intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics and provide performance assessment against measurement-based estimates.
Hunter York Brown, Benjamin Wagman, Diana Bull, Kara Peterson, Benjamin Hillman, Xiaohong Liu, Ziming Ke, and Lin Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5087–5121, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Explosive volcanic eruptions lead to long-lived, microscopic particles in the upper atmosphere which act to cool the Earth's surface by reflecting the Sun's light back to space. We include and test this process in a global climate model, E3SM. E3SM is tested against satellite and balloon observations of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, showing that with these particles in the model we reasonably recreate Pinatubo and its global effects. We also explore how particle size leads to these effects.
Carl Svenhag, Moa K. Sporre, Tinja Olenius, Daniel Yazgi, Sara M. Blichner, Lars P. Nieradzik, and Pontus Roldin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4923–4942, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research shows the importance of modeling new particle formation (NPF) and growth of particles in the atmosphere on a global scale, as they influence the outcomes of clouds and our climate. With the global model EC-Earth3 we show that using a new method for NPF modeling, which includes new detailed processes with NH3 and H2SO4, significantly impacts the number of particles in the air and clouds and changes the radiation balance of the same magnitude as anthropogenic greenhouse emissions.
Mengjie Han, Qing Zhao, Xili Wang, Ying-Ping Wang, Philippe Ciais, Haicheng Zhang, Daniel S. Goll, Lei Zhu, Zhe Zhao, Zhixuan Guo, Chen Wang, Wei Zhuang, Fengchang Wu, and Wei Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4871–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of biochar (BC) on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is not represented in most land carbon models used for assessing land-based climate change mitigation. Our study develops a BC model that incorporates our current understanding of BC effects on SOC based on a soil carbon model (MIMICS). The BC model can reproduce the SOC changes after adding BC, providing a useful tool to couple dynamic land models to evaluate the effectiveness of BC application for CO2 removal from the atmosphere.
Kalyn Dorheim, Skylar Gering, Robert Gieseke, Corinne Hartin, Leeya Pressburger, Alexey N. Shiklomanov, Steven J. Smith, Claudia Tebaldi, Dawn L. Woodard, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4855–4869, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4855-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4855-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hector is an easy-to-use, global climate–carbon cycle model. With its quick run time, Hector can provide climate information from a run in a fraction of a second. Hector models on a global and annual basis. Here, we present an updated version of the model, Hector V3. In this paper, we document Hector’s new features. Hector V3 is capable of reproducing historical observations, and its future temperature projections are consistent with those of more complex models.
Fangxuan Ren, Jintai Lin, Chenghao Xu, Jamiu A. Adeniran, Jingxu Wang, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie S. Hammer, Larry W. Horowitz, Steven T. Turnock, Naga Oshima, Jie Zhang, Susanne Bauer, Kostas Tsigaridis, Øyvind Seland, Pierre Nabat, David Neubauer, Gary Strand, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4821–4836, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the performance of 14 CMIP6 ESMs in simulating total PM2.5 and its 5 components over China during 2000–2014. PM2.5 and its components are underestimated in almost all models, except that black carbon (BC) and sulfate are overestimated in two models, respectively. The underestimation is the largest for organic carbon (OC) and the smallest for BC. Models reproduce the observed spatial pattern for OC, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium well, yet the agreement is poorer for BC.
Yi Xi, Chunjing Qiu, Yuan Zhang, Dan Zhu, Shushi Peng, Gustaf Hugelius, Jinfeng Chang, Elodie Salmon, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4727–4754, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ORCHIDEE-MICT model can simulate the carbon cycle and hydrology at a sub-grid scale but energy budgets only at a grid scale. This paper assessed the implementation of a multi-tiling energy budget approach in ORCHIDEE-MICT and found warmer surface and soil temperatures, higher soil moisture, and more soil organic carbon across the Northern Hemisphere compared with the original version.
Georgia Lazoglou, Theo Economou, Christina Anagnostopoulou, George Zittis, Anna Tzyrkalli, Pantelis Georgiades, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4689–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the important issue of the drizzle bias effect in regional climate models, described by an over-prediction of the number of rainy days while underestimating associated precipitation amounts. For this purpose, two distinct methodologies are applied and rigorously evaluated. These results are encouraging for using the multivariate machine learning method random forest to increase the accuracy of climate models concerning the projection of the number of wet days.
Xu Yue, Hao Zhou, Chenguang Tian, Yimian Ma, Yihan Hu, Cheng Gong, Hui Zheng, and Hong Liao
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4621–4642, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the interactive Model for Air Pollution and Land Ecosystems (iMAPLE). The model considers the full coupling between carbon and water cycles, dynamic fire emissions, wetland methane emissions, biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, and trait-based ozone vegetation damage. Evaluations show that iMAPLE is a useful tool for the study of the interactions among climate, chemistry, and ecosystems.
Malte Meinshausen, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Kathleen Beyer, Greg Bodeker, Olivier Boucher, Josep G. Canadell, John S. Daniel, Aïda Diongue-Niang, Fatima Driouech, Erich Fischer, Piers Forster, Michael Grose, Gerrit Hansen, Zeke Hausfather, Tatiana Ilyina, Jarmo S. Kikstra, Joyce Kimutai, Andrew D. King, June-Yi Lee, Chris Lennard, Tabea Lissner, Alexander Nauels, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Hans Pörtner, Joeri Rogelj, Maisa Rojas, Joyashree Roy, Bjørn H. Samset, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Sonia Seneviratne, Christopher J. Smith, Sophie Szopa, Adelle Thomas, Diana Urge-Vorsatz, Guus J. M. Velders, Tokuta Yokohata, Tilo Ziehn, and Zebedee Nicholls
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4533–4559, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The scientific community is considering new scenarios to succeed RCPs and SSPs for the next generation of Earth system model runs to project future climate change. To contribute to that effort, we reflect on relevant policy and scientific research questions and suggest categories for representative emission pathways. These categories are tailored to the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal, high-risk outcomes in the absence of further climate policy and worlds “that could have been”.
Ross Mower, Ethan D. Gutmann, Glen E. Liston, Jessica Lundquist, and Soren Rasmussen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4135–4154, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Higher-resolution model simulations are better at capturing winter snowpack changes across space and time. However, increasing resolution also increases the computational requirements. This work provides an overview of changes made to a distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel) to allow it to leverage high-performance computing resources. Continental simulations that were previously estimated to take 120 d can now be performed in 5 h.
Jiaxu Guo, Juepeng Zheng, Yidan Xu, Haohuan Fu, Wei Xue, Lanning Wang, Lin Gan, Ping Gao, Wubing Wan, Xianwei Wu, Zhitao Zhang, Liang Hu, Gaochao Xu, and Xilong Che
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3975–3992, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To enhance the efficiency of experiments using SCAM, we train a learning-based surrogate model to facilitate large-scale sensitivity analysis and tuning of combinations of multiple parameters. Employing a hybrid method, we investigate the joint sensitivity of multi-parameter combinations across typical cases, identifying the most sensitive three-parameter combination out of 11. Subsequently, we conduct a tuning process aimed at reducing output errors in these cases.
Yung-Yao Lan, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, and Wan-Ling Tseng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3897–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3897-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3897-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses the CAM5–SIT coupled model to investigate the effects of SST feedback frequency on the MJO simulations with intervals at 30 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 d. The simulations become increasingly unrealistic as the frequency of the SST feedback decreases. Our results suggest that more spontaneous air--sea interaction (e.g., ocean response within 3 d in this study) with high vertical resolution in the ocean model is key to the realistic simulation of the MJO.
Jiwoo Lee, Peter J. Gleckler, Min-Seop Ahn, Ana Ordonez, Paul A. Ullrich, Kenneth R. Sperber, Karl E. Taylor, Yann Y. Planton, Eric Guilyardi, Paul Durack, Celine Bonfils, Mark D. Zelinka, Li-Wei Chao, Bo Dong, Charles Doutriaux, Chengzhu Zhang, Tom Vo, Jason Boutte, Michael F. Wehner, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Daehyun Kim, Zeyu Xue, Andrew T. Wittenberg, and John Krasting
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3919–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3919-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3919-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an open-source software, the PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP), developed for a comprehensive comparison of Earth system models (ESMs) with real-world observations. Using diverse metrics evaluating climatology, variability, and extremes simulated in thousands of simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), PMP aids in benchmarking model improvements across generations. PMP also enables efficient tracking of performance evolutions during ESM developments.
Haoyue Zuo, Yonggang Liu, Gaojun Li, Zhifang Xu, Liang Zhao, Zhengtang Guo, and Yongyun Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3949–3974, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Compared to the silicate weathering fluxes measured at large river basins, the current models tend to systematically overestimate the fluxes over the tropical region, which leads to an overestimation of the global total weathering flux. The most possible cause of such bias is found to be the overestimation of tropical surface erosion, which indicates that the tropical vegetation likely slows down physical erosion significantly. We propose a way of taking this effect into account in models.
Quentin Pikeroen, Didier Paillard, and Karine Watrin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3801–3814, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
All accurate climate models use equations with poorly defined parameters, where knobs for the parameters are turned to fit the observations. This process is called tuning. In this article, we use another paradigm. We use a thermodynamic hypothesis, the maximum entropy production, to compute temperatures, energy fluxes, and precipitation, where tuning is impossible. For now, the 1D vertical model is used for a tropical atmosphere. The correct order of magnitude of precipitation is computed.
Sarah Schöngart, Lukas Gudmundsson, Mathias Hauser, Peter Pfleiderer, Quentin Lejeune, Shruti Nath, Sonia Isabelle Seneviratne, and Carl-Friedrich Schleußner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-278, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-278, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and temperature are two of the most impact-relevant climatic variables. Their joint distribution largely determines the division into climate regimes. Yet, projecting precipitation and temperature data under different emission scenarios relies on complex models that are computationally expensive. In this study, we propose a method that allows to generate monthly means of local precipitation and temperature at low computational costs.
Jishi Zhang, Peter Bogenschutz, Qi Tang, Philip Cameron-smith, and Chengzhu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3687–3731, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a regionally refined climate model that allows resolved convection and performed a 20-year projection to the end of the century. The model has a resolution of 3.25 km in California, which allows us to predict climate with unprecedented accuracy, and a resolution of 100 km for the rest of the globe to achieve efficient, self-consistent simulations. The model produces superior results in reproducing climate patterns over California that typical modern climate models cannot resolve.
Xiaohui Zhong, Xing Yu, and Hao Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3667–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to forecast localized warm-sector rainfall in the south China region, numerical weather prediction models are being run with finer grid spacing. The conventional convection parameterization (CP) performs poorly in the gray zone, necessitating the development of a scale-aware scheme. We propose a machine learning (ML) model to replace the scale-aware CP scheme. Evaluation against the original CP scheme has shown that the ML-based CP scheme can provide accurate and reliable predictions.
Taufiq Hassan, Kai Zhang, Jianfeng Li, Balwinder Singh, Shixuan Zhang, Hailong Wang, and Po-Lun Ma
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3507–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3507-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3507-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic aerosol emissions are an essential part of global aerosol models. Significant errors can exist from the loss of emission heterogeneity. We introduced an emission treatment that significantly improved aerosol emission heterogeneity in high-resolution model simulations, with improvements in simulated aerosol surface concentrations. The emission treatment will provide a more accurate representation of aerosol emissions and their effects on climate.
Feng Zhu, Julien Emile-Geay, Gregory J. Hakim, Dominique Guillot, Deborah Khider, Robert Tardif, and Walter A. Perkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3409–3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate field reconstruction encompasses methods that estimate the evolution of climate in space and time based on natural archives. It is useful to investigate climate variations and validate climate models, but its implementation and use can be difficult for non-experts. This paper introduces a user-friendly Python package called cfr to make these methods more accessible, thanks to the computational and visualization tools that facilitate efficient and reproducible research on past climates.
Rose V. Palermo, J. Taylor Perron, Jason M. Soderblom, Samuel P. D. Birch, Alexander G. Hayes, and Andrew D. Ashton
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3433–3445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Models of rocky coastal erosion help us understand the controls on coastal morphology and evolution. In this paper, we present a simplified model of coastline erosion driven by either uniform erosion where coastline erosion is constant or wave-driven erosion where coastline erosion is a function of the wave power. This model can be used to evaluate how coastline changes reflect climate, sea-level history, material properties, and the relative influence of different erosional processes.
Safae Oumami, Joaquim Arteta, Vincent Guidard, Pierre Tulet, and Paul David Hamer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3385–3408, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we coupled the SURFEX and MEGAN models. The aim of this coupling is to improve the estimation of biogenic fluxes by using the SURFEX canopy environment model. The coupled model results were validated and several sensitivity tests were performed. The coupled-model total annual isoprene flux is 442 Tg; this value is within the range of other isoprene estimates reported. The ultimate aim of this coupling is to predict the impact of climate change on biogenic emissions.
Lars Ackermann, Thomas Rackow, Kai Himstedt, Paul Gierz, Gregor Knorr, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3279–3301, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present long-term simulations with interactive icebergs in the Southern Ocean. By melting, icebergs reduce the temperature and salinity of the surrounding ocean. In our simulations, we find that this cooling effect of iceberg melting is not limited to the surface ocean but also reaches the deep ocean and propagates northward into all ocean basins. Additionally, the formation of deep-water masses in the Southern Ocean is enhanced.
Nanhong Xie, Tijian Wang, Xiaodong Xie, Xu Yue, Filippo Giorgi, Qian Zhang, Danyang Ma, Rong Song, Beiyao Xu, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang, Mengmeng Li, Min Xie, Natalya Andreeva Kilifarska, Georgi Gadzhev, and Reneta Dimitrova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3259–3277, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we coupled a regional climate chemistry model, RegCM-Chem, with a dynamic vegetation model, YIBs, to create a regional climate–chemistry–ecology model, RegCM-Chem–YIBs. We applied it to simulate climatic, chemical, and ecological parameters in East Asia and fully validated it on a variety of observational data. Results show that RegCM-Chem–YIBs model is a valuable tool for studying the terrestrial carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change on a regional scale.
Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Vera Maurer, Stefan Poll, and Irina Fast
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-923, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-923, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The regional Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI version 2.0 including the regional climate model ICON-CLM coupled with the ocean model NEMO and the hydrological discharge model HD via the OASIS3-MCT coupler can be a useful tool for conducting long-term regional climate simulations over the EURO-CORDEX domain. The new OASIS3-MCT coupling interface implemented in the ICON-CLM model makes it more flexible to couple with an external ocean model and an external hydrological discharge model.
Bryce E. Harrop, Jian Lu, L. Ruby Leung, William K. M. Lau, Kyu-Myong Kim, Brian Medeiros, Brian J. Soden, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Bosong Zhang, and Balwinder Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3111–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3111-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3111-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seven new experimental setups designed to interfere with cloud radiative heating have been added to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). These experiments include both those that test the mean impact of cloud radiative heating and those examining its covariance with circulations. This paper documents the code changes and steps needed to run these experiments. Results corroborate prior findings for how cloud radiative heating impacts circulations and rainfall patterns.
Mario C. Acosta, Sergi Palomas, Stella V. Paronuzzi Ticco, Gladys Utrera, Joachim Biercamp, Pierre-Antoine Bretonniere, Reinhard Budich, Miguel Castrillo, Arnaud Caubel, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Italo Epicoco, Uwe Fladrich, Sylvie Joussaume, Alok Kumar Gupta, Bryan Lawrence, Philippe Le Sager, Grenville Lister, Marie-Pierre Moine, Jean-Christophe Rioual, Sophie Valcke, Niki Zadeh, and Venkatramani Balaji
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3081–3098, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a collection of performance metrics gathered during the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), a worldwide initiative to study climate change. We analyse the metrics that resulted from collaboration efforts among many partners and models and describe our findings to demonstrate the utility of our study for the scientific community. The research contributes to understanding climate modelling performance on the current high-performance computing (HPC) architectures.
Sabine Doktorowski, Jan Kretzschmar, Johannes Quaas, Marc Salzmann, and Odran Sourdeval
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3099–3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Especially over the midlatitudes, precipitation is mainly formed via the ice phase. In this study we focus on the initial snow formation process in the ICON-AES, the aggregation process. We use a stochastical approach for the aggregation parameterization and investigate the influence in the ICON-AES. Therefore, a distribution function of cloud ice is created, which is evaluated with satellite data. The new approach leads to cloud ice loss and an improvement in the process rate bias.
Katie R. Blackford, Matthew Kasoar, Chantelle Burton, Eleanor Burke, Iain Colin Prentice, and Apostolos Voulgarakis
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3063–3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands are globally important stores of carbon which are being increasingly threatened by wildfires with knock-on effects on the climate system. Here we introduce a novel peat fire parameterization in the northern high latitudes to the INFERNO global fire model. Representing peat fires increases annual burnt area across the high latitudes, alongside improvements in how we capture year-to-year variation in burning and emissions.
Pengfei Shi, L. Ruby Leung, Bin Wang, Kai Zhang, Samson M. Hagos, and Shixuan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3025–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Improving climate predictions have profound socio-economic impacts. This study introduces a new weakly coupled land data assimilation (WCLDA) system for a coupled climate model. We demonstrate improved simulation of soil moisture and temperature in many global regions and throughout the soil layers. Furthermore, significant improvements are also found in reproducing the time evolution of the 2012 US Midwest drought. The WCLDA system provides the groundwork for future predictability studies.
Justin Peter, Elisabeth Vogel, Wendy Sharples, Ulrike Bende-Michl, Louise Wilson, Pandora Hope, Andrew Dowdy, Greg Kociuba, Sri Srikanthan, Vi Co Duong, Jake Roussis, Vjekoslav Matic, Zaved Khan, Alison Oke, Margot Turner, Stuart Baron-Hay, Fiona Johnson, Raj Mehrotra, Ashish Sharma, Marcus Thatcher, Ali Azarvinand, Steven Thomas, Ghyslaine Boschat, Chantal Donnelly, and Robert Argent
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2755–2781, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the production of datasets and communication to end users of high-resolution projections of rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture for the entire Australian continent. This is important as previous projections for Australia were for small regions and used differing techniques for their projections, making comparisons difficult across Australia's varied climate zones. The data will be beneficial for research purposes and to aid adaptation to climate change.
Daniele Visioni, Alan Robock, Jim Haywood, Matthew Henry, Simone Tilmes, Douglas G. MacMartin, Ben Kravitz, Sarah J. Doherty, John Moore, Chris Lennard, Shingo Watanabe, Helene Muri, Ulrike Niemeier, Olivier Boucher, Abu Syed, Temitope S. Egbebiyi, Roland Séférian, and Ilaria Quaglia
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2583–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new experimental protocol for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). In it, we describe the details of a new simulation of sunlight reflection using the stratospheric aerosols that climate models are supposed to run, and we explain the reasons behind each choice we made when defining the protocol.
Sabin I. Taranu, David M. Lawrence, Yoshihide Wada, Ting Tang, Erik Kluzek, Sam Rabin, Yi Yao, Steven J. De Hertog, Inne Vanderkelen, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-362, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-362, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we improve an existing climate model to account for human water usage across domestic, industrial, and agriculture purposes. With the new capabilities, the model is now better equipped for studying questions related to water scarcity in both present and future conditions under climate change. Despite the advancements, there remains important limitations in our modelling framework which requires further work.
Jose Rafael Guarin, Jonas Jägermeyr, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Fabio A. A. Oliveira, Senthold Asseng, Kenneth Boote, Joshua Elliott, Lisa Emberson, Ian Foster, Gerrit Hoogenboom, David Kelly, Alex C. Ruane, and Katrina Sharps
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2547–2567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of ozone (O3) stress on crop photosynthesis and leaf senescence were added to maize, rice, soybean, and wheat crop models. The modified models reproduced growth and yields under different O3 levels measured in field experiments and reported in the literature. The combined interactions between O3 and additional stresses were reproduced with the new models. These updated crop models can be used to simulate impacts of O3 stress under future climate change and air pollution scenarios.
Cited articles
Allegrini, J. and Carmeliet, J.: Coupled CFD and building energy simulations
for studying the impacts of building height topology and buoyancy on local
urban microclimates, Urban Climate, 21, 278–305,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.07.005, 2017. a, b
Arora, V. K. and Boer, G. J.: A parameterization of leaf phenology for the
terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models, Glob. Change Biol., 11,
39–59, 2005. a
Bastin, J.-F., Clark, E., Elliott, T., Hart, S., van den Hoogen, J., Hordijk,
I., Ma, H., Majumder, S., Manoli, G., Maschler, J., Mo, L., Routh, D., Yu,
K., Zohner, C., and Crowther, T. W.: Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues, PLoS ONE, 14, e0217592, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217592, 2019. a
Berland, A., Shiflett, S. A., Shuster, W. D., Garmestani, A. S., Goddard,
H. C., Herrmann, D. L., and Hopton, M. E.: The role of trees in urban
stormwater management, Landscape Urban Plan., 162, 167–177,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017, 2017. a
Best, M. J. and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Key conclusions of the first international
urban land surface model comparison project, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 96, 805–819, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00122.1, 2015. a, b
Bonan, G. B., Lawrence, D. M., Swenson, S. C., Oleson, K. W., Jung, M.,
Lawrence, P. J., Levis, S., and Reichstein, M.: Improving canopy processes
in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields
empirically inferred from FLUXNET data, J. Geophys. Res.,
116, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001593, 2011. a
Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., and Pullin, A. S.: Urban
greening to cool towns and cities : A systematic review of the empirical
evidence, Landscape Urban Plan., 97, 147–155,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006, 2010. a, b
Broadbent, A. M., Coutts, A. M., Nice, K. A., Demuzere, M., Krayenhoff, E. S., Tapper, N. J., and Wouters, H.: The Air-temperature Response to Green/blue-infrastructure Evaluation Tool (TARGET v1.0): an efficient and user-friendly model of city cooling, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 785–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-785-2019, 2019a. a, b, c
Broadbent, A. M., Coutts, A. M., Tapper, N. J., and Demuzere, M.: The cooling
effect of irrigation on urban microclimate during heatwave conditions, Urban
Climate, 23, 309–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.002, 2018b. a
Bruse, M. and Fleer, H.: Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside
urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model, Environ.
Model. Softw., 13, 373–384, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(98)00042-5,
1998. a, b
Choudhury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 114, 378–398, 1988. a
Chow, W.: Eddy covariance data measured at the CAP LTER flux tower located in
the west Phoenix, AZ neighborhood of Maryvale from 2011-12-16 through
2012-12-31, Environmental Data Initiative,
https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/fed17d67583eda16c439216ca40b0669, 2017. a
Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A.: Physiological and
environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and
transpiration-A model that includes a laminar boundary-layer, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 54, 107–136, 1991. a
Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J. A.: Coupled
photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants,
Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519–538, 1992. a
Collins, D. B. G. and Bras, R. L.: Plant rooting strategies in water-limited
ecosystems, Water Resour. Res., 43, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005541, 2007. a
Dai, Y., Dickinson, R. E., and Wang, Y.-P.: A two-big-leaf model for canopy
temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance, J. Climate,
17, 2281–2299, 2004. a
Deardorff, J. W.: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and
moisture with inclusion of a layer of vegetation, J. Geophys.
Res., 83, 1889–1903, 1978. a
de Munck, C., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., Le Bras, J., and Bonhomme, M.:
Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy
and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change, Urban
Climate, 23, 260–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.01.003, 2018. a
Demuzere, M., Harshan, S., Jaervi, L., Roth, M., Grimmond, C. S. B., Masson,
V., Oleson, K. W., Velasco, E., and Wouters, H.: Impact of urban canopy
models and external parameters on the modelled urban energy balance in a
tropical city, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 1581–1596, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3028, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
de Vries, D. A.: Thermal Properties of Soils, in: Physics of the Plant
Environment, edited by: van Wijk, W., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1963. a
Dickinson, R. E., Henderson-Sellers, A., and Kennedy, P. J.:
Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) version 1E as coupled to the
NCAR Community Climate Model, Tech. Rep. NCAR/TN-387+STR, Natl. Cent.
for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colorado, 1993. a
Farouki, O. T.: The thermal properties of soils in cold regions, Cold Reg.
Sci. Technol., 5, 67–75, 1981. a
Farquhar, G. D., Caemmerer, S. V., and Berry, J. A.: A biochemical model of
photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149,
78–90, 1980. a
Fatichi, S. and Pappas, C.: Constrained variability of modeled T:ET ratio
across biomes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6795–6803,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074041, 2017. a, b
Fatichi, S., Ivanov, V. Y., and Caporali, E.: Simulation of future climate
scenarios with a weather generator, Adv. Water Resour., 34,
448–467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.12.013, 2011. a
Fatichi, S., Ivanov, V. Y., and Caporali, E.: A mechanistic ecohydrological
model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled
environments: 1. Theoretical framework and plot-scale analysis, J.
Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 4, M5002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000086,
2012a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o
Fatichi, S., Ivanov, V. Y., and Caporali, E.: A mechanistic ecohydrological
model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled
environments: 2. Spatiotemporal analyses, J.
Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 4, M5003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000087, 2012b. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m
Frank, A., Heidemann, W., and Spindler, K.: Modeling of the surface-to-surface radiation exchange using a Monte Carlo method, in: J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 745, 032143, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/745/3/032143, 2016. a
Gillner, S., Vogt, J., Tharang, A., Dettmann, S., and Roloff, A.: Role of
street trees in mitigating effects of heat and drought at highly sealed urban
sites, Landscape Urban Plan., 143, 33–42,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.005, 2015. a
Golasi, I., Salata, F., de Lieto Vollaro, E., and Coppi, M.: Complying with the demand of standardization in outdoor thermal comfort: a first approach to the Global Outdoor Comfort Index (GOCI), Buil. Environ., 130, 104–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.021, 2018. a
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., and Briggs, J. M.: Global Change and the Ecology of Cities, Science, 39, 756–760, 2008. a
Grimmond, C. S. B., Blackett, M., Best, M. J., Baik, J., Belcher, S. E.,
Beringer, J., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Calmet, I., Chen, F., Coutts, A., Dandou,
A., Fortuniak, K., Gouvea, M. L., Hamdi, R., Hendry, M., Kanda, M., Kawai,
T., Kawamoto, Y., Kondo, H., Krayenhoff, E. S., Lee, S., Loridan, T.,
Martilli, A., Masson, V., Miao, S., Oleson, K., Ooka, R., Pigeon, G., Porson,
A., Ryu, Y., Salamanca, F., Steeneveld, G. J., and Tombrou, M.: Initial
results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model
comparison, Int. J. Climatol., 272, 244–272,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2227, 2011. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p
Hadley, S. W., Erickson III, D. J., Hernandez, J. L., Broniak, C. T., and
Blasing, T. J.: Responses of energy use to climate change: A climate
modeling study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 2–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026652, 2006. a
Haghighi, E., Shahraeeni, E., Lehmann, P., and Or, D.: Evaporation rates across a convective air boundary layer are dominated by diffusion, Water Resour. Res., 49, 1602–1610, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20166, 2013. a, b
Hillel, D.: Environmental Soil Physics: Fundamentals, Applications, and
Environmental Considerations, Academic Press, London, UK, 1998. a
Holst, C. C., Tam, C.-Y., and Chan, J. C. L.: Sensitivity of urban rainfall to anthropogenic heat flux: A numerical experiment, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 2240–2248, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067628.Received, 2016. a
Höppe, P.: The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment,
Int. J. Biometeorol., 43, 71–75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118, 1999. a
Huang, C.-W., Domec, J.-C., Ward, E. J., Duman, T., Manoli, G., Parolari,
A. J., and Katul, G. G.: The effect of plant water storage on water fluxes
within the coupled soil-plant system, New Phytol., 213, 1093–1106,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14273, 2017. a
Iio, A., Hikosaka, K., Anten, N. P., Nakagawa, Y., and Ito, A.: Global
dependence of field-observed leaf area index in woody species on climate: A
systematic review, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 23, 274–285,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12133, 2014. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2014, Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers, 2014. a
Ivanov, V. Y., Bras, R. L., and Vivoni, E. R.: Vegetation-hydrology dynamics in complex terrain of semiarid areas: 1. A mechanistic approach to modeling
dynamic feedbacks, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03429, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005588,
2008. a, b
Jochner, S., Alves-Eigenheer, M., Menzel, A., and Morellato, L. P. C.: Using
phenology to assess urban heat islands in tropical and temperate regions,
Int. J. Climatol., 33, 3141–3151, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3651,
2013. a
Kattge, J., Knorr, W., Raddatz, T., and Wirth, C.: Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale
terrestrial biosphere models, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 976–991,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01744.x, 2009. a
Kent, C. W., Grimmond, S., and Gatey, D.: Aerodynamic roughness parameters in
cities: Inclusion of vegetation, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 169, 168–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.016, 2017. a
Konarska, J., Holmer, B., Lindberg, F., and Thorsson, S.: Influence of vegetation and building geometry on the spatial variations of air temperature
and cooling rates in a high-latitude city, Int. J.
Climatol., 36, 2379–2395, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4502, 2016. a
Krayenhoff, E. S., Christen, A., Martilli, A., and Oke, T. R.: A Multi-layer
Radiation Model for Urban Neighbourhoods with Trees, Bound.-Lay.
Meteorol., 151, 139–178, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9883-1, 2014. a, b
Krayenhoff, E. S., Santiago, J.-L., Martilli, A., Christen, A., and Oke, T.:
Parametrization of Drag and Turbulence for Urban Neighbourhoods with Trees,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 156, 157–189, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0028-6,
2015. a
Lawrence, D. M., Levis, S., Zeng, X., Flanner, M. G., Bonan, G. B., Oleson,
K. W., Swenson, S. C., Lawrence, D. M., Sakaguchi, K., Slater, A. G., Yang,
Z.-L., Lawrence, P. J., and Thornton, P. E.: Parameterization improvements
and functional and structural advances in Version 4 of the Community Land
Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS00045, 2011. a
Lee, H. S., Matthews, C. J., Braddock, R. D., Sander, G. C., and Gandola, F.: A MATLAB method of lines template for transport equations, Environ.
Model. Softw., 19, 603–614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.08.017, 2004. a
Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., Shashua-Bar, L., Erell, E., and Pearlmutter, D.: Inclusion of vegetation in the Town Energy Balance model for modelling urban green areas, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1377–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1377-2012, 2012. a, b
Leuning, R.: A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal- photosynthesis model for C3 plants, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 357–364, 1995. a
Leuning, R., Kelliher, F. M., Pury, D. G. G., and Schulze, E.-D.: Leaf
nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration: Scaling from leaves
to canopies, Plant, Cell Environ., 18, 1183–1200, 1995. a
Li, D. and Bou-Zeid, E.: Synergistic Interactions between Urban Heat Islands
and Heat Waves : The Impact in Cities Is Larger than the Sum of Its Parts,
J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 52, 2051–2064,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-02.1, 2013. a
Li, D., Bou-Zeid, E., and Oppenheimer, M.: The effectiveness of cool and green roofs as urban heat island mitigation strategies, Environ. Res.
Lett., 9, 055002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/055002, 2014. a
Lim, H. S. and Lu, X. X.: Sustainable urban stormwater management in the
tropics : An evaluation of Singapore's ABC Waters Program, J.
Hydrol., 538, 842–862, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.063, 2016. a, b
Lindberg, F., Holmer, B., and Thorsson, S.: SOLWEIG 1.0 – Modelling spatial
variations of 3D radiant fluxes and mean radiant temperature in complex urban
settings, Int. J. Biometeorol., 52, 697–713,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-008-0162-7, 2008. a, b
Liu, X., Li, X.-x., Harshan, S., Roth, M., and Velasco, E.: Evaluation of an
urban canopy model in a tropical city : the role of tree evapotranspiration, Environ. Res. Letters, 12, 094008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7ee7, 2017. a, b, c, d
Macdonald, R. W., Griffiths, R. F., and Hall, D. J.: An improved method for
the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays, Atmos.
Environ., 32, 1857–1864, 1998. a
Mahat, V., Tarboton, D. G., and Molotch, N. P.: Testing above- and
below-canopy representations of turbulent fluxes in an energy balance
snowmelt model, Water Resour. Res., 49, 1107–1122,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20073, 2013. a, b
Manickathan, L., Defraeye, T., Allegrini, J., Derome, D., and Carmeliet, J.:
Parametric study of the influence of environmental factors and tree
properties on the transpirative cooling effect of trees, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 248, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.014, 2018. a, b
Manoli, G., Ivanov, V. Y., and Fatichi, S.: Dry-Season Greening and Water
Stress in Amazonia: The Role of Modeling Leaf Phenology, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 1909–1926,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004282, 2018. a
Manoli, G., Fatichi, S., Schläpfer, M., Yu, K., Crowther, T. W., Meili,
N., Burlando, P., Katul, G. G., and Bou-Zeid, E.: Magnitude of urban heat
islands largely explained by climate and population, Nature, 573, 55–60,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1512-9, 2019. a
Mascart, P., Noilhan, J., and Giordani, H.: A Modified Parameterization of
Flux-Profile Relationships in the Surface Layer Using Different Roughness
Length Values for Heat and Momentum, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 72,
331–344, 1995. a
Masson, V., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Faroux, S., Alias, A., Alkama, R., Belamari, S., Barbu, A., Boone, A., Bouyssel, F., Brousseau, P., Brun, E., Calvet, J.-C., Carrer, D., Decharme, B., Delire, C., Donier, S., Essaouini, K., Gibelin, A.-L., Giordani, H., Habets, F., Jidane, M., Kerdraon, G., Kourzeneva, E., Lafaysse, M., Lafont, S., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Lemonsu, A., Mahfouf, J.-F., Marguinaud, P., Mokhtari, M., Morin, S., Pigeon, G., Salgado, R., Seity, Y., Taillefer, F., Tanguy, G., Tulet, P., Vincendon, B., Vionnet, V., and Voldoire, A.: The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 929–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-929-2013, 2013. a
Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., and Mayer, H.: Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments – application of the RayMan model, Int. J. Biometeorol., 51, 323–334, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0, 2007. a, b
Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., and Mayer, H.: Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model, Int. J. Biometeorol., 54, 131–139, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0, 2010. a
Meili, N. and Fatichi, S.: Urban Tethys-Chloris (UT&C v1.0) with the
possibility of sub-hourly time steps, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3548147, 2019. a
Middel, A., Chhetri, N., and Quay, R.: Urban forestry and cool roofs:
Assessment of heat mitigation strategies in Phoenix residential
neighborhoods, Urban For. Urban Gree., 14, 178–186,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.010, 2015. a
Mirfenderesgi, G., Bohrer, G., Matheny, A., Fatichi, S., Frasson, R. P. D. M., and Schafer, K. V. R.: Tree-level hydrodynamic approach for modeling
aboveground water storage and stomatal conductance illuminates the effects of
tree hydraulic strategy, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121,
1792–1813, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003467, 2016. a
Mitchell, D., Heaviside, C., Vardoulakis, S., Huntingford, C., Masato, G., P
Guillod, B., Frumhoff, P., Bowery, A., Wallom, D., and Allen, M.:
Attributing human mortality during extreme heat waves to anthropogenic
climate change, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 074006,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074006, 2016. a
Monteith, J. L.: Principles of Environmental Physics, Edward Arnold, London,
1973. a
Mora, C., Dousset, B., Caldwell, I. R., Powell, F. E., Geronimo, R. C.,
Bielecki, C. R., Counsell, C. W. W., Dietrich, B. S., Johnston, E. T., Louis,
L. V., Lucas, M. P., Mckenzie, M. M., Shea, A. G., Tseng, H., Giambelluca,
T. W., Leon, L. R., Hawkins, E., and Trauernicht, C.: Global risk of deadly
heat, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 501–506, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE3322, 2017. a
Ng, K. S. T., Sia, A., Ng, M. K., Tan, C. T., Chan, H. Y., Tan, C. H., Rawtaer, I., Feng, L., Mahendran, R., Larbi, A., Kua, E. H., and Ho, R. C.: Effects of horticultural therapy on asian older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. He.,
15, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081705, 2018. a
Nice, K. A., Coutts, A. M., and Tapper, N. J.: Development of the VTUF-3D v1.0 urban micro-climate model to support assessment of urban vegetation
influences on human thermal comfort, Urban Climate, 24, 1052–1076,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.008, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n
Noilhan, J. and Planton, S.: A simple parameterization of land surface
processes for meteorological models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 536–549,
1989. a
Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E.: Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA, Environ. Pollut., 116, 381–389, 2002. a
Núnez, C. M., Varas, E. A., and Meza, F. J.: Modelling soil heat flux,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 100, 251–260,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0185-y, 2010. a
Oleson, K. W., Lawrence, D. M., Bonan, G. B., Drewniak, B., Huang, M., Kowen, C. D., Levis, S., Li, F., Riley, W. J., Subin, Z. M., Swenson, S. C., and Thornton, P. E.: Technical Description of version 4.5 of the Community Land
Model (CLM), Tech. Rep. NCAR/TN-503+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res.,
Boulder, Colorado, 2013. a
Park, S.-U. and Lee, S.-H.: A Vegetated Urban Canopy Model for Meteorological and Environmental Modelling, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 73–102, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9221-6, 2008. a, b, c
Paschalis, A., Fatichi, S., Pappas, C., and Or, D.: Covariation of vegetation and climate constrains present and future T/ET variability, Environ. Res. Lett, 13, 104012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae267, 2018. a
Pataki, D. E., Carreiro, M. M., Cherrier, J., Grulke, N. E., Jennings, V.,
Pincetl, S., Pouyat, R. V., Whitlow, T. H., and Zipperer, W. C.: Coupling
biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: Ecosystem services, green
solutions, and misconceptions, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9,
27–36, https://doi.org/10.1890/090220, 2011. a
Ramamurthy, P. and Bou-Zeid, E.: Contribution of impervious surfaces to urban evaporation, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2889–2902,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04897.x, 2014. a
Ramamurthy, P., Bou-Zeid, E., Smith, J. A., Wang, Z., Baeck, M. L., Saliendra, N. Z., Hom, J. L., and Welty, C.: Influence of subfacet heterogeneity and material properties on the urban surface energy budget, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 53, 2114–2129, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0286.1,
2014. a
Redon, E. C., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., Morille, B., and Musy, M.: Implementation of street trees within the solar radiative exchange parameterization of TEB in SURFEX v8.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 385–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-385-2017, 2017. a, b
Roth, M.: Review of urban climate research in (sub)tropical regions,
Int. J. Climate, 27, 1859–1873, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc, 2007. a
Rowley, F. B. and Eckley, W. A.: Surface coefficients as affected by wind
direction, ASHREA Trans., 39, 33–46, 1932. a
Rowley, F. B., Algren, A. B., and Blackshaw, J.: Surface conductance as
affected by air velocity, temperature and character of surface, ASHREA
Trans., 36, 429–446, 1930. a
Rutter, A. J., Morton, A. J., and Robins, P. C.: A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. 2. Generalization of model and comparison with
observations in some coniferous and hardwood stands, J. Appl.
Ecol., 12, 367–380, 1975. a
Sailor, D. J. and Lu, L.: A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and
seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas, Atmos.
Environ., 38, 2737–2748, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.034, 2004. a
Sailor, D. J., Georgescu, M., Milne, J. M., and Hart, M. A.: Development of a national anthropogenic heating database with an extrapolation for international cities, Atmos. Environ., 118, 7–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.016, 2015. a
Salmond, J. A., Tadaki, M., Vardoulakis, S., Arbuthnott, K., Coutts, A.,
Demuzere, M., Dirks, K. N., Heaviside, C., Lim, S., Macintyre, H., Mcinnes,
R. N., and Wheeler, B. W.: Health and climate related ecosystem services
provided by street trees in the urban environment, Environ. Health, 15, S36,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6, 2016. a
Saxton, K. E. and Rawls, W. J.: Soil Water Characteristic Estimates by Texture and Organic Matter for Hydrologic Solutions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1569–1578, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0117, 2006. a
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: The global biogeography of roots, Ecol.
Monogr., 72, 311–328, 2002. a
Sellers, P. J., Dickinson, R. E., Randall, D. A., Betts, A. K., Hall, F. G.,
Berry, J. A., Collatz, G. J., Denning, A. S., Mooney, H. A., Nobre, C. A.,
Sato, N., Field, C. B., and Henderson-Sellers, A.: Modeling the Exchanges of
Energy, Water and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere, Science, 275,
502–509, 1997. a
Shuttleworth, W. J.: Terrestrial hydrometeorology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. a
Shuttleworth, W. J. and Gurney, R. J.: The theoretical relationship between
foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crops, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 497–519, 1990. a
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda,
M. G., Huang, X.-y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the
Advanced Research WRF Version 3, NCAR Tech Note, 488–494,
https://doi.org/10.5065/D6DZ069T, 2008. a
Stavropulos-Laffaille, X., Chancibault, K., Brun, J.-M., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., Boone, A., and Andrieu, H.: Improvements to the hydrological processes of the Town Energy Balance model (TEB-Veg, SURFEX v7.3) for urban modelling and impact assessment, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4175–4194, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4175-2018, 2018. a, b
Stewart, I. D. and Oke, T. R.: Local climate zones for urban temperature
studies, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1879–1900, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1,
2012. a, b, c
Templeton, N. P., Vivoni, E. R., Wang, Z. H., and Schreiner-McGraw, A. P.:
Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes Over Different Urban Land Covers in
Phoenix, Arizona, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123,
2111–2128, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027845, 2018. a
United Nations: World Urbanization Prospects, 2014. a
van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic
conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,
44, 892–898, 1980. a
Volo, T. J., Vivoni, E. R., Martin, C. A., Earl, S., and Ruddell, B. L.:
Modelling soil moisture, water partitioning, and plant water stress under
irrigated conditions in desert Urban areas, Ecohydrology, 7, 1297–1313,
https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1457, 2014. a
Wang, C., Wang, Z.-H., and Yang, J.: Cooling Effect of Urban Trees on the
Built Environment of Contiguous United States, Earth's Future,
1066–1081, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000891, 2018. a
Wang, C., Wang, Z.-H., and Yang, J.: Urban water capacity: Irrigation for heat mitigation, Comput. Environ. Urban, 78, 101397,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101397, 2019. a
Wang, Y.-P. and Leuning, R.: A two-leaf model for canopy conductance,
photosynthesis and portioning of available energy I: Model description
and comparison with a multi-layered model, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 91, 89–111, 1998. a
Wang, Z.-H.: Geometric effect of radiative heat exchange in concave structure with application to heating of steel I-sections in fire, Int. J. Heat Mass. Tran., 53, 997–1003,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.11.013, 2010. a
Wang, Z.-F.: Monte Carlo simulations of radiative heat exchange in a street
canyon with trees, Solar Energy, 110, 704–713,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.10.012, 2014. a, b, c
Wang, Z.-H., Bou-Zeid, E., and Smith, J. A.: A Spatially-Analytical Scheme for Surface Temperatures and Conductive Heat Fluxes in Urban Canopy Models,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 138, 171–193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9552-6,
2011. a
Ward, H. C., Kotthaus, S., Järvi, L., and Grimmond, C. S.: Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS): Development and evaluation at two UK sites, Urban Climate, 18, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.05.001, 2016. a, b, c
Willmott, C. J.: Some Comments on the Evaluation of Model Performance,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 63, 1309–1313, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1982)063<1309:SCOTEO>2.0.CO;2, 1982. a
Wouters, H., Demuzere, M., Ridder, K. D., and Van Lipzig, N. P.: The impact of impervious water-storage parametrization on urban climate modelling, Urban Climate, 11, 24–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.11.005, 2015. a, b, c
Wouters, H., Demuzere, M., Blahak, U., Fortuniak, K., Maiheu, B., Camps, J., Tielemans, D., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: The efficient urban canopy dependency parametrization (SURY) v1.0 for atmospheric modelling: description and application with the COSMO-CLM model for a Belgian summer, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3027–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3027-2016, 2016. a
Wullschleger, S. D.: Biochemical Limitations to Carbon Assimilation in C3
Plants—A Retrospective Analysis of the A/C i Curves from 109 Species,
J. Exp. Bot., 44, 907–920, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/44.5.907,
1993. a
Yang, J. and Wang, Z. H.: Planning for a sustainable desert city: The
potential water buffering capacity of urban green infrastructure, Landscape Urban Plan., 167, 339–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.07.014, 2017. a
Zhang, X., Friedl, M. A., Schaaf, C. B., Strahler, A. H., and Schneider, A.:
The footprint of urban climates on vegetation phenology, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 31, 10–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020137, 2004. a
Zhou, S., Duursma, R. A., Medlyn, B. E., Kelly, J. W., and Prentice, I. C.:
How should we model plant responses to drought? An analysis of stomatal and
non-stomatal responses to water stress, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
182–183, 204–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.05.009, 2013. a
Ziegler, A. D., Terry, J. P., Oliver, G. J., Friess, D. A., Chuah, C. J., Chow, W. T., and Wasson, R. J.: Increasing Singapore's resilience to drought,
Hydrol. Proc., 28, 4543–4548, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10212, 2014. a
Short summary
We developed a novel urban ecohydrological model (UT&C v1.0) that is able to account for the effects of different plant types on the urban climate and hydrology, as well as the effects of the urban environment on plant well-being and performance. UT&C performs well when compared against energy flux measurements in three cities in different climates (Singapore, Melbourne, Phoenix) and can be used to assess urban climate mitigation strategies that aim at increasing or changing urban green cover.
We developed a novel urban ecohydrological model (UT&C v1.0) that is able to account for the...