Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-547-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-547-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Accounting for anthropic energy flux of traffic in winter urban road surface temperature simulations with the TEB model
A. Khalifa
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
IFSTTAR, Centre de Nantes, route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais CEDEX, France
Cerema – DTer Est – LR Nancy, 71 rue de la grande haie, 54510 Tomblaine, France
Université de Lorraine, UMR 7359-GeoRessources CNRS/UL/CREGU, ENSG, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
M. Marchetti
Cerema – DTer Est – LR Nancy, 71 rue de la grande haie, 54510 Tomblaine, France
L. Bouilloud
Météo France, Direction de la Production, 42 avenue G. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse CEDEX, France
E. Martin
CNRM-GAME (Météo-France, CNRS), Météo France, 42 avenue G. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse CEDEX, France
M. Bues
Université de Lorraine, UMR 7359-GeoRessources CNRS/UL/CREGU, ENSG, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
K. Chancibaut
IFSTTAR, Centre de Nantes, route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais CEDEX, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, Ludovic Bouilloud, Laura Pavan, and Virve Karsisto
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1039, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow-covered or icy roads increase the risk of accidents for drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists. To avoid these slippery conditions, road winter maintenance must plan their operations in advance using weather forecasts. We improved the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban climate model to simulate the dangerous road slippery conditions in cities or in remote areas. Evaluations showed that the results are promising for using TEB to inform road winter maintenance decisions.
Nathalie Folton, Eric Martin, Patrick Arnaud, Pierre L'Hermite, and Mathieu Tolsa
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2699–2714, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2699-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2699-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The long-term study of precipitation, flows, flood or drought mechanisms, in the Réal Collobrier research Watershed, located in South-East France, in the Mediterranean forest, improves knowledge of the water cycle and is unique tool for understanding of how catchments function. This study shows a small decrease in rainfall and a marked tendency towards a decrease in the water resources of the catchment in response to climate trends, with a consistent increase in drought severity and duration.
Xenia Stavropulos-Laffaille, Katia Chancibault, Jean-Marc Brun, Aude Lemonsu, Valéry Masson, Aaron Boone, and Hervé Andrieu
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4175–4194, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4175-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4175-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Integrating vegetation in urban planning is promoted to counter steer potential impacts of climate and demographic changes. Assessing the multiple benefits of such strategies on the urban microclimate requires a detailed coupling of both the water and energy transfers in numerical tools. In this respect, the representation of water-related processes in the urban subsoil of the existing model TEB-Veg has been improved. The new model thus allows a better evaluation of urban adaptation strategies.
Adrien Napoly, Aaron Boone, Patrick Samuelsson, Stefan Gollvik, Eric Martin, Roland Seferian, Dominique Carrer, Bertrand Decharme, and Lionel Jarlan
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1621–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1621-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1621-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is the second part of a new parameterization for canopy representation that has been developed in the Interactions between the Surface Biosphere Atmosphere model (ISBA). A module for the explicit representation of the litter bellow forest canopies has been added. Then, the first evaluation of these new developments is performed at local scale among three well-instrumented sites and then at the global scale using the FLUXNET network.
S. Garrigues, A. Olioso, D. Carrer, B. Decharme, J.-C. Calvet, E. Martin, S. Moulin, and O. Marloie
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3033–3053, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3033-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3033-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the impacts of uncertainties in the climate, the vegetation dynamic, the soil properties and the cropland management on the simulation of evapotranspiration from the ISBA-A-gs land surface model over a 12-year Mediterranean crop succession. It mainly shows that errors in the soil parameters and the lack of irrigation in the simulation have the largest influence on evapotranspiration compared to the uncertainties in the climate and the vegetation dynamic.
S. Garrigues, A. Olioso, J. C. Calvet, E. Martin, S. Lafont, S. Moulin, A. Chanzy, O. Marloie, S. Buis, V. Desfonds, N. Bertrand, and D. Renard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3109–3131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3109-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3109-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface model simulations of evapotranspiration are assessed over a 12-year Mediterranean crop succession. Evapotranspiration mainly results from soil evaporation when it is simulated over a Mediterranean crop succession. This leads to a high sensitivity to the soil parameters. Errors on soil hydraulic properties can lead to a large bias in cumulative evapotranspiration over a long period of time. Accounting for uncertainties in soil properties is essential for land surface modelling.
F. Habets, E. Philippe, E. Martin, C. H. David, and F. Leseur
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4207–4222, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4207-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4207-2014, 2014
V. Vionnet, E. Martin, V. Masson, G. Guyomarc'h, F. Naaim-Bouvet, A. Prokop, Y. Durand, and C. Lac
The Cryosphere, 8, 395–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-395-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-395-2014, 2014
V. Masson, P. Le Moigne, E. Martin, S. Faroux, A. Alias, R. Alkama, S. Belamari, A. Barbu, A. Boone, F. Bouyssel, P. Brousseau, E. Brun, J.-C. Calvet, D. Carrer, B. Decharme, C. Delire, S. Donier, K. Essaouini, A.-L. Gibelin, H. Giordani, F. Habets, M. Jidane, G. Kerdraon, E. Kourzeneva, M. Lafaysse, S. Lafont, C. Lebeaupin Brossier, A. Lemonsu, J.-F. Mahfouf, P. Marguinaud, M. Mokhtari, S. Morin, G. Pigeon, R. Salgado, Y. Seity, F. Taillefer, G. Tanguy, P. Tulet, B. Vincendon, V. Vionnet, and A. Voldoire
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 929–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-929-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-929-2013, 2013
S. Faroux, A. T. Kaptué Tchuenté, J.-L. Roujean, V. Masson, E. Martin, and P. Le Moigne
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 563–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-563-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-563-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Solar-terrestrial science
Physics-motivated cell-octree adaptive mesh refinement in the Vlasiator 5.3 global hybrid-Vlasov code
New routine NLTE15µmCool-E v1.0 for calculating the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) CO2 15 µm cooling in general circulation models (GCMs) of Earth's atmosphere
Daily INSOLation (DINSOL-v1.0): an intuitive tool for classrooms and specifying solar radiation boundary conditions
SSolar-GOA v1.0: a simple, fast, and accurate Spectral SOLAR radiative transfer model for clear skies
Application of CCM SOCOL-AERv2-BE to cosmogenic beryllium isotopes: description and validation for polar regions
UBER v1.0: a universal kinetic equation solver for radiation belts
Azimuthal averaging–reconstruction filtering techniques for finite-difference general circulation models in spherical geometry
Improved forecasting of thermospheric densities using multi-model ensembles
Calculations of the integral invariant coordinates I and L* in the magnetosphere and mapping of the regions where I is conserved, using a particle tracer (ptr3D v2.0), LANL*, SPENVIS, and IRBEM
A simple parameterization of the short-wave aerosol optical properties for surface direct and diffuse irradiances assessment in a numerical weather model
Verification of SpacePy's radial diffusion radiation belt model
LANL*V2.0: global modeling and validation
Leo Kotipalo, Markus Battarbee, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6401–6413, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines a method called adaptive mesh refinement in optimization of the space plasma simulation model Vlasiator. The method locally adjusts resolution in regions which are most relevant to modelling, based on the properties of the plasma. The runs testing this method show that adaptive refinement manages to highlight the desired regions with manageable performance overhead. Performance in larger-scale production runs and mitigation of overhead are avenues of further research.
Alexander Kutepov and Artem Feofilov
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5331–5347, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Infrared CO2 cooling of the middle and upper atmosphere is increasing. We developed a new routine for very fast and accurate calculations of this cooling in general circulation models. The new algorithm accounts for non-local thermodynamic equilibrium and is about 1000 times faster than the standard matrix algorithms. It is based on advanced techniques for non-equilibrium emission calculations in stellar atmospheres, which so far have not been used in Earth’s and planetary atmospheres.
Emerson D. Oliveira
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2371–2390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the Milankovitch cycle theory, the Daily INSOLation (DINSOL-v1.0) program simulates the incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, such as the PMIP boundary conditions. Still, users can simulate hypothetical cases by freely setting the Earth's orbital parameters. The program is recommended for educational purposes (from a user-friendly interface) or to prepare data for simplified climate models (from command lines). The program is supported on Linux and Windows.
Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, Juan Carlos Antuña-Sanchez, and Ángel Máximo de Frutos
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1689–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes the features of a simple, fast, accurate, and physically based spectral radiative transfer model (SSolar-GOA) in the solar wavelength range under clear skies. The model is intended for a wide community of users for many different applications, was designed to be easily replicated, and has sufficient accuracy. The validation of the model was carried out through extensive comparison with simulated spectra from the LibRadtran and with direct and global spectral measurements.
Kseniia Golubenko, Eugene Rozanov, Gennady Kovaltsov, Ari-Pekka Leppänen, Timofei Sukhodolov, and Ilya Usoskin
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7605–7620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new full 3-D time-dependent model, based on SOCOL-AERv2, of beryllium atmospheric production, transport, and deposition has been developed and validated using directly measured data. The model is recommended to be used in studies related to, e.g., atmospheric dynamical patterns, extreme solar particle storms, long-term solar activity reconstruction from cosmogenic proxy data, and solar–terrestrial relations.
Liheng Zheng, Lunjin Chen, Anthony A. Chan, Peng Wang, Zhiyang Xia, and Xu Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5825–5842, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5825-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5825-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Earth’s Van Allen belts are studied by solving particular kinds of equations that could be notoriously difficult when different physical processes are acting together. In this article, we describe a numerical code that can solve these equations with unprecedented freedom from the numerous restrictions of existing models, even the ones that no other can solve. The abilities of our code could mean a breakthrough in Van Allen belt studies from the diffusive into the non-diffusive transport regime.
Tong Dang, Binzheng Zhang, Jiuhou Lei, Wenbin Wang, Alan Burns, Han-li Liu, Kevin Pham, and Kareem A. Sorathia
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 859–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a numerical treatment (ring average) to relax the time step in finite-difference schemes when using spherical and cylindrical coordinates with axis singularities. The ring average is used to develop a high-resolution thermosphere–ionosphere coupled community model. The technique is a significant improvement in space weather modeling capability, and it can also be adapted to more general finite-difference solvers for hyperbolic equations in spherical and polar geometries.
Sean Elvidge, Humberto C. Godinez, and Matthew J. Angling
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2279–2292, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2279-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2279-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first known application of multi-model ensembles to the forecasting of the thermosphere. A multi-model ensemble (MME) is a method for combining different, independent models. The main advantage of using an MME is to reduce the effect of model errors and bias, since it is expected that the model errors will, at least partly, cancel. This paper shows that use of MMEs for forecasting thermospheric densities can reduce errors by 60 %.
K. Konstantinidis and T. Sarris
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2967–2975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2967-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2967-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The 2nd & 3rd adiabatic invariants (in particular their proxies I & L*) are commonly used to characterize charged particle motion in a magnetic field. However care should be taken when calculating them, as the assumption of their conservation is not valid everywhere in the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this paper we compare calculations of I and L* using LANLstar, SPENVIS, IRBEM and a 3D particle tracer, and we map the areas in the Earth’s magnetosphere where I & L* can be assumed to be conserved.
J. A. Ruiz-Arias, J. Dudhia, and C. A. Gueymard
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1159–1174, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1159-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1159-2014, 2014
D. T. Welling, J. Koller, and E. Camporeale
Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 277–287, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-277-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-277-2012, 2012
J. Koller and S. Zaharia
Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 669–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-669-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-669-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Borgen, J., Gustavsson, T., and Londquist, S.: A description of a local
climatological model used to predict temperature variation along stretches of
road, Meteorol. Mag., 121, 157–165, 1992.
Bouilloud, L. and Martin, E.: A coupled model to simulate snow behavior on
roads, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 45, 500–516,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2350.1, 2006.
Bouilloud, L., Martin, E., Habets, F., Boone, A., Moigne, P. L., Livet, J.,
Marchetti, M., Foidart, A., Franchistéguy, L., Morel, S., Noilhan, J., and
Pettré, P.: Road surface condition forecasting in france, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Clim., 48, 2513–2527, 2010.
Brown, B. G. and Murphy, A. H.: Improving forecasting performance by combining
forecasts: the example of road surface temperature forecasts, Meteor. Appl.,
3, 257–265, 1996.
Browne, A. L., Wicker, D., and Segalman, D.: A general model for power loss in
pneumatic tires, GM Research Laboratories, Engineering Mechanics Department,
GMR-4005, 1980.
Chapman, L., Thornes, J. E., and Bradley, A. V.: Modeling of road surface
temperatures from a geographical parameter database. Part 1, Statistical,
Meteor. Appl., 8, 409–419, 2001.
Colombert, M.: Contribution to the analysis of the various means to take into
account urban climate in urban planning, PhD thesis, Engineering Science,
University of Paris-Est, France, 2008.
Crevier, L. P. and Delage, Y.: METRo: A new model for road-condition
forecasting in Canada, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 2026–2037, 2001.
Farmer, S. F. and Tonkinson, P. J.: Road surface temperature model verification
using input data from airfields, roadside sites and the meso-scale model, UK
Meteorological Office, Exeter, UK, 1989.
Fujimoto, A., Watanabe, H., and Fukuhara, T.: Effects of tire frictional heat
on snow covered road surface, in: Proceedings of the 13th SIRWEC Conference,
6 pp., Torino, Italy, available at:
http://www.sirwec.org/Papers/torino/17.pdf (last access: 7 February 2016), 2006.
Fujimoto, A., Watanabe, H., and Fukuhara, T.: Modeling of vehicle heats and its
influence on surface temperature of dry road, J. Jpn. Soc. Civil. Eng., 63,
202–2013, 2007.
Fujimoto, A., Watanabe, H., and Fukuhara, T.: Effects of vehicle heat on road
surface temperature of dry condition, in: Proceedings of the 14th Standing
International Road Weather Conference, Standing International Road Weather
Commission, ID05, Prague, Czech Republic, available at:
http://www.sirwec.org/Papers/prague/ 5.pdf (last access: 7 February 2016), 2008.
Fujimoto, A., Saida, A., Fukuhara, T., and Futagami, T.: Heat transfer analysis
on road surface temperature near a traffic light, in: Proceedings of the 17th
ITS World Congress, T_AP01138, Busan, South Korea, Intelligent
Transportation Society, 2010.
Fujimoto, A., Watanabe, H., and Fukuhara, T.: A New Approach to Modeling
Vehicle-Induced Heat and Its Thermal Effects on Road Surface Temperature, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 1980–1993, 2012.
Guibet, J. C.: Carburants liquides, in: Techniques de l'ingénieur, BE 8545,
Techniques de l'ingénieur, 1998.
Gustavsson, T. and Bogren, J.: Infrared thermography in applied road
climatological studies, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 1311–1328, 1991.
Gustavsson, T., Bogren, J., and Greeb, C.: Road climate in cities: a study of
Stockholm area, south-east Sweden, Meteorol. Appl., 8, 481–490, 2001.
Ichinose, T., Shimodozono, K., and Hanaki, K.: Impact of anthropogenic heat on
urban climate in Tokyo, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3897–3909, 1999.
Ishikawa, N., Narita, H., and Kajiya, H.: Contribution of heat from traffic
vehicle to snow melting on roads, Transp. Res. Rec., 1672, 28–33, 1999.
Jacobs, W. and Raatz, W. E.: Forecasting road surface temperature for specific
site characteristics using an energy balance model, in: Proceeding of the 8th
SIRWEC Conference, 17–19 April, 10 pp., Birmingham, UK, 1996.
Khalifa, A., Marchetti, M., and Buès, M.: Appreciation of the traffic effects
on the RST by infrared thermography, in: Proceeding of the SPIE 9223, Remote
Sensing System Engineering V, 2014.
Klysik, K.: Spatial and seasonal distribution of anthropogenic heat emissions
in Lodz Poland, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3397–3404, 1996.
Lemonsu, A., Bélair, S., Mailhot, J., Benjamin, M., Morneau, G., Harvey, B.,
Chagnon, F., Jean, M., and Voogt, J.: Overview and First Results of the
Montreal Urban Snow Experiment 2005, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 59–75,
2008.
Lemonsu, A., Bélair, S., Mailhot, J., and Leroyer, S.: Evaluation of the Town
Energy Balance Model in Cold and Snowy Conditions during the Montreal Urban
Snow Experiment 2005, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 49, 346–362, 2010.
Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., Shashua-Bar, L., Erell, E., and Pearlmutter, D.:
Inclusion of vegetation in the Town Energy Balance model for modelling urban
green areas, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1377–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1377-2012,
2012.
Leroyer, S., Mailhot, J., Bélair, S., Lemonsu, A., and Strachan, I. B.:
Modeling the Surface Energy Budget during the Thawing Period of the 2006
Montreal Urban Snow Experiment, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 49, 68–84, 2010.
Masson, V.: A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in
atmospheric models, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 94, 357–397, 2000.
Masson, V., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Faroux, S., Alias, A., Alkama, R.,
Belamari, S., Barbu, A., Boone, A., Bouyssel, F., Brousseau, P., Brun, E.,
Calvet, J.-C., Carrer, D., Decharme, B., Delire, C., Donier, S., Essaouini,
K., Gibelin, A.-L., Giordani, H., Habets, F., Jidane, M., Kerdraon, G.,
Kourzeneva, E., Lafaysse, M., Lafont, S., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Lemonsu,
A., Mahfouf, J.-F., Marguinaud, P., Mokhtari, M., Morin, S., Pigeon, G.,
Salgado, R., Seity, Y., Taillefer, F., Tanguy, G., Tulet, P., Vincendon, B.,
Vionnet, V., and Voldoire, A.: The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform
for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes,
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 929–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-929-2013, 2013.
Parmenter, B. S. and Thornes, J. E.: The use of a computer model to predict the
formation of ice on road surfaces, Transport and Road Research Laboratory,
Research Report, 71, 1–19, 1986.
Paumier, J. and Arnal, M.: Expérimentation Préviroute sur l'autoroute
A75
dans le Cantal, Revue générale des routes et des aérodromes, 758, 44–51,
1998.
Pigeon, G., Legain, D., Durand, P., and Masson, V.: Anthropogenic heat release
in an old European agglomeration (Toulouse, France), Int. J. Climatol., 27,
1969–1981, 2007.
Pigeon, G., Moscicki, M. A., Voogt, J. A., and Masson, V.: Simulation of fall
and winter surface energy balance over a dense urban area using the TEB
scheme, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 102, 159–171, 2008.
Prusa, J. M., Segal, M., Temeyer, B. R., Gallus, W. A., and Takle, E. S.:
Conceptual and scaling evaluation of vehicle traffic thermal effects on
snow/ice-covered roads, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 1225–1240, 2002.
Raatz, W. and Niebrügge, L.: Road weather forecats for a winter road
maintenance information center, in: Proc. 11th SIRWEC, Sapporo, Japan, 2002.
Rayer, P. J.: The Meteorological Office forecast road surface temperature
model, Meteor Mag., 116, 180–191, 1987.
Saas, B.: A numerical model for prediction of road surface temperature and ice,
J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1499–1506, 1992.
Sailor, D. J. and Lu, L.: A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and
seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas, Atmos.
Environ., 38, 2737–2748, 2737–2748, 2004.
Sass, B. H.: A numerical forecasting system for the prediction of slippery
roads, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 801–817, 1997.
Sato, T., Kosugi, K., Abe, O., Mochizuki, S., and Koseki, S.: Wind and air
temperature distribution in the wake of a running vehicle, in: Proceeding of
the 12th SIRWEC Conference, 7 pp., Bingen, Germany, available at:
http://www.sirwec.org/Papers/bingen/6.pdf (last access: 7 February 2016), 2004.
Shao, J. and Lister, P. J.: The prediction of road surface state and simulation
of the shading effect, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 73, 411–419, 1995.
Shao, J. and Lister, P. J.: An automated now casting model of road surface
temperature and state for winter road maintenance, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35,
1352–1361, 1996.
Sundvor, B. R. D. I.: NORTRIP Model development and documentation: Non-exhaust
Road Trafic Induced Particle, scientific report, Norwegian Institute for Air
Research, 2012.
Surgue, J. G., Thornes, J. E., and Osborne, R. D.: Thermal mapping of road
surface temperatures, Phys. Technol., 13, 212–213, 1983.
Takahashi, N., Asano, M., and Ishikawa, M.: Developing a method to predict road
surface icing conditions applying a heat balance method, in: Proceeding of
Cold Region Technology Conference, 201–208, 2005.
Takle, E. S.: Bridge and roadway frost occurrence and prediction by use of an
expert system, J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 727–734, 1990.
Short summary
An experimental study was conducted to quantify the anthropic energy flux of traffic impact on RST in the winter season. It indicated an RST increase by 1 °C to 3 °C with respect to the absence of traffic. Additional work was undertaken so as to evaluate to which extent an accurate description of traffic might improve the TEB numerical model when dedicated to RST simulations. Two approaches to traffic integration in this model were detailed and tested.
An experimental study was conducted to quantify the anthropic energy flux of traffic impact on...
Special issue