Articles | Volume 18, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5575-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5575-2025
Model description paper
 | 
04 Sep 2025
Model description paper |  | 04 Sep 2025

Huge ensembles – Part 1: Design of ensemble weather forecasts using spherical Fourier neural operators

Ankur Mahesh, William D. Collins, Boris Bonev, Noah Brenowitz, Yair Cohen, Joshua Elms, Peter Harrington, Karthik Kashinath, Thorsten Kurth, Joshua North, Travis O'Brien, Michael Pritchard, David Pruitt, Mark Risser, Shashank Subramanian, and Jared Willard

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Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • CEC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2420', Juan Antonio Añel, 29 Oct 2024
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2420', Peter Düben, 02 Nov 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2420', Anonymous Referee #2, 18 Jan 2025
  • AC1: 'Response to CEC1 Comment', Ankur Mahesh, 19 Jan 2025
  • AC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2420', Ankur Mahesh, 18 Feb 2025
  • AC3: ''Changes to uploaded manuscript in response to reviewer comments', Ankur Mahesh, 03 Apr 2025

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Ankur Mahesh on behalf of the Authors (03 Apr 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (08 Apr 2025) by Po-Lun Ma
RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (24 Apr 2025)
RR by Peter Düben (25 Apr 2025)
ED: Publish as is (06 May 2025) by Po-Lun Ma
AR by Ankur Mahesh on behalf of the Authors (01 Jun 2025)  Manuscript 
Short summary
Simulating extreme weather events in a warming world is a challenging task for current weather and climate models. These models' computational cost poses a challenge in studying low-probability extreme weather. We use machine learning to construct a new probabilistic system. We give an in-depth explanation of how we constructed this system. We present a thorough pipeline to validate our method. Our method requires fewer computational resources than existing weather and climate models.
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