Articles | Volume 18, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
30 Jan 2025
Development and technical paper |
| 30 Jan 2025
| 30 Jan 2025
Exploring a high-level programming model for the NWP domain using ECMWF microphysics schemes
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Christian Kühnlein
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Bonn, Germany
Christoph Schär
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Linda Schlemmer
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany
Thomas C. Schulthess
Institute for Theoretical Physics (ITP), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), Lugano, Switzerland
Michael Staneker
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Bonn, Germany
Heini Wernli
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Nora Zilibotti, Heini Wernli, and Sebastian Schemm
Weather Clim. Dynam., 7, 201–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-201-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-201-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the relationship between jet strength and storm track activity in the North Pacific and North Atlantic with a new approach that does not rely on monthly averaging. We find a consistent behaviour in the two basins, with two distinct relationships on seasonal and sub-monthly timescales emerging. This work underlines the importance of separating different timescales of variability to understand the interplay of jet characteristics and storm track activity.
Xavier Lapillonne, Daniel Hupp, Fabian Gessler, André Walser, Andreas Pauling, Annika Lauber, Benjamin Cumming, Carlos Osuna, Christoph Müller, Claire Merker, Daniel Leuenberger, David Leutwyler, Dmitry Alexeev, Gabriel Vollenweider, Guillaume Van Parys, Jonas Jucker, Lukas Jansing, Marco Arpagaus, Marco Induni, Marek Jacob, Matthias Kraushaar, Michael Jähn, Mikael Stellio, Oliver Fuhrer, Petra Baumann, Philippe Steiner, Pirmin Kaufmann, Remo Dietlicher, Ralf Müller, Sergey Kosukhin, Thomas C. Schulthess, Ulrich Schättler, Victoria Cherkas, and William Sawyer
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 755–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-755-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-755-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The ICON climate and numerical weather prediction model was fully ported to Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) using OpenACC compiler directives, covering all components required for operational weather prediction. The GPU port together with several performance optimizations led to a speed-up of 5.6× when comparing to traditional Central Processing Units (CPUs) . Thanks to this adaptation effort, MeteoSwiss became the first national weather service to run the ICON model operationally on GPUs.
Anurag Dipankar, Mauro Bianco, Mona Bukenberger, Till Ehrengruber, Nicoletta Farabullini, Oliver Fuhrer, Abishek Gopal, Daniel Hupp, Andreas Jocksch, Samuel Kellerhals, Clarissa A. Kroll, Xavier Lapillonne, Matthieu Leclair, Magdalena Luz, Christoph Müller, Chia Rui Ong, Carlos Osuna, Praveen Pothapakula, Andreas Prein, Matthias Röthlin, William Sawyer, Christoph Schär, Sebastian Schemm, Giacomo Serafini, Hannes Vogt, Ben Weber, Robert C. Jnglin Wills, Nicolas Gruber, and Thomas C. Schulthess
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 713–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-713-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-713-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are becoming more detailed and accurate by simulating weather at scales of just a few kilometers. Simulating at km-scale is computationally demanding requiring powerful supercomputers and efficient code. This work presents a refactored dynamical core of a state-of-the-art climate model using a Python-based approach. The refactored code has passed through a sequence of verification and validation demonstrating its usability in performing km-scale global simulations.
Katharina Hartmuth, Dominik Büeler, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 7, 129–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-129-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-129-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents three case studies of applying a newly developed method to quantify the uncertainty of the operational ensemble from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in forecasting precipitation and wind extremes associated with Mediterranean cyclones. We find that the cyclones as well as their associated extremes are predicted well for lead times ≤ 48 h; however, for longer lead times there is large case-to-case variability in the ensemble performance.
Ellina Agayar, Moshe Armon, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5942, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5942, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the hydrometeorological features of the major floods of 2008, 2010, and 2020 in western Ukraine. All cases were linked to upper-level PV anomalies. We also conducted a climatological analysis of PV structure associated with 22 summer heavy precipitation cases (2000–2022), highlighting their key role in determining the location and intensity of flood-inducing rainfall events in the Carpathians.
Maleen Hanst, Carmen G. Köhler, Axel Seifert, and Linda Schlemmer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17253–17274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17253-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17253-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Persistent condensation trails typically occur due to aircraft flying through certain cold and humid regions. In most cases, these contrails have a warming impact on the climate. Predicting these regions in advance allows flight planners to re-route airplanes. We show that an adaptation of the ice microphysics scheme in a certain weather forecast model improves the prediction of these regions. Running an ensemble of simulations with this scheme improves the prediction quality even further.
Franziska Schnyder, Ming Hon Franco Lee, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1319–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1319-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1319-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate a particularly long-lived example of a Siberian summer cyclone, which originates during a heat wave in Kazakhstan in July 2021 and propagates into the Arctic, where it leads to heavy precipitation and alters the Arctic tropopause. Although a rare event in current climate, this case reveals how compounding events may be linked by one weather system and portrays a type of cyclone event which is likely to become more frequent in a warmer climate.
Tuule Müürsepp, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5224, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tropopause region of the atmosphere is greatly impacted by the exchange of mass and constituents between the troposphere and the stratosphere. This study quantifies the role of radiation in troposphere-to-stratosphere transport using reanalysis data. We find that radiation contributes to this transport most of the time, albeit it might not be the dominant process. We provide a new insight into the complex interplay of processes that air parcels experience on their way to the stratosphere.
Matthias Röthlisberger, Michael Sprenger, Urs Beyerle, Erich M. Fischer, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5146, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5146, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates yearly heat extremes simulated with the global climate model CESM2. A trajectory-based method is used, which allows quantifying the contributions to temperature anomalies from advection, subsidence, and diabatic heating. The results show that the magnitude of CESM2 heat extremes agrees fairly well with ERA5 reanalyses, but it is often “right for the partly wrong physical reasons”.
Selvakumar Vishnupriya, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1195–1219, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones feature rapidly ascending airstreams known as warm conveyor belts, which could influence upper-level flow dynamics. This study classifies interactions between warm conveyor belt outflows and the jet stream into four types: no interactions, ridges, blocks, and tropospheric cutoffs. We use reanalysis data to demonstrate that the interaction type depends on the structure of the ambient flow than on the outflow, improving our understanding of extratropical flow variability.
Killian P. Brennan, Iris Thurnherr, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3693–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hailstorms can cause severe damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure. Using high-resolution climate simulations, we tracked thousands of hailstorms across Europe to study future changes. Large hail will become more frequent, hail-covered areas will expand, and instances of extreme hail combined with heavy rain will double. These shifts could increase risks for communities and businesses, highlighting the need for better preparedness and adaptation.
Luise J. Fischer, David N. Bresch, Dominik Büeler, Christian M. Grams, Robin Noyelle, Matthias Röthlisberger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1027–1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1027-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1027-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric flows over the North Atlantic can be meaningfully classified into weather regimes, and climate simulations suggest that the regime frequencies might change in the future. We provide a quantitative framework that helps assess whether these regime frequency changes are relevant to understanding climate change signals in precipitation. At least in our example application, in most regions, regime frequency changes explain little of the projected precipitation changes.
Killian P. Brennan, Michael Sprenger, André Walser, Marco Arpagaus, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 645–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-645-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-645-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied severe hailstorms that occurred in Switzerland on 28 June 2021 using a weather prediction model to understand how they evolved. We found that the storms moved toward areas with more storm energy. Hailfall was quickly followed by heavy rain. Just before the storms died out, the air feeding them stopped coming from near the ground. We also observed a delay between different types of precipitation forming in the incoming air.
Katharina Hartmuth, Heini Wernli, and Lukas Papritz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 505–520, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use large-ensemble climate model simulations to analyze extreme winters in the Barents Sea in a changing climate. We find that variability in both atmospheric processes and sea ice conditions determines the formation of such seasons in the present-day climate. The reduction in sea ice variability results in a decreasing importance of surface boundary conditions in a warmer climate, while the robust link shown for surface weather systems persists.
Nicolai Krieger, Heini Wernli, Michael Sprenger, and Christian Kühnlein
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 447–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the Laseyer, a local windstorm in a narrow Swiss valley characterized by strong southeasterly winds during northwesterly ambient flow. Using large-eddy simulations (LESs) with 30 m grid spacing, this is the first study to reveal that the extreme gusts in the valley are caused by an amplifying interplay of two recirculation regions. Modifying terrain and ambient wind conditions affects the windstorm's intensity and highlights the importance of topographic details in LES.
Hanin Binder and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 151–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-151-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a systematic analysis of frequency anomalies and characteristics of extratropical cyclones during extremely wet, dry, windy, and calm winter and summer seasons in the extratropics based on 1050 years of present-day climate simulations. We show that anomalies in cyclone frequency, intensity, and stationarity are crucial to the occurrence of many extreme seasons and that these anomaly patterns exhibit substantial regional and seasonal variability.
Thomas Rackow, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Milinski, Irina Sandu, Razvan Aguridan, Peter Bechtold, Sebastian Beyer, Jean Bidlot, Souhail Boussetta, Willem Deconinck, Michail Diamantakis, Peter Dueben, Emanuel Dutra, Richard Forbes, Rohit Ghosh, Helge F. Goessling, Ioan Hadade, Jan Hegewald, Thomas Jung, Sarah Keeley, Lukas Kluft, Nikolay Koldunov, Aleksei Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Josh Kousal, Christian Kühnlein, Pedro Maciel, Kristian Mogensen, Tiago Quintino, Inna Polichtchouk, Balthasar Reuter, Domokos Sármány, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Jan Streffing, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Steffen Tietsche, Mirco Valentini, Benoît Vannière, Nils Wedi, Lorenzo Zampieri, and Florian Ziemen
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 33–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-33-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-33-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed global climate model simulations have been created based on a numerical weather prediction model, offering more accurate spatial detail down to the scale of individual cities ("kilometre-scale") and a better understanding of climate phenomena such as atmospheric storms, whirls in the ocean, and cracks in sea ice. The new model aims to provide globally consistent information on local climate change with greater precision, benefiting environmental planning and local impact modelling.
Stephanie Mayer, Martin Hendrick, Adrien Michel, Bettina Richter, Jürg Schweizer, Heini Wernli, and Alec van Herwijnen
The Cryosphere, 18, 5495–5517, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the impact of climate change on snow avalanche activity is crucial for safeguarding lives and infrastructure. Here, we project changes in avalanche activity in the Swiss Alps throughout the 21st century. Our findings reveal elevation-dependent patterns of change, indicating a decrease in dry-snow avalanches alongside an increase in wet-snow avalanches at elevations above the current treeline. These results underscore the necessity to revisit measures for avalanche risk mitigation.
Heini Wernli and Suzanne L. Gray
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1299–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The science of extratropical dynamics has reached a new level where the interplay of dry dynamics with effects of latent heating in clouds and other diabatic processes is considered central to the field. This review documents how research about the role of diabatic processes evolved over more than a century; it highlights that progress relied essentially on the integration of theory, field campaigns, novel diagnostics, and numerical modelling, and it outlines avenues for future research.
Hugo Banderier, Christian Zeman, David Leutwyler, Stefan Rüdisühli, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5573–5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of reduced-precision arithmetic in a state-of-the-art regional climate model by studying the results of 10-year-long simulations. After this time, the results of the reduced precision and the standard implementation are hardly different. This should encourage the use of reduced precision in climate models to exploit the speedup and memory savings it brings. The methodology used in this work can help researchers verify reduced-precision implementations of their model.
Ellina Agayar, Franziska Aemisegger, Moshe Armon, Alexander Scherrmann, and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2441–2459, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the results of a climatological investigation of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in Ukraine for the period 1979–2019. During all seasons EPEs are associated with pronounced upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies. In addition, we find distinct seasonal and regional differences in moisture sources. Several extreme precipitation cases demonstrate the importance of these processes, complemented by a detailed synoptic analysis.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Katharina Heitmann, Michael Sprenger, Hanin Binder, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 537–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are coherently ascending air streams that occur in extratropical cyclones where they form precipitation and often affect the large-scale flow. We quantified the key characteristics and impacts of WCBs and linked them to different phases in the cyclone life cycle and to different WCB branches. A climatology of these metrics revealed that WCBs are most intense during cyclone intensification and that the cyclonic and anticyclonic WCB branches show distinct differences.
Justin L. Willson, Kevin A. Reed, Christiane Jablonowski, James Kent, Peter H. Lauritzen, Ramachandran Nair, Mark A. Taylor, Paul A. Ullrich, Colin M. Zarzycki, David M. Hall, Don Dazlich, Ross Heikes, Celal Konor, David Randall, Thomas Dubos, Yann Meurdesoif, Xi Chen, Lucas Harris, Christian Kühnlein, Vivian Lee, Abdessamad Qaddouri, Claude Girard, Marco Giorgetta, Daniel Reinert, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoki Ohno, and Ryuji Yoshida
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential to understanding their behavior in a changing climate. One way this is accomplished is through model intercomparison projects, where results from multiple climate models are analyzed to provide benchmark solutions for the wider climate modeling community. This study describes and analyzes the previously developed TC test case for nine climate models in an intercomparison project, providing solutions that aid in model development.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 419–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the formation of Mediterranean cyclones follows the presence of cyclones over the North Atlantic. The distinct regions of cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in the different seasons can be linked to the atmospheric state, in particular the position of the polar jet over the North Atlantic. With this we now better understand the processes that lead to the formation of Mediterranean cyclones. We used a novel simulation framework in which we directly show and probe this connection.
Esther S. Breuninger, Julie Tolu, Iris Thurnherr, Franziska Aemisegger, Aryeh Feinberg, Sylvain Bouchet, Jeroen E. Sonke, Véronique Pont, Heini Wernli, and Lenny H. E. Winkel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2491–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of selenium (Se) and other health-relevant trace elements in surface environments. We found that the variability in elemental concentrations in atmospheric deposition reflects not only changes in emission sources but also weather conditions during atmospheric removal. Depending on the sources and if Se is derived more locally or from further away, the Se forms can be different, affecting the bioavailability of Se atmospherically supplied to soils.
Julian F. Quinting, Christian M. Grams, Edmund Kar-Man Chang, Stephan Pfahl, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 65–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-65-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-65-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Research in the last few decades has revealed that rapidly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones have an important effect on the evolution of downstream weather and predictability. In this study, we show that the occurrence of these airstreams over the North Pacific is modulated by tropical convection. Depending on the modulation, known atmospheric circulation patterns evolve quite differently, which may affect extended-range predictions in the Atlantic–European region.
Leonie Villiger, Marina Dütsch, Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Patrick Chazette, Pierre Coutris, Julien Delanoë, Cyrille Flamant, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Martin Werner, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14643–14672, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model and investigates the coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. We show that the simulations reproduce key characteristics of shallow trade-wind clouds as observed during the field experiment EUREC4A and that the spatial distribution of stable-water-vapour isotopes is shaped by the overturning circulation associated with these clouds.
Ruoyi Cui, Nikolina Ban, Marie-Estelle Demory, Raffael Aellig, Oliver Fuhrer, Jonas Jucker, Xavier Lapillonne, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 905–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-905-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-905-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study focuses on severe convective storms that occur over the Alpine-Adriatic region. By running simulations for eight real cases and evaluating them against available observations, we found our models did a good job of simulating total precipitation, hail, and lightning. Overall, this research identified important meteorological factors for hail and lightning, and the results indicate that both HAILCAST and LPI diagnostics are promising candidates for future climate research.
Elena De La Torre Castro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Armin Afchine, Volker Grewe, Valerian Hahn, Simon Kirschler, Martina Krämer, Johannes Lucke, Nicole Spelten, Heini Wernli, Martin Zöger, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13167–13189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show the differences in the microphysical properties between high-latitude (HL) cirrus and mid-latitude (ML) cirrus over the Arctic, North Atlantic, and central Europe during summer. The in situ measurements are combined with backward trajectories to investigate the influence of the region on cloud formation. We show that HL cirrus are characterized by a lower concentration of larger ice crystals when compared to ML cirrus.
Mark J. Rodwell and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 591–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Midlatitude storms and their downstream impacts have a major impact on society, yet their prediction is especially prone to uncertainty. While this can never be fully eliminated, we find that the initial rate of growth of uncertainty varies for a range of forecast models. Examination of the model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) suggests ways in which uncertainty growth could be reduced, leading to sharper and more reliable forecasts over the first few days.
Noviana Dewani, Mirjana Sakradzija, Linda Schlemmer, Ronny Leinweber, and Juerg Schmidli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4045–4058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4045-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4045-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A high daily variability of the normalized vertical velocity variance profiles in the convective boundary layer is observed using Doppler lidar data during the FESSTVaL campaign 2020–2021. The dependency of the normalized vertical velocity variance on several meteorological parameters explains that the moisture processes in the boundary layer contribute to the remaining variability. The finding suggests that a new vertical velocity scale that takes moist processes into account has to be defined.
Mauro Hermann, Matthias Röthlisberger, Arthur Gessler, Andreas Rigling, Cornelius Senf, Thomas Wohlgemuth, and Heini Wernli
Biogeosciences, 20, 1155–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the multi-annual meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in Europe's temperate and Mediterranean biome in 2002–2022. We systematically identify anomalies in temperature, precipitation, and weather systems as event precursors, with noteworthy differences between the two biomes. We also quantify the impact of the most extensive event in 2022 (37 % coverage), underlining the importance of understanding the forest–meteorology interaction in a changing climate.
Eleonora Dallan, Francesco Marra, Giorgia Fosser, Marco Marani, Giuseppe Formetta, Christoph Schär, and Marco Borga
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1133–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Convection-permitting climate models could represent future changes in extreme short-duration precipitation, which is critical for risk management. We use a non-asymptotic statistical method to estimate extremes from 10 years of simulations in an orographically complex area. Despite overall good agreement with rain gauges, the observed decrease of hourly extremes with elevation is not fully represented by the model. Climate model adjustment methods should consider the role of orography.
Roman Brogli, Christoph Heim, Jonas Mensch, Silje Lund Sørland, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-907-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-907-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pseudo-global-warming (PGW) approach is a downscaling methodology that imposes the large-scale GCM-based climate change signal on the boundary conditions of a regional climate simulation. It offers several benefits in comparison to conventional downscaling. We present a detailed description of the methodology, provide companion software to facilitate the preparation of PGW simulations, and present validation and sensitivity studies.
Qinggang Gao, Christian Zeman, Jesus Vergara-Temprado, Daniela C. A. Lima, Peter Molnar, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 189–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-189-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-189-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a vortex identification algorithm for realistic atmospheric simulations. The algorithm enabled us to obtain a climatology of vortex shedding from Madeira Island for a 10-year simulation period. This first objective climatological analysis of vortex streets shows consistency with observed atmospheric conditions. The analysis shows a pronounced annual cycle with an increasing vortex shedding rate from April to August and a sudden decrease in September.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamical origin of the lower-atmospheric potential vorticity (PV; linked to the intensity of cyclones) in Mediterranean cyclones. We quantify the contribution of the cyclone and the environment by tracing PV backward in time and space and linking it to the track of the cyclone. We find that the lower-tropospheric PV is produced shortly before the cyclone's stage of highest intensity. We investigate the driving processes and use a global dataset and a process-resolving one.
Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, Hanin Binder, Urs Beyerle, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 133–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are strongly ascending, cloud- and precipitation-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. In this study we assess their representation in a climate simulation and their changes under global warming. They become moister, become more intense, and reach higher altitudes in a future climate, implying that they potentially have an increased impact on the mid-latitude flow.
Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne lidar profile measurements of H2O and O3 across a midlatitude jet stream are combined with analyses in tracer–trace space and backward trajectories. We highlight that transport and mixing processes in the history of the observed air masses are governed by interacting tropospheric weather systems on synoptic timescales. We show that these weather systems play a key role in the high variability of the paired H2O and O3 distributions near the tropopause.
Hanin Binder, Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 19–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-19-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-19-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are the main cloud- and precipitation-producing airstreams in extratropical cyclones. The latent heat release that occurs during cloud formation often contributes to the intensification of the associated cyclone. Based on the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble coupled climate simulations, we show that WCBs and associated latent heating will become stronger in a future climate and be even more important for explosive cyclone intensification than in the present.
Christian R. Steger, Benjamin Steger, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6817–6840, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6817-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6817-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Terrain horizon and sky view factor are crucial quantities for many geoscientific applications; e.g. they are used to account for effects of terrain on surface radiation in climate and land surface models. Because typical terrain horizon algorithms are inefficient for high-resolution (< 30 m) elevation data, we developed a new algorithm based on a ray-tracing library. A comparison with two conventional methods revealed both its high performance and its accuracy for complex terrain.
Andries Jan de Vries, Franziska Aemisegger, Stephan Pfahl, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8863–8895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8863-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8863-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's water cycle contains the common H2O molecule but also the less abundant, heavier HDO. We use their different physical properties to study tropical ice clouds in model simulations of the West African monsoon. Isotope signals reveal different processes through which ice clouds form and decay in deep-convective and widespread cirrus. Previously observed variations in upper-tropospheric vapour isotopes are explained by microphysical processes in convective updraughts and downdraughts.
Christian Zeman and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3183–3203, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our atmosphere is a chaotic system, where even a tiny change can have a big impact. This makes it difficult to assess if small changes, such as the move to a new hardware architecture, will significantly affect a weather and climate model. We present a methodology that allows to objectively verify this. The methodology is applied to several test cases, showing a high sensitivity. Results also show that a major system update of the underlying supercomputer did not significantly affect our model.
Philipp Zschenderlein and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 391–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-391-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-391-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and temperature are two of the most important variables describing our weather and climate. The relationship between these variables has been studied extensively; however, the role of specific weather systems in shaping this relationship has not been analysed yet. We therefore analyse whether intense precipitation occurs on warmer or on colder days and identify the relevant weather systems. In general, weather systems strongly influence this relationship, especially in winter.
Jan Clemens, Felix Ploeger, Paul Konopka, Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3841–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Highly polluted air flows from the surface to higher levels of the atmosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. At high levels, the air is trapped within eddies. Here, we study how air masses can leave the eddy within its cutoff, how they distribute, and how their chemical composition changes. We found evidence for transport from the eddy to higher latitudes over the North Pacific and even Alaska. During transport, trace gas concentrations within cutoffs changed gradually, showing steady mixing.
Katharina Hartmuth, Maxi Boettcher, Heini Wernli, and Lukas Papritz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 89–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-89-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-89-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a novel method to objectively define and identify extreme Arctic seasons based on different surface variables. We find that such seasons are resulting from various combinations of unusual seasonal conditions. The occurrence or absence of different atmospheric processes strongly affects the character of extreme Arctic seasons. Further, changes in sea ice and sea surface temperature can strongly influence the formation of such a season in distinct regions.
Leonie Villiger, Heini Wernli, Maxi Boettcher, Martin Hagen, and Franziska Aemisegger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 59–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-59-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-59-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The coupling between the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the clouds in the trade-wind region is complex and not yet fully understood. In this study, the formation pathway of two anomalous cloud layers over Barbados during the field campaign EUREC4A is described. The two case studies highlight the influence of remote weather systems on the local environmental conditions in Barbados.
Philipp Zschenderlein and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-396, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-396, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In early January 2021, Spain was affected by two extreme events – an unusually long cold spell and a heavy snowfall event associated with extratropical cyclone Filomena. In the study, we analyse the synoptic-dynamic development of the two extreme events. Cold air from the north was advected towards Spain and between 07 and 10 January, cyclone Filomena was responsible for major parts of the snowfall event. During this event, temperature and moisture contrasts accross Spain were very high.
Roman Brogli, Silje Lund Sørland, Nico Kröner, and Christoph Schär
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1093–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In a warmer future climate, climate simulations predict that some land areas will experience excessive warming during summer. We show that the excessive summer warming is related to the vertical distribution of warming within the atmosphere. In regions characterized by excessive warming, much of the warming occurs close to the surface. In other regions, most of the warming is redistributed to higher levels in the atmosphere, which weakens the surface warming.
Roman Attinger, Elisa Spreitzer, Maxi Boettcher, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1073–1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diabatic processes affect the development of extratropical cyclones. This work provides a systematic assessment of the diabatic processes that modify potential vorticity (PV) in model simulations. PV is primarily produced by condensation and convection. Given favorable environmental conditions, long-wave radiative cooling and turbulence become the primary process at the cold and warm fronts, respectively. Turbulence and long-wave radiative heating produce negative PV anomalies at the fronts.
Fabienne Dahinden, Franziska Aemisegger, Heini Wernli, Matthias Schneider, Christopher J. Diekmann, Benjamin Ertl, Peter Knippertz, Martin Werner, and Stephan Pfahl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16319–16347, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use high-resolution numerical isotope modelling and Lagrangian backward trajectories to identify moisture transport pathways and governing physical and dynamical processes that affect the free-tropospheric humidity and isotopic variability over the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. Furthermore, we conduct a thorough isotope modelling validation with aircraft and remote-sensing observations of water vapour isotopes.
Daniel Regenass, Linda Schlemmer, Elena Jahr, and Christoph Schär
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-426, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Weather and climate models need to represent the water cycle on land in order to provide accurate estimates of moisture and energy exchange between the land and the atmosphere. Infiltration of water into the soil is often modeled with an equation describing water transport in porous media. Here, we point out some challenges arising in the numerical solution of this equation and show the consequences for the representation of the water cycle in modern weather and climate models.
Silje Lund Sørland, Roman Brogli, Praveen Kumar Pothapakula, Emmanuele Russo, Jonas Van de Walle, Bodo Ahrens, Ivonne Anders, Edoardo Bucchignani, Edouard L. Davin, Marie-Estelle Demory, Alessandro Dosio, Hendrik Feldmann, Barbara Früh, Beate Geyer, Klaus Keuler, Donghyun Lee, Delei Li, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, Seung-Ki Min, Hans-Jürgen Panitz, Burkhardt Rockel, Christoph Schär, Christian Steger, and Wim Thiery
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5125–5154, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We review the contribution from the CLM-Community to regional climate projections following the CORDEX framework over Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australasia, and Africa. How the model configuration, horizontal and vertical resolutions, and choice of driving data influence the model results for the five domains is assessed, with the purpose of aiding the planning and design of regional climate simulations in the future.
Christian Zeman, Nils P. Wedi, Peter D. Dueben, Nikolina Ban, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4617–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4617-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4617-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Kilometer-scale atmospheric models allow us to partially resolve thunderstorms and thus improve their representation. We present an intercomparison between two distinct atmospheric models for 2 summer days with heavy thunderstorms over Europe. We show the dependence of precipitation and vertical wind speed on spatial and temporal resolution and also discuss the possible influence of the system of equations, numerical methods, and diffusion in the models.
Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 507–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the three-dimensional life cycle of cyclonic structures
(so-called PV cutoffs) near the tropopause. PV cutoffs are frequent weather systems in the extratropics that lead to high-impact weather. However, many unknowns exist regarding their evolution. We present a new method to track PV cutoffs as 3D objects in reanalysis data by following air parcels along the flow. We study the climatological life cycles of PV cutoffs in detail and propose a classification into three types.
Iris Thurnherr, Katharina Hartmuth, Lukas Jansing, Josué Gehring, Maxi Boettcher, Irina Gorodetskaya, Martin Werner, Heini Wernli, and Franziska Aemisegger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 331–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones are important for the transport of moisture from low to high latitudes. In this study, we investigate how the isotopic composition of water vapour is affected by horizontal temperature advection associated with extratropical cyclones using measurements and modelling. It is shown that air–sea moisture fluxes induced by this horizontal temperature advection lead to the strong variability observed in the isotopic composition of water vapour in the marine boundary layer.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5477–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Franziska Aemisegger, Raphaela Vogel, Pascal Graf, Fabienne Dahinden, Leonie Villiger, Friedhelm Jansen, Sandrine Bony, Bjorn Stevens, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 281–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction of clouds in the trade wind region with the atmospheric flow is complex and at the heart of uncertainties associated with climate projections. In this study, a natural tracer of atmospheric circulation is used to establish a link between air originating from dry regions of the midlatitudes and the occurrence of specific cloud patterns. Two pathways involving transport within midlatitude weather systems are identified, by which air is brought into the trades within 5–10 d.
Annika Oertel, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, Maxi Boettcher, Heike Konow, Martin Hagen, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 89–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convection embedded in the stratiform cloud band of strongly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones (so-called warm conveyor belts) can influence not only surface precipitation but also the
upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) and waveguide. The comparison of intense vs. moderate embedded convection shows that its strength alone is not a reliable measure for upper-tropospheric PV modification. Instead, characteristics of the ambient flow co-determine its dynamical significance.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Matthias Röthlisberger, Maxi Boettcher, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we identify the wettest seasons globally and address their meteorological characteristics. We show that in different regions the wettest seasons occur in different times of the year and result from either unusually high frequencies of wet days and/or daily extremes. These high frequencies can be largely attributed to four specific weather systems, especially cyclones. Our analysis uses a thoroughly explained, novel methodology that could also be applied to climate models.
Cited articles
Adams, S. V., Ford, R. W., Hambley, M., Hobson, J., Kavčič, I., Maynard, C. M., Melvin, T., Müller, E. H., Mullerworth, S., Porter, A. R., Rezny, M., Shipway, B. J., and Wong, R.: LFRic: Meeting the challenges of scalability and performance portability in Weather and Climate models, J. Parallel Distr. Com., 132, 383–396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.02.007, 2019. a
Afanasyev, A., Bianco, M., Mosimann, L., Osuna, C., Thaler, F., Vogt, H., Fuhrer, O., VandeVondele, J., and Schulthess, T. C.: GridTools: A framework for portable weather and climate applications, SoftwareX, 15, 100707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100707, 2021. a, b
Baldauf, M., Seifert, A., Förstner, J., Majewski, D., Raschendorfer, M., and Reinhardt, T.: Operational convective-scale numerical weather prediction with the COSMO model: Description and sensitivities, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 3887–3905, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-10-05013.1, 2011. a
Bauer, P., Quintino, T., Wedi, N. P., Bonanni, A., Chrust, M., Deconinck, W., Diamantakis, M., Dueben, P. D., English, S., Flemming, J., Gillies, P., Hadade, I., Hawkes, J., Hawkins, M., Iffrig, O., Kühnlein, C., Lange, M., Lean, P., Maciel, P., Marsden, O., Müller, A., Saarinen, S., Sarmany, D., Sleigh, M., Smart, S., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Thiemert, D., Tumolo, G., Weihrauch, C., and Zanna, C.: The ECMWF scalability programme: Progress and plans, ECMWF Technical Memo No. 857, https://doi.org/10.21957/gdit22ulm, 2020. a, b
Bauer, P., Dueben, P. D., Hoefler, T., Quintino, T., Schulthess, T. C., and Wedi, N. P.: The digital revolution of Earth-system science, Nature Comput. Sci., 1, 104–113, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00023-0, 2021. a
Ben-Nun, T., de Fine Licht, J., Ziogas, A. N., Schneider, T., and Hoefler, T.: Stateful Dataflow Multigraphs: A Data-Centric Model for Performance Portability on Heterogeneous Architectures, in: Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, SC '19, https://doi.org/10.1145/3295500.3356173, 2019. a
Ben-Nun, T., Groner, L., Deconinck, F., Wicky, T., Davis, E., Dahm, J., Elbert, O. D., George, R., McGibbon, J., Trümper, L., Wu, E., Führer, O., Schulthess, T. C., and Hoefler, T.: Productive performance engineering for weather and climate modeling with Python, in: SC22: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, IEEE, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1109/sc41404.2022.00078, 2022. a
Bertagna, L., Guba, O., Taylor, M. A., Foucar, J. G., Larkin, J., Bradley, A. M., Rajamanickam, S., and Salinger, A. G.: A performance-portable nonhydrostatic atmospheric dycore for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model running at cloud-resolving resolutions, in: SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, IEEE, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.2172/1830973, 2020. a
Chandrasekaran, S. and Juckeland, G.: OpenACC for Programmers: Concepts and Strategies, Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN-10 0-13-469428-7, ISBN-13 978-0-13-469428-3, 2017. a
Clement, V., Marti, P., Lapillonne, X., Fuhrer, O., and Sawyer, W.: Automatic Port to OpenACC/OpenMP for Physical Parameterization in Climate and Weather Code Using the CLAW Compiler, Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations, 6, 51–63, https://doi.org/10.14529/jsfi190303, 2019. a
Courtier, P., Thépaut, J.-N., and Hollingsworth, A.: A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-Var, using an incremental approach, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1367–1387, https://doi.org/10.1256/smsqj.51911, 1994. a
Dagum, L. and Menon, R.: OpenMP: an industry standard API for shared-memory programming, IEEE Computional Science and Engineering, 5, 46–55, https://doi.org/10.1109/99.660313, 1998. a
Dahm, J., Davis, E., Deconinck, F., Elbert, O., George, R., McGibbon, J., Wicky, T., Wu, E., Kung, C., Ben-Nun, T., Harris, L., Groner, L., and Fuhrer, O.: Pace v0.2: a Python-based performance-portable atmospheric model, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2719–2736, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2719-2023, 2023. a, b, c
Deakin, T., McIntosh-Smith, S., Price, J., Poenaru, A., Atkinson, P., Popa, C., and Salmon, J.: Performance portability across diverse computer architectures, in: 2019 IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Performance, Portability and Productivity in HPC (P3HPC), IEEE, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1109/p3hpc49587.2019.00006, 2019. a
ECMWF: IFS Documentation CY48R1 – Part IV: Physical Processes, ECMWF, https://doi.org/10.21957/02054f0fbf, 2023. a, b
Edwards, H. C., Trott, C. R., and Sunderland, D.: Kokkos: Enabling manycore performance portability through polymorphic memory access patterns, J. Parallel Distr. Com., 74, 3202–3216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2014.07.003, 2014. a
Errico, R. M.: What is an adjoint model?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2577–2592, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2577:WIAAM>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Forbes, R. M., Tompkins, A. M., and Untch, A.: A new prognostic bulk microphysics scheme for the IFS, ECMWF Techical Memo. No. 649, https://doi.org/10.21957/bf6vjvxk, 2011. a
Fuhrer, O., Osuna, C., Lapillonne, X., Gysi, T., Cumming, B., Bianco, M., Arteaga, A., and Schulthess, T. C.: Towards a performance portable, architecture agnostic implementation strategy for weather and climate models, Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations, 1, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.14529/jsfi140103, 2014. a, b
Fuhrer, O., Chadha, T., Hoefler, T., Kwasniewski, G., Lapillonne, X., Leutwyler, D., Lüthi, D., Osuna, C., Schär, C., Schulthess, T. C., and Vogt, H.: Near-global climate simulation at 1 km resolution: establishing a performance baseline on 4888 GPUs with COSMO 5.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1665–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1665-2018, 2018. a, b
Gysi, T., Müller, C., Zinenko, O., Herhut, S., Davis, E., Wicky, T., Fuhrer, O., Hoefler, T., and Grosser, T.: Domain-specific multi-level IR rewriting for GPU: The Open Earth compiler for GPU-accelerated climate simulation, ACM T. Archit. Code Op., 18, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1145/3469030, 2021. a
Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., Gérard-Marchant, P., Sheppard, K., Reddy, T., Weckesser, W., Abbasi, H., Gohlke, C., and Oliphant, T. E.: Array programming with NumPy, Nature, 585, 357–362, 2020. a
Harris, L. M. and Lin, S.-J.: A two-way nested global-regional dynamical core on the cubed-sphere grid, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 283–306, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00201.1, 2013. a
Hoyer, S. and Hamman, J.: xarray: ND labeled arrays and datasets in Python, J. Open Res. Softw., 5, 10, https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.148, 2017. a
Janisková, M., Thépaut, J.-N., and Geleyn, J.-F.: Simplified and regular physical parameterizations for incremental four-dimensional variational assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 26–45, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0026:sarppf>2.0.co;2, 1999. a
Kim, J. Y., Kang, J.-S., and Joh, M.: GPU acceleration of MPAS microphysics WSM6 using OpenACC directives: Performance and verification, Comput. Geosci., 146, 104627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104627, 2021. a
Kühnlein, C., Deconinck, W., Klein, R., Malardel, S., Piotrowski, Z. P., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Szmelter, J., and Wedi, N. P.: FVM 1.0: a nonhydrostatic finite-volume dynamical core for the IFS, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 651–676, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-651-2019, 2019. a
Kühnlein, C., Ehrengruber, T., Ubbiali, S., Krieger, N., Papritz, L., Calotoiu, A., and Wernli, H.: ECMWF collaborates with Swiss partners on GPU porting of FVM dynamical core, ECMWF Newsletter, 175, 11–12, 2023. a
Lapillonne, X., Osterried, K., and Fuhrer, O.: Using OpenACC to port large legacy climate and weather modeling code to GPUs, in: Parallel Programming with OpenACC, Elsevier, 267–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-410397-9.00013-5, 2017. a
Lapillonne, X., Sawyer, W., Marti, P., Clement, V., Dietlicher, R., Kornblueh, L., Rast, S., Schnur, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Alexeev, D., and Pincus, R.: Global climate simulations at 2.8 km on GPU with the ICON model, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-10306, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10306, 2020 a
Lawrence, B. N., Rezny, M., Budich, R., Bauer, P., Behrens, J., Carter, M., Deconinck, W., Ford, R., Maynard, C., Mullerworth, S., Osuna, C., Porter, A., Serradell, K., Valcke, S., Wedi, N., and Wilson, S.: Crossing the chasm: how to develop weather and climate models for next generation computers?, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1799–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1799-2018, 2018. a, b
Lindfield, G. and Penny, J.: Numerical Methods: Using MATLAB, Academic Press, ISBN-10 0128122560, ISBN-13 978-0128122563, 2018. a
Luz, M., Gopal, A., Ong, C. R., Müller, C., Hupp, D., Burgdorfer, N., Farabullini, N., Bösch, F., Dipankar, A., Bianco, M., Sawyer, W., Kellerhals, S., Jucker, J., Ehrengruber, T., González Paredes, E., Vogt, H., Kardos, P., Häuselmann, R., and Lapillone, X.: A GT4Py-Based Multi-Node Standalone Python Implementation of the ICON Dynamical Core, Platform for Advanced Scientific Computing (PASC) Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, 3–5 June 2024. a
McGibbon, J., Brenowitz, N. D., Cheeseman, M., Clark, S. K., Dahm, J. P. S., Davis, E. C., Elbert, O. D., George, R. C., Harris, L. M., Henn, B., Kwa, A., Perkins, W. A., Watt-Meyer, O., Wicky, T. F., Bretherton, C. S., and Fuhrer, O.: fv3gfs-wrapper: a Python wrapper of the FV3GFS atmospheric model, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4401–4409, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4401-2021, 2021. a
Melvin, T., Benacchio, T., Shipway, B., Wood, N., Thuburn, J., and Cotter, C.: A mixed finite-element, finite-volume, semi-implicit discretization for atmospheric dynamics: Cartesian geometry, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 2835–2853, 2019. a
Melvin, T., Shipway, B., Wood, N., Benacchio, T., Bendall, T., Boutle, I., Brown, A., Johnson, C., Kent, J., Pring, S., Smith, C., Zerroukat, M., Cotter, C., and Thuburn, J.: A mixed finite-element, finite-volume, semi-implicit discretisation for atmospheric dynamics: Spherical geometry, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 150, 4252–4269, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4814, 2024. a
Méndez, M., Tinetti, F. G., and Overbey, J. L.: Climate models: challenges for Fortran development tools, in: 2014 Second International Workshop on Software Engineering for High Performance Computing in Computational Science and Engineering, IEEE, 6–12, https://doi.org/10.1109/se-hpccse.2014.7, 2014. a, b
Monteiro, J. M., McGibbon, J., and Caballero, R.: sympl (v. 0.4.0) and climt (v. 0.15.3) – towards a flexible framework for building model hierarchies in Python, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3781–3794, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3781-2018, 2018. a, b
Müller, A., Deconinck, W., Kühnlein, C., Mengaldo, G., Lange, M., Wedi, N., Bauer, P., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Diamantakis, M., Lock, S.-J., Hamrud, M., Saarinen, S., Mozdzynski, G., Thiemert, D., Glinton, M., Bénard, P., Voitus, F., Colavolpe, C., Marguinaud, P., Zheng, Y., Van Bever, J., Degrauwe, D., Smet, G., Termonia, P., Nielsen, K. P., Sass, B. H., Poulsen, J. W., Berg, P., Osuna, C., Fuhrer, O., Clement, V., Baldauf, M., Gillard, M., Szmelter, J., O'Brien, E., McKinstry, A., Robinson, O., Shukla, P., Lysaght, M., Kulczewski, M., Ciznicki, M., Piątek, W., Ciesielski, S., Błażewicz, M., Kurowski, K., Procyk, M., Spychala, P., Bosak, B., Piotrowski, Z. P., Wyszogrodzki, A., Raffin, E., Mazauric, C., Guibert, D., Douriez, L., Vigouroux, X., Gray, A., Messmer, P., Macfaden, A. J., and New, N.: The ESCAPE project: Energy-efficient Scalable Algorithms for Weather Prediction at Exascale, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4425–4441, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4425-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Neumann, P., Dueben, P. D., Adamidis, P., Bauer, P., Brück, M., Kornblueh, L., Klocke, D., Stevens, B., Wedi, N. P., and Biercamp, J.: Assessing the scales in numerical weather and climate predictions: will exascale be the rescue?, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 377, 20180148, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0148, 2019. a
Nogherotto, R., Tompkins, A. M., Giuliani, G., Coppola, E., and Giorgi, F.: Numerical framework and performance of the new multiple-phase cloud microphysics scheme in RegCM4.5: precipitation, cloud microphysics, and cloud radiative effects, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2533–2547, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2533-2016, 2016. a
Okuta, R., Unno, Y., Nishino, D., Hido, S., and Loomis, C.: CuPy: A NumPy-Compatible Library for NVIDIA GPU Calculations, Proceedings of Workshop on Machine Learning Systems (LearningSys) in The Thirty-first Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), http://learningsys.org/nips17/assets/papers/paper_16.pdf (last access: 25 September 2024), 2017. a
Randall, D. A., Hurrell, J. W., Gettelman, A., Loft, R., Skamarock, W. C., Hauser, T., Dazlich, D. A., and Sun, L.: Simulations With EarthWorks, in: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2022, 2022AGUFM.A33E..02R, A33E–02, 2022. a
Schär, C., Fuhrer, O., Arteaga, A., Ban, N., Charpilloz, C., Di Girolamo, S., Hentgen, L., Hoefler, T., Lapillonne, X., Leutwyler, D., Osterried, K., Panosetti, D., Rüdisühli, S., Schlemmer, L., Schulthess, T. C., Sprenger, M., Ubbiali, S., and Wernli, H.: Kilometer-scale climate models: Prospects and challenges, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E567–E587, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0167.1, 2019. a
Schulthess, T. C., Bauer, P., Wedi, N. P., Fuhrer, O., Hoefler, T., and Schär, C.: Reflecting on the goal and baseline for exascale computing: A roadmap based on weather and climate simulations, Comput. Sci. Eng., 21, 30–41, https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2018.2888788, 2018. a
Shipman, G. M. and Randles, T. C.: An evaluation of risks associated with relying on Fortran for mission critical codes for the next 15 years, https://doi.org/10.2172/1970284, 2023. a
Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Deconinck, W., Hamrud, M., Kühnlein, C., Mozdzynski, G., Szmelter, J., and Wedi, N. P.: A finite-volume module for simulating global all-scale atmospheric flows, J. Comput. Phys., 314, 287–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.03.015, 2016. a
Taylor, M. A., Guba, O., Steyer, A., Ullrich, P. A., Hall, D. M., and Eldred, C.: An energy consistent discretization of the nonhydrostatic equations in primitive variables, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001783, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001783, 2020. a
Ubbiali, S., Schär, C., Schlemmer, L., and Schulthess, T. C.: A numerical analysis of six physics-dynamics coupling schemes for atmospheric models, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2020MS002377, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002377, 2021. a
Ubbiali, S., Kühnlein, C., Schär, C., Schlemmer, L., Schulthess, T. C., Staneker, M., and Wernli, H.: Data and scripts for the manuscript “Exploring a high-level programming model for the NWP domain using ECMWF microphysics schemes” (v0.1.0), Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11155354, 2024a. a
Ubbiali, S., Kühnlein, C., Schär, C., Schlemmer, L., Schulthess, T. C., and Wernli, H.: ifs-physics-common: v0.1.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11153742, 2024b. a, b
Ubbiali, S., Kühnlein, C., and Wernli, H.: gt4py-dwarf-p-cloudsc: v0.1.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11155002, 2024c. a, b
Ubbiali, S., Kühnlein, C., and Wernli, H.: gt4py-dwarf-p-cloudsc2-tl-ad: v0.3.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13239373, 2024d. a, b
Watkins, J., Carlson, M., Shan, K., Tezaur, I., Perego, M., Bertagna, L., Kao, C., Hoffman, M. J., and Price, S. F.: Performance portable ice-sheet modeling with MALI, Int. J. High Perform. C., 37, 600–625, https://doi.org/10.1177/10943420231183688, 2023. a
Yang, Z., Halem, M., Loft, R., and Suresh, S.: Accelerating MPAS-A model radiation schemes on GPUs using OpenACC, in: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2019, 2019AGUFM.A11A..06Y, A11A–06, 2019. a
Zängl, G., Reinert, D., Rípodas, P., and Baldauf, M.: The ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) modelling framework of DWD and MPI-M: Description of the non-hydrostatic dynamical core, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 563–579, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2378, 2015. a
Short summary
We explore a high-level programming model for porting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model codes to graphics processing units (GPUs). We present a Python rewrite with the domain-specific library GT4Py (GridTools for Python) of two renowned cloud microphysics schemes and the associated tangent-linear and adjoint algorithms. We find excellent portability, competitive GPU performance, robust execution on diverse computing architectures, and enhanced code maintainability and user productivity.
We explore a high-level programming model for porting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model...
