New submodel for emissions from Explosive Volcanic  ERuptions (EVER v1.1) within the Modular Earth  Submodel System (MESSy, version 2.55.1)

Kohl, Matthias; Brühl, Christoph; Schallock, Jennifer; Tost, Holger; Jöckel, Patrick; Jost, Adrian; Beirle, Steffen; Höpfner, Michael; Pozzer, Andrea

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3985-2025

Articles | Volume 18, issue 13

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3985-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Special issue:

The Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) (ACP/GMD inter-journal...

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3985-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 18, issue 13

Development and technical paper

|

02 Jul 2025

Development and technical paper |

| 02 Jul 2025

New submodel for emissions from Explosive Volcanic ERuptions (EVER v1.1) within the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy, version 2.55.1)

Matthias Kohl, Christoph Brühl, Jennifer Schallock, Holger Tost, Patrick Jöckel, Adrian Jost, Steffen Beirle, Michael Höpfner, and Andrea Pozzer

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3985-2025-supplement

Data sets

Volcanic SO$_{2}$ data derived from limb viewing satellites for the lower stratosphere from 1990 to 2019, and from nadir viewing satellites for the troposphere, including the corresponding radiative forcing computed by the CCM EMAC Christoph Brühl et al. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/SSIRC_3

Daily IASI/Metop-A ULB-LATMOS sulphur dioxide (SO2) L2 product (columns and altitude, Aeris) L. Clarisse https://doi.org/10.25326/41

OMI/Aura Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Total Column 1-orbit L2 Swath 13x24 km V003 Can Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5067/Aura/OMI/DATA2022

Copernicus Sentinel-5P (processed by ESA), TROPOMI Level 2 Sulphur Dioxide Total Column, Version 01 ESA - European Space Agency https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-yr8kdpp

IMK/IAA generated MIPAS/Envisat data IMKASF - Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Trace Gases and Remote Sensing http://www.imk-asf.kit.edu/english/308.php

OSIRIS Data Products University of Saskatchewan https://research-groupstest.usask.ca/osiris/data-products.php

Model code and software

Scientific colour maps F. Crameri https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501399

The Modular Earth Submodel System The MESSy Consortium https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8360186

The Modular Earth Submodel System (2.55.1) The MESSy Consortium https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8360272

Short summary

SO₂ from explosive volcanic eruptions reaching the stratosphere can oxidize and form sulfur aerosols, potentially persisting for several years. We developed a new submodel, Explosive Volcanic ERuptions (EVER), that seamlessly includes stratospheric volcanic SO₂ emissions in global numerical simulations based on a novel standard historical model setup, successfully evaluated with satellite observations. Sensitivity studies on the Nabro eruption in 2011 evaluate different emission methods.