Catto, J. L. and Raveh-Rubin, S.: Climatology and dynamics of the link between dry intrusions and cold fronts during winter. Part I: global climatology, Clim. Dynam., 53, 1873–1892,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04745-w, 2019.
a
Catto, J. L., Jakob, C., Berry, G., and Nicholls, N.: Relating global precipitation to atmospheric fronts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051736, 2012.
a,
b
Catto, J. L., Nicholls, N., Jakob, C., and Shelton, K. L.: Atmospheric fronts in current and future climates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7642–7650,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061943, 2014.
a,
b
Catto, J. L., Ackerley, D., Booth, J. F., Champion, A. J., Colle, B. A., Pfahl, S., Pinto, J. G., Quinting, J. F., and Seiler, C.: The Future of Midlatitude Cyclones, Current Climate Change Reports, 5, 407–420,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00149-4, 2019.
a
Davies-Jones, R.: An efficient and accurate method for computing the wet-bulb temperature along pseudoadiabats, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 2764–2785,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2224.1, 2008.
a,
b
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
a,
b
Dowdy, A. J. and Catto, J. L.: Extreme weather caused by concurrent cyclone, front and thunderstorm occurrences, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40359, 2017.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h
FORTRAN 77: ANSI x3.9-1978. American National Standard – Programming Language FORTRAN, American National Standards Institute, New York, New York,
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub69-1.pdf (last access: 15 August 2024), 1978. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2023.
a
Hewson, T. D.: Objective identification of fronts, frontal waves and potential waves, in: Cost Action 78 Final Report – Improvement of Nowcasting Techniques, edited by: Lagouvardos, K., Liljas, E., Conway, B., and Sunde, J., European Commission EUR 19544, Cambridge University Press, Luxembourg, 285–290, 2001. a
Hewson, T. D. and Titley, H. A.: Objective identification, typing and tracking of the complete life-cycles of cyclonic features at high spatial resolution, Meteorol. Appl., 17, 355–381,
https://doi.org/10.1002/met.204, 2010.
a,
b,
c
Hope, P., Keay, K., Pook, M., Catto, J. L., Simmonds, I., Mills, G., Mcintosh, P., Risbey, J., and Berry, G.: A comparison of automated methods of front recognition for climate studies: A case study in southwest Western Australia, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 343–363,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00252.1, 2014.
a
Jenkner, J., Sprenger, M., Schwenk, I., Schwierz, C., Dierer, S., and Leuenberger, D.: Detection and climatology of fronts in a high-resolution model reanalysis over the Alps, Meteorol. Appl., 17, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.1002/met.142, 2010.
a,
b,
c
Leung, L. R., Boos, W. R., Catto, J. L., A. DeMott, C., Martin, G. M., Neelin, J. D., O'Brien, T. A., Xie, S., Feng, Z., Klingaman, N. P., Kuo, Y., Lee, R. W., Martinez-Villalobos, C., Vishnu, S., Priestley, M. D. K., Tao, C., and Zhou, Y.: Exploratory Precipitation Metrics: Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Process-Oriented, and Phenomena-Based, J. Climate, 35, 3659–3686,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0590.1, 2022.
a
Papritz, L., Pfahl, S., Rudeva, I., Simmonds, I., Sodemann, H., and Wernli, H.: The Role of Extratropical Cyclones and Fronts for Southern Ocean Freshwater Fluxes, J. Climate, 27, 6205–6224,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00409.1, 2014.
a
Parfitt, R., Czaja, A., Minobe, S., and Kuwano-Yoshida, A.: The atmospheric frontal response to SST perturbations in the Gulf Stream region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2299–2306,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067723, 2016.
a
Parfitt, R., Czaja, A., and Kwon, Y.-O.: The impact of SST resolution change in the ERA-Interim reanalysis on wintertime Gulf Stream frontal air-sea interaction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3246–3254,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073028, 2017a.
a
Parfitt, R., Czaja, A., and Seo, H.: A simple diagnostic for the detection of atmospheric fronts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 4351–4358,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073662, 2017b.
a,
b,
c,
d
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria,
https://www.r-project.org (last access: November 2022), 2021. a
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Catto, J. L.: Climatology and dynamics of the link between dry intrusions and cold fronts during winter, Part II: Front-centred perspective, Clim. Dynam., 53, 1893–1909,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04793-2, 2019.
a,
b
Rüdisühli, S., Sprenger, M., Leutwyler, D., Schär, C., and Wernli, H.: Attribution of precipitation to cyclones and fronts over Europe in a kilometer-scale regional climate simulation, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 675–699,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020, 2020.
a
Schemm, S., Rudeva, I., and Simmonds, I.: Extratropical fronts in the lower troposphere-global perspectives obtained from two automated methods, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1686–1698,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2471, 2015.
a
Schemm, S., Sprenger, M., Martius, O., Wernli, H., and Zimmer, M.: Increase in the number of extremely strong fronts over Europe? A study based on ERA-Interim reanalysis (1979–2014), Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 553–561,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071451, 2017.
a
Simmonds, I., Keay, K., and Bye, J. A. T.: Identification and climatology of Southern Hemisphere mobile fronts in a modern reanalysis, J. Climate, 25, 1945–1962,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00100.1, 2012.
a
Sinclair, V. A. and Keyser, D.: Force balances and dynamical regimes of numerically simulated cold fronts within the boundary layer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2148–2164,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2512, 2015.
a
Thomas, C. and Schultz, D.: What are the Best Thermodynamic Quantity and Function to Define a Front in Gridded Model Output?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 873–895,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0137.1, 2019.
a
Uppala, S. M., Kallberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Holm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., McNally, A. P., Mahfouf, J. F., Morcrette, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012,
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.176, 2005.
a
