Articles | Volume 15, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
25 Nov 2022
Model experiment description paper |
| 25 Nov 2022
| 25 Nov 2022
The Baltic Sea Model Intercomparison Project (BMIP) – a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment
Matthias Gröger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Manja Placke
IT Department, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research
Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
H. E. Markus Meier
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Research and Development Department, Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute, Norrköping 60176, Sweden
Florian Börgel
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Sandra-Esther Brunnabend
Research and Development Department, Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute, Norrköping 60176, Sweden
Cyril Dutheil
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Ulf Gräwe
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Magnus Hieronymus
Research and Development Department, Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute, Norrköping 60176, Sweden
Thomas Neumann
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Hagen Radtke
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz
Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
Semjon Schimanke
Research and Development Department, Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute, Norrköping 60176, Sweden
Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen,
Denmark
Germo Väli
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology,
Tallinn, Estonia
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Cited
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Environmental impact of water exchange blocking in a strait – a multidisciplinary study in the Baltic Sea T. Liblik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.002
- Baltic Sea freshwater content U. Raudsepp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-7-2023
- From weather data to river runoff: using spatiotemporal convolutional networks for discharge forecasting F. Börgel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2005-2025
- Baltic Sea surface temperature analysis 2022: a study of marine heatwaves and overall high seasonal temperatures A. Lindenthal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-16-2024
- Natural variability masks climate change sea surface temperature signals: a comparison between the Baltic Sea, North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean H. Poul et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07538-y
- Response of a semi-enclosed sea to perturbed freshwater and open ocean salinity forcing L. Arneborg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-761-2026
- Future climate change and marine heatwaves - Projected impact on key habitats for herring reproduction M. Gröger et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175756
- Submesoscale processes in the surface layer of the central Baltic Sea: A high-resolution modelling study G. Väli et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.11.002
- Major Baltic Inflows come in different flavours U. Löptien et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02209-0
- Forcing-dependent submesoscale variability and subduction in a coastal sea area (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) K. Salm et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
- Not one shoe fits all: Applicability of hydrodynamic models for the simulation of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea A. Anschütz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104226
- Submesoscale dynamics in the Baltic Sea – a review U. Lips et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2026.103746
- Summer heatwaves on the Baltic Sea seabed contribute to oxygen deficiency in shallow areas K. Safonova et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01268-z
- A new conceptual framework for assessing the physical state of the Baltic Sea U. Raudsepp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-6-2025
- Baltic sea deep salinity: an initial and boundary value problem M. Hieronymus https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1685663
- Investigating the influence of sub-mesoscale current structures on Baltic Sea connectivity through a Lagrangian analysis S. Hariri et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1340291
- Modeling the pathways of microplastics in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – sensitivity of parametrizations E. Siht et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01649-0
- Uncertainties and discrepancies in the representation of recent storm surges in a non-tidal semi-enclosed basin: a hindcast ensemble for the Baltic Sea M. Lorenz & U. Gräwe https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1753-2023
- Mapping microplastic pathways and accumulation zones in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – insights from modeling A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1524585
- Impact of coastal currents and eddies on particle dispersion in the Baltic Sea: a Lagrangian approach to marine ecosystems S. Hariri et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1545035
- Water exchange in the Baltic Sea: a historical view of research approaches from basin scales to submesoscale J. Elken & A. Omstedt https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1598983
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Environmental impact of water exchange blocking in a strait – a multidisciplinary study in the Baltic Sea T. Liblik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.002
- Baltic Sea freshwater content U. Raudsepp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-7-2023
- From weather data to river runoff: using spatiotemporal convolutional networks for discharge forecasting F. Börgel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2005-2025
- Baltic Sea surface temperature analysis 2022: a study of marine heatwaves and overall high seasonal temperatures A. Lindenthal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-16-2024
- Natural variability masks climate change sea surface temperature signals: a comparison between the Baltic Sea, North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean H. Poul et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07538-y
- Response of a semi-enclosed sea to perturbed freshwater and open ocean salinity forcing L. Arneborg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-761-2026
- Future climate change and marine heatwaves - Projected impact on key habitats for herring reproduction M. Gröger et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175756
- Submesoscale processes in the surface layer of the central Baltic Sea: A high-resolution modelling study G. Väli et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.11.002
- Major Baltic Inflows come in different flavours U. Löptien et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02209-0
- Forcing-dependent submesoscale variability and subduction in a coastal sea area (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) K. Salm et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
- Not one shoe fits all: Applicability of hydrodynamic models for the simulation of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea A. Anschütz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104226
- Submesoscale dynamics in the Baltic Sea – a review U. Lips et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2026.103746
- Summer heatwaves on the Baltic Sea seabed contribute to oxygen deficiency in shallow areas K. Safonova et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01268-z
- A new conceptual framework for assessing the physical state of the Baltic Sea U. Raudsepp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-6-2025
- Baltic sea deep salinity: an initial and boundary value problem M. Hieronymus https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1685663
- Investigating the influence of sub-mesoscale current structures on Baltic Sea connectivity through a Lagrangian analysis S. Hariri et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1340291
- Modeling the pathways of microplastics in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – sensitivity of parametrizations E. Siht et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01649-0
- Uncertainties and discrepancies in the representation of recent storm surges in a non-tidal semi-enclosed basin: a hindcast ensemble for the Baltic Sea M. Lorenz & U. Gräwe https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1753-2023
- Mapping microplastic pathways and accumulation zones in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – insights from modeling A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1524585
- Impact of coastal currents and eddies on particle dispersion in the Baltic Sea: a Lagrangian approach to marine ecosystems S. Hariri et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1545035
- Water exchange in the Baltic Sea: a historical view of research approaches from basin scales to submesoscale J. Elken & A. Omstedt https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1598983
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different model setups, forcing fields, and output of variables. This paper provides a protocol to harmonize these elements to set up multidecadal simulations for the Baltic Sea, a marginal sea in Europe. First results are shown from six different model simulations from four different model platforms. Topical studies for upwelling, marine heat waves, and stratification are also assessed.
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different...
