Articles | Volume 14, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4159-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4159-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
02 Jul 2021
Model evaluation paper |
| 02 Jul 2021
| 02 Jul 2021
The ENEA-REG system (v1.0), a multi-component regional Earth system model: sensitivity to different atmospheric components over the Med-CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) region
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the
Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
Adriana Carillo
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the
Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
Massimiliano Palma
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the
Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
Maria Vittoria Struglia
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the
Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
Ufuk Utku Turuncoglu
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Gianmaria Sannino
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the
Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
Related authors
Marco Chericoni, Giorgia Fosser, Emmanouil Flaounas, Gianmaria Sannino, and Alessandro Anav
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2829, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how sea surface energy influences both the atmosphere and ocean at various vertical levels during extreme Mediterranean cyclones. It focuses on cyclones' precipitation and wind speed response, as well as on ocean temperature variation. The analysis shows the effectiveness of the Regional Coupled Model in coherently representing the thermodynamic processes associated with extreme cyclones across both the atmosphere and the ocean.
Mohamed Hamitouche, Giorgia Fosser, Alessandro Anav, Cenlin He, and Tzu-Shun Lin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-264, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-264, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates how different methods of simulating runoff impact river flow predictions globally. By comparing seven approaches within the Noah-MP land surface model, we found significant differences in accuracy, with some methods underestimating or overestimating runoff. The results are crucial for improving water resource management and flood prediction. Our work highlights the need for precise modeling to better prepare for climate-related challenges.
Andrea Storto, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Vincenzo de Toma, Alessandro Anav, Gianmaria Sannino, Rosalia Santoleri, and Chunxue Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4811–4833, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate models are a fundamental tool for a very large number of applications and are being increasingly used within climate services, together with other complementary approaches. Here, we introduce a new regional coupled model, intended to be later extended to a full Earth system model, for climate investigations within the Mediterranean region, coupled data assimilation experiments, and several downscaling exercises (reanalyses and long-range predictions).
Jasdeep Singh Anand, Alessandro Anav, Marcello Vitale, Daniele Peano, Nadine Unger, Xu Yue, Robert J. Parker, and Hartmut Boesch
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-125, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-125, 2021
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone damages plants, which prevents them from absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. This poses a potential threat to preventing dangerous climate change. In this work, satellite observations of forest cover, ozone, climate, and growing season are combined with an empirical model to estimate the carbon lost due to ozone exposure over Europe. The estimated carbon losses agree well with prior modelled estimates, showing for the first time that satellites can be used to better understand this effect.
Alessandro Anav, Chiara Proietti, Laurent Menut, Stefano Carnicelli, Alessandra De Marco, and Elena Paoletti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5747–5763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5747-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5747-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture and water stress play a pivotal role in regulating stomatal behaviour of plants; however, the role of water availability is often neglected in atmospheric chemistry modelling studies.
We show how dry deposition significantly declines when soil moisture is used to regulate the stomatal opening, mainly in semi-arid environments. Despite the fact that dry deposition occurs from the top of canopy to ground level, it affects the concentration of gases remaining in the lower atmosphere.
Pierre Sicard, Alessandro Anav, Alessandra De Marco, and Elena Paoletti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12177–12196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12177-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12177-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A few issues about surface ozone, e.g. a better understanding of spatial changes and a better assessment of ozone impacts worldwide, are still challenging. To overcome these issues, this study assessed, for the first time, the spatial and temporal changes in the projected potential ozone impacts on carbon assimilation of vegetation at global scale, by comparing the ozone potential injury at present with that expected at the end of the 21st century from different global chemistry models.
Marco Chericoni, Giorgia Fosser, Emmanouil Flaounas, Gianmaria Sannino, and Alessandro Anav
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2829, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how sea surface energy influences both the atmosphere and ocean at various vertical levels during extreme Mediterranean cyclones. It focuses on cyclones' precipitation and wind speed response, as well as on ocean temperature variation. The analysis shows the effectiveness of the Regional Coupled Model in coherently representing the thermodynamic processes associated with extreme cyclones across both the atmosphere and the ocean.
Mohamed Hamitouche, Giorgia Fosser, Alessandro Anav, Cenlin He, and Tzu-Shun Lin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-264, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-264, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates how different methods of simulating runoff impact river flow predictions globally. By comparing seven approaches within the Noah-MP land surface model, we found significant differences in accuracy, with some methods underestimating or overestimating runoff. The results are crucial for improving water resource management and flood prediction. Our work highlights the need for precise modeling to better prepare for climate-related challenges.
Andrea Storto, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Vincenzo de Toma, Alessandro Anav, Gianmaria Sannino, Rosalia Santoleri, and Chunxue Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4811–4833, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate models are a fundamental tool for a very large number of applications and are being increasingly used within climate services, together with other complementary approaches. Here, we introduce a new regional coupled model, intended to be later extended to a full Earth system model, for climate investigations within the Mediterranean region, coupled data assimilation experiments, and several downscaling exercises (reanalyses and long-range predictions).
Davide Zanchettin, Sara Bruni, Fabio Raicich, Piero Lionello, Fanny Adloff, Alexey Androsov, Fabrizio Antonioli, Vincenzo Artale, Eugenio Carminati, Christian Ferrarin, Vera Fofonova, Robert J. Nicholls, Sara Rubinetti, Angelo Rubino, Gianmaria Sannino, Giorgio Spada, Rémi Thiéblemont, Michael Tsimplis, Georg Umgiesser, Stefano Vignudelli, Guy Wöppelmann, and Susanna Zerbini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Relative sea level in Venice rose by about 2.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due to the combined effect of subsidence and mean sea-level rise. We estimate the likely range of mean sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 due to climate changes to be between about 10 and 110 cm, with an improbable yet possible high-end scenario of about 170 cm. Projections of subsidence are not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they can increase the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level rise.
Jasdeep Singh Anand, Alessandro Anav, Marcello Vitale, Daniele Peano, Nadine Unger, Xu Yue, Robert J. Parker, and Hartmut Boesch
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-125, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-125, 2021
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone damages plants, which prevents them from absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. This poses a potential threat to preventing dangerous climate change. In this work, satellite observations of forest cover, ozone, climate, and growing season are combined with an empirical model to estimate the carbon lost due to ozone exposure over Europe. The estimated carbon losses agree well with prior modelled estimates, showing for the first time that satellites can be used to better understand this effect.
Winfried Hoke, Tina Swierczynski, Peter Braesicke, Karin Lochte, Len Shaffrey, Martin Drews, Hilppa Gregow, Ralf Ludwig, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Elisa Palazzi, Gianmaria Sannino, Lars Henrik Smedsrud, and ECRA network
Adv. Geosci., 46, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-46-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-46-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The European Climate Research Alliance is a bottom-up association of European research institutions helping to facilitate the development of climate change research, combining the capacities of national research institutions and inducing closer ties between existing national research initiatives, projects and infrastructures. This article briefly introduces the network's structure and organisation, as well as project management issues and prospects.
Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Gabriel Jorda, Gianmaria Sannino, and Damia Gomis
Ocean Sci., 14, 1547–1566, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1547-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1547-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the vertical transfers of heat, salt and mass between the inflowing and outflowing layers at the Strait of Gibraltar by using a 3-D model with very high spatial resolution that allows for a realistic representation of the exchange. Results show a significant transformation of the water mass properties along their path through the strait, mainly induced by the recirculation of water between layers, while mixing seems to have little influence on the heat and salt exchanged.
Alessandro Anav, Chiara Proietti, Laurent Menut, Stefano Carnicelli, Alessandra De Marco, and Elena Paoletti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5747–5763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5747-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5747-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture and water stress play a pivotal role in regulating stomatal behaviour of plants; however, the role of water availability is often neglected in atmospheric chemistry modelling studies.
We show how dry deposition significantly declines when soil moisture is used to regulate the stomatal opening, mainly in semi-arid environments. Despite the fact that dry deposition occurs from the top of canopy to ground level, it affects the concentration of gases remaining in the lower atmosphere.
Pierre Sicard, Alessandro Anav, Alessandra De Marco, and Elena Paoletti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12177–12196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12177-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12177-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A few issues about surface ozone, e.g. a better understanding of spatial changes and a better assessment of ozone impacts worldwide, are still challenging. To overcome these issues, this study assessed, for the first time, the spatial and temporal changes in the projected potential ozone impacts on carbon assimilation of vegetation at global scale, by comparing the ozone potential injury at present with that expected at the end of the 21st century from different global chemistry models.
Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Querin, Cosimo Solidoro, Gianmaria Sannino, Paolo Lazzari, Valeria Di Biagio, and Giorgio Bolzon
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1423–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The BFMCOUPLER (v1.0) is a coupling scheme that links the MITgcm and BFM models for ocean biogeochemistry simulations. The online coupling is based on an open-source code characterizd by a modular structure. Modularity preserves the potentials of the two models, allowing for a sustainable programming effort to handle future evolutions in the two codes. The BFMCOUPLER code is released along with an idealized problem (a cyclonic gyre in a mid-latitude closed basin).
W. J. McKiver, G. Sannino, F. Braga, and D. Bellafiore
Ocean Sci., 12, 51–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-51-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-51-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
First modeling work comparing SHYFEM and MITgcm performance in the north Adriatic Sea; the treatment of heat/mass fluxes at the surface affects the models skill to reproduce coastal processes; high resolution is needed close to the coast, while lower resolution in the offshore is adequate to capture the dense water event; correct river discharges and temperature are vital for the reproduction of estuarine dynamics; non-hydrostatic processes do not influence the dense water formation.
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
Evaluating downscaled products with expected hydroclimatic co-variances
Software sustainability of global impact models
fair-calibrate v1.4.1: calibration, constraining, and validation of the FaIR simple climate model for reliable future climate projections
ISOM 1.0: a fully mesoscale-resolving idealized Southern Ocean model and the diversity of multiscale eddy interactions
A computationally lightweight model for ensemble forecasting of environmental hazards: General TAMSAT-ALERT v1.2.1
Introducing the MESMER-M-TPv0.1.0 module: spatially explicit Earth system model emulation for monthly precipitation and temperature
The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7
Robust handling of extremes in quantile mapping – “Murder your darlings”
A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention
An extensible perturbed parameter ensemble for the Community Atmosphere Model version 6
Coupling the regional climate model ICON-CLM v2.6.6 to the Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI v2.0 using OASIS3-MCT v4.0
A fully coupled solid-particle microphysics scheme for stratospheric aerosol injections within the aerosol–chemistry–climate model SOCOL-AERv2
An improved representation of aerosol in the ECMWF IFS-COMPO 49R1 through the integration of EQSAM4Climv12 – a first attempt at simulating aerosol acidity
At-scale Model Output Statistics in mountain environments (AtsMOS v1.0)
Impact of ocean vertical-mixing parameterization on Arctic sea ice and upper-ocean properties using the NEMO-SI3 model
Bridging the gap: a new module for human water use in the Community Earth System Model version 2.2.1
A new lightning scheme in the Canadian Atmospheric Model (CanAM5.1): implementation, evaluation, and projections of lightning and fire in future climates
Methane dynamics in the Baltic Sea: investigating concentration, flux, and isotopic composition patterns using the coupled physical–biogeochemical model BALTSEM-CH4 v1.0
ICON ComIn – The ICON Community Interface (ComIn version 0.1.0, with ICON version 2024.01-01)
Split-explicit external mode solver in the finite volume sea ice–ocean model FESOM2
Applying double cropping and interactive irrigation in the North China Plain using WRF4.5
The sea ice component of GC5: coupling SI3 to HadGEM3 using conductive fluxes
CICE on a C-grid: new momentum, stress, and transport schemes for CICEv6.5
HyPhAICC v1.0: a hybrid physics–AI approach for probability fields advection shown through an application to cloud cover nowcasting
CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool
Development of a plant carbon–nitrogen interface coupling framework in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model (SSiB5/TRIFFID/DayCent-SOM v1.0)
Dynamical Madden–Julian Oscillation forecasts using an ensemble subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast system of the IAP-CAS model
Implementation of a brittle sea ice rheology in an Eulerian, finite-difference, C-grid modeling framework: impact on the simulated deformation of sea ice in the Arctic
HSW-V v1.0: localized injections of interactive volcanic aerosols and their climate impacts in a simple general circulation model
A 3D-Var assimilation scheme for vertical velocity with CMA-MESO v5.0
Updating the radiation infrastructure in MESSy (based on MESSy version 2.55)
An urban module coupled with the Variable Infiltration Capacity model to improve hydrothermal simulations in urban systems
Bayesian hierarchical model for bias-correcting climate models
Evaluation of the coupling of EMACv2.55 to the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4
Reduced floating-point precision in regional climate simulations: an ensemble-based statistical verification
TorchClim v1.0: a deep-learning plugin for climate model physics
The very-high resolution configuration of the EC-Earth global model for HighResMIP
Linking global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry with process-based, coupled freshwater algae–nutrient–solid dynamics in LM3-FANSY v1.0
Validating a microphysical prognostic stratospheric aerosol implementation in E3SMv2 using observations after the Mount Pinatubo eruption
Architectural Insights and Training Methodology Optimization of Pangu-Weather
Implementing detailed nucleation predictions in the Earth system model EC-Earth3.3.4: sulfuric acid–ammonia nucleation
Modeling biochar effects on soil organic carbon on croplands in a microbial decomposition model (MIMICS-BC_v1.0)
Hector V3.2.0: functionality and performance of a reduced-complexity climate model
Evaluation of CMIP6 model simulations of PM2.5 and its components over China
Assessment of a tiling energy budget approach in a land surface model, ORCHIDEE-MICT (r8205)
Virtual Integration of Satellite and In-situ Observation Networks (VISION) v1.0: In-Situ Observations Simulator
Multivariate adjustment of drizzle bias using machine learning in European climate projections
Development and evaluation of the interactive Model for Air Pollution and Land Ecosystems (iMAPLE) version 1.0
A perspective on the next generation of Earth system model scenarios: towards representative emission pathways (REPs)
Short-term effects of hurricanes on nitrate-nitrogen runoff loading: a case study of Hurricane Ida using E3SM land model (v2.1)
Seung H. Baek, Paul A. Ullrich, Bo Dong, and Jiwoo Lee
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8665–8681, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate downscaled products by examining locally relevant co-variances during precipitation events. Common statistical downscaling techniques preserve expected co-variances during convective precipitation (a stationary phenomenon). However, they dampen future intensification of frontal precipitation (a non-stationary phenomenon) captured in global climate models and dynamical downscaling. Our study quantifies a ramification of the stationarity assumption underlying statistical downscaling.
Emmanuel Nyenah, Petra Döll, Daniel S. Katz, and Robert Reinecke
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8593–8611, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Research software is vital for scientific progress but is often developed by scientists with limited skills, time, and funding, leading to challenges in usability and maintenance. Our study across 10 sectors shows strengths in version control, open-source licensing, and documentation while emphasizing the need for containerization and code quality. We recommend workshops; code quality metrics; funding; and following the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) standards.
Chris Smith, Donald P. Cummins, Hege-Beate Fredriksen, Zebedee Nicholls, Malte Meinshausen, Myles Allen, Stuart Jenkins, Nicholas Leach, Camilla Mathison, and Antti-Ilari Partanen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8569–8592, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate projections are only useful if the underlying models that produce them are well calibrated and can reproduce observed climate change. We formalise a software package that calibrates the open-source FaIR simple climate model to full-complexity Earth system models. Observations, including historical warming, and assessments of key climate variables such as that of climate sensitivity are used to constrain the model output.
Jingwei Xie, Xi Wang, Hailong Liu, Pengfei Lin, Jiangfeng Yu, Zipeng Yu, Junlin Wei, and Xiang Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8469–8493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8469-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8469-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose the concept of mesoscale ocean direct numerical simulation (MODNS), which should resolve the first baroclinic deformation radius and ensure the numerical dissipative effects do not directly contaminate the mesoscale motions. It can be a benchmark for testing mesoscale ocean large eddy simulation (MOLES) methods in ocean models. We build an idealized Southern Ocean model using MITgcm to generate a type of MODNS. We also illustrate the diversity of multiscale eddy interactions.
Emily Black, John Ellis, and Ross I. Maidment
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8353–8372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8353-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8353-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present General TAMSAT-ALERT, a computationally lightweight and versatile tool for generating ensemble forecasts from time series data. General TAMSAT-ALERT is capable of combining multiple streams of monitoring and meteorological forecasting data into probabilistic hazard assessments. In this way, it complements existing systems and enhances their utility for actionable hazard assessment.
Sarah Schöngart, Lukas Gudmundsson, Mathias Hauser, Peter Pfleiderer, Quentin Lejeune, Shruti Nath, Sonia Isabelle Seneviratne, and Carl-Friedrich Schleussner
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8283–8320, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8283-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8283-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and temperature are two of the most impact-relevant climatic variables. Yet, projecting future precipitation and temperature data under different emission scenarios relies on complex models that are computationally expensive. In this study, we propose a method that allows us to generate monthly means of local precipitation and temperature at low computational costs. Our modelling framework is particularly useful for all downstream applications of climate model data.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Ben B. B. Booth, John Dunne, Veronika Eyring, Rosie A. Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew J. Gidden, Tomohiro Hajima, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Andrew King, Charles D. Koven, David M. Lawrence, Jason Lowe, Nadine Mengis, Glen P. Peters, Joeri Rogelj, Chris Smith, Abigail C. Snyder, Isla R. Simpson, Abigail L. S. Swann, Claudia Tebaldi, Tatiana Ilyina, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Roland Séférian, Bjørn H. Samset, Detlef van Vuuren, and Sönke Zaehle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8141–8172, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss how, in order to provide more relevant guidance for climate policy, coordinated climate experiments should adopt a greater focus on simulations where Earth system models are provided with carbon emissions from fossil fuels together with land use change instructions, rather than past approaches that have largely focused on experiments with prescribed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We discuss how these goals might be achieved in coordinated climate modeling experiments.
Peter Berg, Thomas Bosshard, Denica Bozhinova, Lars Bärring, Joakim Löw, Carolina Nilsson, Gustav Strandberg, Johan Södling, Johan Thuresson, Renate Wilcke, and Wei Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8173–8179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
When bias adjusting climate model data using quantile mapping, one needs to prescribe what to do at the tails of the distribution, where a larger data range is likely encountered outside of the calibration period. The end result is highly dependent on the method used. We show that, to avoid discontinuities in the time series, one needs to exclude data in the calibration range to also activate the extrapolation functionality in that time period.
Philip J. Rasch, Haruki Hirasawa, Mingxuan Wu, Sarah J. Doherty, Robert Wood, Hailong Wang, Andy Jones, James Haywood, and Hansi Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7963–7994, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a protocol to compare computer climate simulations to better understand a proposed strategy intended to counter warming and climate impacts from greenhouse gas increases. This slightly changes clouds in six ocean regions to reflect more sunlight and cool the Earth. Example changes in clouds and climate are shown for three climate models. Cloud changes differ between the models, but precipitation and surface temperature changes are similar when their cooling effects are made similar.
Trude Eidhammer, Andrew Gettelman, Katherine Thayer-Calder, Duncan Watson-Parris, Gregory Elsaesser, Hugh Morrison, Marcus van Lier-Walqui, Ci Song, and Daniel McCoy
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7835–7853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7835-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7835-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a dataset where 45 parameters related to cloud processes in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) are perturbed. Three sets of perturbed parameter ensembles (263 members) were created: current climate, preindustrial aerosol loading and future climate with sea surface temperature increased by 4 K.
Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Vera Maurer, Stefan Poll, and Irina Fast
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7815–7834, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The regional Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI v2.0 that includes the regional climate model ICON-CLM coupled to the ocean model NEMO and the hydrological discharge model HD via the OASIS3-MCT coupler can be a useful tool for conducting long-term regional climate simulations over the EURO-CORDEX domain. The new OASIS3-MCT coupling interface implemented in ICON-CLM makes it more flexible for coupling to an external ocean model and an external hydrological discharge model.
Sandro Vattioni, Rahel Weber, Aryeh Feinberg, Andrea Stenke, John A. Dykema, Beiping Luo, Georgios A. Kelesidis, Christian A. Bruun, Timofei Sukhodolov, Frank N. Keutsch, Thomas Peter, and Gabriel Chiodo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7767–7793, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7767-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7767-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified impacts and efficiency of stratospheric solar climate intervention via solid particle injection. Microphysical interactions of solid particles with the sulfur cycle were interactively coupled to the heterogeneous chemistry scheme and the radiative transfer code of an aerosol–chemistry–climate model. Compared to injection of SO2 we only find a stronger cooling efficiency for solid particles when normalizing to the aerosol load but not when normalizing to the injection rate.
Samuel Rémy, Swen Metzger, Vincent Huijnen, Jason E. Williams, and Johannes Flemming
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7539–7567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the development of the future operational cycle 49R1 of the IFS-COMPO system, used for operational forecasts of atmospheric composition in the CAMS project, and focus on the implementation of the thermodynamical model EQSAM4Clim version 12. The implementation of EQSAM4Clim significantly improves the simulated secondary inorganic aerosol surface concentration. The new aerosol and precipitation acidity diagnostics showed good agreement against observational datasets.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Tom Matthews, L. Baker Perry, Nirakar Thapa, and Rob Wilby
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7629–7643, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7629-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7629-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the AtsMOS workflow, a new tool for improving weather forecasts in mountainous areas. By combining advanced statistical techniques with local weather data, AtsMOS can provide more accurate predictions of weather conditions. Using data from Mount Everest as an example, AtsMOS has shown promise in better forecasting hazardous weather conditions, making it a valuable tool for communities in mountainous regions and beyond.
Sofia Allende, Anne Marie Treguier, Camille Lique, Clément de Boyer Montégut, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Antoine Barthélemy
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7445–7466, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the parameters of the turbulent-kinetic-energy mixed-layer-penetration scheme in the NEMO model with regard to sea-ice-covered regions of the Arctic Ocean. This evaluation reveals the impact of these parameters on mixed-layer depth, sea surface temperature and salinity, and ocean stratification. Our findings demonstrate significant impacts on sea ice thickness and sea ice concentration, emphasizing the need for accurately representing ocean mixing to understand Arctic climate dynamics.
Sabin I. Taranu, David M. Lawrence, Yoshihide Wada, Ting Tang, Erik Kluzek, Sam Rabin, Yi Yao, Steven J. De Hertog, Inne Vanderkelen, and Wim Thiery
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7365–7399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we improved a climate model by adding the representation of water use sectors such as domestic, industry, and agriculture. This new feature helps us understand how water is used and supplied in various areas. We tested our model from 1971 to 2010 and found that it accurately identifies areas with water scarcity. By modelling the competition between sectors when water availability is limited, the model helps estimate the intensity and extent of individual sectors' water shortages.
Cynthia Whaley, Montana Etten-Bohm, Courtney Schumacher, Ayodeji Akingunola, Vivek Arora, Jason Cole, Michael Lazare, David Plummer, Knut von Salzen, and Barbara Winter
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7141–7155, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes how lightning was added as a process in the Canadian Earth System Model in order to interactively respond to climate changes. As lightning is an important cause of global wildfires, this new model development allows for more realistic projections of how wildfires may change in the future, responding to a changing climate.
Erik Gustafsson, Bo G. Gustafsson, Martijn Hermans, Christoph Humborg, and Christian Stranne
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7157–7179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) cycling in the Baltic Proper is studied through model simulations, enabling a first estimate of key CH4 fluxes. A preliminary budget identifies benthic CH4 release as the dominant source and two main sinks: CH4 oxidation in the water (92 % of sinks) and outgassing to the atmosphere (8 % of sinks). This study addresses CH4 emissions from coastal seas and is a first step toward understanding the relative importance of open-water outgassing compared with local coastal hotspots.
Kerstin Hartung, Bastian Kern, Nils-Arne Dreier, Jörn Geisbüsch, Mahnoosh Haghighatnasab, Patrick Jöckel, Astrid Kerkweg, Wilton Jaciel Loch, Florian Prill, and Daniel Rieger
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-135, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-135, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
The Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) Model Community Interface (ComIn) library supports connecting third-party modules to the ICON model. Third-party modules can range from simple diagnostic Python scripts to full chemistry models. ComIn offers a low barrier for code extensions to ICON, provides multi-language support (Fortran, C/C++ and Python) and reduces the migration effort in response to new ICON releases. This paper presents the ComIn design principles and a range of use cases.
Tridib Banerjee, Patrick Scholz, Sergey Danilov, Knut Klingbeil, and Dmitry Sidorenko
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7051–7065, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we propose a new alternative to one of the functionalities of the sea ice model FESOM2. The alternative we propose allows the model to capture and simulate fast changes in quantities like sea surface elevation more accurately. We also demonstrate that the new alternative is faster and more adept at taking advantages of highly parallelized computing infrastructure. We therefore show that this new alternative is a great addition to the sea ice model FESOM2.
Yuwen Fan, Zhao Yang, Min-Hui Lo, Jina Hur, and Eun-Soon Im
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6929–6947, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigated agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP) has a significant impact on the local climate. To better understand this impact, we developed a specialized model specifically for the NCP region. This model allows us to simulate the double-cropping vegetation and the dynamic irrigation practices that are commonly employed in the NCP. This model shows improved performance in capturing the general crop growth, such as crop stages, biomass, crop yield, and vegetation greenness.
Ed Blockley, Emma Fiedler, Jeff Ridley, Luke Roberts, Alex West, Dan Copsey, Daniel Feltham, Tim Graham, David Livings, Clement Rousset, David Schroeder, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6799–6817, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the sea ice model component of the latest Met Office coupled model configuration, which will be used as the physical basis for UK contributions to CMIP7. Documentation of science options used in the configuration are given along with a brief model evaluation. This is the first UK configuration to use NEMO’s new SI3 sea ice model. We provide details on how SI3 was adapted to work with Met Office coupling methodology and documentation of coupling processes in the model.
Jean-François Lemieux, William H. Lipscomb, Anthony Craig, David A. Bailey, Elizabeth C. Hunke, Philippe Blain, Till A. S. Rasmussen, Mats Bentsen, Frédéric Dupont, David Hebert, and Richard Allard
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6703–6724, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the latest version of the CICE model. It solves equations that describe the dynamics and the growth and melt of sea ice. To do so, the domain is divided into grid cells and variables are positioned at specific locations in the cells. A new implementation (C-grid) is presented, with the velocity located on cell edges. Compared to the previous B-grid, the C-grid allows for a natural coupling with some oceanic and atmospheric models. It also allows for ice transport in narrow channels.
Rachid El Montassir, Olivier Pannekoucke, and Corentin Lapeyre
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6657–6681, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a novel approach that combines physics and artificial intelligence (AI) for improved cloud cover forecasting. This approach outperforms traditional deep learning (DL) methods in producing realistic and physically consistent results while requiring less training data. This architecture provides a promising solution to overcome the limitations of classical AI methods and contributes to open up new possibilities for combining physical knowledge with deep learning models.
Marit Sandstad, Borgar Aamaas, Ane Nordlie Johansen, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Glen Philip Peters, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Benjamin Mark Sanderson, and Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6589–6625, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CICERO-SCM has existed as a Fortran model since 1999 that calculates the radiative forcing and concentrations from emissions and is an upwelling diffusion energy balance model of the ocean that calculates temperature change. In this paper, we describe an updated version ported to Python and publicly available at https://github.com/ciceroOslo/ciceroscm (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10548720). This version contains functionality for parallel runs and automatic calibration.
Zheng Xiang, Yongkang Xue, Weidong Guo, Melannie D. Hartman, Ye Liu, and William J. Parton
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6437–6464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A process-based plant carbon (C)–nitrogen (N) interface coupling framework has been developed which mainly focuses on plant resistance and N-limitation effects on photosynthesis, plant respiration, and plant phenology. A dynamic C / N ratio is introduced to represent plant resistance and self-adjustment. The framework has been implemented in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model, and testing results show a general improvement in simulating plant properties with this framework.
Yangke Liu, Qing Bao, Bian He, Xiaofei Wu, Jing Yang, Yimin Liu, Guoxiong Wu, Tao Zhu, Siyuan Zhou, Yao Tang, Ankang Qu, Yalan Fan, Anling Liu, Dandan Chen, Zhaoming Luo, Xing Hu, and Tongwen Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6249–6275, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We give an overview of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics–Chinese Academy of Sciences subseasonal-to-seasonal ensemble forecasting system and Madden–Julian Oscillation forecast evaluation of the system. Compared to other S2S models, the IAP-CAS model has its benefits but also biases, i.e., underdispersive ensemble, overestimated amplitude, and faster propagation speed when forecasting MJO. We provide a reason for these biases and prospects for further improvement of this system in the future.
Laurent Brodeau, Pierre Rampal, Einar Ólason, and Véronique Dansereau
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6051–6082, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new brittle sea ice rheology, BBM, has been implemented into the sea ice component of NEMO. We describe how a new spatial discretization framework was introduced to achieve this. A set of idealized and realistic ocean and sea ice simulations of the Arctic have been performed using BBM and the standard viscous–plastic rheology of NEMO. When compared to satellite data, our simulations show that our implementation of BBM leads to a fairly good representation of sea ice deformations.
Joseph P. Hollowed, Christiane Jablonowski, Hunter Y. Brown, Benjamin R. Hillman, Diana L. Bull, and Joseph L. Hart
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5913–5938, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large volcanic eruptions deposit material in the upper atmosphere, which is capable of altering temperature and wind patterns of Earth's atmosphere for subsequent years. This research describes a new method of simulating these effects in an idealized, efficient atmospheric model. A volcanic eruption of sulfur dioxide is described with a simplified set of physical rules, which eventually cools the planetary surface. This model has been designed as a test bed for climate attribution studies.
Hong Li, Yi Yang, Jian Sun, Yuan Jiang, Ruhui Gan, and Qian Xie
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5883–5896, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical atmospheric motions play a vital role in convective-scale precipitation forecasts by connecting atmospheric dynamics with cloud development. A three-dimensional variational vertical velocity assimilation scheme is developed within the high-resolution CMA-MESO model, utilizing the adiabatic Richardson equation as the observation operator. A 10 d continuous run and an individual case study demonstrate improved forecasts, confirming the scheme's effectiveness.
Matthias Nützel, Laura Stecher, Patrick Jöckel, Franziska Winterstein, Martin Dameris, Michael Ponater, Phoebe Graf, and Markus Kunze
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5821–5849, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extended the infrastructure of our modelling system to enable the use of an additional radiation scheme. After calibrating the model setups to the old and the new radiation scheme, we find that the simulation with the new scheme shows considerable improvements, e.g. concerning the cold-point temperature and stratospheric water vapour. Furthermore, perturbations of radiative fluxes associated with greenhouse gas changes, e.g. of methane, tend to be improved when the new scheme is employed.
Yibing Wang, Xianhong Xie, Bowen Zhu, Arken Tursun, Fuxiao Jiang, Yao Liu, Dawei Peng, and Buyun Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5803–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Urban expansion intensifies challenges like urban heat and urban dry islands. To address this, we developed an urban module, VIC-urban, in the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Tested in Beijing, VIC-urban accurately simulated turbulent heat fluxes, runoff, and land surface temperature. We provide a reliable tool for large-scale simulations considering urban environment and a systematic urban modelling framework within VIC, offering crucial insights for urban planners and designers.
Jeremy Carter, Erick A. Chacón-Montalván, and Amber Leeson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5733–5757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are essential tools in the study of climate change and its wide-ranging impacts on life on Earth. However, the output is often afflicted with some bias. In this paper, a novel model is developed to predict and correct bias in the output of climate models. The model captures uncertainty in the correction and explicitly models underlying spatial correlation between points. These features are of key importance for climate change impact assessments and resulting decision-making.
Anna Martin, Veronika Gayler, Benedikt Steil, Klaus Klingmüller, Patrick Jöckel, Holger Tost, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5705–5732, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluates the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4 as a replacement for the simplified submodel SURFACE in EMAC. JSBACH mitigates earlier problems of soil dryness, which are critical for vegetation modelling. When analysed using different datasets, the coupled model shows strong correlations of key variables, such as land surface temperature, surface albedo and radiation flux. The versatility of the model increases significantly, while the overall performance does not degrade.
Hugo Banderier, Christian Zeman, David Leutwyler, Stefan Rüdisühli, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5573–5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of reduced-precision arithmetic in a state-of-the-art regional climate model by studying the results of 10-year-long simulations. After this time, the results of the reduced precision and the standard implementation are hardly different. This should encourage the use of reduced precision in climate models to exploit the speedup and memory savings it brings. The methodology used in this work can help researchers verify reduced-precision implementations of their model.
David Fuchs, Steven C. Sherwood, Abhnil Prasad, Kirill Trapeznikov, and Jim Gimlett
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5459–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) of unresolved processes offers many new possibilities for improving weather and climate models, but integrating ML into the models has been an engineering challenge, and there are performance issues. We present a new software plugin for this integration, TorchClim, that is scalable and flexible and thereby allows a new level of experimentation with the ML approach. We also provide guidance on ML training and demonstrate a skillful hybrid ML atmosphere model.
Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Thomas Arsouze, Mario Acosta, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière, Miguel Castrillo, Eric Ferrer, Amanda Frigola, Daria Kuznetsova, Eneko Martin-Martinez, Pablo Ortega, and Sergi Palomas
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-119, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-119, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We present the high-resolution model version of the EC-Earth global climate model to contribute to HighResMIP. The combined model resolution is about 10-15 km in both the ocean and atmosphere, which makes it one of the finest ever used to complete historical and scenario simulations. This model is compared with two lower-resolution versions, with a 100-km and a 25-km grid. The three models are compared with observations to study the improvements thanks to the increased in the resolution.
Minjin Lee, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5191–5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative for understanding emerging eutrophication problems. Such efforts, however, have been challenged by the difficulty of balancing details of freshwater biogeochemical processes with limited knowledge, input, and validation datasets. Here we develop a global freshwater model that resolves intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics and provide performance assessment against measurement-based estimates.
Hunter York Brown, Benjamin Wagman, Diana Bull, Kara Peterson, Benjamin Hillman, Xiaohong Liu, Ziming Ke, and Lin Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5087–5121, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Explosive volcanic eruptions lead to long-lived, microscopic particles in the upper atmosphere which act to cool the Earth's surface by reflecting the Sun's light back to space. We include and test this process in a global climate model, E3SM. E3SM is tested against satellite and balloon observations of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, showing that with these particles in the model we reasonably recreate Pinatubo and its global effects. We also explore how particle size leads to these effects.
Deifilia Aurora To, Julian Quinting, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Markus Götz, Achim Streit, and Charlotte Debus
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1714, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1714, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pangu-Weather is a breakthrough machine learning model in medium-range weather forecasting that considers three-dimensional atmospheric information. We show that using a simpler 2D framework improves robustness, speeds up training, and reduces computational needs by 20–30%. We introduce a training procedure that varies the importance of atmospheric variables over time to speed up training convergence. Decreasing computational demand increases accessibility of training and working with the model.
Carl Svenhag, Moa K. Sporre, Tinja Olenius, Daniel Yazgi, Sara M. Blichner, Lars P. Nieradzik, and Pontus Roldin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4923–4942, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research shows the importance of modeling new particle formation (NPF) and growth of particles in the atmosphere on a global scale, as they influence the outcomes of clouds and our climate. With the global model EC-Earth3 we show that using a new method for NPF modeling, which includes new detailed processes with NH3 and H2SO4, significantly impacts the number of particles in the air and clouds and changes the radiation balance of the same magnitude as anthropogenic greenhouse emissions.
Mengjie Han, Qing Zhao, Xili Wang, Ying-Ping Wang, Philippe Ciais, Haicheng Zhang, Daniel S. Goll, Lei Zhu, Zhe Zhao, Zhixuan Guo, Chen Wang, Wei Zhuang, Fengchang Wu, and Wei Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4871–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of biochar (BC) on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is not represented in most land carbon models used for assessing land-based climate change mitigation. Our study develops a BC model that incorporates our current understanding of BC effects on SOC based on a soil carbon model (MIMICS). The BC model can reproduce the SOC changes after adding BC, providing a useful tool to couple dynamic land models to evaluate the effectiveness of BC application for CO2 removal from the atmosphere.
Kalyn Dorheim, Skylar Gering, Robert Gieseke, Corinne Hartin, Leeya Pressburger, Alexey N. Shiklomanov, Steven J. Smith, Claudia Tebaldi, Dawn L. Woodard, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4855–4869, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4855-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4855-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hector is an easy-to-use, global climate–carbon cycle model. With its quick run time, Hector can provide climate information from a run in a fraction of a second. Hector models on a global and annual basis. Here, we present an updated version of the model, Hector V3. In this paper, we document Hector’s new features. Hector V3 is capable of reproducing historical observations, and its future temperature projections are consistent with those of more complex models.
Fangxuan Ren, Jintai Lin, Chenghao Xu, Jamiu A. Adeniran, Jingxu Wang, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie S. Hammer, Larry W. Horowitz, Steven T. Turnock, Naga Oshima, Jie Zhang, Susanne Bauer, Kostas Tsigaridis, Øyvind Seland, Pierre Nabat, David Neubauer, Gary Strand, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4821–4836, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the performance of 14 CMIP6 ESMs in simulating total PM2.5 and its 5 components over China during 2000–2014. PM2.5 and its components are underestimated in almost all models, except that black carbon (BC) and sulfate are overestimated in two models, respectively. The underestimation is the largest for organic carbon (OC) and the smallest for BC. Models reproduce the observed spatial pattern for OC, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium well, yet the agreement is poorer for BC.
Yi Xi, Chunjing Qiu, Yuan Zhang, Dan Zhu, Shushi Peng, Gustaf Hugelius, Jinfeng Chang, Elodie Salmon, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4727–4754, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ORCHIDEE-MICT model can simulate the carbon cycle and hydrology at a sub-grid scale but energy budgets only at a grid scale. This paper assessed the implementation of a multi-tiling energy budget approach in ORCHIDEE-MICT and found warmer surface and soil temperatures, higher soil moisture, and more soil organic carbon across the Northern Hemisphere compared with the original version.
Maria Rosa Russo, Sadie L. Bartholomew, David Hassell, Alex M. Mason, Erica Neininger, A. James Perman, David A. J. Sproson, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Nathan Luke Abraham
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-73, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Observational data and modelling capabilities are expanding in recent years, but there are still barriers preventing these two data sources to be used in synergy. Proper comparison requires generating, storing and handling a large amount of data. This manuscript describes the first step in the development of a new set of software tools, the ‘VISION toolkit’, which can enable the easy and efficient integration of observational and model data required for model evaluation.
Georgia Lazoglou, Theo Economou, Christina Anagnostopoulou, George Zittis, Anna Tzyrkalli, Pantelis Georgiades, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4689–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the important issue of the drizzle bias effect in regional climate models, described by an over-prediction of the number of rainy days while underestimating associated precipitation amounts. For this purpose, two distinct methodologies are applied and rigorously evaluated. These results are encouraging for using the multivariate machine learning method random forest to increase the accuracy of climate models concerning the projection of the number of wet days.
Xu Yue, Hao Zhou, Chenguang Tian, Yimian Ma, Yihan Hu, Cheng Gong, Hui Zheng, and Hong Liao
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4621–4642, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the interactive Model for Air Pollution and Land Ecosystems (iMAPLE). The model considers the full coupling between carbon and water cycles, dynamic fire emissions, wetland methane emissions, biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, and trait-based ozone vegetation damage. Evaluations show that iMAPLE is a useful tool for the study of the interactions among climate, chemistry, and ecosystems.
Malte Meinshausen, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Kathleen Beyer, Greg Bodeker, Olivier Boucher, Josep G. Canadell, John S. Daniel, Aïda Diongue-Niang, Fatima Driouech, Erich Fischer, Piers Forster, Michael Grose, Gerrit Hansen, Zeke Hausfather, Tatiana Ilyina, Jarmo S. Kikstra, Joyce Kimutai, Andrew D. King, June-Yi Lee, Chris Lennard, Tabea Lissner, Alexander Nauels, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Hans Pörtner, Joeri Rogelj, Maisa Rojas, Joyashree Roy, Bjørn H. Samset, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Sonia Seneviratne, Christopher J. Smith, Sophie Szopa, Adelle Thomas, Diana Urge-Vorsatz, Guus J. M. Velders, Tokuta Yokohata, Tilo Ziehn, and Zebedee Nicholls
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4533–4559, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The scientific community is considering new scenarios to succeed RCPs and SSPs for the next generation of Earth system model runs to project future climate change. To contribute to that effort, we reflect on relevant policy and scientific research questions and suggest categories for representative emission pathways. These categories are tailored to the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal, high-risk outcomes in the absence of further climate policy and worlds “that could have been”.
Yilin Fang, Hoang Viet Tran, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-70, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-70, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Hurricanes may worsen the water quality in the lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) by increasing nutrient runoff. We found that runoff parameterizations greatly affect nitrate-nitrogen runoff simulated using an Earth system land model. Our simulations predicted increased nitrogen runoff in LMRB during Hurricane Ida in 2021, but less pronounced than the observations, indicating areas for model improvement to better understand and manage nutrient runoff loss during hurricanes in the region.
Cited articles
Adcroft, A. and Campin, J.-M.: Rescaled height coordinates for accurate
representation of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models, Ocean
Model., 7, 269–284, 2004.
Adcroft, A., Hill, C., and Marshall, J.: Representation of topography by
shaved cells in a height coordinate ocean model, Mon. Weather Rev.,
125, 2293–2315, 1997.
Artale, V., Calmanti, S., Carillo, A., Dell'Aquila, A., Herrmann, M.,
Pisacane, G., Ruti, P. M., Sannino, G., Struglia, M. V., and Giorgi, F.: An
atmosphere–ocean regional climate model for the Mediterranean area:
assessment of a present climate simulation, Clim. Dynam., 35, 721–740,
2010.
Belmonte Rivas, M. and Stoffelen, A.: Characterizing ERA-Interim and ERA5 surface wind biases using ASCAT, Ocean Sci., 15, 831–852, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-831-2019, 2019.
Béranger, K., Mortier, L., and Crépon, M.: Seasonal variability of
water transport through the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica,
derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation,
Prog. Oceanogr., 66, 341–364, 2005.
Bethoux, J.: Budgets of the Mediterranean Sea. Their depenqance on the local
climate and on the characteristics of the Atlantic waters, Oceanol. Acta, 2,
157–163, 1979.
Beuvier, J., Sevault, F., Herrmann, M., Kontoyiannis, H., Ludwig, W., Rixen,
M., Stanev, E., Béranger, K., and Somot, S.: Modeling the Mediterranean
Sea interannual variability during 1961–2000: focus on the Eastern
Mediterranean Transient, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C08017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005950, 2010.
Breitkreuz, C., Paul, A., Kurahashi-Nakamura, T., Losch, M., and Schulz, M.:
A dynamical reconstruction of the global monthly mean oxygen isotopic
composition of seawater, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123,
7206–7219, 2018.
Brune, S. and Baehr, J.: Preserving the coupled atmosphere–ocean feedback
in initializations of decadal climate predictions, WIRES Clim. Change, 11, e637, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.637, 2020.
Bryden, H. L., Candela, J., and Kinder, T. H.: Exchange through the Strait
of Gibraltar, Prog. Oceanogr., 33, 201–248, 1994.
Criado-Aldeanueva, F., Soto-Navarro, F. J., and García-Lafuente, J.:
Seasonal and interannual variability of surface heat and freshwater fluxes
in the Mediterranean Sea: budgets and exchange through the Strait of
Gibraltar, Int. J. Climatol., 32, 286–302, 2012.
Darmaraki, S., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Nabat, P., Narvaez, W. D. C.,
Cavicchia, L., Djurdjevic, V., Li, L., Sannino, G., and Sein, D. V.: Future
evolution of marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea, Clim. Dynam.,
53, 1371–1392, 2019.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Holm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Kohler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The
ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data
assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dickinson, R. E., Henderson-Sellers, A., and Kennedy, P. J.:
Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) version 1e as coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model,
NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-387+STR, p. 72
https://doi.org/10.5065/D67W6959, 1993.
Drobinski, P., Anav, A., Brossier, C. L., Samson, G., Stéfanon, M.,
Bastin, S., Baklouti, M., Béranger, K., Beuvier, J., and
Bourdallé-Badie, R.: Model of the Regional Coupled Earth system (MORCE):
Application to process and climate studies in vulnerable regions,
Environ. Modell. Softw., 35, 1–18, 2012.
Dubois, C., Somot, S., Calmanti, S., Carillo, A., Déqué, M., Dell'Aquilla, A., Elizalde, A., Gualdi, S., Jacob, D., L'Hévéder, B., Li, L., Oddo, P., Sannino, G., Scoccimarro, E., and Sevault, F.: Future projections of the surface heat and water
budgets of the Mediterranean Sea in an ensemble of coupled atmosphere – ocean
regional climate models, Clim. Dynam., 39, 1859–1884, 2012.
European Reanalysis ERA-Interim: ERA Interim, Daily, available at: https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=pl/, last access: 22 June, 2021.
Forget, G., Campin, J.-M., Heimbach, P., Hill, C. N., Ponte, R. M., and Wunsch, C.: ECCO version 4: an integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3071–3104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015, 2015.
Forget, G. and Ferreira, D.: Global ocean heat transport dominated by heat
export from the tropical Pacific, Nat. Geosci., 12, 351–354, 2019.
Furue, R., Jia, Y., McCreary, J. P., Schneider, N., Richards, K. J.,
Müller, P., Cornuelle, B. D., Avellaneda, N. M., Stammer, D., and Liu,
C.: Impacts of regional mixing on the temperature structure of the
equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part 1: Vertically uniform vertical diffusion,
Ocean Model., 91, 91–111, 2015.
García-Díez, M., Fernández, J., and Vautard, R.: An RCM Multi-Physics Ensemble over Europe: Multi-Variable Evaluation to Avoid Error Compensation, Clim. Dynam., 45, 3141–3156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2529-x, 2015.
Giorgi, F.: Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested
in a general circulation model, J. Climate, 3, 941–963, 1990.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025734,
2006.
Giorgi, F.: Thirty years of regional climate modeling: where are we and
where are we going next?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124,
5696–5723, 2019.
Giorgi, F. and Gutowski Jr, W. J.: Regional dynamical downscaling and the
CORDEX initiative, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 40, 467–490,
2015.
Giorgi, F. and Gutowski, W. J.: Coordinated experiments for projections of
regional climate change, Current Climate Change Reports, 2, 202–210, 2016.
Giorgi, F., Marinucci, M. R., and Bates, G. T.: Development of a
second-generation regional climate model (RegCM2). Part I: Boundary-layer
and radiative transfer processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 2794–2813,
1993a.
Giorgi, F., Marinucci, M. R., Bates, G. T., and De Canio, G.: Development of a Second-Generation Regional Climate Model (RegCM2). Part II: Convective Processes and Assimilation of Lateral Boundary Conditions, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 2814–2832, 1993b.
Giorgi, F., Coppola, E., Solmon, F., Mariotti, L., Sylla, M., Bi, X.,
Elguindi, N., Diro, G., Nair, V., and Giuliani, G.: RegCM4: model
description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains, Clim.
Res., 52, 7–29, 2012.
Giorgi, F., Solmon, F., Xunjang, B., Coppola E., Graziano, G., Turunçoğlu, U., Güttler, I., Mariotti, L., Nogherotto, R., O'Brien, T. A., Tawfik, A., Elguindi, N., Piani, S., Pal, J., Gulilat, T. D., Shalaby, A.: ictp-esp/RegCM: Paper Release (Version 4.7.1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4603556, 2021.
Grell, G. A.: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus
parameterizations, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 764–787, 1993.
Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J., and Stauffer, D.: A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-3981STR, 122 pp., 1994.
Hagemann, S.: The HD Model, available at: https://wiki.coast.hzg.de/display/HYD/The+HD+Model, last access: 24 December 2020.
Hagemann, S. and Dümenil, L.: A parametrization of the lateral
waterflow for the global scale, Clim. Dynam., 14, 17–31, 1997.
Hagemann, S. and Gates, L. D.: Validation of the hydrological cycle of
ECMWF and NCEP reanalyses using the MPI hydrological discharge model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 1503–1510, 2001.
Heikkilä, U., Sandvik, A., and Sorteberg, A.: Dynamical downscaling of
ERA-40 in complex terrain using the WRF regional climate model, Clim.
Dynam., 37, 1551–1564, 2011.
Holte, J., Talley, L. D., Gilson, J., and Roemmich, D.: An Argo mixed layer
climatology and database, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5618–5626, 2017.
Hong, S.-Y., Dudhia, J., and Chen, S.-H.: A revised approach to ice
microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and
precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 103–120, 2004.
Hong, S.-Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.: A new vertical diffusion package with
an explicit treatment of entrainment processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134,
2318–2341, 2006.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S.
A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long lived greenhouse gases:
Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 113, D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library: LEVITUS94 MONTHLY, available at: https://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LEVITUS94/.MONTHLY/ (last access:
24 December 2020), 2015.
Jordà, G., Von Schuckmann, K., Josey, S. A., Caniaux, G.,
García-Lafuente, J., Sammartino, S., Özsoy, E., Polcher, J.,
Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P.-M., Adloff, F., Salat, J., Naranjo, C.,
Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Sannino, G., and Macías, D.: The
Mediterranean Sea heat and mass budgets: estimates, uncertainties and
perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 156, 174–208, 2017.
Kain, J. S.: The Kain–Fritsch convective parameterization: an update,
J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 170–181, 2004.
Katragkou, E., García-Díez, M., Vautard, R., Sobolowski, S., Zanis, P., Alexandri, G., Cardoso, R. M., Colette, A., Fernandez, J., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Karacostas, T., Knist, S., Mayer, S., Soares, P. M. M., Pytharoulis, I., Tegoulias, I., Tsikerdekis, A., and Jacob, D.: Regional climate hindcast simulations within EURO-CORDEX: evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 603–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-603-2015, 2015.
Kiehl, J., Hack, J., Bonan, G., Boville, B., and Briegleb, B.: Description
of the NCAR community climate model (CCM3). Technical Note, National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States), 1996.
Kotlarski, S., Keuler, K., Christensen, O. B., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Jacob, D., Lüthi, D., van Meijgaard, E., Nikulin, G., Schär, C., Teichmann, C., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate modeling on European scales: a joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1297–1333, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1297-2014, 2014.
Lascaratos, A., Williams, R. G., and Tragou, E.: A mixed-layer study of the
formation of Levantine Intermediate Water, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 14739–14749, 1993.
Lascaratos, A., Roether, W., Nittis, K., and Klein, B.: Recent changes in
deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a
review, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 5–36, 1999.
Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Bastin, S., Béranger, K., and Drobinski, P.:
Regional mesoscale air–sea coupling impacts and extreme meteorological
events role on the Mediterranean Sea water budget, Clim. Dynam., 44,
1029–1051, 2015.
Lermusiaux, P. and Robinson, A.: Features of dominant mesoscale
variability, circulation patterns and dynamics in the Strait of Sicily, Deep
Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48, 1953–1997, 2001.
Liu, P., Tsimpidi, A. P., Hu, Y., Stone, B., Russell, A. G., and Nenes, A.: Differences between downscaling with spectral and grid nudging using WRF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3601–3610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3601-2012, 2012.
Llasses, J., Jordà, G., Gomis, D., Adloff, F., Macías, D.,
Harzallah, A., Arsouze, T., Akthar, N., Li, L., and Elizalde, A.: Heat and
salt redistribution within the Mediterranean Sea in the Med-CORDEX model
ensemble, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1119–1143, 2018.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Manca, B. B., d'Alcala, M. R., Theocharis, A.,
Brenner, S., Budillon, G., and Ozsoy, E.: The Eastern Mediterranean in the
80s and in the 90s: the big transition in the intermediate and deep
circulations, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 29, 365–395, 1999.
Mariotti, A., Struglia, M. V., Zeng, N., and Lau, K.: The hydrological cycle
in the Mediterranean region and implications for the water budget of the
Mediterranean Sea, J. Climate, 15, 1674–1690, 2002.
Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Heisey, C.: A
finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean
on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102,
5753–5766, 1997.
McKiver, W. J., Sannino, G., Braga, F., and Bellafiore, D.: Investigation of model capability in capturing vertical hydrodynamic coastal processes: a case study in the north Adriatic Sea, Ocean Sci., 12, 51–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-51-2016, 2016.
Mediterranean Data Archaeology and Rescue: Medar/medatlas II Web site, available at: http://www.ifremer.fr/medar/, last access: 22 June 2021.
Mertens, C. and Schott, F.: Interannual variability of deep-water formation
in the Northwestern Mediterranean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28,
1410–1424, 1998.
Millot C. and Taupier-Letage I.: Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, in: The Mediterranean Sea. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Saliot, A., vol. 5K, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/b107143, 2005.
Mooney, P., Mulligan, F., and Fealy, R.: Evaluation of the sensitivity of
the weather research and forecasting model to parameterization schemes for
regional climates of Europe over the period 1990–95, J. Climate,
26, 1002–1017, 2013.
Niu, G. Y., Yang, Z. L., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M.,
Kumar, A., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., and Rosero, E.: The community Noah land
surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 1. Model
description and evaluation with local-scale measurements, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D12109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139, 2011.
Omrani, H., Drobinski, P., and Dubos, T.: Using nudging to improve
global-regional dynamic consistency in limited-area climate modeling: What
should we nudge?, Clim. Dynam., 44, 1627–1644, 2015.
Onken, R., Robinson, A. R., Lermusiaux, P. F., Haley, P. J., and Anderson,
L. A.: Data-driven simulations of synoptic circulation and transports in the
Tunisia-Sardinia-Sicily region, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
108, 8123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001348, 2003.
Pal, J. S., Small, E. E., and Eltahir, E. A.: Simulation of regional-scale
water and energy budgets: Representation of subgrid cloud and precipitation
processes within RegCM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105,
29579–29594, 2000.
Parras-Berrocal, I. M., Vazquez, R., Cabos, W., Sein, D., Mañanes, R., Perez-Sanz, J., and Izquierdo, A.: The climate change signal in the Mediterranean Sea in a regionally coupled atmosphere–ocean model, Ocean Sci., 16, 743–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-743-2020, 2020.
Peng, Q., Xie, S.-P., Wang, D., Zheng, X.-T., and Zhang, H.: Coupled
ocean-atmosphere dynamics of the 2017 extreme coastal El Niño, Nat.
Commun. 10, 298, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08258-8 , 2019.
Pettenuzzo, D., Large, W., and Pinardi, N.: On the corrections of ERA-40
surface flux products consistent with the Mediterranean heat and water
budgets and the connection between basin surface total heat flux and NAO,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C06022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005631, 2010.
Pinardi, N., Arneri, E., Crise, A., Ravaioli, M., and Zavatarelli, M.: The
physical, sedimentary and ecological structure and variability of shelf
areas in the Mediterranean sea, The Sea, 14, 1243–1330, 2006.
Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M., Adani, M., Coppini, G., Fratianni, C., Oddo,
P., Simoncelli, S., Tonani, M., Lyubartsev, V., and Dobricic, S.:
Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean variability and water mass
formation rates from 1987 to 2007: A retrospective analysis, Prog.
Oceanogr., 132, 318–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.003, 2015.
Polkova, I., Köhl, A., and Stammer, D.: Impact of initialization
procedures on the predictive skill of a coupled ocean–atmosphere model,
Clim. Dynam., 42, 3151–3169, 2014.
Reale, M., Giorgi, F., Solidoro, C., Di Biagio, V., Di Sante, F., Mariotti, L., Farneti, R., and Sannino, G.: The Regional Earth System Model RegCM-ES: Evaluation of the Mediterranean climate and marine biogeochemistry, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001812. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001812, 2020.
Reynolds, R. W., Rayner, N. A., Smith, T. M., Stokes, D. C., and Wang, W.:
An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate, J.
Climate, 15, 1609–1625, 2002.
Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Chelton, D. B., Casey, K. S., and
Schlax, M. G.: Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface
temperature, J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496, 2007.
Robinson, A., Sellschopp, J., Warn-Varnas, A., Leslie, W., Lozano, C., Haley
Jr, P., Anderson, L., and Lermusiaux, P.: The Atlantic ionian stream,
J. Marine Syst., 20, 129–156, 1999.
Roether, W., Klein, B., Manca, B. B., Theocharis, A., and Kioroglou, S.:
Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive
dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s, Prog. Oceanogr.,
74, 540–571, 2007.
Romanou, A., Tselioudis, G., Zerefos, C., Clayson, C., Curry, J., and
Andersson, A.: Evaporation–precipitation variability over the Mediterranean
and the Black Seas from satellite and reanalysis estimates, J.
Climate, 23, 5268–5287, 2010.
Rosso, I., Hogg, A. M., Kiss, A. E., and Gayen, B.: Topographic influence on
submesoscale dynamics in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
42, 1139–1147, 2015.
Ruti, P. M., Somot, S., Giorgi, F., Dubois, C., Flaounas, E., Obermann, A.,
Dell'Aquila, A., Pisacane, G., Harzallah, A., and Lombardi, E.: MED-CORDEX
initiative for Mediterranean climate studies, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1187–1208, 2016.
Sanchez-Gomez, E., Somot, S., Josey, S., Dubois, C., Elguindi, N., and
Déqué, M.: Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets
simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models, Clim.
Dynam., 37, 2067–2086, 2011.
Sannino, G., Herrmann, M., Carillo, A., Rupolo, V., Ruggiero, V., Artale,
V., and Heimbach, P.: An eddy-permitting model of the Mediterranean Sea with
a two-way grid refinement at the Strait of Gibraltar, Ocean Model., 30,
56–72, 2009.
Sannino, G., Carillo, A., Pisacane, G., and Naranjo, C.: On the relevance of
tidal forcing in modelling the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation,
Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 304–329, 2015.
Sannino, G., Sözer, A., and Özsoy, E.: A high-resolution modelling
study of the Turkish Straits System, Ocean Dynam., 67, 397–432,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-017-1039-2, 2017.
Schroeder, K., Ribotti, A., Borghini, M., Sorgente, R., Perilli, A., and
Gasparini, G.: An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between
2004 and 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035146, 2008.
Sevault, F., Somot, S., Alias, A., Dubois, C., Lebeaupin-Brossier, C.,
Nabat, P., Adloff, F., Déqué, M., and Decharme, B.: A fully coupled
Mediterranean regional climate system model: design and evaluation of the
ocean component for the 1980–2012 period, Tellus A, 66, 23967, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23967, 2014.
Sitz, L., Di Sante, F., Farneti, R., Fuentes-Franco, R., Coppola, E.,
Mariotti, L., Reale, M., Sannino, G., Barreiro, M., and Nogherotto, R.:
Description and evaluation of the E arth System Regional Climate Model
(RegCM-ES), J. Adv. in Model. Earth Sy., 9, 1863–1886,
2017.
Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric
model for weather research and forecasting applications, J.
Comput. Phys., 227, 3465–3485, 2008.
Somot, S., Sevault, F., Déqué, M., and Crépon, M.: 21st century
climate change scenario for the Mediterranean using a coupled
atmosphere–ocean regional climate model, Global Planet. Change, 63,
112–126, 2008.
Somot, S., Houpert, L., Sevault, F., Testor, P., Bosse, A., Taupier-Letage,
I., Bouin, M.-N., Waldman, R., Cassou, C., and Sanchez-Gomez, E.:
Characterizing, modelling and understanding the climate variability of the
deep water formation in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, Clim.
Dynam., 51, 1179–1210, 2018a.
Somot, S., Ruti, P., Ahrens, B., Coppola, E., Jordà, G., Sannino, G., and
Solmon, F.: Editorial for the Med-CORDEX special issue, Clim.
Dynam., 51, 771–777, 2018b.
Stammer, D., Wunsch, C., Giering, R., Eckert, C., Heimbach, P., Marotzke,
J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., and Marshall, J.: Volume, heat, and freshwater
transports of the global ocean circulation 1993–2000, estimated from a
general circulation model constrained by World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE) data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001115, 2003.
Stanev, E. V., Le Traon, P.-Y., and Peneva, E. L.: Sea level variations and their
dependency on meteorological and hydrological forcing: analysis of altimeter
and surface data for the Black Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 76. 5877–5892, 2000.
Sun, R., Subramanian, A. C., Miller, A. J., Mazloff, M. R., Hoteit, I., and Cornuelle, B. D.: SKRIPS v1.0: a regional coupled ocean–atmosphere modeling framework (MITgcm–WRF) using ESMF/NUOPC, description and preliminary results for the Red Sea, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4221–4244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4221-2019, 2019.
Theocharis, A., Nittis, K., Kontoyiannis, H., Papageorgiou, E., and
Balopoulos, E.: Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the Eastern
Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997), Geophys. Res.
Lett., 26, 1617–1620, 1999.
Theocharis, A., Klein, B., Nittis, K., and Roether, W.: Evolution and status
of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (1997–1999), J. Marine
Syst., 33, 91–116, 2002.
Tuel, A. and Eltahir, E.: Why Is the Mediterranean a Climate Change Hot
Spot?, J. Climate, 33, 5829–5843, 2020.
Turuncoglu, U. U.: Toward modular in situ visualization in Earth system models: the regional modeling system RegESM 1.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 233–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-233-2019, 2019.
Turunçoğlu, U., Giuliani, G., and Sannino, G.: uturuncoglu/RegESM: Customized version of 1.2 for ENEA (Version 1.2.0_enea), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4386712, 2020a.
Turunçoğlu, U.: uturuncoglu/MITgcm: RegESM modeling system compatible MITgcm model (Version 1.0.0_cpl), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392260, 2020b.
Turunçoğlu, U.: uturuncoglu/HD: New version of coupling capable HD model (Version 1.1.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390527, 2020c.
Turuncoglu, U.: uturuncoglu/WRF: RegESM compatible version of WRF (Version 3.8.1_cpl), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392230, 2020d.
Turuncoglu, U. U. and Sannino, G.: Validation of newly designed regional
earth system model (RegESM) for Mediterranean Basin, Clim. Dynam., 48,
2919–2947, 2017.
Vervatis, V. D., Sofianos, S. S., Skliris, N., Somot, S., Lascaratos, A.,
and Rixen, M.: Mechanisms controlling the thermohaline circulation pattern
variability in the Aegean–Levantine region. A hindcast simulation
(1960–2000) with an eddy resolving model, Deep Sea Research Part I:
Oceanographic Research Papers, 74, 82–97, 2013.
Vorosmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M., and Tucker, B. A.: Global River Discharge, 1807–1991, V[ersion]. 1.1 (RivDIS), ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/199, 1998.
Waldron, K. M., Paegle, J., and Horel, J. D.: Sensitivity of a spectrally
filtered and nudged limited-area model to outer model options, Mon.
Weather Rev., 124, 529–547, 1996.
Wu, P., Haines, K., and Pinardi, N.: Toward an understanding of deep-water
renewal in the eastern Mediterranean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30,
443–458, 2000.
Short summary
The Mediterranean Basin is a complex region, characterized by the presence of pronounced topography and a complex land–sea distribution including a considerable number of islands and straits; these features generate strong local atmosphere–sea interactions.
Regional Earth system models have been developed and used to study both present and future Mediterranean climate systems. The main aims of this paper are to present and evaluate the newly developed regional Earth system model ENEA-REG.
The Mediterranean Basin is a complex region, characterized by the presence of pronounced...
