Articles | Volume 13, issue 3
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1373–1397, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1373-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1373–1397, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1373-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
23 Mar 2020
Model description paper
| 23 Mar 2020
Simulating coupled surface–subsurface flows with ParFlow v3.5.0: capabilities, applications, and ongoing development of an open-source, massively parallel, integrated hydrologic model
Benjamin N. O. Kuffour et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Tobias Tesch, Stefan Kollet, and Jochen Garcke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-105, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A recent statistical approach for studying relations in the Earth system is to train deep learning (DL) models to predict Earth system variables given one or several others, and use interpretable DL to analyze the relations learned by the models. Here, we propose to combine the approach with a theorem from causality research to ensure that the deep learning model learns causal rather than spurious relations. As an example, we apply the method to study soil moisture-precipitation coupling.
Amanda Triplett and Laura E. Condon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-160, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-160, 2022
Preprint under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Accelerated melting in mountains is a global phenomenon. The Heihe River Basin depends on mountains for its water supply. We built a hydrologic model to examine how shifts in streamflow and warming will impact ground and surface water interactions. The results indicate that degrading permafrost has a larger effect than melting glaciers. Additionally, warming temperatures tend to have more impact than changes to streamflow. The results of this study can be applied to countless similar basins.
Mohamed Saadi, Carina Furusho-Percot, Alexandre Belleflamme, Ju-Yu Chen, Silke Trömel, and Stefan Kollet
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-111, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-111, 2022
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
In the 14 July 2021, heavy rainfall fell over western Germany, causing considerable damage and human fatalities. We analyzed how accurate were our estimates of rainfall and peakflow for these flooding events. We found that the rainfall estimates from radar were improved by including polarimetric variables. Our estimates of peakflow were highly uncertain due to uncertainties in model parameters and rainfall measurements.
Aniket Gupta, Alix Reverdy, Jean-Martial Cohard, Didier Voisin, Basile Hector, Marc Descloitres, Jean-Pierre Vandervaere, Catherine Coulaud, Romain Biron, Lucie Liger, Jean-Gabriel Valay, and Reed Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-639, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-639, 2022
Preprint under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Patchy snow cover is a common phenomenon in mountain landscapes. It leads to a longer period of snowmelt contribution to streams. Our study shows that surface variability of snow cover leads to differences in streamflow, evapotranspiration and snowmelt responses. We have used up-to-date hydrological tools strongly constrained with data collected from field and satellite images. The study finding will be helpful for the mountain hydrology community in the proper estimation of water resources.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7545–7571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface and hydrologic simulations. However, it is challenging to evaluate these simulations because groundwater is
hiddenunderground and thus hard to measure. We suggest using multiple complementary strategies to assess the performance of a model (
model evaluation).
Mary M. F. O'Neill, Danielle T. Tijerina, Laura E. Condon, and Reed M. Maxwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7223–7254, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling the hydrologic cycle at high resolution and at large spatial scales is an incredible opportunity and challenge for hydrologists. In this paper, we present the results of a high-resolution hydrologic simulation configured over the contiguous United States. We discuss simulated water fluxes through groundwater, soil, plants, and over land, and we compare model results to in situ observations and satellite products in order to build confidence and guide future model development.
Bernd Schalge, Gabriele Baroni, Barbara Haese, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Pablo Saavedra, Vincent Haefliger, Harry Vereecken, Sabine Attinger, Harald Kunstmann, Olaf A. Cirpka, Felix Ament, Stefan Kollet, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Clemens Simmer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4437–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
Jun Zhang, Laura E. Condon, Hoang Tran, and Reed M. Maxwell
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3263–3279, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3263-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3263-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Existing national topographic datasets for the US may not be compatible with gridded hydrologic models. A national topographic dataset developed to support physically based hydrologic models at 1 km and 250 m over the contiguous US is provided. We used a Priority Flood algorithm to ensure hydrologically consistent drainage networks and evaluated the performance with an integrated hydrologic model. Datasets and scripts are available for direct data usage or modification of processing as desired.
Yueling Ma, Carsten Montzka, Bagher Bayat, and Stefan Kollet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3555–3575, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3555-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3555-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilized spatiotemporally continuous precipitation anomaly (pra) and water table depth anomaly (wtda) data from integrated hydrologic simulation results over Europe in combination with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to capture the time-varying and time-lagged relationship between pra and wtda in order to obtain reliable models to estimate wtda at the individual pixel level.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Stephen R. Maples, Laura Foglia, Graham E. Fogg, and Reed M. Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2437–2456, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use a combination of local- and global-sensitivity analyses to evaluate the relative importance of (1) the configuration of subsurface alluvial geology and (2) the hydraulic properties of geologic facies on recharge processes. Results show that there is a large variation of recharge rates possible in a typical alluvial aquifer system and that the configuration proportion of sand and gravel deposits in the subsurface have a large impact on recharge rates.
Annette Hein, Laura Condon, and Reed Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1931–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1931-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1931-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is a natural disaster that can result from changes to temperature, precipitation and/or vegetation. Here we apply a
high-resolution computer model to explore the relative importance of each factor on the North American High Plains, one of the most important agricultural regions of the USA. Decreased precipitation caused larger changes in hydrologic variables (evapotranspiration, soil moisture, stream flow and water table levels) than increased temperature or disturbed vegetation did.
Bibi S. Naz, Wolfgang Kurtz, Carsten Montzka, Wendy Sharples, Klaus Goergen, Jessica Keune, Huilin Gao, Anne Springer, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Stefan Kollet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 277–301, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-277-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-277-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the value of assimilating coarse-resolution remotely sensed soil moisture data into high-resolution land surface models for improving soil moisture and runoff modeling. The soil moisture estimates in this study, with complete spatio-temporal coverage and improved spatial resolution from the assimilation, offer a new reanalysis product for the monitoring of surface soil water content and other hydrological fluxes at 3 km resolution over Europe.
Wendy Sharples, Ilya Zhukov, Markus Geimer, Klaus Goergen, Sebastian Luehrs, Thomas Breuer, Bibi Naz, Ketan Kulkarni, Slavko Brdar, and Stefan Kollet
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2875–2895, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2875-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2875-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Next-generation geoscientific models are based on complex model implementations and workflows. Next-generation HPC systems require new programming paradigms and code optimization. In order to meet the challenge of running complex simulations on new massively parallel HPC systems, we developed a run control framework that facilitates code portability, code profiling, and provenance tracking to reduce both the duration and the cost of code migration and development, while ensuring reproducibility.
David J. Gardner, Jorge E. Guerra, François P. Hamon, Daniel R. Reynolds, Paul A. Ullrich, and Carol S. Woodward
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1497–1515, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1497-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1497-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As the computational power of supercomputing systems increases, and models for simulating the fluid flow of the Earth's atmosphere operate at higher resolutions, new approaches for advancing these models in time will be necessary. In order to produce the best possible result in the least amount of time, we evaluate a number of splittings, methods, and solvers on two test cases. Based on these results, we identify the most accurate and efficient approaches for consideration in production models.
Laura E. Condon and Reed M. Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1117–1135, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1117-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1117-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impact of groundwater–surface water exchanges on the fraction of precipitation that leaves a watershed as either surface runoff or evapotranspiration. Results show that groundwater storage can systematically influence watershed behavior at the land surface. This is an important finding because most studies of tradeoffs between runoff and evapotranspiration assume that watersheds are in a steady-state condition where there are no net exchanges between the surface and subsurface.
James M. Gilbert and Reed M. Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 923–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-923-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-923-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how groundwater and streamflow interact over large areas is a challenge. In this study we use a computer simulation that calculates water movement and storage at the land surface and in the subsurface within California's San Joaquin River basin to analyze different parts of the watershed. Results show that the mountains may be an important source of groundwater to the Central Valley while differences in relative speed of groundwater and river flow affect their connection patterns.
Bernd Schalge, Jehan Rihani, Gabriele Baroni, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Vincent Haefliger, Barbara Haese, Pablo Saavedra, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Felix Ament, Sabine Attinger, Olaf A. Cirpka, Stefan Kollet, Harald Kunstmann, Harry Vereecken, and Clemens Simmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-557, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-557, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we show how we used a coupled atmosphere-land surface-subsurface model at highest possible resolution to create a testbed for data assimilation. The model was able to capture all important processes and interactions between the compartments as well as showing realistic statistical behavior. This proves that using a model as a virtual truth is possible and it will enable us to develop data assimilation methods where states and parameters are updated across compartment.
Stefan J. Kollet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2801–2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2801-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2801-2016, 2016
Wolfgang Kurtz, Guowei He, Stefan J. Kollet, Reed M. Maxwell, Harry Vereecken, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1341–1360, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1341-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1341-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the development of a modular data assimilation (DA) system for the integrated Earth system model TerrSysMP with the help of the PDAF data assimilation library.
Currently, pressure and soil moisture data can be used to update model states and parameters in the subsurface compartment of TerrSysMP.
Results from an idealized twin experiment show that the developed DA system provides a good parallel performance and is also applicable for high-resolution modelling problems.
P. Shrestha, M. Sulis, C. Simmer, and S. Kollet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4317–4326, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4317-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4317-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the grid resolution dependence of energy and water balance of the 3-D physically based integrated surface-groundwater model. The non-local controls of soil moisture were found to be highly grid resolution dependent, but the local vegetation control strongly modulates the scaling behavior of surface energy fluxes. For coupled runs, variability in patterns of surface fluxes due to this scale dependence can affect the simulated atmospheric boundary layer and local circulation.
X. Han, X. Li, G. He, P. Kumbhar, C. Montzka, S. Kollet, T. Miyoshi, R. Rosolem, Y. Zhang, H. Vereecken, and H.-J. H. Franssen
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7395-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7395-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
DasPy is a ready to use open source parallel multivariate land data assimilation framework with joint state and parameter estimation using Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter. The Community Land Model (4.5) was integrated as model operator. The Community Microwave Emission Modelling platform, COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code and the Two-Source Formulation were integrated as observation operators for the multivariate assimilation of soil moisture and soil temperature, respectively.
R. M. Maxwell, L. E. Condon, and S. J. Kollet
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 923–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-923-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-923-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A model that simulates groundwater and surface water flow has been developed for the major river basins of the continental United States. Fundamental data sets provide input to the model resulting in a natural organization of stream networks and groundwater flow that is compared to observations of surface water and groundwater. Model results show relationships between flow and area that are moderated by aridity and represent an important step toward integrated hydrological prediction.
L. E. Condon, S. Gangopadhyay, and T. Pruitt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 159–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-159-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-159-2015, 2015
F. Gasper, K. Goergen, P. Shrestha, M. Sulis, J. Rihani, M. Geimer, and S. Kollet
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2531–2543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2531-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2531-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
loopUI-0.1: indicators to support needs and practices in 3D geological modelling uncertainty quantification
Transient climate simulations of the Holocene (version 1) – experimental design and boundary conditions
Ocean biogeochemistry in the Canadian Earth System Model version 5.0.3: CanESM5 and CanESM5-CanOE
Climate projections over the Great Lakes Region: using two-way coupling of a regional climate model with a 3-D lake model
Formulation of a new explicit tidal scheme in revised LICOM2.0
Evaluation of WRF-Chem model (v3.9.1.1) real-time air quality forecasts over the Eastern Mediterranean
Simulation, precursor analysis and targeted observation sensitive area identification for two types of ENSO using ENSO-MC v1.0
Stable climate simulations using a realistic general circulation model with neural network parameterizations for atmospheric moist physics and radiation processes
Description of historical and future projection simulations by the global coupled E3SMv1.0 model as used in CMIP6
Training a supermodel with noisy and sparse observations: a case study with CPT and the synch rule on SPEEDO – v.1
GREB-ISM v1.0: A coupled ice sheet model for the Globally Resolved Energy Balance model for global simulations on timescales of 100 kyr
A scalability study of the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM, version 4.18)
A derivative-free optimisation method for global ocean biogeochemical models
Empirical values and assumptions in the convection schemes of numerical models
Precipitation over southern Africa: is there consensus among global climate models (GCMs), regional climate models (RCMs) and observational data?
On the impact of dropsondes on the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System model (CY47R1) analysis of convection during the OTREC (Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection) field campaign
Assessment of the sea surface temperature diurnal cycle in CNRM-CM6-1 based on its 1D coupled configuration
CondiDiag1.0: a flexible online diagnostic tool for conditional sampling and budget analysis in the E3SM atmosphere model (EAM)
An evaluation of the E3SMv1 Arctic ocean and sea-ice regionally refined model
Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (v2020a) in vegetated areas: parameter derivation and performance evaluation using FLUXNET2015 dataset
The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6
Evaluation of a quasi-steady-state approximation of the cloud droplet growth equation (QDGE) scheme for aerosol activation in global models using multiple aircraft data over both continental and marine environments
Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Tools v1.0.0b – Project Manager Suite: a new modular toolkit for landslide susceptibility assessment
Added value of EURO-CORDEX high-resolution downscaling over the Iberian Peninsula revisited – Part 1: Precipitation
Added value of EURO-CORDEX high-resolution downscaling over the Iberian Peninsula revisited – Part 2: Max and min temperature
Constraining a land cover map with satellite-based aboveground biomass estimates over Africa
Analysing the PMIP4-CMIP6 collection: a workflow and tool (pmip_p2fvar_analyzer v1)
Impacts of a revised surface roughness parameterization in the Community Land Model 5.1
Novel coupled permafrost–forest model (LAVESI–CryoGrid v1.0) revealing the interplay between permafrost, vegetation, and climate across eastern Siberia
The effects of ocean surface waves on global intraseasonal prediction: case studies with a coupled CFSv2.0–WW3 system
Earth system model parameter adjustment using a Green's functions approach
Effects of forcing differences and initial conditions on inter-model agreement in the VolMIP volc-pinatubo-full experiment
From emission scenarios to spatially resolved projections with a chain of computationally efficient emulators: coupling of MAGICC (v7.5.1) and MESMER (v0.8.3)
Global simulation of dissolved 231Pa and 230Th in the ocean and the sedimentary 231Pa∕230Th ratios with the ocean general circulation model COCO ver4.0
The linear feedback precipitation model (LFPM 1.0) – a simple and efficient model for orographic precipitation in the context of landform evolution modeling
Building a machine learning surrogate model for wildfire activities within a global Earth system model
Variability and extremes: statistical validation of the Alfred Wegener Institute Earth System Model (AWI-ESM)
Extreme events representation in CMCC-CM2 standard and high-resolution general circulation models
TopoCLIM: rapid topography-based downscaling of regional climate model output in complex terrain v1.1
CARDAMOM-FluxVal version 1.0: a FLUXNET-based validation system for CARDAMOM carbon and water flux estimates
Supporting hierarchical soil biogeochemical modeling: version 2 of the Biogeochemical Transport and Reaction model (BeTR-v2)
Using neural network ensembles to separate ocean biogeochemical and physical drivers of phytoplankton biogeography in Earth system models
GAN–argcPredNet v1.0: a generative adversarial model for radar echo extrapolation based on convolutional recurrent units
A circulation-based performance atlas of the CMIP5 and 6 models for regional climate studies in the Northern Hemisphere mid-to-high latitudes
An automatic lake-model application using near-real-time data forcing: development of an operational forecast workflow (COASTLINES) for Lake Erie
ShellChron 0.4.0: a new tool for constructing chronologies in accretionary carbonate archives from stable oxygen isotope profiles
Comparison of ocean heat content estimated using two eddy-resolving hindcast simulations based on OFES1 and OFES2
Enhancing the accessibility of unified modeling systems: GFDL System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains (SHiELD) v2021b in a container
Minimal CMIP Emulator (MCE v1.2): a new simplified method for probabilistic climate projections
Guillaume Pirot, Ranee Joshi, Jérémie Giraud, Mark Douglas Lindsay, and Mark Walter Jessell
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4689–4708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Results of a survey launched among practitioners in the mineral industry show that despite recognising the importance of uncertainty quantification it is not very well performed due to lack of data, time requirements, poor tracking of interpretations and relative complexity of uncertainty quantification. To alleviate the latter, we provide an open-source set of local and global indicators to measure geological uncertainty among an ensemble of geological models.
Zhiping Tian, Dabang Jiang, Ran Zhang, and Baohuang Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4469–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an experimental design for a new set of transient experiments for the Holocene from 11.5 ka to the preindustrial period (1850) with a relatively high-resolution Earth system model. Model boundary conditions include time-varying full and single forcing of orbital parameters, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets. The simulations will help to study the mean climate trend and abrupt climate changes through the Holocene in response to both full and single external forcings.
James R. Christian, Kenneth L. Denman, Hakase Hayashida, Amber M. Holdsworth, Warren G. Lee, Olivier G. J. Riche, Andrew E. Shao, Nadja Steiner, and Neil C. Swart
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4393–4424, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean chemistry and biology modules of the latest version of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM5) are described in detail and evaluated against observations and other Earth system models. In the basic CanESM5 model, ocean biogeochemistry is similar to CanESM2 but embedded in a new ocean circulation model. In addition, an entirely new model, the Canadian Ocean Ecosystem model (CanESM5-CanOE), was developed. The most significant difference is that CanOE explicitly includes iron.
Pengfei Xue, Xinyu Ye, Jeremy S. Pal, Philip Y. Chu, Miraj B. Kayastha, and Chenfu Huang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4425–4446, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4425-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4425-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Great Lakes are the world's largest freshwater system. They are a key element in regional climate influencing local weather patterns and climate processes. Many of these complex processes are regulated by interactions of the atmosphere, lake, ice, and surrounding land areas. This study presents a Great Lakes climate change projection that employed the two-way coupling of a regional climate model with a 3-D lake model (GLARM) to resolve 3-D hydrodynamics essential for large lakes.
Jiangbo Jin, Run Guo, Minghua Zhang, Guangqing Zhou, and Qingcun Zeng
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4259–4273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, the inclusion of tides in a global model via the explicit calculation of the tide-generating force based on the positions of the sun and moon is proposed, rather than the traditional method of including about eight tidal constituents with empirical amplitudes and frequencies. The new scheme can better simulate the diurnal and spatial characteristics of the tidal potential of spring and neap tides as well as the spatial patterns and magnitudes of major tidal constituents.
George K. Georgiou, Theodoros Christoudias, Yiannis Proestos, Jonilda Kushta, Michael Pikridas, Jean Sciare, Chrysanthos Savvides, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4129–4146, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the skill of the WRF-Chem model to perform high-resolution air quality forecasts (including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter) over the Eastern Mediterranean, during winter and summer. We compare the forecast output to observational data from background and urban locations and the forecast output from CAMS. WRF-Chem was found to forecast the concentrations and diurnal profiles of gas-phase pollutants in urban areas with higher accuracy.
Bin Mu, Yuehan Cui, Shijin Yuan, and Bo Qin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4105–4127, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4105-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4105-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An ENSO deep learning forecast model (ENSO-MC) is built to simulate the spatial evolution of sea surface temperature, analyse the precursor and identify the sensitive area. The results reveal the pronounced subsurface features before different types of events and indicate that oceanic thermal anomaly in the central and western Pacific provides a key long-term memory for predictions, demonstrating the potential usage of the ENSO-MC model in simulation, understanding and observations of ENSO.
Xin Wang, Yilun Han, Wei Xue, Guangwen Yang, and Guang J. Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3923–3940, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3923-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3923-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a set of deep neural networks to learn a parameterization scheme from a superparameterized general circulation model (GCM). After being embedded in a realistically configurated GCM, the parameterization scheme performs stably in long-term climate simulations and reproduces reasonable climatology and climate variability. This success is the first for long-term stable climate simulations using machine learning parameterization under real geographical boundary conditions.
Xue Zheng, Qing Li, Tian Zhou, Qi Tang, Luke P. Van Roekel, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Hailong Wang, and Philip Cameron-Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3941–3967, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3941-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3941-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We document the model experiments for the future climate projection by E3SMv1.0. At the highest future emission scenario, E3SMv1.0 projects a strong surface warming with rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land runoff. Specifically, we detect a significant polar amplification and accelerated warming linked to the unmasking of the aerosol effects. The impact of greenhouse gas forcing is examined in different climate components.
Francine Schevenhoven and Alberto Carrassi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3831–3844, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3831-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3831-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present a novel formulation to build a dynamical combination of models, the so-called supermodel, which needs to be trained based on data. Previously, we assumed complete and noise-free observations. Here, we move towards a realistic scenario and develop adaptations to the training methods in order to cope with sparse and noisy observations. The results are very promising and shed light on how to apply the method with state of the art general circulation models.
Zhiang Xie, Dietmar Dommenget, Felicity S. McCormack, and Andrew N. Mackintosh
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3691–3719, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3691-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3691-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoclimate research requires better numerical model tools to explore interactions among the cryosphere, atmosphere, ocean and land surface. To explore those interactions, this study offers a tool, the GREB-ISM, which can be run for 2 million model years within 1 month on a personal computer. A series of experiments show that the GREB-ISM is able to reproduce the modern ice sheet distribution as well as classic climate oscillation features under paleoclimate conditions.
Yannic Fischler, Martin Rückamp, Christian Bischof, Vadym Aizinger, Mathieu Morlighem, and Angelika Humbert
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3753–3771, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet models are used to simulate the changes of ice sheets in future but are currently often run in coarse resolution and/or with neglecting important physics to make them affordable in terms of computational costs. We conducted a study simulating the Greenland Ice Sheet in high resolution and adequate physics to test where the ISSM ice sheet code is using most time and what could be done to improve its performance for future computer architectures that allow massive parallel computing.
Sophy Oliver, Coralia Cartis, Iris Kriest, Simon F. B Tett, and Samar Khatiwala
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3537–3554, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Global ocean biogeochemical models are used within Earth system models which are used to predict future climate change. However, these are very computationally expensive to run and therefore are rarely routinely improved or calibrated to real oceanic observations. Here we apply a new, fast optimisation algorithm to one such model and show that it can calibrate the model much faster than previously managed, therefore encouraging further ocean biogeochemical model improvements.
Anahí Villalba-Pradas and Francisco J. Tapiador
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3447–3518, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3447-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3447-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper provides a comprehensive review of the empirical values and assumptions used in the convection schemes of numerical models. The focus is on the values and assumptions used in the activation of convection (trigger), the transport and microphysics (commonly referred to as the cloud model), and the intensity of convection (closure). Such information can assist satellite missions focused on elucidating convective processes and the evaluation of model output uncertainties.
Maria Chara Karypidou, Eleni Katragkou, and Stefan Pieter Sobolowski
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3387–3404, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3387-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The region of southern Africa (SAF) is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is projected to experience severe precipitation shortages in the coming decades. Reliable climatic information is therefore necessary for the optimal adaptation of local communities. In this work we show that regional climate models are reliable tools for the simulation of precipitation over southern Africa. However, there is still a great need for the expansion and maintenance of observational data.
Stipo Sentić, Peter Bechtold, Željka Fuchs-Stone, Mark Rodwell, and David J. Raymond
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3371–3385, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign focuses on studying convection in the eastern Pacific and Caribbean. Observations obtained from dropsondes have been assimilated into the ECMWF model and compared to a model run in which sondes have not been assimilated. The model performs well in both simulations, but the assimilation of sondes helps to reduce the departure for pre-tropical-storm conditions. Variables important to studying convection are also studied.
Aurore Voldoire, Romain Roehrig, Hervé Giordani, Robin Waldman, Yunyan Zhang, Shaocheng Xie, and Marie-Nöelle Bouin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3347–3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A single-column version of the global climate model CNRM-CM6-1 has been designed to ease development and validation of the model physics at the air–sea interface in a simplified environment. This model is then used to assess the ability to represent the sea surface temperature diurnal cycle. We conclude that the sea surface temperature diurnal variability is reasonably well represented in CNRM-CM6-1 with a 1 h coupling time step and the upper-ocean model resolution of 1 m.
Hui Wan, Kai Zhang, Philip J. Rasch, Vincent E. Larson, Xubin Zeng, Shixuan Zhang, and Ross Dixon
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3205–3231, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a tool embedded in a global climate model for sampling atmospheric conditions and monitoring physical processes as a numerical simulation is being carried out. The tool facilitates process-level model evaluation by allowing the users to select a wide range of quantities and processes to monitor at run time without having to do tedious ad hoc coding.
Milena Veneziani, Wieslaw Maslowski, Younjoo J. Lee, Gennaro D'Angelo, Robert Osinski, Mark R. Petersen, Wilbert Weijer, Anthony P. Craig, John D. Wolfe, Darin Comeau, and Adrian K. Turner
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3133–3160, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3133-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3133-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an Earth system model (ESM) simulation, E3SM-Arctic-OSI, with a refined grid to better resolve the Arctic ocean and sea-ice system and low spatial resolution elsewhere. The configuration satisfactorily represents many aspects of the Arctic system and its interactions with the sub-Arctic, while keeping computational costs at a fraction of those necessary for global high-resolution ESMs. E3SM-Arctic can thus be an efficient tool to study Arctic processes on climate-relevant timescales.
Hamidreza Omidvar, Ting Sun, Sue Grimmond, Dave Bilesbach, Andrew Black, Jiquan Chen, Zexia Duan, Zhiqiu Gao, Hiroki Iwata, and Joseph P. McFadden
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3041–3078, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3041-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3041-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper extends the applicability of the SUEWS to extensive pervious areas outside cities. We derived various parameters such as leaf area index, albedo, roughness parameters and surface conductance for non-urban areas. The relation between LAI and albedo is also explored. The methods and parameters discussed can be used for both online and offline simulations. Using appropriate parameters related to non-urban areas is essential for assessing urban–rural differences.
Ralf Döscher, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, Peter Anthoni, Thomas Arsouze, Tommi Bergman, Raffaele Bernardello, Souhail Boussetta, Louis-Philippe Caron, Glenn Carver, Miguel Castrillo, Franco Catalano, Ivana Cvijanovic, Paolo Davini, Evelien Dekker, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, David Docquier, Pablo Echevarria, Uwe Fladrich, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Matthias Gröger, Jost v. Hardenberg, Jenny Hieronymus, M. Pasha Karami, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Torben Koenigk, Risto Makkonen, François Massonnet, Martin Ménégoz, Paul A. Miller, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Lars Nieradzik, Twan van Noije, Paul Nolan, Declan O'Donnell, Pirkka Ollinaho, Gijs van den Oord, Pablo Ortega, Oriol Tintó Prims, Arthur Ramos, Thomas Reerink, Clement Rousset, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Philippe Le Sager, Torben Schmith, Roland Schrödner, Federico Serva, Valentina Sicardi, Marianne Sloth Madsen, Benjamin Smith, Tian Tian, Etienne Tourigny, Petteri Uotila, Martin Vancoppenolle, Shiyu Wang, David Wårlind, Ulrika Willén, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Xavier Yepes-Arbós, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2973–3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
Hengqi Wang, Yiran Peng, Knut von Salzen, Yan Yang, Wei Zhou, and Delong Zhao
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2949–2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2949-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2949-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol activation scheme is an important part of the general circulation model, but evaluations using observed data are mostly regional. This research introduced a numerically efficient aerosol activation scheme and evaluated it by using stratus and stratocumulus cloud data sampled during multiple aircraft campaigns in Canada, Chile, Brazil, and China. The decent performance indicates that the scheme is suitable for simulations of cloud droplet number concentrations over wide conditions.
Po-Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard B. Neale, Andrew Gettelman, Hugh Morrison, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Mark D. Zelinka, Yuying Zhang, Yun Qian, Jin-Ho Yoon, Christopher R. Jones, Meng Huang, Sheng-Lun Tai, Balwinder Singh, Peter A. Bogenschutz, Xue Zheng, Wuyin Lin, Johannes Quaas, Hélène Chepfer, Michael A. Brunke, Xubin Zeng, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Samson Hagos, Zhibo Zhang, Hua Song, Xiaohong Liu, Michael S. Pritchard, Hui Wan, Jingyu Wang, Qi Tang, Peter M. Caldwell, Jiwen Fan, Larry K. Berg, Jerome D. Fast, Mark A. Taylor, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Shaocheng Xie, Philip J. Rasch, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2881–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An alternative set of parameters for E3SM Atmospheric Model version 1 has been developed based on a tuning strategy that focuses on clouds. When clouds in every regime are improved, other aspects of the model are also improved, even though they are not the direct targets for calibration. The recalibrated model shows a lower sensitivity to anthropogenic aerosols and surface warming, suggesting potential improvements to the simulated climate in the past and future.
Jewgenij Torizin, Nick Schüßler, and Michael Fuchs
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2791–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2791-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2791-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With LSAT PM we introduce an open-source, stand-alone, easy-to-use application that supports scientific principles of openness, knowledge integrity, and replicability. Doing so, we want to share our experience in the implementation of heuristic and data-driven landslide susceptibility assessment methods such as analytic hierarchy process, weights of evidence, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks. A test dataset is available.
João António Martins Careto, Pedro Miguel Matos Soares, Rita Margarida Cardoso, Sixto Herrera, and José Manuel Gutiérrez
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2635–2652, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the added value of high-resolution models relative to their forcing simulations, with a recent observational gridded dataset as a reference, covering the entire Iberian Peninsula. The availability of such datasets with a spatial resolution close to that of regional climate models encouraged this study. For precipitation, most models reveal added value. The gains are even more evident for precipitation extremes, particularly at a more local scale.
João António Martins Careto, Pedro Miguel Matos Soares, Rita Margarida Cardoso, Sixto Herrera, and José Manuel Gutiérrez
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2653–2671, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2653-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the added value of high-resolution models relative to their forcing simulations, with an observational gridded dataset as a reference covering the Iberian Peninsula. The availability of such datasets with a spatial resolution close to that of regional models encouraged this study. For the max and min temperature, although most models reveal added value, some display losses. At more local scales, coastal sites display important gains, contrasting with the interior.
Guillaume Marie, B. Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Cecile Dardel, Thuy Le Toan, Alexandre Bouvet, Stéphane Mermoz, Ludovic Villard, Vladislav Bastrikov, and Philippe Peylin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2599–2617, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2599-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2599-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most Earth system models make use of vegetation maps to initialize a simulation at global scale. Satellite-based biomass map estimates for Africa were used to estimate cover fractions for the 15 land cover classes. This study successfully demonstrates that satellite-based biomass maps can be used to better constrain vegetation maps. Applying this approach at the global scale would increase confidence in assessments of present-day biomass stocks.
Anni Zhao, Chris M. Brierley, Zhiyi Jiang, Rachel Eyles, Damián Oyarzún, and Jose Gomez-Dans
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2475–2488, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the way that our group have chosen to perform our recent analyses of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project ensemble simulations. We document the approach used to obtain and curate the simulations, process those outputs via the Climate Variability Diagnostics Package, and then continue through to compute ensemble-wide statistics and create figures. We also provide interim data from all steps, the codes used and the ability for users to perform their own analyses.
Ronny Meier, Edouard L. Davin, Gordon B. Bonan, David M. Lawrence, Xiaolong Hu, Gregory Duveiller, Catherine Prigent, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2365–2393, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We revise the roughness of the land surface in the CESM climate model. Guided by observational data, we increase the surface roughness of forests and decrease that of bare soil, snow, ice, and crops. These modifications alter simulated temperatures and wind speeds at and above the land surface considerably, in particular over desert regions. The revised model represents the diurnal variability of the land surface temperature better compared to satellite observations over most regions.
Stefan Kruse, Simone M. Stuenzi, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, Josias Gloy, and Ulrike Herzschuh
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2395–2422, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled established models for boreal forest (LAVESI) and permafrost dynamics (CryoGrid) in Siberia to investigate interactions of the diverse vegetation layer with permafrost soils. Our tests showed improved active layer depth estimations and newly included species growth according to their species-specific limits. We conclude that the new model system can be applied to simulate boreal forest dynamics and transitions under global warming and disturbances, expanding our knowledge.
Ruizi Shi, Fanghua Xu, Li Liu, Zheng Fan, Hao Yu, Hong Li, Xiang Li, and Yunfei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2345–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2345-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2345-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the effects of surface waves on global intraseasonal prediction, we incorporated the WW3 model into CFSv2.0. Processes of Langmuir mixing, Stokes–Coriolis force with entrainment, air–sea fluxes modified by Stokes drift, and momentum roughness length were considered. Results from two groups of 56 d experiments show that overestimated sea surface temperature, 2 m air temperature, 10 m wind, wave height, and underestimated mixed layer from the original CFSv2.0 are improved.
Ehud Strobach, Andrea Molod, Donifan Barahona, Atanas Trayanov, Dimitris Menemenlis, and Gael Forget
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2309–2324, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Green's functions methodology offers a systematic, easy-to-implement, computationally cheap, scalable, and extendable method to tune uncertain parameters in models accounting for the dependent response of the model to a change in various parameters. Herein, we successfully show for the first time that long-term errors in earth system models can be considerably reduced using Green's functions methodology. The method can be easily applied to any model containing uncertain parameters.
Davide Zanchettin, Claudia Timmreck, Myriam Khodri, Anja Schmidt, Matthew Toohey, Manabu Abe, Slimane Bekki, Jason Cole, Shih-Wei Fang, Wuhu Feng, Gabriele Hegerl, Ben Johnson, Nicolas Lebas, Allegra N. LeGrande, Graham W. Mann, Lauren Marshall, Landon Rieger, Alan Robock, Sara Rubinetti, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Helen Weierbach
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2265–2292, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2265-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2265-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides metadata and first analyses of the volc-pinatubo-full experiment of CMIP6-VolMIP. Results from six Earth system models reveal significant differences in radiative flux anomalies that trace back to different implementations of volcanic forcing. Surface responses are in contrast overall consistent across models, reflecting the large spread due to internal variability. A second phase of VolMIP shall consider both aspects toward improved protocol for volc-pinatubo-full.
Lea Beusch, Zebedee Nicholls, Lukas Gudmundsson, Mathias Hauser, Malte Meinshausen, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2085–2103, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2085-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2085-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the first chain of computationally efficient Earth system model (ESM) emulators to translate user-defined greenhouse gas emission pathways into regional temperature change time series accounting for all major sources of climate change projection uncertainty. By combining the global mean emulator MAGICC with the spatially resolved emulator MESMER, we can derive ESM-specific and constrained probabilistic emulations to rapidly provide targeted climate information at the local scale.
Yusuke Sasaki, Hidetaka Kobayashi, and Akira Oka
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2013–2033, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2013-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2013-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For realistically simulating the recently observed distributions of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa in the ocean, we highlight the importance of the removal process of 231Pa and 230Th at the seafloor (bottom scavenging) and the dependence of scavenging efficiency on particle concentration. We show that consideration of these two processes can well reproduce not only the oceanic distribution of 231Pa and 230Th but also the sedimentary 231Pa/230Th ratios.
Stefan Hergarten and Jörg Robl
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2063–2084, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2063-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2063-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of climate on landform evolution has attracted great interest over the past decades. This paper presents a simple model for simulating the influence of topography on precipitation and the decrease in precipitation over large continental areas. The approach can be included in numerical models of large-scale landform evolution and causes only a moderate increase in the numerical complexity. It opens a door to investigating feedbacks between climate and landform evolution.
Qing Zhu, Fa Li, William J. Riley, Li Xu, Lei Zhao, Kunxiaojia Yuan, Huayi Wu, Jianya Gong, and James Randerson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1899–1911, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1899-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1899-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire is a devastating Earth system process that burns about 500 million hectares of land each year. It wipes out vegetation including trees, shrubs, and grasses and causes large losses of economic assets. However, modeling the spatial distribution and temporal changes of wildfire activities at a global scale is challenging. This study built a machine-learning-based wildfire surrogate model within an existing Earth system model and achieved high accuracy.
Justus Contzen, Thorsten Dickhaus, and Gerrit Lohmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1803–1820, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1803-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1803-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are of paramount importance to predict future climate changes. Since many severe consequences of climate change are due to extreme events, the accurate behaviour of models in terms of extremes needs to be validated thoroughly. We present a method for model validation in terms of climate extremes and an algorithm to detect regions in which extremes tend to occur at the same time. These methods are applied to data from different climate models and to observational data.
Enrico Scoccimarro, Daniele Peano, Silvio Gualdi, Alessio Bellucci, Tomas Lovato, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Antonio Navarra
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1841–1854, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the ability of the CMCC-CM2 climate model participating to the last CMIP6 effort, in representing extreme events of precipitation and temperature at the daily and 6-hourly frequencies. The 1/4° resolution version of the atmospheric model provides better results than the version at 1° resolution for temperature extremes, at both time frequencies. For precipitation extremes, especially at the daily time frequency, the higher resolution does not improve model results.
Joel Fiddes, Kristoffer Aalstad, and Michael Lehning
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1753–1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes and evaluates a new downscaling scheme that addresses the need for hillslope-scale atmospheric forcing time series for modelling the local impact of regional climate change on the land surface in mountain areas. The method has a global scope and is able to generate all model forcing variables required for hydrological and land surface modelling. This is important, as impact models require high-resolution forcings such as those generated here to produce meaningful results.
Yan Yang, A. Anthony Bloom, Shuang Ma, Paul Levine, Alexander Norton, Nicholas C. Parazoo, John T. Reager, John Worden, Gregory R. Quetin, T. Luke Smallman, Mathew Williams, Liang Xu, and Sassan Saatchi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1789–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Global carbon and water have large uncertainties that are hard to quantify in current regional and global models. Field observations provide opportunities for better calibration and validation of current modeling of carbon and water. With the unique structure of CARDAMOM, we have utilized the data assimilation capability and designed the benchmarking framework by using field observations in modeling. Results show that data assimilation improves model performance in different aspects.
Jinyun Tang, William J. Riley, and Qing Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1619–1632, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We here describe version 2 of BeTR, a reactive transport model created to help ease the development of biogeochemical capability in Earth system models that are used for quantifying ecosystem–climate feedbacks. We then coupled BeTR-v2 to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model to quantify how different numerical couplings of plants and soils affect simulated ecosystem biogeochemistry. We found that different couplings lead to significant uncertainty that is not correctable by tuning parameters.
Christopher Holder, Anand Gnanadesikan, and Marie Aude-Pradal
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1595–1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It can be challenging to understand why Earth system models (ESMs) produce specific results because one can arrive at the same result simply by changing the values of the parameters. In our paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to use machine learning to figure out how and why particular components of an ESM (such as biology or ocean circulations) affect the output. This work could be applied to observations to improve the accuracy of the formulations used in ESMs.
Kun Zheng, Yan Liu, Jinbiao Zhang, Cong Luo, Siyu Tang, Huihua Ruan, Qiya Tan, Yunlei Yi, and Xiutao Ran
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1467–1475, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In extrapolation methods, there is a phenomenon that causes the extrapolated image to be blurred and unrealistic. The paper proposes the GAN–argcPredNet v1.0 network model, which aims to solve this problem through GAN's ability to strengthen the characteristics of multi-modal data modeling. GAN–argcPredNet v1.0 has achieved excellent results. Our model can reduce the prediction loss in a small-scale space so that the prediction results have more detailed features.
Swen Brands
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1375–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1375-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1375-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study evaluates the last two global climate model generations in terms of their capability to reproduce recurrent regional atmospheric circulation patterns in the Northern Hemisphere mid-to-high latitudes under present climate conditions. These patterns are linked with many environmental variables on the local scale and thus provide an overarching concept for model verification. The results are expected to be of interest for model developers and regional climate scientists.
Shuqi Lin, Leon Boegman, Shiliang Shan, and Ryan Mulligan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1331–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An operational hydrodynamics forecast system, COASTLINES, using the Windows Task Scheduler, Python, and MATLAB scripts, to automate application of a 3-D model (AEM3D) in Lake Erie was developed. The system predicted storm-surge and up-/downwelling events that are important for flood water and drinking water/fishery management. This example of the successful development of an operational forecast system can be adapted to simulate aquatic systems as required for management and public safety.
Niels J. de Winter
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1247–1267, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
ShellChron is a tool for determining the relative age of samples in carbonate (climate) archives based on the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity or precipitation recorded in stable oxygen isotope measurements. The model allows dating of fossil archives within a year, which is important for climate reconstructions on the sub-seasonal to decadal scale. In this paper, I introduce ShellChron and test it on a range of real and virtual datasets to demonstrate its use.
Fanglou Liao, Xiao Hua Wang, and Zhiqiang Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1129–1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean heat content (OHC) estimated using two eddying hindcast simulations, OFES1 and OFES2, was compared from 1960 to 2016, with observation-based results as a reference. Marked differences were found, especially in the Atlantic Ocean. These were related to the differences in the net surface heating, heat advection, and vertical heat diffusion. These documented differences may help the community better understand and use these quasi-global high-resolution datasets for their own purposes.
Kai-Yuan Cheng, Lucas M. Harris, and Yong Qiang Sun
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1097-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1097-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the implementation of container technology for the System for High‐resolution prediction on Earth‐to‐Local Domains (SHiELD), a unified atmospheric model that can be used as a global, a global–nest, and a regional model for weather-to-seasonal prediction. Container technology makes SHiELD cross-platform and easy to use, which opens opportunities for collaborative research and development. The performance and scalability of the containerized SHiELD are evaluated and discussed.
Junichi Tsutsui
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 951–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-951-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-951-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new simple climate model, MCE, was developed. It can emulate the basic behavior of comprehensive climate models in a minimal way with sufficient accuracy, providing a reasonable way to assess climate change mitigation scenarios in terms of consistency with long-term temperature goals. The model's simple structure is suitable for building probability distributions of key model parameters such that they reflect uncertainty ranges of multiple climate projections and observed warming trends.
Cited articles
Abu-El-Sha'r, W. Y. and Rihani, J. F.: Application of the high performance
computing techniques of parflow simulator to model groundwater flow at Azraq
basin, Water Resour. Manage., 21, 409–425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9023-5,
2007.
Ajami, H., McCabe, H. M., Evans, J. P., and Stisen, S.: Assessing the impact of model spin-up on surface water-groundwater interactions using an integrated hydrologic model, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2636–2656, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014258, 2014.
Ajami, H., McCabe, M. F., and Evans, J. P.: Impacts of model initialization
on an integrated surface water-groundwater model, Hydrol. Process., 29, 3790–3801, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10478, 2015.
Allievi, A. and Calisal, S. M.: Application of Bubnov-Galerkin formulation
to orthogonal grid generation, J. Comput. Phys., 98, 163–173,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(92)90181-W, 1992.
Amdahl, G. M.: Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large
scale computing capabilities, in spring joint computer conference, Vol. 37,
256–259, 1967.
Anyah, R. O., Weaver, C. P., Miguez-Macho, G., Fan, Y., and Robock, A.:
Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 3. Simulated
groundwater influence on coupled land-atmosphere variability, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009087, 2008.
Ashby, S. F. and Falgout, R. D.: A Parallel Multigrid Preconditioned
Conjugate Gradient Algorithm for Groundwater Flow Simulations, Nucl. Sci.
Eng., 124, 145–159, 1996.
Ashby, S. F., Falgout, R. D., Smith, S. G., and Tompson, A. F. B.: Modeling
groundwater flow on MPPs, Proc. Scalable Parallel Libr. Conf., 17–25,
https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.1993.365586, 1993.
Ashby, S. F., Falgout, R. D., Tompson, A., and Fogwell, T.: Numerical
simulation of groundwater flow on MPPs, 17–25, 1994.
Ashby, S. F., Falgout, R. D., and Tompson, A. F. B.: A Scalable Approach to
Modeling Groundwater Flow on Massively Parallel Computers, in In Next
Generation Environmental Models and Computational Methods, Vol. 87, 201,
1997.
Atchley, A. L. and Maxwell, R. M.: Influences of subsurface heterogeneity
and vegetation cover on soil moisture, surface temperature and
evapotranspiration at hillslope scales, Hydrogeol. J., 19, 289–305,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0690-1, 2011.
Atchley, A. L., Maxwell, R. M., and Navarre-Sitchler, A. K.: Human health
risk assessment of CO2 leakage into overlying aquifers using a stochastic,
geochemical reactive transport approach, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47,
5954–5962, https://doi.org/10.1021/es400316c, 2013.
Baldauf, M., Seifert, A., Forstner, J., Majewski, D., and Raschendorfer, M.:
Operational Convective-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction with the COSMO
Model?: Description and Sensitivities, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 3887–3905,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-10-05013.1, 2011.
Beisman, J.: Development of a parallel reactive transport model
with spatially variable nitrate reduction in a floodplain aquifer, A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Hydrology), 2007.
Beisman, J. J., Maxwell, R. M., Navarre-Sitchler, A. K., Steefel, C. I., and
Molins, S.: ParCrunchFlow: an efficient, parallel reactive transport
simulation tool for physically and chemically heterogeneous saturated
subsurface environments, Comput. Geosci., 19, 403–422,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-015-9475-x, 2015.
Benson, D. A., Aquino, T., Bolster, D., Engdahl, N., Henri, C. V., and Fernandez-Garcia, D.: A comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian transport and non-linear reaction algorithms, Adv. Water Resour., 99, 15–37, 2017.
Bettems, J. M., Asensio, H., Bonafe, Duniec, G., Fuhrer, O., Helmert, J.,
Heret, C., Kazakova, E., Lange, Machulskaya, E., Mazur, A., De Morsier, G.,
Rianna, G., Rozinkina, I., Vieli, B., and Vogel, G.: The COSMO Priority Project
“COLOBOC”: Final Technical Report No 27, 2015.
Beven, K.: Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes,
Hydrol. Process., 18, 3447–3460, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5740, 2004.
Bhaskar, A. S., Welty, C., Maxwell, R. M., and Miller, A. J.: Untangling the
effects of urban development on subsurface storage in Baltimore, Water
Resour. Res., 51, 1158–1181, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016039, 2015.
Briggs, W. L., Henson, V. E., and McCormick, S. F.: A Multigrid Tutorial, 72, Siam, ISBN 13978-0898714623, https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898719505, 2000.
Brown, P. N. and Saad, Y.: Hybrid Krylov Methods for Nonlinear Systems of
Equations, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 11, 450–481, https://doi.org/10.1137/0911026,
1990.
Burstedde, C., Fonseca, J. A., and Kollet, S.: Enhancing speed and
scalability of the ParFlow simulation code, Comput. Geosci., 22,
347–361, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-017-9696-2, 2018.
Camporese, M., Paniconi, C., Putti, M., and Orlandini, S.:
Surface-subsurface flow modeling with path-based runoff routing, boundary
condition-based coupling, and assimilation of multisource observation data,
Water Resour. Res., 46, W02512, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007536, 2010.
Castronova, A. M., Goodall, J. L., and Ercan, M. B.: Integrated modeling within a hydrologic information system: an OpenMI based approach, Environ. Model. Softw., 39, 263–273, 2013.
Celia, M. A., Bouloutas, E. T., and Zarba, R. L.: A general
mass-conservative numerical solution for the unsaturated flow equation,
Water Resour. Res., 26, 1483–1496, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i007p01483, 1990.
Chow, F. K., Kollet, S. J., Maxwell, R. M., and Duan, Q.: Effects of Soil
Moisture Heterogeneity on Boundary Layer Flow with Coupled Groundwater,
Land-Surface, and Mesoscale Atmospheric Modeling, 17th Symp. Bound. Laters
Turbul., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.10.003, 2006.
Collier, A. M., Hindmarsh, A. C., Serban, R., and Woodward, C. S.: User
Documentation for kinsol v2.8.2 (SUNDIALS v2.6.2), 1, 120, 2015.
Condon, L. E. and Maxwell, R. M.: Implementation of a linear optimization
water allocation algorithm into a fully integrated physical hydrology model,
Adv. Water Resour., 60, 135–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.07.012, 2013.
Condon, L. E. and Maxwell, R. M.: Groundwater-fed irrigation impacts
spatially distributed temporal scaling behavior of the natural system: a
spatio-temporal framework for understanding water management impacts,
Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 034009, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034009, 2014.
Condon, L. E. and Maxwell, R. M.: Evaluating the relationship between
topography and groundwater using outputs from a continental-scale integrated
hydrology model, Water Resour. Res., 51, 6602–6621,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016774, 2015.
Condon, L. E., Maxwell, R. M., and Gangopadhyay, S.: The impact of
subsurface conceptualization on land energy fluxes, Adv. Water Resour., 60,
188–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVWATRES.2013.08.001, 2013.
Condon, L. E., Hering, A. S., and Maxwell, R. M.: Quantitative assessment of
groundwater controls across major US river basins using a multi-model
regression algorithm, Adv. Water Resour., 82, 106–123,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVWATRES.2015.04.008, 2015.
Dai, Y., Zeng, X., Dickinson, R. E., Baker, I., Bonan, G. B., Bosilovich, M. G., Denning, A. S., Dirmeyer, P. A., Houser, P. R., Niu, G., and Oleson, K. W.: The Common Land Model, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84,
1013–1023, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013, 2003.
Dembo, R. S. and Eisenstat, S. C.: Inexact newton methods, in: SIAM J.
Numer. Anal., Vol. 19, 400–408, 1982.
Dennis Jr., J. E. and Schnabel, R. B.: Numerical methods for unconstrained optimization and nonlinear equations, Vol. 16, Siam, 1996.
Duniec, G. and Mazur, A.: COLOBOC-MOSAIC parameterization in COSMO model v. 4.8, COSMO Newsletter, 11, 69–81, 2011.
Durbin, P.: An Approach to Local Refinement of Structured Grids An Approach
to Local Refinement of Structured Grids, J. Comput. Phys., 181, 639–653,
https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.2002.7147, 2002.
Eca, L.: 2D orthogonal grid generation with boundary point distribution
control, J. Comput. Phys., 125, 440–453, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.0106,
1996.
Eisenstat, S. C. and Walker, H. F.: Choosing the Forcing Terms in an
Inexact Newton Method, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 17, 16–32,
https://doi.org/10.1137/0917003, 1996.
Ek, M. B., Mitchell, K. E., Lin, Y., Rogers, E., Grunmann, P., Koren, V.,
Gayno, G., and Tarpley, J. D.: Implementation of Noah land surface model
advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational
mesoscale Eta model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8851,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003296, 2003.
Engdahl, N. B. and Maxwell, R. M.: Quantifying changes in age distributions
and the hydrologic balance of a high-mountain watershed from climate induced
variations in recharge, J. Hydrol., 522, 152–162,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.032, 2015.
Engdahl, N. B., McCallum, J. L., and Massoudieh, A.: Transient age distributions in subsurface hydrologic systems, J. Hydrol., 543, 88–100, 2016.
Falgout, R. D. and Yang, U. M.: Hypre: A Library of High Performance
Preconditioners, in International Conference on Computational Science,
632–641, Springer, Berlin, 2002.
Falgout, R. D., Baldwin, C., Bosl, W., Hornung, R., Shumaker, D., Smith, S., Woodward, C. S., and Tompson, A. F. B.: Enabling computational technologies for subsurface simulations, No. UCRL-ID-133255, 97-ERD-035, WM1025000, Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (US), 1999.
Ferguson, I. M. and Maxwell, R. M.: Groundwater-Land Surface-Atmosphere
Feedbacks: Impacts of Groundwater Pumping and Irrigation on Land-Atmosphere
Interactions, Proc. xviii Int. Conf. Comput. Methods Water Resour.,
722–729, 2010.
Ferguson, I. M. and Maxwell, R. M.: Hydrologic and land-energy feedbacks of agricultural water management practices, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 014006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014006, 2011.
Ferguson, I. M. and Maxwell, R. M.: Human impacts on terrestrial hydrology:
climate change versus pumping and irrigation, Environ. Res. Lett., 7,
044022, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044022, 2012.
Ferguson, I. M., Jefferson, J. L., Maxwell, R. M., and Kollet, S. J.: Effects of root water uptake formulation on simulated water and energy budgets at local and basin scales, Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5041-z, 2016.
Frei, S., Fleckenstein, J. H., Kollet, S. J., and Maxwell, R. M.: Patterns
and dynamics of river-aquifer exchange with variably-saturated flow using a
fully-coupled model, J. Hydrol., 375, 383–393,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.038, 2009.
Gasper, F., Goergen, K., Shrestha, P., Sulis, M., Rihani, J., Geimer, M., and Kollet, S.: Implementation and scaling of the fully coupled Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP v1.0) in a massively parallel supercomputing environment – a case study on JUQUEEN (IBM Blue Gene/Q), Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2531–2543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2531-2014, 2014.
Gebler, S., Kollet, S., Qu, W., and Vereecken, H.: High resolution modelling
of soil moisture patterns with ParFlow-CLM?: Comparison with sensor network
data, in: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 17, 2015.
Gilbert, J. M. and Maxwell, R. M.: Examining regional groundwater–surface water dynamics using an integrated hydrologic model of the San Joaquin River basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 923–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-923-2017, 2017.
Gustafson, J. L.: Reevaluating amdahl's law, Communications of the ACM, 31, 532–533, 1988.
Haussling, H. and Coleman, R.: A method for generation of orthogonal and
nearly orthogonal boundary-fitted coordinate systems, J. Comput. Phys.,
43, 373–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(81)90129-7, 1981.
Hindmarsh, A. C., Brown, P. N., Grant, K. E., Lee, S. L., Serban, R.,
Shumaker, D. E., and Woodward, C. S.: SUNDIALS: Suite of nonlinear and
differential/algebraic equation solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31,
363–396, https://doi.org/10.1145/1089014.1089020, 2005.
Jefferson, J. L. and Maxwell, R. M.: Evaluation of simple to complex parameterizations of bare ground evaporation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, 1075–1092, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000398, 2015.
Jefferson, J. L., Gilbert, J. M., Constantine, P. G., and Maxwell, R.M.:
Active subspaces for sensitivity analysis and dimension reduction of an
integrated hydrologic model, Comput. Geosci., 83, 127–138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.07.001, 2015.
Jefferson, J. L., Maxwell,R. M., and Constantine, P. G.: Exploring the
Sensitivity of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Resistance Parameters in a Land
Surface Model, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 897–915,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0053.1, 2017.
Jiang, X., Niu, G. Y., and Yang, Z. L.: Impacts of vegetation and
groundwater dynamics on warm season precipitation over the Central United
States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010756,
2009.
Jones, J. E. and Woodward, C. S.: Preconditioning Newton- Krylov Methods
for Variably Saturated Flow, in 13th International Conference on
Computational Methods in Water Resources, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2000.
Jones, J. E. and Woodward, C. S.: Newton-Krylov-multigrid solvers for
large-scale, highly heterogeneous, variably saturated flow problems, Adv.
Water Resour., 24, 763–774, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(00)00075-0, 2001.
Keune, J., Gasper, F., Goergen, K., Hense, A., Shrestha, P., Sulis, M., and
Kollet, S.: Studying the influence of groundwater representations on land
surface-atmosphere feedbacks during the European heat wave in 2003, J.
Geophys. Res., 121, 13301–13325, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025426, 2016.
Khorsandi, E., Kollet, S., Venema, V., and Simmer, C.: Investigating the
effect of bottom boundary condition placement on ground heat storage in
climate time scale simulations using ParflowE, Geophys. Res., 16, EGU2014-931,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028546, 2014.
Kirkner, D. J. and Reeves, H.: Multicomponent Mass Transport With
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions' Effect of the Chemistry on
the Choice of Numerical Algorithm 1. Theory, Water Resour. Res., 24, 1719–1729, 1988.
Koch, J., Cornelissen, T., Fang, Z., Bogena, H., Diekkrüger, B., Kollet,
S., and Stisen, S.: Inter-comparison of three distributed hydrological
models with respect to seasonal variability of soil moisture patterns at a
small forested catchment, J. Hydrol., 533, 234–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.002,
2016.
Kollet, S., Sulis, M., Maxwell, R. M., Paniconi, C., Putti, M., Bertoldi, G., Coon, E. T., Cordano, E., Endrizzi S., Kikinzon, E., Mouche, E., Mugler, C., Park, Y., Refsgaard, J. C., Stisen, S., and Sudicky, E.: The integrated hydrologic model intercomparison project, IH‐MIP2: A second set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks, Water Resour. Res., 53, 867–890, 2017.
Kollet, S. J.: Influence of soil heterogeneity on evapotranspiration under
shallow water table conditions: transient, stochastic simulations, Environ.
Res. Lett., 4, 035007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035007, 2009.
Kollet, S. J.: Technical note: Inference in hydrology from entropy balance considerations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2801–2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2801-2016, 2016.
Kollet, S. J. and Maxwell, R. M.: Integrated surface-groundwater flow
modeling: A free-surface overland flow boundary condition in a parallel
groundwater flow model, Adv. Water Resour., 29, 945–958,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.08.006, 2006.
Kollet, S. J. and Maxwell, R. M.: Capturing the influence of groundwater
dynamics on land surface processes using an integrated, distributed
watershed model, Water Resour. Res., 44, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006004,
2008a.
Kollet, S. J. and Maxwell, R. M.: Demonstrating fractal scaling of baseflow
residence time distributions using a fully-coupled groundwater and land
surface model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033215,
2008b.
Kollet, S. J., Cvijanovic, I., Schüttemeyer, D., Maxwell, R. M., Moene,
A. F., and Bayer, P.: The Influence of Rain Sensible Heat and Subsurface
Energy Transport on the Energy Balance at the Land Surface, Vadose Zone J.,
8, 846, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0005, 2009.
Kollet, S. J., Maxwell, R. M., Woodward, C. S., Smith, S., Vanderborght, J.,
Vereecken, H., and Simmer, C.: Proof of concept of regional scale hydrologic
simulations at hydrologic resolution utilizing massively parallel computer
resources, Water Resour. Res., 46, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008730, 2010.
Kuffour, B. N. O.: Parflow-350/parflow: ParFlow Version 3.5.0, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3555297, 2019.
Kumar, M., Duffy, C. J., and Salvage, K. M.: A second-order accurate, finite
volume–based, integrated hydrologic modeling (FIHM) framework for
simulation of surface and subsurface flow, Vadose Zone J., 8, 873,
https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0014, 2009.
LaBolle, E. M., Ahmed, A. A., and Fogg, G. E.: Review of the Integrated
Groundwater and Surface-Water Model (IGSM), Ground Water, 41, 238–246,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02587.x, 2003.
Levis, S. and Jaeger, E. B.: COSMO-CLM2?: a new version of the COSMO- CLM
model coupled to the Community Land Model coupled to the Community Land
Model, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1889–1907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1019-z,
2011.
Li, L., Steefel, C. I., Kowalsky, M. B., Englert, A., and Hubbard, S. S.:
Effects of physical and geochemical heterogeneities on mineral
transformation and biomass accumulation during uranium bioremediation at
Rifle, Colorado, J. Contam. Hydrol., 11, 45–63, 2010.
Li, L., Steefel, C. I., and Yang, L.: Scale dependence of mineral
dissolution rates within single pores and fractures, Geochim. Cosmochim.
Acta, 72, 360–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.027, 2007.
Markstrom, S. L., Niswonger, R. G., Regan, R. S., Prudic, D. E., and Barlow,
P. M.: GSFLOW – Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model Based on
the Integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the
Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005), U.S. Geol. Surv.,
(Techniques and Methods 6-D1), 240, 2008.
Maxwell, R. M. and Miller, N. L.: Development of a Coupled Land Surface and
Groundwater Model, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 233–247, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM422.1,
2005.
Maxwell, R. M.: Infiltration in Arid Environments: Spatial Patterns between
Subsurface Heterogeneity and Water-Energy Balances, Vadose Zone J., 9,
970, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0014, 2010.
Maxwell, R. M.: A terrain-following grid transform and preconditioner for
parallel, large-scale, integrated hydrologic modeling, Adv. Water Resour.,
53, 109–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.10.001, 2013.
Maxwell, R. M., Welty, C., and Tompson, A. F. B.: Streamline-based
simulation of virus transport resulting from long term artificial recharge
in a heterogeneous aquifer, Adv. Water Resour., 26, 1075–1096,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00074-5, 2003.
Maxwell, R. M., Chow, F. K., and Kollet, S. J.: The
groundwater–land-surface–atmosphere connection: Soil moisture effects on
the atmospheric boundary layer in fully-coupled simulations, Adv. Water
Resour., 30, 2447–2466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2007.05.018, 2007.
Maxwell, R. M., Lundquist, J. K., Mirocha, J. D., Smith, S. G., Woodward, C.
S., and Tompson, A. F. B.: Development of a Coupled Groundwater–Atmosphere
Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 96–116, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3392.1, 2011.
Maxwell, R. M., Putti, M., Meyerhoff, S., Delfs, J., Ferguson, I. M., Ivanov, V., Kim, J., Kolditz, O., Kollet, S. J., Kumar, M., Lopez, S., Niu, J., Paniconi, C., Park, Y., Phanikumar, M. S., Shen, C., Sudicky, A., and Sulis, M.: Surface-subsurface model intercomparison: A first set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1531–1549, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR013725, 2014.
Maxwell, R. M., Condon, L. E., and Kollet, S. J.: A high-resolution simulation of groundwater and surface water over most of the continental US with the integrated hydrologic model ParFlow v3, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 923–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-923-2015, 2015.
Maxwell, R. M., Kollet, S. J., Smith, S. G., Woodward, C. S., Falgout, R. D., Ferguson, I. M., Engdahl, N. B., Condon, L. E., Hector, B., Lopez, S., Gilbert, J., Bearup, L., Jefferson, J., Collins, C., De Graaf, I., Pribulick, C., Baldwin, C., Bosl, W. J., Hornung, R., and Ashby, S.: ParFlow User's Manual, Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center Report GWMI, 167 p., 2016.
Meehl, G. A., Covey, C., McAvaney, B., Latif, M., and Stouffer, R. J.:
Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 86, 89–93, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-1-89, 2005.
Meyerhoff, S. B. and Maxwell, R. M.: Using an integrated surface-subsurface
model to simulate runoff from heterogeneous hillslopes, in xviii
International Conference on Water Resources, CIMNE, Barcelona, 2010.
Michalakes, J., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Klemp, J., and Skamarock, W.: Design
of a next-generation regional weather research and forecast model, Towar.
Teracomputing, 1999.
Michalakes, J., Chen, S., Dudhia, J., Hart, L., Klemp, J., Middlecoff, J.,
and Skamarock, W.: Development of a next-generation regional weather
research and forecast model, Towar. Teracomputing, 2001.
Mikkelson, K. M., Maxwell, R. M., Ferguson, I., Stednick, J. D., Mccray, J.
E., and Sharp, J. O.: Mountain pine beetle infestation impacts: Modeling
water and energy budgets at the hill-slope scale, Ecohydrology, 6,
64–72, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.278, 2013.
Mironov, D., Heise, E., Kourzeneva, E., and Ritter, B.: Implementation of the
lake parameterisation scheme FLake into the numerical weather prediction
model COSMO, Boreal Environ. Res., 6095, 218–230, 2010.
Mobley, C. D. and Stewart, R. S.: On the numerical generation of
boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems, J. Comput. Phys.,
34, 124–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(80)90117-5, 1980.
Molders, N. and Ruhaak, W.: On the impact of explicitly predicted runoff on
the simulated atmospheric response to small-scale land-use changes – an
integrated modeling approach, Atmos. Res., 63, 3–38, 2002.
Navarre-Sitchler, A., Steefel, C. I., Sak, P. B., and Brantley, S. L.: A
reactive-transport model for weathering rind formation on basalt, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 7644–7667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.033, 2011.
Oleson, K. W., Niu, G. Y., Yang, Z. L., Lawrence, D. M., Thornton, P. E., Lawrence, P. J., Stockli, R., Dickinson, R. E., Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., Dai, A., and Qian, T.: Improvements to the Community Land Model and their
impact on the hydrological cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 113, G01021,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000563, 2008.
Osei-Kuffuor, D., Maxwell, R. M., and Woodward, C. S.: Improved numerical
solvers for implicit coupling of subsurface and overland flow, Adv. Water
Resour., 74, 185–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.09.006, 2014.
Panday, S. and Huyakorn, P. S.: A fully coupled physically-based
spatially-distributed model for evaluating surface/subsurface flow, Adv.
Water Resour., 27, 361–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.02.016, 2004.
Rahman, M., Sulis, M., and Kollet, S. J.: Evaluating the dual-boundary
forcing concept in subsurface-land surface interactions of the hydrological
cycle, Hydrol. Process., 30, 1563–1573, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10702, 2016.
Ren, D. and Xue, M.: A revised force–restore model for land surface
modeling, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 43, 1768–1782, 2004.
Reyes, B., Maxwell, R. M., and Hogue, T. S.: Impact of lateral flow and
spatial scaling on the simulation of semi-arid urban land surfaces in an
integrated hydrologic and land surface model, Hydrol. Process., 30,
1192–1207, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10683, 2016.
Richards, L. A.: Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, J.
Appl. Phys., 1, 318–333, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745010, 1931.
Rihani, J. F., Maxwell, M. R., and Chow, F. K.: Coupling groundwater and
land surface processes: Idealized simulations to identify effects of terrain
and subsurface heterogeneity on land surface energy fluxes, Water Resour.
Res., 46, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009111, 2010.
Rihani, J. F., Chow, F. K., Fotini K., and Maxwell, R. M.: Isolating effects
of terrain and soil moisture heterogeneity on the atmospheric boundary
layer: Idealized simulations to diagnose land-atmosphere feedbacks, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Syst., 6, 513–526, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000371.Received, 2015.
Ryskin, G. and Leal, L.: Orthogonal mapping, J. Comput. Phys., 50,
71–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(83)90042-6, 1983.
Saad, Y. and Schultz, M. H.: GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual
Algorithm for Solving Nonsymmetric Linear Systems, SIAM J. Sci. Stat.
Comput., 7, 856–869, https://doi.org/10.1137/0907058, 1986.
Seck, A., Welty, C., and Maxwell, R. M.: Spin-up behavior and effects of initial conditions for an integrated hydrologic model, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2188–2210, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016371, 2015.
Seuffert, G., Gross, P., Simmer, A. C., and Wood, E. F.: The Influence of Hydrologic Modeling on the Predicted Local Weather: Two-Way Coupling of a Mesoscale Weather Prediction Model and a Land Surface Hydrologic Model, J. Hydrometeorol., 3, 505–523, 2002.
Shen, C. and Phanikumar, M. S.: A process-based, distributed hydrologic
model based on a large-scale method for surface-subsurface coupling, Adv.
Water Resour., 33, 1524–1541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.09.002,
2010.
Shi, Y., Davis, K. J., Zhang, F., and Duffy, C. J.: Evaluation of the
Parameter Sensitivities of a Coupled Land Surface Hydrologic Model at a
Critical Zone Observatory, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 279–299,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0177.1, 2014.
Shrestha, P., Sulis, M., Masbou, M., Kollet, S., and Simmer, C.: A.: Scale-Consistent Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform Based on COSMO, CLM, and ParFlow, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3466–3483, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00029.1, 2014.
Shrestha, P., Sulis, M., Simmer, C., and Kollet, S.: Impacts of grid resolution on surface energy fluxes simulated with an integrated surface-groundwater flow model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4317–4326, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4317-2015, 2015.
Simmer, C., Thiele-Eich, I., Masbou, M., Amelung, W., Bogena, H., Crewell, S., Diekkruger, B., Ewert, F., Franssen, H. H., Huisman, J. A., Kemna, A., Klitzsch, N., Kollet, S., Langensiepen, M., Lohnert, U., Mostaquimur Rhaman, A. S. M., Rascher, U., Schneider, K., Schween, J., Shao, Y., Shrestha, P., Stiebler, M., Sulis, M., Vanderborght, J., Vereecken, H., Kruk, J. V. D., Waldhoff, G., and Zerenner, T. : Monitoring and modeling the terrestrial system from pores to catchments: The transregional collaborative research center on patterns in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1765–1787, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00134.1, 2015.
Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A Time-Split Nonhydrostatic
Atmospheric Model for Weather Research and Forecasting Applications, J. Comput. Phys, 7,
1–43, 2007.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M.,
Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the advanced research WRF
Version 2, NCAR Tech, p. 88, Note NCAR/TN-4681STR, 2005.
Smith, S.: ParFlow Version 3.6.0, available at: https://github.com/parflow/parflow/releases/tag/v3.6.0, last access: 4 September 2019.
Smith, S. G., Ashby, S. F., Falgout, R. D., and Tompsom, A. F. B.: The
parallel performance of a groundwater flow code on the CRAY T3D, in:
Proceedings of the Seventh SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for
Scientific Computing, 131, 1995.
Srivastava, V., Graham, W., Muñoz-Carpena, R., and Maxwell, R. M.:
Insights on geologic and vegetative controls over hydrologic behavior of a
large complex basin – Global Sensitivity Analysis of an integrated parallel
hydrologic model, J. Hydrol., 519, 2238–2257, 2014.
Steefel, C. I.: CrunchFlow Software for Modeling Multicomponent Reactive
Flow and Transport User's Manual, 2009.
Steefel, C. I. and Lasaga, A. C.: A coupled model for transport of multiple
chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution reactions with
application to reactive flow in single phase hydrothermal systems, Am. J.
Sci., 294, 529–592, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.294.5.529, 1994.
Steefel, C. I. and Van Cappellen, P.: A new kinetic approach to modeling
water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald
ripening, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 2657–2677,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90003-4, 1990.
Steefel, C. I. and Yabusaki, S. B.: OS3D/GIMRT software for modeling
multicomponent-multidimensional reactive transport, Richland, WA, 1996.
Steiner, A. L., Pal, J. S., Giorgi, F., Dickinson, R. E., and Chameides, W.
L.: The coupling of the Common Land Model (CLM0) to a regional climate model
(RegCM), Theor. Appl. Climatol., 82, 225–243,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0132-5, 2005.
Steiner, A. L., Pal, J. S., Rauscher, S. A., Bell, J. L., Diffenbaugh, N.
S., Boone, A., Sloan, L. C., and Giorgi, F.: Land surface coupling in
regional climate simulations of the West African monsoon, Clim. Dynam., 33,
869–892, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0543-6, 2009.
Sudicky, E. A., Jones, J. P., Park, Y. J., Brookfield, A. E., and Colautti,
D.: Simulating complex flow and transport dynamics in an integrated
surface-subsurface modeling framework, Geosci. J., 12, 107–122,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-008-0013-x, 2008.
Sulis, M., Meyerhoff, S. B., Paniconi, C., Maxwell, R. M., Putti, M., and
Kollet, S. J.: A comparison of two physics-based numerical models for
simulating surface water-groundwater interactions, Adv. Water Resour.,
33, 456–467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.01.010, 2010.
Sulis, M., Williams, J. L., Shrestha, P., Diederich, M., Simmer, C., Kollet,
S. J., and. Maxwell, R. M.: Coupling Groundwater, Vegetation, and
Atmospheric Processes: A Comparison of Two Integrated Models, J.
Hydrometeorol., 18, 1489–1511, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0159.1, 2017.
Therrien, R. and Sudicky, E.: Three-dimensional analysis of
variably-saturated flow and solute transport in discretely- fractured porous
media, J. Contam. Hydrol., 23, 1–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00088-7,
1996.
Tompson, A. F. B., Ashby, S. F., and Falgout, R. D.: Use of high performance
computing to examine the effectiveness of aquifer remediation, (No. UCRL-JC–115374), Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 1994.
Tompson, A. F. B., Falgout, R. D., Smith, S. G., Bosl, W. J., and Ashby, S.
F.: Analysis of subsurface contaminant migration and remediation using high
performance computing, Adv. Water Resour., 22, 203–221,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00013-X, 1998.
Tompson, A. F. B., Carle, S. F., Rosenberg, N. D., and Maxwell, R. M.:
Analysis of groundwater migration from artificial recharge in a large urban
aquifer: A simulation perspective, Water Resour. Res., 35, 2981–2998,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900175, 1999.
Valcke, S.: The OASIS3 coupler: a European climate modelling community software, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 373–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-373-2013, 2013.
Valcke, S., Balaji, V., Bentley, P., Guilyardi, E., Lawrence, B., and
Pascoe, C.: Developing a Common Information Model for climate models and
data, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 11, 10592, 2009.
Valcke, S., Balaji, V., Craig, A., DeLuca, C., Dunlap, R., Ford, R. W., Jacob, R., Larson, J., O'Kuinghttons, R., Riley, G. D., and Vertenstein, M.: Coupling technologies for Earth System Modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1589–1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1589-2012, 2012.
VanderKwaak, J. E.: Numerical simulation of flow and chemical transport in integrated surface-subsurface hydrologic systems, A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Earth Sciences Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1999.
Van Genuchten, M. T.: A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic
Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x, 1980.
Visbal, M. and Knight, D.: Generation of orthogonal and nearly orthogonal
coordinates with gridcontrol near boundaries, AIAA J., 20, 305–306,
https://doi.org/10.2514/3.7915, 1982.
Vogel, B., Vogel, H., Bäumer, D., Bangert, M., Lundgren, K., Rinke, R., and Stanelle, T.: The comprehensive model system COSMO-ART – Radiative impact of aerosol on the state of the atmosphere on the regional scale, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8661–8680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8661-2009, 2009.
Wagner, S., Fersch, B., Yuan, Y.,Yu, Z., and Kunstmann, H.: Fully coupled
atmospheric-hydrological modeling at regional and long-term scales:
Development, application, and analysis of WRF-HMS, Water Resour. Res.,
52, 3187–3211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018185, 2016.
Weill, S., Mouche, E., and Patin, J.: A generalized Richards equation for
surface/subsurface flow modelling, J. Hydrol., 366, 9–20,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.007, 2009.
Weill, S., Mazzia, A., Putti, M., and Paniconi, C.: Coupling water flow and
solute transport into a physically-based surface-subsurface hydrological
model, Adv. Water Resour., 34, 128–136,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.10.001, 2011.
Williams, J. L. and Maxwell, R. M.: Propagating Subsurface Uncertainty to
the Atmosphere Using Fully Coupled Stochastic Simulations, J.
Hydrometeorol., 12, 690–701, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1363.1, 2011.
Williams, J. L., Maxwell, R. M., and Monache, L. D.: Development and
verification of a new wind speed forecasting system using an ensemble Kalman
filter data assimilation technique in a fully coupled hydrologic and
atmospheric model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 785–800,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20051, 2013.
Wood, B. D.: The role of scaling laws in upscaling, Adv. Water Resour.,
32, 723–736, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.08.015, 2009.
Woodward, S. C.: A Newton-Krylov-multigrid solver for variably saturated
flow problems, Proceedings on the Twelfth International Conference on
Computational Methods in Water Resources, in Computational Mechanics
Publications, vol. 2, 609–616, 1998.
Xu, L., Raman, S., and Madala, R. V.: A review of non-hydrostatic numerical
models for the atmosphere, Math. Subj. Classif, 1991.
Xue, M., Droegemeier, K. K., and Wong, V.: The Advanced Regional Prediction
System (ARPS) – A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and
prediction tool. Part II: Model dynamics and verification, Meteorol. Atmos.
Phys., 75, 161–193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030170027, 2000.
Zhufeng, F., Bogena, H., Kollet, S., and Koch, J. H. V.: Spatio-temporal
validation of long-term 3D hydrological simulations of a forested catchment
using empirical orthogonal functions and wavelet coherence analysis,
Hydrology, 529, 1754–1767, 2015.
Short summary
Integrated hydrologic models (IHMs) were developed in order to allow for more accurate simulations of real-world ecohydrologic conditions. Many IHMs exist, and the literature can be dense, so it is often difficult to understand what a specific model can and cannot do. We provide a review of the current core capabilities, solution techniques, communication structure with other models, some limitations, and potential future improvements of one such open-source integrated model called ParFlow.
Integrated hydrologic models (IHMs) were developed in order to allow for more accurate...
