Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1613-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1613-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
24 Apr 2019
Model evaluation paper |
| 24 Apr 2019
| 24 Apr 2019
The Brazilian Earth System Model ocean–atmosphere (BESM-OA) version 2.5: evaluation of its CMIP5 historical simulation
Sandro F. Veiga
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space
Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, São Paulo,
Brazil
Paulo Nobre
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São
Paulo, Brazil
Emanuel Giarolla
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010,
São Paulo, Brazil
Vinicius Capistrano
Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus 69005-010, Amazonas, Brazil
Manoel Baptista Jr.
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São
Paulo, Brazil
André L. Marquez
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São
Paulo, Brazil
Silvio Nilo Figueroa
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São
Paulo, Brazil
José Paulo Bonatti
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São
Paulo, Brazil
Paulo Kubota
Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC), National
Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São
Paulo, Brazil
Carlos A. Nobre
Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-050, São Paulo, Brazil
Viewed
Total article views: 6,199 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 22 Jun 2018)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,502 | 1,518 | 179 | 6,199 | 206 | 271 |
- HTML: 4,502
- PDF: 1,518
- XML: 179
- Total: 6,199
- BibTeX: 206
- EndNote: 271
Total article views: 5,260 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 24 Apr 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,029 | 1,076 | 155 | 5,260 | 187 | 251 |
- HTML: 4,029
- PDF: 1,076
- XML: 155
- Total: 5,260
- BibTeX: 187
- EndNote: 251
Total article views: 939 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 22 Jun 2018)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 473 | 442 | 24 | 939 | 19 | 20 |
- HTML: 473
- PDF: 442
- XML: 24
- Total: 939
- BibTeX: 19
- EndNote: 20
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 6,199 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,794 with geography defined
and 405 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 5,260 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,904 with geography defined
and 356 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 939 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 890 with geography defined
and 49 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Towards Unified Online-Coupled Aerosol Parameterization for the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM): Aerosol–Cloud Microphysical–Radiation Interactions J. Pendharkar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010278
- Amazon savannization and climate change are projected to increase dry season length and temperature extremes over Brazil M. Bottino et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55176-5
- Projeções futuras de chuvas e seu potencial erosivo na bacia hidrográfica do rio Tapajós L. Ferreira et al. https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v35i20.17996
- Correção de viés em previsão climática global da temperatura da superfície do mar por meio de filtros adaptativos no domínio da frequência H. Farfán et al. https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v34i20.17005
- Electrolytic hydrogen in a large-scale decarbonized grid with energy reservoirs: An assessment of carbon intensity and integrity C. Driemeier et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125938
- The Representation of the Southern Annular Mode Signal in the Brazilian Earth System Model L. Prado et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081045
- The Response of Southwest Atlantic Storm Tracks to Climate Change in the Brazilian Earth System Model J. Dos Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071055
- AMOC decline and recovery in a warmer climate P. Nobre et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43143-5
- Coastal Ocean Observing and Modeling Systems in Brazil: Initiatives and Future Perspectives G. Franz et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.681619
- Solar smart grid as a path to economic inclusion and adaptation to climate change in the Brazilian Semiarid Northeast P. Nobre et al. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-09-2018-0067
- Positive SAM trend as seen in the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM) future scenarios L. PRADO et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210667
- An inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison of polar amplification using radiative forcing of a quadrupling CO2 experiment F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1123-2020
- Climate change over South America simulated by the Brazilian Earth system model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios S. Veiga et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104598
- Water balance components and climate extremes over Brazil under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C of global warming scenarios P. da Silva Tavares et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02042-1
- Projections of Changes in Atmospheric Conditions Leading to Storm Surges along the Coast of Santos, Brazil M. Sondermann et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11090176
- Climate variability over South America‐regional and large scale features simulated by the Brazilian Atmospheric Model (BAM‐v0) I. Cavalcanti et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6370
- Impacts of climate change and deforestation on fire risk in the Amazon basin J. Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01745
- Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration in the Brazilian Earth System Model Simulations F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.119001
- Projeções de Radiação Solar Incidente à Superfície e Nebulosidade Para a Região Nordeste do Brasil Através de um Conjunto de Modelos Climáticos P. Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-77863910036
- Assessing the performance of climate change simulation results from BESM-OA2.5 compared with a CMIP5 model ensemble V. Capistrano et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2277-2020
- Water budget changes in the Amazon basin under RCP 8.5 and deforestation scenarios W. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01597
- Evaluation of South Atlantic Thermohaline Properties from BESM-OA2.5 and Three Additional Global Climate Models M. Broggio et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824069.21012mfb
- The global monsoon system representation in BAM‐v1.2 and HadGEM3 climate simulations I. Cavalcanti et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7694
- Estimates of Ocean–Atmosphere Heat Fluxes in the Tropical Atlantic from Different Bulk Parameterization Schemes Used Operationally in Brazil L. Stachelski et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology5020014
- Deforestation and climate change are projected to increase heat stress risk in the Brazilian Amazon B. Alves de Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00275-8
- Early Perspectives on the Planned Brazilian Program to Address Ship-Sourced Pollution D. Zacharias & A. Lemos https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071201
- Sea surface height trends in the southern hemisphere oceans simulated by the Brazilian Earth System Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios E. Giarolla et al. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19042
- The computational and energy cost of simulation and storage for climate science: lessons from CMIP6 M. Acosta et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3081-2024
- Multivariate VAR system of regional economic growth under big data P. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38517
- Assessing the spatio-temporal variability of the monthly southern annular mode in coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 models D. Mbigi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-026-01120-3
- Adapting long-term generation scheduling to climate variability in hydro-dominant power systems R. Pedrini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2026.125684
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Towards Unified Online-Coupled Aerosol Parameterization for the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM): Aerosol–Cloud Microphysical–Radiation Interactions J. Pendharkar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010278
- Amazon savannization and climate change are projected to increase dry season length and temperature extremes over Brazil M. Bottino et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55176-5
- Projeções futuras de chuvas e seu potencial erosivo na bacia hidrográfica do rio Tapajós L. Ferreira et al. https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v35i20.17996
- Correção de viés em previsão climática global da temperatura da superfície do mar por meio de filtros adaptativos no domínio da frequência H. Farfán et al. https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v34i20.17005
- Electrolytic hydrogen in a large-scale decarbonized grid with energy reservoirs: An assessment of carbon intensity and integrity C. Driemeier et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125938
- The Representation of the Southern Annular Mode Signal in the Brazilian Earth System Model L. Prado et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081045
- The Response of Southwest Atlantic Storm Tracks to Climate Change in the Brazilian Earth System Model J. Dos Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071055
- AMOC decline and recovery in a warmer climate P. Nobre et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43143-5
- Coastal Ocean Observing and Modeling Systems in Brazil: Initiatives and Future Perspectives G. Franz et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.681619
- Solar smart grid as a path to economic inclusion and adaptation to climate change in the Brazilian Semiarid Northeast P. Nobre et al. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-09-2018-0067
- Positive SAM trend as seen in the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM) future scenarios L. PRADO et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210667
- An inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison of polar amplification using radiative forcing of a quadrupling CO2 experiment F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1123-2020
- Climate change over South America simulated by the Brazilian Earth system model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios S. Veiga et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104598
- Water balance components and climate extremes over Brazil under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C of global warming scenarios P. da Silva Tavares et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02042-1
- Projections of Changes in Atmospheric Conditions Leading to Storm Surges along the Coast of Santos, Brazil M. Sondermann et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11090176
- Climate variability over South America‐regional and large scale features simulated by the Brazilian Atmospheric Model (BAM‐v0) I. Cavalcanti et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6370
- Impacts of climate change and deforestation on fire risk in the Amazon basin J. Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01745
- Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration in the Brazilian Earth System Model Simulations F. Casagrande et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.119001
- Projeções de Radiação Solar Incidente à Superfície e Nebulosidade Para a Região Nordeste do Brasil Através de um Conjunto de Modelos Climáticos P. Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-77863910036
- Assessing the performance of climate change simulation results from BESM-OA2.5 compared with a CMIP5 model ensemble V. Capistrano et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2277-2020
- Water budget changes in the Amazon basin under RCP 8.5 and deforestation scenarios W. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01597
- Evaluation of South Atlantic Thermohaline Properties from BESM-OA2.5 and Three Additional Global Climate Models M. Broggio et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824069.21012mfb
- The global monsoon system representation in BAM‐v1.2 and HadGEM3 climate simulations I. Cavalcanti et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7694
- Estimates of Ocean–Atmosphere Heat Fluxes in the Tropical Atlantic from Different Bulk Parameterization Schemes Used Operationally in Brazil L. Stachelski et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology5020014
- Deforestation and climate change are projected to increase heat stress risk in the Brazilian Amazon B. Alves de Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00275-8
- Early Perspectives on the Planned Brazilian Program to Address Ship-Sourced Pollution D. Zacharias & A. Lemos https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071201
- Sea surface height trends in the southern hemisphere oceans simulated by the Brazilian Earth System Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios E. Giarolla et al. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19042
- The computational and energy cost of simulation and storage for climate science: lessons from CMIP6 M. Acosta et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3081-2024
- Multivariate VAR system of regional economic growth under big data P. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38517
- Assessing the spatio-temporal variability of the monthly southern annular mode in coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 models D. Mbigi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-026-01120-3
- Adapting long-term generation scheduling to climate variability in hydro-dominant power systems R. Pedrini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2026.125684
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 Oct 2026
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(16628 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
This study evaluates the Brazilian Earth System Model with coupled ocean–atmosphere version 2.5 (BESM-OA2.5) and the effectiveness of reproducing the main characteristics of the atmospheric and oceanic variability in a real-life-based scenario of greenhouse gas increase (the CMIP5 historical protocol). The evaluation specifically focuses on how the model simulates the mean climate state, as well as the most important large-scale climate patterns.
This study evaluates the Brazilian Earth System Model with coupled ocean–atmosphere version 2.5...
