Articles | Volume 9, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2167-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2167-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
15 Jun 2016
Model experiment description paper |
| 15 Jun 2016
Determining lake surface water temperatures worldwide using a tuned one-dimensional lake model (FLake, v1)
Aisling Layden
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
4 Rose Hill, Sligo, Ireland
formerly at: University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Crew Building, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd, Edinburgh EH9
3JN, UK
Stuart N. MacCallum
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
Christopher J. Merchant
Dept. of Meteorology, University of Reading, Harry Pitt Building, 3 Earley Gate, P.O. Box 238, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
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Cited
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Improvements and Evaluation of the FLake Model in Dagze Co, Central Tibetan Plateau B. Cao et al. 10.3390/w15173135
- 2000~2022年青藏高原湖泊表面温度变化及其驱动因素 元. 邱 et al. 10.1360/SSTe-2024-0186
- Optimizing Lake Surface Water Temperature Simulations Over Large Lakes in China With FLake Model L. Huang et al. 10.1029/2021EA001737
- The thermal behaviour of French water bodies: From ponds to Lake Geneva J. Prats et al. 10.1016/j.jglr.2020.04.001
- An integrated dataset of daily lake surface water temperature over the Tibetan Plateau L. Guo et al. 10.5194/essd-14-3411-2022
- Climate change drives rapid warming and increasing heatwaves of lakes X. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.028
- A simple approach to estimate lake surface water temperatures in Polish lowland lakes S. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101468
- Challenge to Lake Ecosystems: Changes in Thermal Structure Triggered by Climate Change Y. Zhang et al. 10.3390/w16060888
- Ensemble of models shows coherent response of a reservoir’s stratification and ice cover to climate warming J. Feldbauer et al. 10.1007/s00027-022-00883-2
- The thermal response of small and shallow lakes to climate change: new insights from 3D hindcast modelling F. Piccioni et al. 10.5194/esd-12-439-2021
- Worldwide alteration of lake mixing regimes in response to climate change R. Woolway & C. Merchant 10.1038/s41561-019-0322-x
- A stacked machine learning model for multi-step ahead prediction of lake surface water temperature F. Di Nunno et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164323
- Understanding the performance of three 1-D lake models in simulating thermal dynamics of diverse water bodies in the Yangtze River Basin O. Obulkasim et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133094
- Future water levels of the Great Lakes under 1.5 °C to 3 °C warmer climates F. Seglenieks & A. Temgoua 10.1016/j.jglr.2022.05.012
- Lake heatwaves under climate change R. Woolway et al. 10.1038/s41586-020-03119-1
- Global lakes are warming slower than surface air temperature due to accelerated evaporation Y. Tong et al. 10.1038/s44221-023-00148-8
- Application of a Three‐Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic‐Ice Model to Assess Spatiotemporal Variations in Ice Cover and Underlying Mechanisms in Lake Nam Co, Tibetan Plateau, 2007–2017 Y. Wu et al. 10.1029/2023JD038844
- Attribution of Lake Surface Water Temperature Change in Large Lakes Across China Over Past Four Decades L. Huang et al. 10.1029/2022JD038465
- Modelling Heat Balance of a Large Lake in Central Tibetan Plateau Incorporating Satellite Observations L. Guo et al. 10.3390/rs15163982
- Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed scale L. Tang et al. 10.3389/fenvs.2022.991502
- Detection of surface water temperature variations of Mongolian lakes benefiting from the spatially and temporally gap-filled MODIS data C. Fan et al. 10.1016/j.jag.2022.103073
- Opportunities and Limits of Using Meteorological Reanalysis Data for Simulating Seasonal to Sub-Daily Water Temperature Dynamics in a Large Shallow Lake M. Frassl et al. 10.3390/w10050594
- Variance Based Sensitivity Analysis of FLake Lake Model for Global Land Surface Modeling A. Bernus et al. 10.1029/2019JD031928
- An epilimnion and hypolimnion temperature model based on air temperature and lake characteristics J. Prats & P. Danis 10.1051/kmae/2019001
- Disproportionate impact of atmospheric heat events on lake surface water temperature increases X. Wang et al. 10.1038/s41558-024-02122-y
- Changes in lake surface temperature on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2022 and their driving factors Y. Qiu et al. 10.1007/s11430-024-1527-4
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Improvements and Evaluation of the FLake Model in Dagze Co, Central Tibetan Plateau B. Cao et al. 10.3390/w15173135
- 2000~2022年青藏高原湖泊表面温度变化及其驱动因素 元. 邱 et al. 10.1360/SSTe-2024-0186
- Optimizing Lake Surface Water Temperature Simulations Over Large Lakes in China With FLake Model L. Huang et al. 10.1029/2021EA001737
- The thermal behaviour of French water bodies: From ponds to Lake Geneva J. Prats et al. 10.1016/j.jglr.2020.04.001
- An integrated dataset of daily lake surface water temperature over the Tibetan Plateau L. Guo et al. 10.5194/essd-14-3411-2022
- Climate change drives rapid warming and increasing heatwaves of lakes X. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.028
- A simple approach to estimate lake surface water temperatures in Polish lowland lakes S. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101468
- Challenge to Lake Ecosystems: Changes in Thermal Structure Triggered by Climate Change Y. Zhang et al. 10.3390/w16060888
- Ensemble of models shows coherent response of a reservoir’s stratification and ice cover to climate warming J. Feldbauer et al. 10.1007/s00027-022-00883-2
- The thermal response of small and shallow lakes to climate change: new insights from 3D hindcast modelling F. Piccioni et al. 10.5194/esd-12-439-2021
- Worldwide alteration of lake mixing regimes in response to climate change R. Woolway & C. Merchant 10.1038/s41561-019-0322-x
- A stacked machine learning model for multi-step ahead prediction of lake surface water temperature F. Di Nunno et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164323
- Understanding the performance of three 1-D lake models in simulating thermal dynamics of diverse water bodies in the Yangtze River Basin O. Obulkasim et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133094
- Future water levels of the Great Lakes under 1.5 °C to 3 °C warmer climates F. Seglenieks & A. Temgoua 10.1016/j.jglr.2022.05.012
- Lake heatwaves under climate change R. Woolway et al. 10.1038/s41586-020-03119-1
- Global lakes are warming slower than surface air temperature due to accelerated evaporation Y. Tong et al. 10.1038/s44221-023-00148-8
- Application of a Three‐Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic‐Ice Model to Assess Spatiotemporal Variations in Ice Cover and Underlying Mechanisms in Lake Nam Co, Tibetan Plateau, 2007–2017 Y. Wu et al. 10.1029/2023JD038844
- Attribution of Lake Surface Water Temperature Change in Large Lakes Across China Over Past Four Decades L. Huang et al. 10.1029/2022JD038465
- Modelling Heat Balance of a Large Lake in Central Tibetan Plateau Incorporating Satellite Observations L. Guo et al. 10.3390/rs15163982
- Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed scale L. Tang et al. 10.3389/fenvs.2022.991502
- Detection of surface water temperature variations of Mongolian lakes benefiting from the spatially and temporally gap-filled MODIS data C. Fan et al. 10.1016/j.jag.2022.103073
- Opportunities and Limits of Using Meteorological Reanalysis Data for Simulating Seasonal to Sub-Daily Water Temperature Dynamics in a Large Shallow Lake M. Frassl et al. 10.3390/w10050594
- Variance Based Sensitivity Analysis of FLake Lake Model for Global Land Surface Modeling A. Bernus et al. 10.1029/2019JD031928
- An epilimnion and hypolimnion temperature model based on air temperature and lake characteristics J. Prats & P. Danis 10.1051/kmae/2019001
- Disproportionate impact of atmospheric heat events on lake surface water temperature increases X. Wang et al. 10.1038/s41558-024-02122-y
- Changes in lake surface temperature on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2022 and their driving factors Y. Qiu et al. 10.1007/s11430-024-1527-4
Saved (preprint)
Latest update: 10 Jul 2025
Short summary
With the availability of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) satellite data for 246 globally distributed large lakes, we tune a lake model, FLake, by varying 3 basic lake properties, shown to have the most influence over the modelled LSWTs. Tuning reduces the mean absolute difference (between model and satellite LSWTs) from an average of 3.38 ºC per day (untuned model) to 0.85 ºC per day (tuned model). The effect of several LSWT drivers, such as wind speed and lake depth are also demonstrated.
With the availability of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) satellite data for 246 globally...
