As the climate changes, many are studying sunlight reflection as a potential method of cooling. Such climate intervention could be deployed in many possible ways, including in scenarios where not every actor agrees on the strategy of cooling. These scenarios are so diverse that to explore all of them using earth system models proves to be too costly. In this paper, we develop a simplified climate model that allows users to easily explore climate intervention scenarios of their choice.

The paper addresses a two-order-of-magnitude discrepancy in deposition velocities of accumulation-mode aerosols measured with different methods. This uncertainty affects current atmospheric deposition models. By explicitly accounting for gas-particle transition and explicitly evaluating the observed quantities we could reproduce the observations . Resolving the discrepancy, reduces uncertainties in simulated concentrations and fallout.

Groundwater plays a key role in land–atmosphere water and energy exchange, yet it is often simplified in large-scale Earth system models. We review 20 years of efforts to couple the groundwater model ParFlow with land surface and atmospheric models, showing how groundwater dynamics shape terrestrial fluxes. We also present an updated coupling framework that enhances model performance and flexibility, and outline a modular strategy to guide future development.

Chemistry transport models (CTMs) are critical in environmental assessments, but their computational cost often limits direct use in decision-making. We evaluate data-driven model discovery and reduction methods as reduced-order models for CTM simulations, showing they can reconstruct and forecast changes in global ozone distribution from supersonic aircraft emissions for several years at a fraction of the CTM cost while also being more accessible.